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The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the external environment and financial performance, in the context of the private healthcare sector in Barinas (Venezuela). A review of the literature and a focus group identified 15 environmental factors that influence this business sector. Subsequently, the presidents of the 25 companies in Barinas were surveyed to measure their perceptions about these environmental factors, in terms of their Dynamism and Munificence dimensions. The results obtained in the survey and the profitability of each company in its last financial year were analyzed with Optimal Scaling procedures. The findings demonstrated the existence of a strong relationship between 12 environmental factors and profitability, in which the external environment is characterized by a great complexity, with low dynamism (low variability / high predictability), in a munificent task environment and an unfavorable general environment., El propósito de este estudio es analizar la relación entre el ambiente externo y el desempeño financiero, en el contexto del sector privado de la salud en la ciudad de Barinas (Venezuela). Mediante la revisión de la literatura y un focus group se identificaron 15 factores ambientales que influyen sobre este sector empresarial. Posteriormente, se encuestó a los presidentes de las 25 empresas existentes en Barinas, para medir sus percepciones sobre estos factores ambientales, en cuanto a sus dimensiones de Dinamismo y Munificencia. Los resultados obtenidos en la encuesta y la rentabilidad de cada empresa en su último ejercicio económico, se analizaron con procedimientos de Escalamiento Óptimo. Los hallazgos demostraron la existencia de una fuerte relación entre 12 factores ambientales y la rentabilidad, en el cual el ambiente externo se caracteriza por tener bajo dinamismo (baja variabilidad / alta predictibilidad), en un Entorno de Trabajo munificente y un Entorno General desfavorable.

У магістерській дисертації проведено аналітичне ознайомлення із літературою, яка охоплюю напрямок дослідження даної роботи. Також було розкрито сутність понять, які розкривають фінансову ефективність діяльність підприємства, а саме: прибуток, продуктивність праці (що включає в себе виробіток та трудомісткість), рентабельність, платоспроможність, ліквідність. В даній науковій роботі було представлено певну послідовність виконання аналітики з метою релевантного аналізу та оцінки фінансової діяльності лляного підприємства, а також представлено інструменти, методи, інформаційне та програмне забезпечення, що допомагали у досягнення поставлених цілей. Магістерська дисертація охопила вирішення наступних теоретичних і практичних завдань: 1) дослідження праць вітчизняних та зарубіжних вчених, роботи яких присвячені проблематиці фінансового та економічного аналізу; 2) аналіз та узагальнення поширених методик, що застосовуються для оцінки фінансового стану підприємств; 3) встановлення особливостей фінансового стану підприємств легкої промисловості на сучасному етапі розвитку економіки; 4) виявлення основних тенденцій в структурі підприємств і оцінка використання вкладених в нього коштів; 5) відбір показників фінансового підприємства та визначення способів їх оцінки для аналітичного забезпечення підприємств легкої промисловості; 6) систематизація показників аналізу та оцінки фінансового стану виробничих підприємств; 7) розробка методики аналізу фінансового стану підприємства, що і дозволяє оцінити різні сторони цієї характеристики. У роботі запропоновано виявлені актуальні проблеми функціонування підприємств легкої промисловості в умовах олігополії ринку, а також вихід на ринок додаткового підприємства, яке в свою чергу є державним. Метою даної роботи стало дослідження задачі щодо побудови моделі функціонування новоствореного підприємства легкої промисловості з врахуванням установленої олігополії на ринку. Магістерська дисертація складається зі вступу, трьох розділів, висновків, містить 88 сторінок (з них основного тексту – 73 с.), 6 ілюстрацій, 9 таблиць, 3 додатків і 43 джерела літератури. In the master's dissertation an analytical acquaintance with the literature, covering the research direction of this work, was conducted. It also disclosed the essence of concepts that reveal the financial performance of the enterprise, namely: profit, productivity (including output and labor intensity), profitability, solvency, liquidity. In this scientific work a certain sequence of analysts' performance was presented with the purpose of the relevant analysis and evaluation of the financial activity of the linen enterprise, as well as presented tools, methods, information and software that helped to achieve the goals. The master's dissertation covered the following theoretical and practical tasks: 1) research of works of domestic and foreign scientists, whose work is devoted to the problems of financial and economic analysis; 2) analysis and generalization of commonly used methods for assessing the financial condition of enterprises; 3) the establishment of the characteristics of the financial situation of light industry enterprises at the present stage of economic development; 4) identifying the main trends in the structure of enterprises and assessing the use of funds invested in it; 5) selection of indicators of financial enterprise and determination of methods for their estimation for analytical support of light industry enterprises; 6) systematization of indicators of analysis and evaluation of the financial condition of production enterprises; 7) development of a methodology for analyzing the financial condition of an enterprise, which allows to evaluate different aspects of this characteristic. The paper presents the actual problems of functioning of light industry enterprises in the conditions of market oligopoly, as well as access to the market of an additional enterprise, which in turn is state owned. The purpose of this work was to study the task of constructing a model of functioning of the newly formed light industry enterprise, taking into account the established oligopoly in the market. Thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, contains 88 pages (including the main text - 73 p.), 6 illustrations, 9 tables, 3 applications and 43 sources of literature.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the consequences of China’s outward direct investments in Africa in terms of enterprises with different ownership types. First, this paper contributes to the examination of a large number of Chinese enterprises’ investment projects in Africa. Second, in addition to the investment activities of central state-owned enterprises, investment activities initiated by local state-owned enterprises and private enterprises are also addressed in this paper. Third, this paper demonstrates the diversity of Chinese investment in Africa through the discussion of a large number of cases. We find that the motives of central state-owned enterprises comply with government policies. However, most private enterprises and non-central state-owned enterprises invest in Africa for profit considerations. This paper concludes that China’s investments in Africa are diverse and complex and cannot be explained using a single model of the extant theories.

