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Purpose: This study aims to evaluate whether the clinical outcomes of cycles with frozen embryo transfer (FET) in hormonal replacement treatment supplemented with dydrogesterone (DYD) following detection of low circulating levels of progesterone (P4) were comparable to the results of cycles with otherwise normal serum P4 values. Methods: Extended analyses of a retrospective cohort that included FET cycles performed between July 2019 and March 2022 after a cycle of artificial endometrial preparation using valerate-estradiol and micronized vaginal P4 (400 mg twice daily). Whenever the serum P4 value was considered low on the morning of the planned transfer, 10 mg of DYD three times a day was added as a supplement. Only single-embryo transfers of a blastocyst were considered. The primary endpoint was live birth rate. Results: Five-hundred thirty-five FET cycles were analyzed, of which 136 (25.4%) underwent treatment with DYD. There were 337 pregnancies (63%), 207 live births (38.6%), and 130 miscarriages (38.5%). The P4 values could be modeled by a gamma distribution, with a mean of 14.5 ng/ml and a standard deviation of 1.95 ng/ml. The variables female age on the day of FET, ethnicity, and weight were associated with a variation in the serum P4 values. There were no differences in the results between cycles with or without the indication for DYD supplementation. Conclusions: Live birth rate did not vary significantly in females with low and normal serum P4 levels on the day of FET when DYD was used as rescue therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) plays essential roles in numerous cellular processes. However, there is limited understanding of Zn homeostasis within the bovine reproductive system. This study investigated the influence of estradiol (E 2) and progesterone (P 4) on Zn transporter expression and intracellular free Zn levels in bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC). For this purpose, cells were harvested from slaughtered cows and cultured in vitro. Intracellular Zn concentrations were measured using FluoZin-3AM staining, while real-time polymerase chain reaction assessed Zn transporter gene expression and quantification. Overall, our results confirmed the gene expression of all the evaluated Zn transporters (ZIP6, ZIP8, ZIP14, ZnT3, ZnT7 and ZnT9), denoted and the active role of E 2 and P 4 in intracellular Zn regulation. Our findings suggest an interaction between Zn, E 2 and P 4. • Estradiol and progesterone modify Zn transporter expression in BOEC. • Estradiol and progesterone modify intracellular free Zn levels in BOEC. • Zn modify Zn transporter expression and intracellular free Zn levels in BOEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progesterone (PROG) is a natural steroid hormone with low solubility and high permeability that belongs to biopharmaceutics classification system class II. In this study, novel pharmaceutical cocrystals of PROG were successfully prepared by solvent evaporation or a liquid-assisted grinding process aimed at enhancing its solubility and bioavailability. The cocrystal formers selected based on crystal engineering principles were carboxylic acids, namely, 4-formylbenzeneboronic acid (BBA), isophthalic acid (IPA), and 3-nitrophthalic acid (NPA). The cocrystal structures were characterized using multiple techniques. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction results showed that the carbonyl group, acting as a hydrogen bond acceptor, was pivotal in the cocrystal network formation, with C–H···O interactions further stabilizing the crystals. The cocrystals exhibited improved solubility and dissolution profiles in vitro, with no significant changes in hygroscopicity. The parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) models indicated that the cocrystals retained PROG's high permeability. Pharmacokinetic studies in Sprague–Dawley rats revealed that all cocrystals increased PROG exposure, with AUC(0~∞) values for PROG–BBA, PROG–IPA, and PROG–NPA being 742.59, 1201.72 and 442.67 h·ng·mL−1, respectively. These values are substantially higher compared to free PROG, which had an AUC(0~∞) of 301.48 h·ng·mL−1. Notably, PROG–IPA provided the highest AUC improvement, indicating a significant enhancement in bioavailability. Collectively, the study concludes that the cocrystal approach is a valuable strategy for optimizing the physicochemical properties and oral bioavailability of PROG, with potential implications for the development of other poor water-soluble drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Traditional progesterone (PRG) injections require long-term administration, leading to poor patient compliance. The emergence of long-acting injectable microspheres extends the release period to several days or even months. However, these microspheres often face challenges such as burst release and incomplete drug release. This study aims to regulate drug release by altering the crystallinity of the drug during the release process from the microspheres. Methods: This research incorporates methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA) into poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres to enhance their hydrophilicity, thus regulating the release rate and drug morphology during release. This modification aims to address the issues of burst and incomplete release in traditional PLGA microspheres. PRG was used as the model drug. PRG/mPEG-PLGA/PLGA microspheres (PmPPMs) were prepared via an emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to investigate the presence of PRG in PmPPMs and its physical state changes during release. Results: The addition of mPEG-PLGA altered the crystallinity of the drug within the microspheres at different release stages. The crystallinity correlated positively with the amount of mPEG-PLGA incorporated; the greater the amount, the faster the drug release from the formulation. The bioavailability and muscular irritation of the long-acting injectable were assessed through pharmacokinetic and muscle irritation studies in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. The results indicated that PmPPMs containing mPEG-PLGA achieved low burst release and sustained release over 7 days, with minimal irritation and self-healing within this period. PmPPMs with 5% mPEG-PLGA showed a relative bioavailability (Frel) of 146.88%. In conclusion: In summary, adding an appropriate amount of mPEG to PLGA microspheres can alter the drug release process and enhance bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Oestrogen and progesterone are two sex hormones that are important in the development of cancer of the inner lining of the uterus and endometrial cancer (EC). Oestrogen binds to the oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone to the progesterone receptor (PR). The presence of these receptors is important because the response to hormonal therapy is higher when the receptors are present. However, as EC grows and spreads throughout the body, ER and PR may be lost. In this study, we found that tumours that have spread to other organs throughout the blood and tumours that have spread in the abdomen have a relatively high presence of ER/PR, while tumours located in the lymph nodes have a lower presence of PR. ER/PR-IHC were not lower in tumours that had previously been treated with radiotherapy. This might influence the application of hormonal therapy in the future. Background: Response to hormonal therapy in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer (EC) can be predicted by oestrogen and progesterone receptor immunohistochemical (ER/PR-IHC) expression, with response rates of 60% in PR-IHC > 50% cases. ER/PR-IHC can vary by tumour location and is frequently lost with tumour progression. Therefore, we explored the relationship between ER/PR-IHC expression and tumour location in EC. Methods: Pre-treatment tumour biopsies from 6 different sites of 80 cases treated with hormonal therapy were analysed for ER/PR-IHC expression and classified into categories 0–10%, 10–50%, and >50%. The ER pathway activity score (ERPAS) was determined based on mRNA levels of ER-related target genes, reflecting the actual activity of the ER receptor. Results: There was a trend towards lower PR-IHC (33% had PR > 50%) and ERPAS (27% had ERPAS > 15) in lymphogenic metastases compared to other locations (p = 0.074). Hematogenous and intra-abdominal metastases appeared to have high ER/PR-IHC and ERPAS (85% and 89% ER-IHC > 50%; 64% and 78% PR-IHC > 50%; 60% and 71% ERPAS > 15, not significant). Tumour grade and previous radiotherapy did not affect ER/PR-IHC or ERPAS. Conclusions: A trend towards lower PR-IHC and ERPAS was observed in lymphogenic sites. Verification in larger cohorts is needed to confirm these findings, which may have implications for the use of hormonal therapy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) risk between vaginal and intramuscular (IM) progesterone in programmed frozen–thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary hospital, and only women who achieved ongoing pregnancy after programmed FET between January 2018 and June 2022 were included. Women with chronic hypertension before pregnancy or with history of gestational hypertension or pre‐eclampsia in previous pregnancies were excluded. All women were divided into IM progesterone or vaginal progesterone groups according to the route of progesterone supplementation. Follow‐up information on obstetric complications and neonatal outcomes were obtained by telephonic interviews. The primary outcome was HDP. Association between routes of progesterone supplementation and HDP was assessed by subgroup analysis and multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 5891 programmed FET cycles (3196 IM progesterone cycles and 2695 vaginal progesterone cycles) were included in the analysis. The prevalence of HDP in the IM progesterone group was significantly lower than that of the vaginal progesterone group (6.54% vs 9.17%, P < 0.001). Therein, the prevalence of gestational hypertension (3.57% vs 4.94%, P = 0.009) and pre‐eclampsia (2.97% vs 4.23%, P = 0.009) in the IM progesterone group were all significantly lower as compared to the vaginal progesterone group. According to subgroup analysis, IM progesterone was associated with lower HDP risk in all subgroups. The logistic regression analysis showed that the IM progesterone cycles were associated with lower risk of HDP compared to vaginal progesterone cycles (adjusted odds ratio 0.66, 95% CI: 0.54–0.80, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Among women undergoing programmed FET cycles, progesterone supplementation with IM progesterone was associated with reduced HDP risk compared to vaginal progesterone. Synopsis: Luteal support of intramuscular progesterone was associated with lower gestational hypertension as compared to vaginal progesterone in programmed frozen–thawed embryo transfer cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardner, Laurel, Linda E. Keyes, Caleb Phillips, Elan Small, Tejaswi Adhikari, Nathan Barott, Ken Zafren, Rony Maharjan, and James Marvel. Women at altitude: Menstrual-cycle phase, menopause, and exogenous progesterone are not associated with acute mountain sickness. