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Thèse dirigée en co-tutelle par Wolfgang Kaiser (ÉHESS) et Lucia Felici (Université de Florence), soutenue le 27 avril 2017 à l’Université de Florence, devant un jury composé de Giovanna Fiume (Université de Florence et Bernard Vincent (ÉHESS). Riassunto : Con l’obiettivo di far luce sulle dinamiche economiche e sui meccanismi istituzionali che regolavano il riscatto dei cristiani captivi in Maghreb nei secoli centrali dell’età moderna, l’autore si propone di ricostruire l’attività redentrice...

RESUMEN: Desde el punto de vista económico, las últimas décadas del siglo XVI constituyen un momento fundamental en el orden internacional, ya que es entonces cuando se asiste con especial claridad a la basculación del Mediterráneo a la Europa atlántica septentrional. Por otra parte, el Mar del Norte fue testigo del enfrentamiento entre varias potencias, siendo la Monarquía Hispánica e Inglaterra las dos protagonistas entre 1585 y 1604. En vista del gran poder de los españoles pero de su debilidad en el mar, los consejeros de Isabel plantearon desde temprano una estrategia naval en la que el corsario Sir Francis Drake y la alianza con los holandeses fueron clave. Esto unido a una política de represalias y embargos por parte de las dos potencias enfrentadas hizo difícil el desarrollo y la continuidad del tráfico mercantil en el atlántico septentrional. El estudio que aquí va a ser realizado pretende dar una visión sobre cómo pueden llegar a afectar la religión, los acontecimientos políticos o las actuaciones diplomáticas (paces y guerras) al comercio marítimo, demostrando que al final las cuestiones económicas y comerciales acabaron por imponerse a las dinásticas y religiosas. ABSTRACT: From the economic point of view, the last decades of the sixteenth century constitute a major moment in the international order, since it is then when the Mediterranean is tilted with particular clarity to northern Atlantic Europe. On the other hand, the North Sea was witness of the confrontation between several powers, being the Hispanic Monarchy and England the two main characters between 1585 and 1604. In view of the great power of the Spaniards but of their weakness in the sea, Isabel’s counsellors outlined early a naval strategy in which the privateer Sir Francis Drake and the alliance with the Dutch were key. This together with a policy of reprisals and embargoes by the two opposing powers made the development and continuity of trade in the northern Atlantic difficult. This study aims to give an insight into how religion, political events or diplomatic actions (peaces and wars) can affect maritime trade, showing that in the end, economic and commercial issues prevailed over the dynastic and religious. Grado en Historia