Research Question: Our base of the research was the social capital and its impact on the recognition of the opportunities to innovate the tourism products by invigorating the innovative culture of tourism structures in Slovenia and stimulating the collective cooperation of the tourism stakeholders on the global market. Purpose: Our goal is to make clear the role of the civil society, private enterprises, and organizationsfrom public sector and small entrepreneurs in the creating of social capital, which is the base for the innovation of joint tourism products. Our aim was to identify the factors that stimulate the collaborative networking. Method: We investigated the cooperation networking between the tourism stakeholders with qualitative method of analysis. We conducted eight non structured interviews with tourism stakeholders and thirteen semi-structured interviews with the managers from various tourism organizations. Results: The results show that the right organization of consortium activities has the real impact on the creating of new tourism products. The results also show that the collaborative networking in the form of consortium supports the innovative processes and enables the marketing of the integral tourism products. Organization: The successful networking bases on the means of activation of the social capital, which enables the inclusion of the right stakeholders in the process of creation, translation, and implementing of the innovative ideas in the innovation process. Tourism structures in this process create various consortia form of collaboration and support in the process of acquisition of resources in the process of connecting the know-how, and in the process of the implementation of the same know-how to build the innovative tourism products. Society: Collaborative networking creates innovative culture of the tourism structures and the other structures in the society. The outcomes of the research show that Slovenian tourismscapes need different formal and informal structures of collaboration like various kind of consortia that empower social capital and enable the continuous generating of new innovative products in tourism sector. Originality: Conditional paths that are in the core of the collaborative networking develop the new gaze on the innovative agency by replacing the rigid and static planning of collaboration in tourism. The model originally develops new ways of the coordination of the interests of to urism stakeholders that cooperate in the process of innovation of integral tourism products. Limitations/Future Research: The limitation is the timing of the gathering of the data about the collaborative networking. We did not conduct the longitudinal re search and the research results and findings cannot reflect the processes of the collaborative networking. Future research should include tourism stakeholders from other tourismscapes, because tourism is distinctly international endeavour. The comparison between different tourismscapes would show the differences and comparative advantages between tourismscapes regarding collaborative networking and its effects.