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000–000, 2024. Background: Elevated progesterone levels in women may protect against acute mountain sickness (AMS). The impact of hormonal contraception (HC) on AMS is unknown. We examined the effect of natural and exogenous progesterone on the occurrence of AMS. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational convenience study of female trekkers in Lobuche (4,940 m) and Manang (3,519 m). We collected data on last menstrual period, use of exogenous hormones, and development of AMS. Results: There were 1,161 trekkers who met inclusion criteria, of whom 307 (26%) had AMS. There was no significant difference in occurrence of AMS between women in the follicular (28%) and the luteal (25%) phases of menstruation (p = 0.48). The proportion of premenopausal (25%) versus postmenopausal women (30%) with AMS did not differ (p = 0.33). The use of HC did not influence the occurrence of AMS (HC 23% vs. no HC 26%, p = 0.47), nor did hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) (HRT 11% vs. no HRT 31%, p = 0.13). Conclusion: We found no relationship between menstrual-cycle phase, menopausal status, or use of exogenous progesterone and the occurrence of AMS in trekkers and conclude that hormonal status is not a risk factor for AMS. Furthermore, women should not be excluded from future AMS studies based on hormonal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Understanding the intimate mechanisms linked to embryo survival in livestock represents an important step in reducing the incidence of early embryonic losses, which cause a significant delay in the calving–conception period and, as a consequence, a delay in production processes and economic income. The aim of this study was to investigate the interferon tau (IFNt) concentration in the peripheral maternal blood during the early phase of pregnancy in buffalo cows and improve the knowledge on the physiological importance of circulating IFNt, evaluating the possible interaction with pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and progesterone (P4). This is the first report that shows the possibility of detecting the maternal circulating IFNt in buffalo cows during the early period of gestation, showing different concentrations among pregnant and non-pregnant animals and those that experience embryo mortality. Close associations among IFNt, PAGs and P4 during the sensitive period in which the conceptus must manifest its presence demonstrate that all three molecules work together for fetal–placental well-being and pregnancy support. Unfortunately, the great individual variability in circulating IFNt makes this analysis unsuitable for early pregnancy diagnosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the interferon tau (IFNt) concentration in the peripheral maternal blood during the early phase of pregnancy in buffalo cows and improve the knowledge on the physiological importance of circulating IFNt, evaluating the possible interaction with pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and progesterone (P4). Blood samples were taken from buffalo cows on day 0 (day of AI), 7, 14, 18, 28, and 40 post insemination for the IFNt, PAG, and P4 analysis and to determine the IFNt mRNA expression. The animals were categorized ex post into Pregnant, Non-pregnant and Embryo mortality groups. The interferon value was influenced by group (p = 0.003), being always higher in pregnant buffalo cows than in non-pregnant ones, while the embryo mortality group showed intermediate values between those for pregnant and non-pregnant animals. The mRNA expression of IFNt was not influenced by groups or any time points. The regression analysis that included IFNt as the independent variable showed that PAGs, from day 18 (p < 0.01), and P4, from day 28 (p < 0.05), were positively associated with IFNt values. The close associations among IFNt, PAGs and P4 demonstrate that all three molecules work together for fetal–placental well-being and pregnancy support. Unfortunately, the great individual variability in circulating IFNt makes this analysis unsuitable for early pregnancy diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Embryo reinsertion into the same donor mare after embryo flushing would be useful for some reproductive techniques. However, this procedure has been unsuccessful in the past. This study envisages to gain insights into the mechanisms by which embryos fail after embryo flushing and reinsertion in the same mare. The results of this study showed that embryo mortality after embryo reinsertion is not due to luteal deficiency. In contrast, it seems that changes in the endometrial environment due to bacterial contamination and/or inflammation during the uterine lavage are more likely to be responsible for the destruction of most reinserted embryos. The effect of embryo reinsertion immediately after embryo flushing was studied. In Experiment 1, eight mares were used during 32 cycles (8 cycles in each group). For the first two groups, inseminated mares were flushed 8 days after ovulation and prostaglandin F2α was not administered: in group EF-ET (embryo flushing and embryo transfer) the embryo was reinserted in the same donor mare, while in the EF group, no further procedure was performed. In the third group (ET), non-inseminated mares (recipients) received a Day 8 embryo. Progesterone concentration was measured before EF/ET and 72 h after in the three groups. In Experiment 2, twelve mares were used during 17 cycles in two groups, EF-ET (n = 11) and ET (n = 6), as in Experiment 1, except that every mare was flushed 24 h after embryo transfer to retrieve the embryo. Fewer pregnancies resulted after transfer in EF-ET cycles (0/8, 0%) than in the ET group (6/8, 75%). Progesterone concentration decreased significantly (p = 0.05) 72 h after EF-ET but not in EF or ET cycles (p > 0.1). Three mares from the EF-ET showed full luteolysis and signs of endometritis. In Experiment 2, more (5/6; p = 0.08) grade 1 embryos were recovered in the ET compared to the EF-ET group (3/7); 4 embryos were graded 3–4 (were broken or had signs of degeneration) in the EF-ET group but none in the ET group. In both groups, capsule fragments were obtained as indicative of the presence of a recently destroyed embryo in the EF-ET (n = 3) and ET (n = 1) groups. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained in 2/11 and 1/6 embryo flushes from the EF-ET and ET groups, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mouse estrous cycle is divided into four stages: proestrus (P), estrus (E), metestrus (M), and diestrus (D). The estrous cycle affects reproductive hormone levels in a wide variety of tissues. Therefore, to obtain reliable results from female mice, it is important to know the estrous cycle stage during sampling. The stage can be analyzed from a vaginal smear under a microscope. However, it is time-consuming, and the results vary between evaluators. Here, we present an accurate and reproducible method for staging the mouse estrous cycle in digital whole-slide images (WSIs) of vaginal smears. We developed a model using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) in a cloud-based platform, Aiforia Create. The CNN was trained by supervised pixel-level multiclass semantic segmentation of image features from 171 hematoxylin-stained samples. The model was validated by comparing the results obtained by CNN with those of four independent researchers. The validation data included three separate studies comprising altogether 148 slides. The total agreement attested by the Fleiss kappa value between the validators and the CNN was excellent (0.75), and when D, E, and P were analyzed separately, the kappa values were 0.89, 0.79, and 0.74, respectively. The M stage is short and not well defined by the researchers. Thus, identification of the M stage by the CNN was challenging due to the lack of proper ground truth, and the kappa value was 0.26. We conclude that our model is reliable and effective for classifying the estrous cycle stages in female mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Progesterone metabolites are known to be elevated in the serum of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and exogenous progesterone supplementation in early pregnancy may cause an increase in progesterone metabolites. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between ICP and exogenous progesterone intake. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective case-control study conducted between January 2015 and November 2023. The groups liver function tests, total bile acids, maternal age, body mass index, parity, history of cholestasis, history of progesterone use, gestational week in which pruritus symptoms occurred, gestational week, in which ICP was diagnosed, history of ursodeoxycholic acid intake, obstetric pathology, maternal comorbidities, week of delivery, delivery method, birth weight, APGAR scores were obtained from the database of our hospital and compared. Results: A total of 379 pregnant women including 79 with ICP and 300 control were included in the study. Nulliparity, history of cholestasis, and history of progesterone intake were significantly higher in the ICP group than in the control group (p<0.005, for all). Conclusion: Intake of exogenous progesterone in early pregnancy may lead to ICP and have adverse effects on the fetus. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of progesterone in the development of ICP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI has become the poster child for a certain kind of thinking which holds that some technologies can become objective, independent and emergent entities which can evolve beyond the control of their creators. This thinking is not new however. It is a product of certain philosophical ideas such as materialism, a common-sense world of objective and independent objects, a correspondence theory of truth, and so forth, which are centered around the pre-eminence of science, epistemology, and logical reasoning, among others, as the supremely valid modes of engaging experience. This paper aims to critically examine the synthesis of the development program for AI to be found in the writings of computer scientist John McCarthy (1927–2011). McCarthy has been called one of the founding fathers of AI. First, some of the main themes which recur in his writings from as early as the mid nineteen fifties in the Dartmouth proposal, up to his late writings, are considered. A discussion of the goals that such a program implies, follows, in terms of society's relation with AI based technology and the nature and purpose of AI itself. These implications are arguably related to social control and are also moral. Ultimately, McCarthy's idea that AI is and can be built upon a paradigm of reasoning and logic so as to simulate a perfectly rational abstraction of human thinking is shown to be motivated by his view that AI systems should be controlled, as servants. This understanding of human thinking is questionable, however, given current research on human irrationality, as well as on the argumentative role of reasoning. And yet, the process of development toward the unachievable goal of controllable, rational, logical AI systems, has handily come to serve as a blind for increasing techno-corporate control of society, with techno-corporate interests displacing blame for devaluations and harms caused by their push to develop the technology to AI systems which they can conveniently 'lose control of.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pair bond is a long-term social relationship between two unrelated individuals of the opposite sex that persists outside of the breeding season. The strength of a pair bond is often linked to behavioural and physiological components, such as behavioural synchrony and hormonal status, and can be measured across timescales, contexts and species. Pair mates that spend more time in proximity and that engage in the same activities are often more strongly bonded than pair mates that behave independently. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine whether the amount of time that canid pair mates spend in proximity provides an index for the strength of their pair bond and whether pair bonds are dynamic or static across time and other factors. Coyotes exhibit pair-bonding behaviour in the form of territorial defence and biparental care and therefore make an excellent model for our objectives. We fitted captive coyote pair mates with proximity-tracking collars and collected faecal samples to quantify synchronous behaviour and hormonal status. We measured pair mate proximity across reproductive seasons (breeding versus nonbreeding), pair bond tenures (newly paired, 1–2 years paired, 5+ years paired) and times of day (dawn, day, dusk, night). We found that dusk was an important temporal window for quantifying pair mate proximity because dusk was the time when pair mate proximity significantly differed according to reproductive season or pair bond tenure. We detected marginally higher faecal progesterone levels in female coyotes during the breeding season, relative to the nonbreeding season, but we did not find differences across other hormone metabolites assessed. Female faecal progesterone metabolite levels were the only hormone significantly correlated with proximity behaviour outcomes. These results suggest that the amount of time that coyote pair mates spend in proximity can provide an index for the strength of their pair bond and that these pair bonds are dynamic and can be influenced by internal and external factors. • Coyote pair mate proximity provided an index for the strength of pair bonds. • Coyote pair bonds were dynamic and were influenced by internal and external factors. • Proximity was greater at dusk in the breeding season than in the nonbreeding season. • Coyotes paired for 1–2 years exhibited the most proximity behaviour. • Higher female progesterone levels were associated with greater proximity at dusk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elective cesarean section (CS) is an appropriate therapeutic modality in high risk pregnant dogs and it is scheduled following a drop in serum progesterone to less than 2ng/ml. However, a series of progesterone assays are required to confirm this drop in serum progesterone levels and this voluntary waiting period often results in foetal loss. The present study aimed to assess the innocuity of elective CS in dogs before the prepartum decline of serum progesterone, without administration of any priming agents. Methods: Elective CS was performed on an estimated day 63 of ovulation in seven high risk pregnant dogs with a serum progesterone level between 2-5 ng/ml (Group I) and maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed in comparison with nine dogs that underwent elective CS at serum progesterone less than 2 ng/ml (Group II). Histopathological examination of lung tissue from dead neonates was performed to ascertain the presence of type II pneumocytes for assessing lung maturity. Result: Even though progesterone levels were above 2 ng/ml in dogs of Group I at the time of elective CS (3.11±0.29 ng/mL), the live birth rate was 96.97 per cent with acceptable neonatal survival. The histopathology of lung tissue from dead neonates from Group I revealed the presence of type II pneumocytes. The study suggested that elective CS in dogs could be done on day 63 after ovulation without compromising foetal lung maturity and a drop in serum progesterone level to less than 2 ng/ml was not mandatory for puppy survivability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Copper and selenium were proven modulaters of reproductive function in ruminants under dietary supplementation. Their effects under pareneral administraton during estrus synchronization are not clearly defined. On this background the present was aimed to evaluate the effect of copper and selenium on estrus associated responses in goats. Methods: Thirty adult female Salem black goats were selected. On day ten of the estrus cycle, 250 µg of cloprostenol injection was given intramuscularly to all the animals and assigned to five groups. GI: control, GII: 4 µg of Buserelin, GIII: 20 mg cupric chloride, GIV: 10 mg sodium selenite and GV: copper plus selenium injections were administrated. Whole blood was collected for seven days for hormone assay. Estrus was detected using aproned bucks. Result: There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in estrus response, onset and duration of estrus between groups. The progesterone concentration decreased significantly (p<0.05) from day 0 (before PGF2a) to day 1 (after PGF2a) in all groups. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in estradiol and progesterone concentration in the GnRH group compared to other groups. Parenteral administration of copper and selenium did not significantly improve estrus behavior, estradiol and progesterone concentration in Salem black goats. GnRH was once again proved to be effective in the improvement of estrus associated responses in goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the normal physiology of the canine mammary gland (CMG) is crucial, as it provides a foundational reference for understanding canine mammary neoplasms. The relation between the Proliferation Index (PI) indicated by Ki‐67 expression, along with the Apoptotic Index (AI) determined through Caspase‐3 expression during the oestrous cycle, is inadequately documented in existing literature. This study seeks to offer insights into the interplay between PI and AI in the CMG across oestrous cycle phases. An extensive investigation was conducted on a diverse case series of bitches (n = 18). Oestrous cycle stages were determined through vaginal cytology, histological examination of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations. The entire mammary chain was histologically examined, and proliferation and apoptosis were assessed via double immunohistochemistry employing anti‐Ki‐67 and Caspase‐3 antibodies. PI and AI were evaluated through a systematic random sampling approach, counting a minimum of 200 cells for each cell type. There was a significantly higher PI during early dioestrus in all mammary gland components, with a greater proportion of positive cells observed in epithelial cells compared to stromal cells. The highest PI was detected in epithelial cells within the end buds. Significant differences were found in Ki‐67 labelling across the cranial mammary glands. A positive and strong correlation was noted between progesterone concentration and PI in epithelial cells. The AI remained consistently low throughout the oestrous cycle, with few differences observed across histological components. Caspase‐3 labelling displayed the highest positivity in caudal mammary pairs. A negative and moderate correlation was identified between progesterone concentration and AI in interlobular mesenchymal cells. This study highlights the influence of endocrine regulation on cell proliferation indices in mammary tissue, emphasizing the need to consider these hormonal variations in toxicopathological studies involving canine mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cervix is an important organ that has to dilate sufficiently at delivery to allow the foetus to transition to extrauterine life. Insufficient dilatation of the cervix (IDC) is a frequent cause of dystocia in cattle. The mechanisms underlying cervical opening and the pathogenesis of IDC are still widely unclear. Systematic studies on the relationship between IDC and steroid hormones have been limited and have yielded inconsistent findings. This study aimed to measure oestrogen and progesterone (P4) concentrations in intrapartum cows presented with dystocia due to IDC and in a comparison (C) group of cows with eutocic delivery. Before any obstetrical procedures, and right after the initial evaluation, blood samples were taken from IDC and C animals. Concentrations of P4, oestradiol‐17β (E2), free total oestrogens (FTE) and conjugated total oestrogens (CTE) were measured by established radioimmunoassays. Concentrations