The Prize Papers Collection, preserved at the National Archives (Kew, England), contains documents captured from enemy ships by the British Navy during the War of Spanish Succession (1702-1714). Those Papers relating to Southern Netherlandish ships and sailors have been previously unexplored, and offer new perspectives on the early modern maritime history of the North Sea area. Historical research and transcription of these sources, and in particular sailors’ correspondence, allow us to examine two ways in which the sea was considered as a resource: this concerns the use of fish as an on-board food source and commodity, as well as the knowledge of ways in which the sea itself served as a resource, in terms of navigational strategies offered by currents, climatic conditions, and sea routes. A series of selected case studies allow us to look at direct strategies of resource use from the perspective of the sea itself, and from the transient vantage point of the ship and its sailors. This reveals how certain privateering strategies and navigational tactics were enabled by the circulation of expert knowledge within a shared socio-cultural environment formed by maritime communities in the closely related ports of Ostend and Dunkirk. By means of letters, cargo lists, and lists of victuals, research on the use of fish as a resource reveals how types of sea fish such as herring, ‘mudfish’ and codfish were either caught and used as a shipboard food source, or transported in order to serve as commodities. This was the case for oysters from Le Croisicq, or salted fish such as Mediterranean anchovy or North Sea herring. The provenance of the sources bearing witness to such cargo shows that fish as commodities were deemed valuable enough to warrant the Southern Netherlandish ships’ hijacking by the rival British Navy or the Guernsey-Jersey privateers. From shipboard correspondence on the use of the sea and its climatic conditions as a resource for navigational strategies, it is clear such specialist knowledge circulated primarily among privateers, who used this to their advantage in order to hijack and ransom rival ships and captains. Specific instructions probably circulated in both oral and written form, showing joint operations between Ostend and Dunkirk privateers towards areas such as the Dogger Bank or the Scottish seas. The considerable social mobility of sailor communities between both ports of Ostend and Dunkirk would have facilitated such exchanges and their required communication. Those communities apt at using navigational knowledge and making use of specific sea routes often sailed with smaller vessels such as snauw or dogger ships, which could also be involved in fishing. This implies fishing communities from Ostend, who would have had good knowledge of the sea as a strategic and navigational resource through their fishing experience, may have turned to privateering as a lucrative pursuit during wartime. On the North Sea coast, Dunkirk served as a main base for such privateering, although many crews comprised Ostend sailors and captains as well. The research project on 18th century Southern Netherlandish Prize Papers forms a new line of historical research within the VLIZ (Flanders Marine Institute), initiated with support of the COST Oceans Past Platform and in collaboration with The National Archives (Kew). It opens up research into previously unknown sources on Southern Netherlandish Maritime history, and has wide research potential to link up with e.g. research on transnational economical networks, socio-cultural conditions of sailors, and strategies of commerce and privateering under early 18th century wartime conditions. It aims to be a collaborative project constructing research partnerships within a wider network.

Spanish-Dutch Relations in the New World during the Existence of the West Indische Compagnie Eva Kubátová Abstract This dissertation is dedicated to the Spanish-Dutch relations in the New World during the existence of the first Dutch West India Company (1621-1674). On base of an imagological analysis, this thesis presents elements of mutual relations, reflected in hetero-images, together with self-representation of both analyzed parties (thus self-image) within the ongoing conflict of the Eighty Years' War. The imagological analysis is applied on archival material, chiefly the Dutch pamphlets and Spanish Relaciones de sucesos (which can be translated as "Treatises of Successes"). The result of this thesis is then an analysis of development and changes of mutual images, upon the historical events of the Spanish-Dutch war conflict: thus since the beginnings of the Dutch Revolt, passing through the Twelve Years' Truce, until the signature of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. A special emphasis is put to the final phase of the Eighty Years' War, in this thesis delimited by the years 1621-1648, which was marked by the official entrance of the West India Company into the Spanish waters of Greater Caribbean. An important watershed in mutual relations is afterwards represented by the Peace of Westphalia, which...

The aim of this paper is to show a small collection of documents with reference to the Castilian privateer Juan de Castrillo. Althought this character had an important role throughout the pages of “The Victorial” as one of the main adversaries to Pero Niño at the Mediterranean Sea, in fact he is a real stranger for historiography. This project means to offer more information about this controversial individual whose activities ramced from the most absolute legality to de most perfidious intention, depending on the circumstances. This article has two parts. One of them reference to the historical development of the character, and the second is the collection of documents. This collection includes nine documents, the first three of which date from 1402 within The Archive of the Crown of Aragon, and the other six from 1405, which are being kept at The Municipal Archive of Valencia. El objetivo del presente artículo es dar a conocer una pequeña colección de documentos inéditos, referentes al corsario castellano Juan de Castrillo. Dicho personaje, pese a ocupar un lugar destacado entre las páginas de “El Victorial”, como uno de los antagonistas principales de Pero Niño en el Mediterráneo, en realidad es un auténtico desconocido para la historiografía. Este trabajo, pretende arrojar un poco más de luz sobre este controvertido individuo, cuyas actividades oscilaban, según las circunstancias, entre la más absoluta legalidad y la más pérfida intención. El artículo se divide en dos partes, la primera hace referencia al devenir histórico del personaje y la segunda es la colección documental. Dicha colección consta de nueve documentos, los tres primeros de 1402proceden del Archivo de la Corona de Aragón y los seis restantes, de1405, se conservan en el Archivo Municipal de Valencia.