Fil: Soldera, Pedro Osmar. Universidad Nacional de Villa María; Argentina. Fil: Boretti, Nicolás. Universidad Nacional de Villa María; Argentina. Fil: Mora Gardi, Gustavo Martín. Universidad Nacional de Villa María; Argentina. Fil: Casco, Germán. Universidad Nacional de Villa María; Argentina.

In contrast with the typical transition to a market economy, earnings inequality in Vietnam between 1993 and 2006 appears to have decreased, and the earnings gap in favor of public employees appears to have widened. We use a comparative advantage model to disentangle the effect of sorting workers across sectors from the effect of the differences in returns to workers' skills. The selection of the best workers into the public sector is clearly an important component of the explanation for the public-private sector earnings gap, but the widening of this gap over time is primarily due to changes in the compensation patterns. We find that in the 1990s, public employees were underpaid compared with their earning potential in the private sector, whereas in the early 2000s, public employees earned similar returns to their comparative advantage in the public and private sectors. The increasing homogeneity in returns to skills in the Vietnamese labor market appears to explain both the increase in the public-private pay gap and the decrease in overall inequality. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.

The emergence of social co-operatives cannot be understood without a more detailed analysis of the worldwide fast-growing interest toward social enterprise and social entrepreneurship since the mid-1990s. Much more than US-based schools of thought, a major European conception of social enterprise actually fits the co-operative tradition, and even more precisely, the “world standards of social cooperatives” as formulated by the Organization of Industrial, Artisanal and Service Producers’ Co-operatives (CICOPA). Placing social co-operatives in a longer historical perspective shows that new waves and/or new types of co-operatives generally emerge in times of deep transformations of the whole economic system when some basic conditions are met.

The labor force in Liberia is quite young. Youth aged 15 to 34 constitute over a third of thepopulation in Liberia and are somewhat concentrated in urban areas, according to the 2008census. These youth represent both a demographic dividend and a concern. The educational attainment of Liberian youth is steadily improving but remains low on average.Youth recognize that their lack of skills and experience are impediments to employment.The objective of this report is to assess youth skills development in Liberia.Given the composition of Liberia’s economy and the concentration of the labor force outside formal employment, this report has a particular focus on skill development in vocational trades and the informal sector. This report comprises three analyses. Section Two constructs a profile of Liberian youth from existing administrative data are studied to enable a more detailed understanding of the current skill levels among working youth. Section Three first assesses skills development providers based on new survey data summarizes the results of original analysis carried out on data collected on a sample of 139 skill providers’ training offerings, capacity, target beneficiaries, and other criteria. Next section three goes on to present young trainees’ perceptions of skills development opportunities and limits, based on 354 interviews with recent trainees. This report contributes to the Government of Liberia’s Agenda for Transformation (AfT) and the World Bank’s Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) 2013-2017. Both recognize that inadequate skills and vulnerable employment are key constrictions on rapid, inclusive and sustainable growth.This report provides practical recommendations that align with pillars of the National Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Policy 2015-2020. This report makes recommendations specific to three pillars: promoting productivity in the agricultural sector through TVET, promoting productivity in the informal sector through TVET, and financing TVET.

Inadequacies in Tanzania's education and training systems compromise the quality of workforce skills, giving rise to skill shortages, and constraining the operations and growth of formal sector firms in the country. This study addressed these concerns using data from a unique Enterprise Skills Survey that asked Tanzanian employers about the education, training, and occupational mix of their workforce, the skill gaps in cognitive, noncognitive, and job-specific competencies affecting their operations, and the strategies they are using to overcome these skill gaps. The study investigates the consequences for firm productivity of employers' choices about their optimal skills mix, and their strategies to mitigate shortfalls in skills supply. Compared with noninnovators and firms primarily serving the domestic market, exporters and innovators face greater skill demand and suffer from skill shortages that are more likely to constrain their operations in such areas as quality assurance, use of new technology, and introducing new products and services. In analyzing firm performance and its relation to skill mix, the study found that firms with higher shares of tertiary-educated workers are more productive; it found no impact, however, from secondary education and technical vocational education and training qualifications, possibly reflecting the universally acknowledged poor quality of secondary education in Tanzania. Employers use a range of strategies to address skill deficiencies, from hiring new workers, to training current workers in-house or externally, using high-skill expatriate workers, or outsourcing professional services. Almost all were associated with higher labor productivity. The exception, employer provided in-house training, had no measurable impact on productivity.