of P4 (p =.538), FTE (p =.065) and CTE (p =.605) were not statistically different between C and IDC groups. However, E2 levels in group C were significantly lower when compared to those in the IDC group (p =.013), which is inconsistent with the function of oestrogens in cervical dilatation. The correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive correlations between the pairs P4 versus FTE, P4 versus E2 and FTE versus E2 in group C and between the pair FTE versus E2 in group IDC. In conclusion, the results suggest that local activities of steroids relevant to the aetiology of IDC are not reflected by concentrations in the systemic circulation or that other factors are clearly more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progesterone has been shown to stimulate glycogen catabolism in uterine epithelial cells. Acid α‐glucosidase (GAA) is an enzyme that breaks down glycogen within lysosomes. We hypothesized that progesterone may stimulate glycogenolysis in the uterine epithelium via GAA. We found that GAA was more highly expressed in the stroma on Day 1 than on Day 11. However, GAA did not appear to differ in the epithelium on Days 1 and 11. Progesterone (0‐10 μM) had no effect on the levels of the full‐length inactive protein (110 kDa) or the cleaved (active) peptides present inside the lysosome (70 and 76 kDa) in immortalized bovine uterine epithelial (BUTE) cells. Furthermore, the activity of GAA did not differ between the BUTE cells treated with 10 μM progesterone or control. Overall, we confirmed that GAA is present in the cow endometrium and BUTE cells. However, progesterone did not affect protein levels or enzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub‐estrus buffaloes do not exhibit estrus signs despite being cyclic contributing to extended service periods and inter‐calving intervals causing significant economic loss. The present study described the effect of synthetic prostaglandin (PGF2α) on estrus behaviour, follicular and luteal morphometry, and serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) profile in sub‐estrus buffaloes during the non‐breeding season. The incidence of sub‐estrus was 38.4% during the non‐breeding season. The sub‐estrus buffaloes (n = 33) were divided into two groups, viz., Control (n = 16) and PGF2α treatment (Inj. Cloprostenol 500 μg, i.m., n = 17). Estrus induction response was significantly greater in the treatment (100 vs. 18.75%, p <.001), and a relatively greater proportion of animals conceived in the treatment group (29.41 vs. 6.25%, p =.08). The time elapsed to induction of estrus and insemination following treatment was significantly lower in the treatment group than control. A significant increment in the follicle diameter (9.72 ± 0.45 vs. 13.00 ± 0.45 mm, P <.0001) and serum estradiol (E2) concentration (66.01 ± 11.92 vs. 104.9 ± 13.21 pg/mL, p =.003) observed at the post‐treatment period in the PGF2α treatment group. At the same time, CL diameter was reduced significantly at a higher regression rate in the PGF2α treated buffaloes than those of control. Of the responded buffaloes, only 30% showed high‐intensity estrus attributed to the expulsion of cervico‐vaginal mucus (CVM), uterine tonicity, micturition, and mounting response by a teaser bull. From this study, it can be concluded that the administration of PGF2α could induce estrus in the sub‐estrus buffaloes during the non‐breeding season. Behavioural changes, along with sonographic observation of POF, regressing CL, and serum E2 and P4 concentration would be useful to determine the right time of insemination in sub‐estrus buffaloes during non‐breeding season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated whether the treatment of pseudopregnancy in bitches with vitamin B6 modulates uterine expression of receptors for progesterone (PR), oestrogen (ERα), androgen (AR), thyroid hormone (TRα) and the kisspeptin/Kiss1r system. Eighteen pseudopregnant bitches were treated for 20 days in groups receiving placebo (n = 6); cabergoline (5 μg/kg/day; n = 6); or vitamin B6 (50 mg/kg/day; n = 6). Blood was collected on the 1st day of drug administration and 120 h later to measure serum prolactin (PRL). After treatment, they were ovariohysterectomized and uterine fragments were collected for histomorphometry and immunohistochemical evaluation of PR, ERα, AR, TRα, Kiss1 and Kiss1r. After 120 h of cabergoline or vitamin B6 treatment, PRL levels were reduced in the bitches, confirming the antiprolactinemic effect of these drugs. Furthermore, regardless of treatment, the animals exhibited uterine histomorphometry consistent with dioestrus. The PR showed strong immunostaining in all regions and an increase in scores was observed for this receptor in animals treated with vitamin B6 in deep glands. In contrast, ERα and Kiss1R receptors showed weak to no immunostaining in all uterine regions and no changes between groups. Regarding AR, most animals treated with vitamin B6 showed increased trends in the deep gland and myometrium marking scores. In contrast, in both vitamin B6 and cabergoline treatments, a reduction in TRα marking scores was observed compared to the control group. In addition, on the endometrial surface, a reduction was observed in the marked area of Kiss1 after administration of cabergoline when compared to the pseudopregnant control group. These findings shed valuable insight into the use of vitamin B6 as a drug with actions similar to cabergoline in reducing PRL and uterine modulation in bitches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer compound affecting female reproduction, leads to scenarios, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and infertility through oxidative stress (OS) mechanisms. Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the antioxidants in infertility issues. Objectives: The present study investigates the ameliorative effect of AA on DEHP-induced ovarian toxicity in pubertal female Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats of four weeks of age were stratified into five groups. Group I was treated with corn oil (Vehicle), groups II and III with low and high dose DEHP, and groups IV and V with low and high dose DEHP+AA were administered for 30 days. Results: Increased body weight gain was noted in DEHP groups. Estradiol hormone was considerably reduced, whereas progesterone levels were increased in both low- and high-dose DEHP-treated groups. DEHP+AA groups have shown significant (p < 0.005) protection of these hormone levels as equal to the control group. The high-dose DEHP group shows an increased, ovarian estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ER-beta, and progesterone receptor gene expression, and DEHP+AA groups have significantly (p < 0.005) showed expression similar to the control. OS was noted with decreased superoxide dismutase and increased malondialdehyde expression in Group III (GR III) compared to control, whereas the DEHP+AA treated group significantly protected OS by restoring the expression levels. DEHP-treated groups show elevated levels of both Bcl-2 and BAX which is specific to apoptotic expression and restored by AA treatment (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Evidence suggests that AA may protect against DEHP-induced ovarian toxicity by decreasing OS levels, improving folliculogenesis, and restoring the hormonal with receptor level alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predominantly androgen secreting juvenile granulosa cell tumors (JGCT) are uncommon and few reports have been published. We present a case of a JGCT that presented with signs of prepubertal hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance to highlight the possible interaction between hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinism. A 4-year-old girl presented with acanthosis nigricans and hyperinsulinism, mimicking the hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans syndrome at an age much younger than is typical for this diagnosis. Laboratory studies revealed elevated insulin, inhibin A and B, and total testosterone. All laboratory results normalized after unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The final diagnosis was Stage 1A JGCT. This case highlights the importance of including ovarian tumors in the differential diagnosis when considering causes of virilization and insulin resistance. This case also suggests a potential relationship between excess testosterone secretion and hyperinsulinemia and strengthens evidence that hyperandrogenemia may promote hyperinsulinism in ovarian disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) between the sexes is generally considered to be more similar than different, however, it appears that males tend more towards hyperactivity, impulsivity and externalising symptoms and females more towards inattention and internalising symptoms. This variance in ADHD symptom presentation between the sexes* may be influenced by sex hormones and hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. This scoping review describes the impact of sex hormones on adult ADHD neurobiology and symptomatology. As this field of investigation is emerging, a limited number of observational papers including pre-clinical and case studies were selected for review. Based on the reviewed studies, it appears that oestrogen concentration and balance relative to progesterone plays a role in the symptomatology, and possibly the neurobiology, of ADHD. Further research is needed to address this relationship, an understanding of which is essential for targeted and personalised naturopathic treatment approaches for women with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The high rate of metabolic activity during breeding, pregnancy, parturition and lactation may lead to oxidative stress in sheep and goats. Antioxidant supplementation is proposed as a therapy for encountering resultant stress. In animals, β-carotene functions mainly as pro-vitamin A and as a scavenger of free radicals, especially against singlet-state oxygen. This raises the question of whether supplementing β-carotene as an antioxidant above the vitamin A requirement is beneficial. While a number of studies have been conducted on the effect of β-carotene supplementation as a tool to improve the production and reproduction performance of female goats and sheep, the findings are inconsistent. Some of the main reasons for this inconsistency could be attributed to the variation in the amount of