El objetivo del presente artículo es dar a conocer una pequeña colección de documentos inéditos, referentes al corsario castellano Juan de Castrillo. Dicho personaje, pese a ocupar un lugar destacado entre las páginas de “El Victorial”, como uno de los antagonistas principales de Pero Niño en el Mediterráneo, en realidad es un auténtico desconocido para la historiografía. Este trabajo, pretende arrojar un poco más de luz sobre este controvertido individuo, cuyas actividades oscilaban, según las circunstancias, entre la más absoluta legalidad y la más pérfida intención. El artículo se divide en dos partes, la primera hace referencia al devenir histórico del personaje y la segunda es la colección documental. Dicha colección consta de nueve documentos, los tres primeros de 1402proceden del Archivo de la Corona de Aragón y los seis restantes, de1405, se conservan en el Archivo Municipal de Valencia. The aim of this paper is to show a small collection of documents with reference to the Castilian privateer Juan de Castrillo. Althought this character had an important role throughout the pages of “The Victorial” as one of the main adversaries to Pero Niño at the Mediterranean Sea, in fact he is a real stranger for historiography. This project means to offer more information about this controversial individual whose activities ramced from the most absolute legality to de most perfidious intention, depending on the circumstances. This article has two parts. One of them reference to the historical development of the character, and the second is the collection of documents. This collection includes nine documents, the first three of which date from 1402 within The Archive of the Crown of Aragon, and the other six from 1405, which are being kept at The Municipal Archive of Valencia.

This book investigates how the rulers of the Habsburg world empiredeveloped and implemented a central maritime policy for the Netherlandsand appointed an admiral of the sea or admiral-general for that purpose.It also explains why the Habsburgs were eventually unable to gaincontrol of the maritime affairs of the Netherlands, in spite of thesupport of the powerful Burgundian Lords of Veere, who occupied thecentral position of admiral from 1491 to 1558. From their power base onthe island of Walcheren in Zeeland, known as the key to the Netherlandsat the time because of its central location between Holland, Flanders,Antwerp and the sea, they held an ideal vantage point for exercising theadmiralship. The result not only offers an illuminating insight into theorganisation of the war fleet, maritime trade and fishery, privateeringand prize law in the Habsburg Netherlands, but also puts the maritime success ofthe later Dutch Republic in a new perspective.

This book investigates how the rulers of the Habsburg world empiredeveloped and implemented a central maritime policy for the Netherlandsand appointed an admiral of the sea or admiral-general for that purpose.It also explains why the Habsburgs were eventually unable to gaincontrol of the maritime affairs of the Netherlands, in spite of thesupport of the powerful Burgundian Lords of Veere, who occupied thecentral position of admiral from 1491 to 1558. From their power base onthe island of Walcheren in Zeeland, known as the key to the Netherlandsat the time because of its central location between Holland, Flanders,Antwerp and the sea, they held an ideal vantage point for exercising theadmiralship. The result not only offers an illuminating insight into theorganisation of the war fleet, maritime trade and fishery, privateeringand prize law in the Habsburg Netherlands, but also puts the maritime success ofthe later Dutch Republic in a new perspective.