Matching grants are one of the most common types of private sector development programs used in developing countries. But government subsidies to private firms can be controversial. A key question is that of additionality: do these programs get firms to undertake innovative activities that they would not otherwise do, or merely subsidize activities that will take place anyway? Randomized controlled trials can provide the counterfactual needed to answer this question, but efforts to experiment with matching grant programs have often failed. This paper uses a randomized controlled trial of a matching grant program for firms in the Republic of Yemen to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting experiments with well-designed programs, and to measure the additionality impact. In the first year, the matching grant is found to have led to more product innovation, firms upgrading their accounting systems, marketing more, making more capital investments, and being more likely to report their sales grew.

Forest is the most important resources of any forestry company and the source of its income at the same time. Forest is characterized by specific features, determining the long \"production\" cycle, herewith economic benefit in the distant future. It makes difficult to classify stands within the traditional accounting assets classification, where company's assets are divided into long-term and short-term assets. The aim of the article is to identify the problems of forest classification and regulation according to accounting standards and investigate the forest (stands) classification practices in the private forestry companies of Lithuania for the purpose of improving the forest classification regulation. Investigation of regulation of forest classification in the accounting standards demonstrated the different approach: the stands were classified as biological assets without distinction between long-term and short-term assets according to IFRS, it was classified as long-term assets according to US accounting standards and as biological assets (neither long-term, nor the short-term assets) according to SPSAFR, but there was no clear classification according to the national BAS. The survey of accounting policy of Lithuanian private forestry companies demonstrated different practice of recognition and classification of stands: majority enterprises recognized forest (re)planting costs as assets, but others attributed them to expenditure; 73 percent of investigated companies classified forest (stand) as inventories, but other classified it as fixed long-term assets. The lack of regulation in the fields of forest recognition and classification were identified according to BAS. Forest (stands) is a specific type of assets, which covers long-term and short-term assets attributes, so the offer of the author is to apply a mixed classification scheme where stands can be classified as long-term biological assets, which can be later reclassified to short-term biological assets.

In France, if a principle of neutrality is imposed on workers in public offices and services, workers of “ordinary”private enterprises have an entire freedom of expression of their religious beliefs in the workplace.However, as with all fundamental right, the exercise of that freedom may have some restrictions., En France, si un principe de neutralité s’impose aux travailleurs des fonctions et services publics, les salariésdes entreprises privées « ordinaires » ont une entière liberté d’expression de leurs convictions religieusessur le lieu de travail. Toutefois, comme pour tout droit fondamental, l’exercice de cette liberté peut connaîtrequelques limitations.

The number of private enterprises in China has grown rapidly, and donations from them are an important source of philanthropy in China today. This paper investigates donations given in 2011 by private enterprises using a survey of data covering all 31 provincial-level units of China. The data show that philanthropy practised by Chinese private enterprises is widespread, but the amounts of donations are unequally distributed. Furthermore, donations are positively related to a company's profit and in most cases also to the owner's political participation as expressed in membership in the People's Congress (PC) as well as the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) at different levels. Donating is also positively related to the presence of a branch of the Communist Party of China and a trade union within the firm. In contrast, there is little support for donations being related to the characteristics of the major owner in the business, such as their gender, age, previous employment experience, party membership or to the governance structure or location of the private firms.