β-carotene supplemented, the amount of β-carotene in the animal diet and the difference in the animal requirement for β-carotene. The objective of this review was to determine the effects of β-carotene supplementation on the production and reproductive performance of female sheep and goats fed on a diet deficient or not deficient in β-carotene. Data were extracted from peer-reviewed articles that were searched in the Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Thirteen peer-reviewed published articles were found on the subject under review. We estimated the animal requirement for β-carotene, the amount of β-carotene provided to the animal in the diet and the amount of β-carotene supplementation used in each study. These estimations were made to indicate whether the diet fulfilled the animal's requirement for β-carotene or not. The review revealed that β-carotene supplementation enhances the production and reproduction performance of the sheep when fed on a carotene-deficient diet. Additionally, β-carotene supplementation may increase the levels of some hormones such as progesterone in sheep and goats when fed on a diet that fulfils their requirements of β-carotene. However, the supplementation of β-carotene above the requirements seems to not affect the production and reproduction parameters such as body weight, milk production, estrus parameters, conception rate, pregnancy rate, and litter size. In conclusion, while β-carotene supplementation is essential for female sheep and goats fed β-carotene-deficient diets to attain optimal production and reproductive performance, supplementing β-carotene above the requirements does not appear to provide any further benefits to their overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantation failure constitutes one of the major causes of pregnancy loss in all mammalian species. The complexity of implantation mechanism involves series of hormones, macromolecules, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and repertoire of genes, however, progesterone receptor through which physiological responses to progesterone are initiated is the most essential for implantation across all mammalian species. Progesterone is also known as hormone of pregnancy because of its crucial roles to establish and sustain pregnancy and implantation. Progesterone facilitates blastocyst implantation to the maternal endometrium by promoting uterine secretion for conceptus growth and development, initiating window of receptivity, inducing quiescence and non-contractility of endometrium to avoid abortion and protection of embryo against maternal immune system. The aforementioned roles of progesterone and their mechanisms are the subject matter of this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality in women, yet it has not raised the awareness from the public. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease differs significantly between females and males concerning the effect of sex hormones. Estrogen and progestogen impact cardiovascular system through genomic and non-genomic effects. Before menopause, cardiovascular protective effects of estrogens have been well described. Progestogens were often used in combination with estrogens in hormone therapy. Fluctuations in sex hormone levels, particularly estrogen deficiency, were considered the specific risk factor in women's cardiovascular disease. However, considerable heterogeneity in the impact of hormone therapy was observed in clinical trials. The heterogeneity is likely closely associated with factors such as the initial time, administration route, dosage, and formulation of hormone therapy. This review will delve into the pathogenesis and hormone therapy, summarizing the effect of female sex hormones on hypertension, pre-eclampsia, coronary heart disease, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and cardiovascular risk factors specific to women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sex hormones secreted during the menstrual cycle and the application of orthodontic forces to teeth can affect the metabolism of periodontal ligaments. This study aimed to determine whether there are any differences in orthodontic tooth displacement during the menstrual cycle and when using hormonal contraceptives and whether the amount of female sex hormones influences the efficiency of tooth displacement. Methods A total of 120 women aged between 20 and 30 years with Angle Class II requiring transpalatal arch (TPA) to derotate teeth 16 and 26 were included in this study. The participants were divided into two groups: group A, which included women with regular menstruation, and control group B, which included women taking monophasic combined oral contraceptives. Group A was divided into subgroups according to the moment of TPA activation: menstruation (A1), ovulation phase (A2), and luteal phase (A3) (examination I). On intraoral scans, measurement points were marked on the proximal mesial cusps of teeth 16 and 26, and the intermolar distance (M1) was determined. The change in the position of the measurement points 6 weeks after activation (examination II) made it possible to determine the derotating extent of teeth 16 (O16) and 26 (O26) and the widening of the intermolar distance (M2–M1). In examinations I and II, tooth mobility in the alveoli was assessed using Periotest based on the periotest values (PTV) PTV1 and PTV2, respectively. Results A significant difference in all parameters was observed among groups A1, A2, and A3 (P  < 0.001). Group A3 showed the highest values of parameters O16, O26, and M2–M1, and group A2 showed the lowest values, which did not differ from the control group (P  = 0.64). PTV2 and PTV1 were the highest in group A3 and the lowest in groups A1 and B. Intergroup differences were statistically significant (P  < 0.001). Conclusions With the quantification of changes in tooth mobility in the alveoli during the menstrual cycle in women undergoing orthodontic treatment, it was possible to determine that female sex hormones affect the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment, and the optimal moment for TPA activation is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sex-steroid hormones are associated with postmenopausal breast cancer but potential confounding from other biological pathways is rarely considered. We estimated risk ratios for sex-steroid hormone biomarkers in relation to postmenopausal estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, while accounting for biomarkers from insulin/insulin-like growth factor-signaling and inflammatory pathways. Methods: This analysis included 1208 women from a case–cohort study of postmenopausal breast cancer within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Weighted Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator was used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer, per doubling plasma concentration of progesterone, estrogens, androgens, and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Analyses included sociodemographic and lifestyle confounders, and other biomarkers identified as potential confounders. Results: Increased risks of postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer were observed per doubling plasma concentration of progesterone (RR: 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44), androstenedione (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.45), dehydroepiandrosterone (RR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.34), total testosterone (RR: 1.11, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.29), free testosterone (RR: 1.12, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.28), estrone (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.48), total estradiol (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.39) and free estradiol (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.41). A possible decreased risk was observed for SHBG (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.05). Conclusion: Progesterone, estrogens and androgens likely increase postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer risk, whereas SHBG may decrease risk. These findings strengthen the causal evidence surrounding the sex-hormone-driven nature of postmenopausal breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review delves into the area of endogenous hormones and their impact on cognitive function, with a focus on women transitioning through perimenopause. While artificial intelligence technologies have revolutionized cognitive research, the inclusion of hormonal biomarkers remains sparse. The review synthesizes findings from diverse studies exploring the relationships between estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, other sex hormones, and cognitive performance. The research question explores the potential for monitoring endogenous hormonal levels during perimenopause to predict cognitive decline and inform preventive strategies. An analysis of relevant studies reveals a complex relationship, with varying impacts on cognitive domains. Thus, high E2 levels correlate positively with verbal memory and retrieval efficiency, contrasting with lower levels associated with enhanced visual memory, and testosterone shows positive links to verbal fluency. The limitations of existing research, including heterogeneous methodologies and a dearth of premenopausal representation, emphasize the necessity for future studies. To achieve this objective, it is important to leverage data from studies implementing standardized methodologies for tracking endogenous hormonal levels while accounting for cycle phases and menopausal transition stages. Additionally, employing standardized assessments for cognitive decline and analyzing extensive datasets derived from real-world sources, such as hospital or outpatient clinic chains, and digital apps, is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium signaling is a principal method of signal transduction in cells of non-excitable tissues. In both mouse and human sperm, it can be induced in response to progesterone, manifesting as oscillations or single peaks and followed by the acrosomal reaction. However, the molecular mechanisms of progesterone activation may vary between species. In this study, we aim to compare the calcium signaling mechanisms in human and mouse spermatozoa. We investigated the calcium response in mouse sperm activated by progesterone. We employed spectrofluorometry to quantify