Esta tese trata dos conflitos navais luso-neerlandeses na Ásia desde 1595 – data da primeira expedição bem sucedida de navios dos Países Baixos ao Oriente – a 1625, assim como do corso neerlandês contra a navegação intra-asiática e euro-asiática portuguesa no mesmo período. Baseada em fontes portuguesas e neerlandesas, visa contribuir para esclarecer três questões principais. A primeira questão versa sobre a evolução cronológica e a distribuição geográfica dos ataques neerlandeses à navegação portuguesa. Com base num levantamento tão exaustivo quanto possível de navios lusos perdidos em consequência de assalto batavo, intenta-se ir além da imprecisão “impressionista” ainda dominante nas abordagens do tema, que elude a desigualdade do impacto tanto regional como cronológico dos ataques. A partir da amostra de perdas apurada, conclui-se assim que, cronologicamente, se deu um pico das actividades neerlandesas contra os navios portugueses na primeira década do século XVII; seguiu-se uma baixa que correspondeu a uma fase de acalmia relativa geral do conflito luso-neerlandês no Oriente; sucedeu-se uma nova alta em 1620-1625. Regionalmente, houve com clareza áreas privilegiadas e, acima de todas, os Estreitos de Malaca. A segunda questão que se visa esclarecer é o peso efectivo dos neerlandeses na situação difícil dos portugueses na Ásia no primeiro quartel do século XVII, que tem sido explicada quase em exclusivo pela acção dos seus novos inimigos norte-europeus. Defende-se, por oposição, a conveniência de, corrigindo o viés dominante da historiografia, relativizar o impacto dos batavos, valorizando em alternativa o contributo negligenciado dos seus aliados asiáticos para um conjunto importante de derrotas portuguesas. A terceira questão que se tenta averiguar é a ideia de que a “asiatização” militar dos portugueses no Oriente durante o século XVI teria sido a causa das suas derrotas frente aos norte-europeus no século XVII. Sem negar a validade parcial desta posição, defende-se que, como explicação, é insuficiente, visto que, se é verdade que o aparelho naval luso instalado na Ásia se revelou incapaz de fazer frente aos neerlandeses, o aparelho naval europeu do reino se mostrou incapaz também de responder ao desafio de socorrer o Oriente através de uma transferência de recursos navais comparável em escala e eficiência à levada a cabo pelos inimigos batavos. Chama-se de igual modo a atenção para as similitudes entre os conflitos navais luso-neerlandeses na Ásia e os ocorridos no mesmo período no Atlântico, onde, como é evidente, o desempenho também inferior dos navios portugueses já não pode ser atribuído a qualquer fenómeno prévio de “asiatização”. Ao considerar até que ponto eventuais graus de “asiatização” e “europeização” podem ter sido factores de sucesso ou insucesso militar, leva-se em conta a discussão historiográfica mais lata do tema da famosa e controvertida “revolução militar” e da excepcionalidade militar ocidental, tal como têm sido defendidas, “eurocentricamente”, por historiadores como Geoffrey Parker e contestadas por autores como Jeremy Black. This dissertation is about the Portuguese-Dutch naval war in Asia from 1595 – date of the first successful expedition of Dutch ships to the East – to 1625, as well as about Dutch privateering against Portuguese intra-Asiatic and Euro-Asiatic navigation in the period. Based on Portuguese and Dutch sources, it aims to contribute to a better understanding of three main subjects. The first subject is the chronological evolution and geographical distribution of Dutch attacks on Portuguese shipping. Based on a listing as comprehensive as possible of Portuguese ships lost as a result of Dutch attacks, I attempt to show that the regional and chronological impact of the attacks varied significantly. From this extensive sample of losses it was concluded that, chronologically, there was a peak in the number of Portuguese ships lost to the Dutch in the first decade of the seventeenth century, which was followed by a drop during a relatively quiet phase of the Portuguese-Dutch conflict in Asia. There followed another period of high losses in 1620-1625. Regionally, there were clearly some privileged areas, above all the Straits of Malacca. The second subject is the Dutch contribution to the difficulties experienced by the Portuguese in Asia in the first quarter of the seventeenth century. Historians have traditionally explained these difficulties almost exclusively by the arrival in Asia of new enemies, Northern European in origin. I argue that this Eurocentric historiographical bias should be corrected and that the impact of the Dutch, albeit significant, should be put in perspective, complementing the well-known history of Dutch victories over the Portuguese with the neglected contribution of some of their Asian allies to an important set of Portuguese defeats. The third subject concerns the notion that an alleged "Asianization" of the military forces of the Portuguese in Asia during the sixteenth century was the cause of their defeats to Northern Europeans as the Dutch and the English in the beginning of the seventeenth century. Without denying the partial validity of this position, I argue that, as an explanation, it is insufficient. While it is true that the Portuguese naval forces in Asia proved unable to cope with the Dutch, the Portuguese in Europe proved also unable to meet the challenge of supplying adequate naval relief to the East. A transfer of warships from the Atlantic to Asia by way of the Cape route was attempted but with unsatisfactory results, at least in comparison with the similar effort carried out by the Dutch in the period. I also call to attention the similarities between the Portuguese- Dutch naval conflicts in Asia and in the Atlantic, where the underperformance of Portuguese ships can no longer be assigned to any previous phenomenon of "Asianization". When considering the extent to which degrees of "Asianization" and "Europeanization" may have been or not factors of success or military failure, I take into account the well-known historiographical debate on the "military revolution" and Western military exceptionality as discussed by historians such as Geoffrey Parker and Jeremy Black.