Los días posteriores a los atentados islamistas de enero de 2015 en París, Francia se unía en tomo a un valor, la laicidad de la República francesa. Pero cabe formular la legítima pregunta de qué laicidad evocan quienes invocan la lai'cité ¿Evocan la laicidad histórica de la igualdad y de las libertades de culto y de conciencia alumbrada en la Revolución francesa y consolidada en la Ley de separación de 1905?; ¿piensan acaso en la laicidad como valor político de convivencia -de vivre-ensemble- que permite a todos los ciudadanos compartir la patria común más allá de diferencias personales?; ¿o tienen acaso en mente esa nueva laicidad que, hoy reforzada tras los ataques de 2015, busca neutralizar la sociedad y los individuos y hacer invisible el fenómeno religioso en el espacio público? El presente trabajo propone un análisis de la nouvelle /afeité a la luz del principio de neutralidad ideológico-religiosa del Estado y una indagación en los escenarios en los que se está intentando consolidar una nueva concepción de la neutralidad, que pasa de ser una obligación que pesa sobre el Estado en beneficio de la libertad de conciencia y la igualdad de los ciudadanos a ser una obligación que pesa sobre los ciudadanos en beneficio de un principio identitario de organización social de la República In the aftermath of the Islamic terrorist attacks of January 2015 in Paris, France stood united around the lai"cité of the French Republic. One may however wonder which secularism is evoked by those who invoke lai'cité. Is it the historie secularism of equality and freedom of conscience and religion bom in the French Revolution and consolidated in the Law of Separation of 1905? Is it perhaps a political value of coexistence -vivre-ensemble- that enables all citizens to share a common homeland beyond any personal differences? Or is it a new form of secularism, reinforced after the Islamist attacks of 2015, that seeks to neutralize society and individuals and to vanish religion from the public space? This paper proposes an analysis ofthis nouvelle lai'cité in light ofthe principie ofreligious and ideological neutrality ofthe State and an inquiry into the scenarios where neutrality is shifting its meaning, from obligation which burdens the State and benefits individual equality and freedom of conscience to an obligation which burdens citizens and benefits a principle of social organization of the Republic. Ciencias Jurídicas

Le présent article consiste à faire d’une part, une exploration du marché de blé algérien afin d’acquérir une connaissance sur la consommation, les produits et le fonctionnement de ce marché et de ces acteurs; donc, établir un diagnostic externe des entreprises françaises pour mieux comprendre leurs contraintes et leurs opportunités sur un marché spécifique. Et d’autre part, il s’agit de mesurer les besoins et les attentes des principaux intervenants de la filière blé en Algérie. Cela concerne en particulier les industriels et transformateurs algériens de blé relevant du secteur privé. A cet effet, des enquêtes sur le terrain ont été menées auprès des chefs d’entreprises privées de transformation des céréales. Les résultats obtenus vont permettre à ces entreprises françaises, d’adapter leur politique marketing par rapport aux attentes des futurs clients algériens, afin d’avoir la possibilité d’exporter leur blé dur vers le marché algérien. A terme, notre étude permet d’identifier les conditions pour instaurer un partenariat durable entre ces coopératives françaises productrices de blé dur et les différents entrepreneurs privés algériens exerçant dans le secteur de la transformation des céréales.MOTS-CLE : Blé, Algérie, exportation, marché, industrie céréalière, partenariat, coopération Nord-Sud.

Matching grants are one of the most common types of private sector development programs used in developing countries. But government subsidies to private firms can be controversial. A key question is that of additionality: do these programs get firms to undertake innovative activities that they would not otherwise do, or merely subsidize activities that would take place anyway? Randomized controlled trials can provide the counterfactual needed to answer this question, but efforts to experiment with matching grant programs have often failed. This paper uses a randomized controlled trial of a matching grant program for firms in the Republic of Yemen to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting experiments with well-designed programs, and to measure the additionality impact. In the first year, the matching grant is found to have led to more product innovation, firms upgrading their accounting systems, marketing more, making more capital investments, and being more likely to report their sales grew.