the rise in calcium concentration in response to progesterone in Fura-2 loaded mouse sperm cells in suspension. Our experiments demonstrated that mouse sperm cells respond to 50 μM progesterone with a peak 120 ± 35 s wide and 0.8 ± 0.3 μM high. Based on literature data, a scheme for the induction of calcium signaling was constructed, suggesting an intermediate stage with the synthesis of a certain prostanoid (possibly PGE2) and activation of mouse sperm by this prostanoid through a G-protein-coupled receptor. Based on the obtained reaction scheme, two computational models were developed: a point model and a three-dimensional model. As with human sperm, the point model provided only a qualitative description of calcium responses, whereas the three-dimensional model produced the shape of the calcium peak and the frequency of calcium oscillations in response to progesterone that were similar to the experimentally obtained values. Using in silico analysis, it was shown that in mouse sperm, the spatial distribution of signaling enzymes regulates the type and form of the calcium response. We conclude that the presence of time delays due to the diffusion and spatial distribution of calcium signaling enzymes regulates the calcium response in both human and mouse sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two female goats with infertility were reported in December during the breeding season. Both patients showed normal physiology on the day of presentation. Patient A, a 2.5-year-old primiparous lactating alpine with a history of blurred signs of estrous behavior, refused to mate with a buck since the breeding season in August. Patient B, a 2-year-old nulliparous alpine, failed to conceive after three times of natural mating and did not return to estrus. Two protocols of estrus synchronization were prescirbed for each patient and the changes of progesterone (P4) profile were monitored. Hormones integrating eCG (400 IU) plus hCG (200 IU) on Day 1, GnRH (0.1 mg gonadorelin) on Day 6, PGF2 α (0.125 mg clopostenol sodium) on Day 13, and eCG (400 IU) plus hCG (200 IU) on Day 14 were used in patient A. The increasing P4 concentrations from 0.16 ng/mL to 24.14 ng/mL during the treatment course were detected, then an estrous induction was performed, followed by natural mating with a buck for 2 days. Pregnancy was confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography 50 days after mating. Patient B failed to respond to the treatment of 5 consecutive injections of GnRH (a total of 0.5 mg gonadorelin) as all the P4 values were less than 1 ng/mL. Furthermore, vaginal speculum revealed a stenosis of vagina, possibly elucidating a case of infertility in this young goat. Our results demonstrated that an eCG-based protocol without pretreatment of progesterone was beneficial to help restore cyclicity for breeding in an alpine goat with seasonal anestrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis. Despite extensive research in endocrine contexts, the role of autophagy in ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis remains elusive. The significant role of autophagy in testosterone production suggests potential treatments for conditions like oligospermia and azoospermia. Further, influence of autophagy in folliculogenesis, ovulation, and luteal development emphasizes its importance for improved fertility and reproductive health. Thus, investigating autophagy in gonadal cells is clinically significant. Understanding these processes could transform treatments for endocrine disorders, enhancing reproductive health and longevity. Herein, we provide the functional role of autophagy in testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis to date, highlighting its modulation in testicular steroidogenesis and its impact on hormone synthesis, follicle development, and fertility therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether the late-follicular-phase progesterone to retrieved oocytes (P/O) ratio during in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) impacts pregnancy outcomes. Design: 12,874 cycles were retrospectively categorized into four groups according to the P/O ratio percentile, with divisions at the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles. Results: The clinical pregnancy and live birth rates of fresh cycle embryos in Group D were significantly lower than those in the other three groups (45.1% and 39.0%, 43.2% and 37.2%, 39.6% and 33.5%, 33.4% and 28.2% in Group A, B, C, D, respectively; both P < 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the P/O ratio and live birth, particularly when the P/O ratio was ≥0.22 (OR = 0.862, 95% CI [0.774–0.959], P = 0.006). Conclusions: The P/O ratio has certain predictive value for IVF/ICSI pregnancy outcomes and can be used for decision-making decision regarding fresh embryo transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovarian stimulation and the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for triggering oocyte maturation in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) introduces several differences in luteal phase hormone levels compared with natural cycles that may negatively impact on endometrial receptivity and pregnancy rates after fresh embryo transfer. Exogenous luteal phase support is given to overcome these issues. The suitability of a pragmatic approach to luteal phase support is not known due to a lack of data on early phase luteal hormone levels and their association with fertility outcomes during IVF with fresh embryo transfer. This study determined early luteal phase profiles of serum progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and hCG, and associations between hormone levels/hormone level profile after hCG trigger and the live birth rate in women undergoing IVF with fresh embryo transfer. Methods: This prospective single center, cohort study was conducted in Vietnam from January 2021 to December 2022. Women aged 18–38 years with normal ovarian reserve and undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol were included. Serum hormone levels were determined before trigger, at 12, 24 and 36 h after hCG, and daily from 1 to 6 days after oocyte pick-up. Serum hormone level profiles were classified as lower or upper. The primary outcome was live birth rate based on early luteal phase hormone level profile. Results: Ninety-five women were enrolled. Live birth occurred in 19/69 women (27.5%) with a lower progesterone profile and 13/22 (59.1%) with an upper progesterone profile (risk ratio [RR] 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–3.60), and in 6/31 (19.4%) versus 26/60 (43.3%) with a lower versus upper serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone profile (RR 2.24; 95% CI 1.03–4.86). Nearly 20% of women had peak progesterone concentration on or before day 3 after oocyte pick-up, and this was associated with significantly lower chances of having a life birth. Conclusions: These data show the importance of proper corpus luteum function with sufficient progesterone/17-hydroxyprogesterone production for achievement of pregnancy and to maximize the chance of live birth during IVF. Trial Registration: NCT04693624 (www.clinicaltrials.gov). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining pregnancy. Although autophagy and apoptosis have been suggested as cooperative mechanisms, their interaction within the CL of pregnant mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. To understand the collaborative function of autophagy and apoptosis in the CL, we analyzed both mechanisms during pregnancy in the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. This rodent undergoes a decline in progesterone levels during mid-gestation, a reactivation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonadal axis, and the incorporation of new functional secondary CL. Our analysis of autophagy markers BECLIN 1 (BECN1), SEQUESTOSOME1 (SQSTM1), Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3B), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and anti- and pro-apoptotic markers BCL2 and ACTIVE CASPASE 3 (A-C3) revealed interactive behaviors between both processes. Healthy primary and secondary CL exhibited positive expression of BECN1, SQSTM1, LC3B, and LAMP1, while regressed CL displayed enhanced expression of these autophagy markers along with nuclear A-C3. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a significant formation of autophagic vesicles in regressed CL during full-term pregnancy, whereas healthy CL exhibited a low number of autophagy vesicles. The co-localization between LC3B and SQSTM1 and LC3B with LAMP1 was observed in both healthy and regressed CL during pregnancy, while co-localization of BECN1 and BCL2 was only detected in healthy CL. LC3B and ACTIVE CASPASE 3 co-localization were detected in a subset of luteal cells within the regressing CL. We propose that autophagy could act as a survival mechanism in the CL, allowing the pregnancy to progress until full-term, while also serving as a mechanism to eliminate remnants of regressed CL, thereby providing the necessary space for subsequent follicular maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In order to increase the fertility rate of ewes throughout the year, expensive assisted reproduction programs are used during the spring–summer season despite the hot conditions in the tropics that can negatively affect them. Due to the photoperiod, ewes tend to mate only during the autumn–winter months, when daylight hours are reduced. Merino Socorro Island Merino ewes and their crosses with Pelibuey under warm conditions can significantly help sheep production units located in the tropics of cancer because they show reproductive activity during the spring and autumn seasons in the tropics. In addition, the reproductive efficiency of flocks could be improved by using oestrus synchronization protocols based on timed artificial insemination programs or natural mating. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of spring and autumn seasons on the reproductive activity of Merino Socorro Island ewes and their crosses with Pelibuey under heat stress (HS) conditions in the tropics. All ewes (n = 80) were randomly assigned to one of two breeds during the first and second periods, respectively: (1) Twenty Socorro Island Merino ewes (SIM) and (2) 20 Pelibuey Crossbred ewes (PBC). Animals were fed the same diet and given water ad libitum. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software 9.12 procedures. In both seasons, a mean of more than 80 U of maximum THI was obtained, while in spring and autumn, the minimum THI exceeded 30 and 40 U, respectively. All animals were in oestrus and ovulated in both seasons. The frequency of animals in spring during the first 48 h of oestrus expression was greater (p < 0.05) than 48–55 h but similar (p > 0.05) than 55–65 h; in autumn during the first 48 h and 48–55 h were similar (p > 0.05), but different (p < 0.05) than 55–65 h. The duration of oestrus expression was longer in the spring than in the autumn (p < 0.05). The frequency of animals was higher (p < 0.05) in SIM than in PBC ewes during the first oestrus cycle (1–17 d) and was also higher (p < 0.05) in PBC than in SIM ewes during the second oestrus cycle (18–35 d). The SIM ewes produced more (p < 0.05) progesterone (P4) than the PBC ewes. During the sampling days of the oestrus cycle, more P4 was created in autumn than in spring (p < 0.05). Both breeds showed severe HS. In the future, ewes treated under assisted reproductive programs in the tropics may improve reproductive efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are fewer investigations conducted on human primary endometrial epithelial cells (HPEECs) compared to human primary endometrial stromal cells (HPESCs). One of the main reasons is the scarcity of protocols enabling prolonged epithelial cell culture. Even though it is possible to culture HPEECs in 3D over a longer period of time, it is technically demanding. In this study, we successfully established a highly pure, stable, and long-term viable human conditionally reprogrammed endometrial epithelial cell line, designated as eCRC560. These cells stained positive for epithelial markers, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and epithelial cell–cell contacts but negative for stromal and endothelial cell markers. Estradiol (ES) reduced the abundance of ZO-1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner, in contrast to the dose-dependent increase with the progestin dienogest (DNG) when co-cultured with HPESCs. Moreover, ES significantly increased cell viability, cell migration, and invasion of the eCRC560 cells; all these effects were inhibited by pretreatment with DNG. DNG withdrawal led to a significantly disrupted monolayer of eCRC560 cells in co-culture with HPESCs, yet it markedly increased the adhesion of eCRC560 to the human mesothelial MeT-5A cells. The long-term viable eCRC560 cells are suitable for in vitro analysis of HPEECs to study the epithelial compartment of the human endometrium and endometrial pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural oestrogen administration as oral or transdermal 17β-estradiol is recommended for pubertal induction in girls with hypogonadism. However, suitable low-dose formulations are not consistently available globally. This questionnaire study aimed to identify the current availability of oestrogen and progesterone preparations worldwide. Methods: Endorsed by the ESPE Turner Syndrome Working Group, the questionnaire targeted paediatric endocrinologists. Questions focused on accessibility of oral/transdermal 17β-estradiol and progestogen preparations. Responses were collected through a SurveyMonkey survey disseminated via ESPE channels, direct outreach, and conferences from June 2020 to December 2022. Results: Participation included 229 healthcare professionals from 45 countries. Oral and transdermal 17β-estradiol in adult dosage was highly accessible (86.5% and 84.3%), with transdermal administration the preferred form (62.8%). Most commonly available estradiol preparations included 50 μg patches (32 countries) and 1 or 2 mg tablets (65.8% and 71.1% countries). However, 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol tablets were available in only 20% of respondents from 8 countries. Patches delivering 14 or 25 μg/day of 17β-estradiol were available in 3 and 20 countries, respectively. Oral progestogen had widespread availability (96.0%) and preference (87.0%), while transdermal usage was limited to 15.2% of respondents. Conclusion: This study highlights global challenges in accessing suitable hormone preparations for female pubertal induction. In most countries, the lowest dose of the estradiol is 50 µg for patches and 2 mg for tablets. Appropriate low-dose 17β-estradiol tablets are much less available than low-dose patches. Our survey underscores the importance of adapting guidelines to local availability, and the need for improved accessibility to address these global disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to estimate the estrous cycle length of the Algerian Arbia goat in Northern Algeria. For this, eighteen (18) Arbia goats, aged between 2 and 6 years, were used in our work that took place in the experimental farm of the Saad Dahlab University (Blida, Algeria). Blood samples were taken from each goat twice a week (at a 2 or 3-day interval) for 3 months. The serum progesterone concentration was determined by Radio-Immuno-Assay. Smears of the vaginal mucosa were taken at the same time as the blood samples. The predominance of superficial cells on the smear of the vaginal mucosa as well as a serum progesterone level less than 1 ng/mL expressed the return to estrous which was considered the beginning of a new cycle. A negative correlation was observed between the percentage of superficial cells (SC) and serum progesterone (P4) levels in all goats. Our results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between the means of different cycle lengths obtained among the females. In addition, normal cycles had an average of 20.11±1.85 days (17-25 days) representing 59.6% of cycles. Besides, a large number of short cycles (<17 days) with an average of 14.41±1.51 days were found representing 25.5% of recorded cycles. The number of long cycles (>25 days; with an average of 32.14±5.58 days), represented 14.9% of recorded cycles. Following these results, it can be concluded that the local goat in Northern Algeria had different types of cycles (normal, short, and long) with a large percentage of normal cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical efficacy of oral dydrogesterone and micronized vaginal progesterone (MVP) gel during the first HRT-FET cycle. Methods: A retrospective cohort study based on a total of 344 women undergoing their first HRT-FET cycles without Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonist (GnRH-a) pretreatment was conducted. All the cycles were allocated to two groups in the reproductive medical center at the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital. One group (n = 193) received oral dydrogesterone 30 mg/d before embryo transfer, while the other group (n = 151) received MVP gel 180 mg/d. Results: The demographics and baseline characteristics of two groups were comparable. We found no statistically significant difference in live birth rate (24.35% vs. 31.13%, P = 0.16), clinical pregnancy rate (34.72% vs. 36.42%, P = 0.74), embryo implantation rate (25.09% vs. 28.36%, P = 0.43), positive pregnancy rate (42.49% vs 38.41%, P = 0.45), miscarriage rate (9.33% vs 3.97%, P = 0.05), or ectopic pregnancy rate (0.52% vs. 0.66%, P = 0.86) between the oral dydrogesterone group and MVP gel group. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis for covariates, medication used for luteal support was not associated with live birth rate (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.32–1.57, P = 0.45). And the different luteal support medication did not have a significant positive association with the live birth rate in the cycles with day 2 embryo transferred (OR = 1.39, 95% CI:0.66–2.39, P = 0.39) and blastocyst transferred (OR = 1.31 95% CI:0.64–2.69, P = 0.46). Conclusion: 30 mg/d oral dydrogesterone and 180 mg/d MVP gel revealed similar reproductive outcomes in HRT-FET cycles in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Progesterone can be used instead of GnRH agonists and antagonists in order to avert a premature LH surge during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocol. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge regarding its utilization. Thus, this study compared the effects of progesterone and GnRH antagonists (GnRH-ant) on premature LH surges and assisted reproductive technology (ART) results in infertile women undergoing ART. Materials and methods: In this clinical trial, the progesterone protocol (study group) and GnRH-ant protocol (control group) were tested in 300 infertile individuals undergoing IVF/ICSI. The main outcome was the number of oocytes retrieved. The secondary outcomes included premature LH rise/surge, the quantity of follicles measuring ≥ 10 and 14 mm, oocyte maturity and fertilization rate, the number of viable embryos, high-quality embryo rate and pregnancy outcomes. Results: The study group exhibited a statistically significant increase in the number of retrieved oocytes, follicles measuring 14 mm or greater, and viable embryos compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The study group also increased oocyte maturity, chemical pregnancy rate, and clinical pregnancy rate (P < 0.05). Both groups had similar mean serum LH, progesterone, and E2 levels on trigger day. The control group had more premature LH rise than the study group, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that the progesterone protocol and the GnRH-ant protocol exhibit similar rates of sudden premature LH surge in infertile patients. However, it is important to note that the two regiments differ in their outcomes in ART. Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered in the Iranian website (www.irct.ir) for clinical trials registration (http://www.irct.ir: IRCT-ID: IRCT20201029049183N, 2020-11-27). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to investigate associations of postpartum health with serum progesterone (P4) concentrations after first artificial insemination (AI), expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) in blood leukocytes, and serum pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) during early pregnancy in dairy cows. In this observational study, Holstein cows (n = 475) from 2 commercial herds were enrolled 3 wk before expected parturition. Body condition score (BCS) and lameness were assessed at enrollment, and total Ca, haptoglobin, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured in serum at 2 and 6 ± 2 d in milk (DIM). Blood β-hydroxybutyrate and metritis were evaluated at 4, 8, 11, and 15 ± 2 DIM, and purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) and endometritis based on endometrial cytology were diagnosed at 35 DIM. Onset of cyclicity was assessed by biweekly P4 measurements. The BCS was assessed at enrollment and at 63 DIM, and lameness at enrollment and at 21 and 49 DIM. First AI was based on estrus detection until ∼75 DIM, or synchronization for timed AI thereafter. Serum P4 was measured at d 8 and 12 after first AI; expression of ISG (ISG15 and RTP4) in blood leukocytes was assessed at d 19; and PAG in serum of pregnant cows was measured at d 29, 33, and 40. Multivariable linear regression models were built including health variables (with metabolites categorized via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis) and covariates (season, milk yield, AI method, DIM), accounting for pregnancy status (for ISG and PAG models), repeated measures (for P4 and PAG models), and herd as random. Results are reported comparing cows affected versus unaffected by each predictor. Serum P4 concentrations were lesser at d 8 after AI in cows that had total Ca ≤2.09 m M (3.6 vs. 4.0 ± 0.2 ng/mL) at 2 DIM or a clinical disease (3.7 vs. 4.0 ± 0.2 mg/mL), and P4 tended to be lesser at d 8 in cows that had PVD (3.6 vs. 4.0 ± 0.2 ng/mL) or any uterine disease (3.7 vs. 4.1 ± 0.2 ng/mL). Among cows pregnant at d 29, relative ISG15 expression (fold change) at d 19 was greater in cows that had lameness (5.10 [4.18–6.18] vs. 3.14 [3.10–3.19]) but tended to be lesser in cows that had endometritis (3.20 [2.89–3.54] vs. 4.29 [4.20–4.35]), and relative expression of RTP4 tended to be lesser in cows that had displaced abomasum (1.02 [0.62–1.67] vs. 1.75 [1.73–1.78]). Serum PAG was lesser at d 29 (3.8 vs. 4.2 ± 0.2 sample-to-positive ratio [S:P]) in cows that had NEFA ≥0.73 m M at 6 DIM, and lesser at d 33 (3.9 vs. 4.5 ± 0.2 S:P) and 40 (3.1 vs. 3.7 ± 0.2 S:P) in cows that had prepartum BCS ≥3.75. These findings suggest long-term effects of metabolic or reproductive tract disorders on luteal function after first AI, pregnancy recognition signaling, and placental function during early pregnancy. These associations may partially explain some of the pathways linking postpartum health and fertility in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment with vaginal progesterone reduces the risk of miscarriage and preterm birth in selected high‐risk women. The hypothesis that vaginal progesterone can reduce the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is unexplored. Objectives: To summarise the evidence on the effectiveness of vaginal progesterone to reduce the risk of HDP. Search strategy: We searched Embase (OVID), MEDLINE (OVID), PubMed, CENTRAL and clinicaltrials.gov from inception until 20 June 2023. Selection criteria: We included placebo‐controlled randomised trials (RCTs) of vaginal progesterone for the prevention or treatment of any pregnancy complications. Data collection and analysis: We extracted absolute event numbers for HDP and pre‐eclampsia in women receiving vaginal progesterone or placebo, and meta‐analysed the data with a random effects model. We appraised the certainty of the evidence using GRADE methodology. Main results: The quantitative synthesis included 11 RCTs, of which three initiated vaginal progesterone in the first trimester, and eight in the second or third trimesters. Vaginal progesterone started in the first trimester of pregnancy lowered the risk of any HDP (risk ratio [RR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53–0.93, 2 RCTs, n = 4431 women, I2 = 0%; moderate‐certainty evidence) and pre‐eclampsia (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41–0.92, 3 RCTs, n = 5267 women, I2 = 0%; moderate‐certainty evidence) when compared with placebo. Vaginal progesterone started in the second or third trimesters was not associated with a reduction in HDP (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.67–2.12, 3 RCTs, n = 1602 women, I2 = 9%; low‐certainty evidence) or pre‐eclampsia (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.71–1.31, 5 RCTs, n = 4274 women, I2 = 0%; low‐certainty evidence). Conclusions: Our systematic review found first‐trimester initiated vaginal micronised progesterone may reduce the risk of HDP and pre‐eclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age and is one of the main causes of ovulation infertility, affecting 5-10% of women. Inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and disruption of the oxidant-antioxidant balance are the main factors in the pathophysiology of PCOS. This study was designed to answer the question of whether apigenin and chrysin have therapeutic effects on the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced rat model of PCOS. Materials and Methods: The experimental PCOS model was created by administering 6 mg/100g DHEA subcutaneously to 21-day-old female Wistar rats for 28 days, followed by treatment with natural agents 50 mg/kg apigenin and 50 mg/kg chrysin by oral gavage twice a week for one month. The predominant cell type was determined by microscopic analysis in vaginal smears daily from day 10 to day 28 of the experiment. In tissue supernatants, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were obtained by spectrophotometric method with appropriate manual methods; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β, and IL-13 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. In addition, histological sections obtained from ovarian tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and examined under a light microscope. Results: The results showed that treatment with apigenin and chrysin alone and in combination reduced MDA, LH, FSH, progesterone, IL-1β, IL-13, and IL-18 levels compared with PCOS rats. Furthermore, enzymatic activities of antioxidants including CAT, SOD, and GPx in the ovaries increased in therapeutic groups compared to the PCOS group. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential therapeutic efficacy of apigenin and chrysin, either alone or in combination, in alleviating the hormonal imbalances, inflammation, and oxidative stress in DHEA-induced PCOS rats. Apigenin, in particular, emerges as a promising agent for PCOS treatment, showing superiority over chrysin and combination treatments in ameliorating cystic follicles and improving various parameters associated with PCOS pathophysiology. These findings suggest that apigenin holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for PCOS and warrants further investigation in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the current status of progestogen treatment for pregnant women at a high risk for preterm birth (PTB) in childbirth healthcare facilities in Japan. Methods: A web‐based nationwide questionnaire survey regarding progestogen use for prevention of PTB was conducted among childbirth healthcare facilities from 2019 to 2021. Results: Valid responses were obtained from 528 facilities (25.2% of those surveyed), including 155 tertiary perinatal facilities (making up 92.3% of all tertiary perinatal care facilities). In the survey period, progestogen treatment was implemented in 207 facilities (39.2%) for PTB prevention. Regarding types of progestogens, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate was used in 170 facilities (82.1%), with a low dose (125 mg/week) administered in 62.9% of the facilities to comply with the regulations of the national health insurance system, although 250 mg/week is considered the best dose. Vaginal progesterone was used in 36 facilities (17.4%), although the cost of vaginal progesterone was not covered by health insurance. Of the facilities not administering progestogen treatment, approximately 40% expressed that vaginal progesterone would be their first choice for PTB prevention in daily practice if it would be covered by health insurance in the future. Conclusions: Due to the current regulations of the Japanese health insurance system, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate, rather than vaginal progesterone, was mainly used for PTB prevention. Despite global evidence supporting vaginal progesterone as the approach with the highest efficacy, only a limited number of facilities have utilized it due to the current drug use regulations in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of Kisspeptin (Kp) and its receptors in the corpus luteum (CL) of buffalo has recently been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the role of Kp in the modulation of progesterone (P 4) synthesis in vitro. The primary culture of bubaline luteal cells (LCs) was treated with 10, 50, and 100 nM of Kp and Kp antagonist (KpA) alongside a vehicle control. The combined effect of Kp and KpA was assessed at 100 nM concentration. Intracellular response to Kp treatment in the LCs was assessed by examining transcript profiles (LHR, STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 , and ERK1/2) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, the immunolocalization of ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p -ERK1/2) in the LCs was studied using immunocytochemistry. Accumulation of P 4 from the culture supernatant was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated that LCs had a greater p -ERK1/2 expression in the Kp treatment groups. A significant increase in the P 4 concentration was recorded at 50 nM and 100 nM Kp, while KpA did not affect the basal concentration of P 4. However, the addition of KpA to the Kp-treated group at 100 nM concentration suppressed the Kp-induced P 4 accumulation into a concentration similar to the control. There was significant upregulation of ERK1/2 and CYP11A1 expressions in the Kp-treated LCs at 100 nM (18.1 and 37fold, respectively, p < 0.01). However, the addition of KpA to Kp-treated LCs modulated ERK1/2, LHR, STAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B1 at 100 nM concentration. It can be concluded that Kp at 100 nM stimulated P 4 production, while the addition of KpA suppressed Kp-induced P 4 production in the buffalo LCs culture. Furthermore, an increment in p -ERK1/2 expression in the LCs indicated activation of the Kp signaling pathway was associated with luteal steroidogenesis. • Kisspeptin (Kp) activates ERK1/2 pathway in the bubaline luteal cells in vitro. • Kp upregulated steroidogenic factors and progesterone (P 4) production. • Kp antagonist suppressed Kp-induced P 4 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]