L’aspect le plus connu du phénomène complexe de l’esclavage en Méditerranée, surtout lorsqu’on se positionne dans la perspective des Européens en tant que victimes, est celui du rachat effectué par des ordres religieux, des institutions ecclésiastiques ou laïques, des individus privés. Le rachat, toutefois, n’a pas été la seule voie, ni la plus importante, pour le retour à la liberté et celui, consécutif, à son pays. Parmi les autres possibilités, il y avait celle, qui n’a jamais été prise en considération dans son ensemble jusqu’à aujourd’hui, déterminée par des événements militaires, occupations de villes, batailles navales et terrestres, affrontements belliqueux, naufrages et autres accidents qui, alors qu’ils entraînaient la réduction en captivités des uns, défaits ou malchanceux, restituaient la liberté à ceux qui se trouvaient en esclavages. On présente ici plusieurs exemples de ces événements de type différent, favorisant des Européens ou des musulmans, s’étant produits dans l’espace méditerranéen du xvie au xviiie siècle. The best-known aspect of the complex phenomenon of Mediterranean slavery, especially when Europeans were the victims, was the ransoming of captives by religious orders, ecclesiastical and secular institutions, and private individuals. Ransoming, however, was neither the only nor the most important route for recovering one’s freedom and returning home. There were other possibilities that have not been considered. Military actions, occupations of cities, naval and land battles, warfare, shipwrecks and other such incidents might mean enslavement for some unfortunate people but also could represent an opportunity for freedom for slaves. Scholars have thus far not presented a global view of this phenomenon. This paper presents several examples of these sorts of events from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, which could favor both Europeans and Muslims in the Mediterranean.

Cet article s’intéresse à la captivité chrétienne de longue durée, c’est-à-dire aux captifs qui vécurent plus de dix ans dans une société musulmane, soit au sein de l’Empire ottoman, soit au Maroc. Nous nous interrogeons sur les motifs d’une captivité si longue, depuis les conditions de la capture à celles de la libération, sans négliger celles de la détention (quand ces détails sont fournis par les protagonistes eux-mêmes). Pour cette analyse, notre point d’observation principal est la documentation émanant des captifs qui, à leur retour, obtinrent des pensions militaires dans les armées de la monarchie hispanique entre 1574 et 1609. This article is about Christians who spent more than ten years as captives of the Muslims, either in the Ottoman Empire or in Morocco. We ask why their captivity lasted so long and investigate both their capture and their release, in addition to the terms of their imprisonment (when the protagonists themselves left details). The principal sources are requests by returned captives for military pensions from the armies of the Hispanic Monarchy from 1574 through 1609.