Growing research and policy interest focuses on the misallocation of output and factors of production in developing economies. This paper considers the possible misallocation of financial loans. Using plant-level data on the organized and unorganized sectors, the paper describes the temporal, geographic, and industry distributions of financial loans. The focus of the analysis is the hypothesis that land misallocation might be an important determinant of financial misallocation (for example, because of the role of land as collateral against loans). Using district-industry variations, the analysis finds evidence to support this hypothesis, although it does not find a total reduction in the intensity of financial loans or those being given to new entrants. The analysis also considers differences by gender of business owners and workers in firms. Although potential early gaps for businesses with substantial female employment have disappeared in the organized sector, a sizeable and persistent gap remains in the unorganized sector.

In order to gain advantage in the competition for talent, private enterprises have to create an enabling strategy to attract and retain talent, which is employer brand strategy. The paper defines the meaning of employer brand, and then from the actual situation of private enterprises, it explores methods for private companies to build employer brand in order to establish a good image of employer brand, attract and retain talent, and can give some guidance for companies’ sustainable development.

As private enterprises in the U.S. and Canada, franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL) can be presumed to be firms pursuing maximum profits. Part of this pursuit involves the negotiation between NHL players and management of player salaries, which (among other things) must be consistent with the productivity level of each player. This educational note endeavors to empirically identify key, quantifiable factors that reflect individual NHL player productivity and as a result help to determine the regular season salary structure for individual NHL players, whether they be goalies, centers, wingmen, or defense-men. Ideally, such information can be useful for the student of private enterprise insofar as it provides insights relevant to free market decisions and outcomes involving marginal revenue product. Thus, this educational note demonstrates to the student of private enterprise how systematic measures of player productivity help to explain NHL player salaries.

Mauritius is a high middle-income country with low levels of poverty and inequality. The headcount poverty level was 6.9 percent in 2012; measured by the international standard of United States (U.S.) $2 per day (PPP), poverty was less than 1 percent. On inequality, Mauritius also fared well compared to its peer middle-income countries. On the negative side, Mauritius’ growth has not been equally shared, despite the general improvement in welfare. The economy’s polarization was associated with a structural transformation from labor-intensive industries to services and knowledge-intensive industries. Inclusiveness remains the main challenge for the current growth pattern. When Mauritius will be able to become a high-income country will depend on its ability to improve the labor force’s skill set, develop infrastructure, and further improve the business environment to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and generate domestic investment. Reduction in inequality and boost of shared prosperity will require more growth and a more pro-poor pattern of growth. An increase in female labor force participation, reduction of high youth unemployment rates, improving the efficiency of the social protection system will reduce growing skills mismatch facilitating inclusive growth and eradicating poverty in Mauritius.

This report synthesizes the technical assistance (TA) “Cambodia Sanitation Marketing” carried out by the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) from July 2011 to February 2015 in support of developing the rural sanitation market in Cambodia. It documents the results and lessons learned and makes recommendations to government on how - with support of development partners – the effectiveness and scale of the sanitation market can be increased to achieve sustainable sanitation outcomes for rural Cambodians. This TA is part of a larger support program to assist the Government of Cambodia, notably the Ministry of Rural Development, to increase access and use of improved sanitation in rural areas of Cambodia. Technical Assistance P132212 is a complementary effort that focusses on strengthening the policy and enabling environment for rural sanitation service delivery at national and sub-national level. The following lessons were learned from the TA: (1) the local private sector has catered more than 50,000 latrines to rural households, (2) the provinces where the TA was taking place experienced an average 10 percentage point increase in overall sanitation access, more than three times the national average increase within the same time period, (3) the increase in sanitation access among the poor was eight percentage point indicating the challenges that the private sector has in reaching the poorer segment of the population, (4) the private sector’s revenue was estimated to amount to nearly USD 2.6 million from the sales of the underground latrine core, and (5) more than USD 600,000 was disbursed by two microfinance institutions (MFIs) to nearly 10,000 cash constrained households, enabling them to gain access to improved sanitation.

Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has averaged roughly 5 percent per year over the past decade, improving living standards and bolstering human development indicators across the continent. Stronger public institutions, a supportive, private sector focused policy environment, responsible macroeconomic management, and a sustained commitment to structural reforms have greatly expanded opportunities for countries in SSA to participate in global markets. In recent years, many countries in the region have benefited from an increasingly favorable external environment, high commodity prices, and an especially strong demand for natural resources by emerging economies, particularly China. Over the longer term, leveraging Chinese investment to support broad-based growth will require policies designed to boost the competitiveness of sectors in which China s economic rebalancing may create a comparative advantage for SSA. To date, few African countries have been able to benefit from large-scale Chinese investment outside the resource sector. However, as China s growth slows and its economy shifts toward a more consumption-driven model, it is likely that global demand for resource imports will slow as well. Countries with the most heavily concentrated export mix, particularly in the mineral and oil sectors are the most vulnerable to China s economic rebalancing and should be ready to adopt measures to mitigate the impact of negative terms-of-trade shocks. By contrast, as wage rates in China continue to rise and firms refocus their attention on domestic demand, countries in SSA will be well positioned to exploit emerging opportunities for investment in export-oriented manufacturing. Ethiopia provides an instructive example, as its inexpensive yet relatively skilled labor force, coupled with the government s proactive efforts to court Chinese investors, have enabled Ethiopia to attract substantial investments in labor-intensive industries. Infrastructure enhancement, workforce development, and good-governance reforms offer a promising strategy for many countries in the region. Although the establishment of industrial zones has yielded mixed results, several salient success stories warrant careful attention. This report discusses how Africa could take advantage of the untapped opportunities offered by China s progressively intensifying investment and trade ties with SSA. It is hoped that this analysis will enrich the ongoing dialogue between policy makers, private firms, and civil society regarding China s increasingly important role in the growth and development of Sub-Saharan Africa.

This research investigates the survival and growth of private enterprise in China through studying the experience of three private property-development enterprises and their strategies to overcome barriers. Although China’s private sector is becoming a significant contributor to its economic growth, the process of how specific enterprises operate has not been thoroughly researched. This study uses existing literature on China’s private sector and property-development industry to identify impediments to successful operation likely to be encountered by private property developers in China. These impediments include regulatory, land-access and financial barriers as well as imperfect company management. This research confirms the importance of personal networks and trust in China’s property-development industry. It further finds that networks are not the cause of Chinese business activity, but are an adaptive entrepreneurial response to uncertainties in the business environment. Scott and Bruce’s (1987) stages of small business growth illuminates the analysis which finds that Chinese business behaviour is governed as much by the stages of development of business as by any overarching cultural factors. This is contrary to much academic commentary, which has focused on the use of networks (guanxi) to explain Chinese business behaviour. In the case narratives developed for this thesis, networks, especially relationships with government officials, were important to address barriers in the early stages of growth. In later stages, managerial capacities of the enterprise determined performance. This research provides deeper understanding of how private property-development enterprises survive and grow in China. This was achieved through detailed record and analysis of the actions of the case narrative enterprises in operating in the difficult and complex business environment of China. Important information was collected through in-depth interviews with key informants, company documents and media reports. This research has both academic and practical implications. It contributes to entrepreneurship literature through providing in-depth examples of how private property developers overcome barriers to growth. It contributes to policy debate by illustrating the actual experience of Chinese entrepreneurs operating in this industry.

Demand is also fueled by other factors: in many emerging economies a ‘demographic dividend’ of young people, the product of significant reductions in child and infant mortality rates—is poised to enter education and work. And, according to the 2014 Millennium Development Goals report, nearly 90 percent of children in developing regions are on track to complete primary education. The shift from agricultural to knowledge-based economies also plays a significant role in creating demand for higher learning. The purpose of the study was to identify key success factors in private sector student lending in order to support IFC in understanding, and potentially making investments, in student lending across a range of emerging markets. The study examined 70 student lending models globally as well as a range of innovative financial models. Detailed case studies were developed for eight compelling and diverse private sector student lending models. The study also highlighted a range of innovative financial models including crowd funding, big box banking, social impact bonds, and other mechanisms. The purpose of this investigation of innovative financial models was to see what leading-edge methods might be at work in other sectors and to see if they might offer inspiration to student lending.

The inclusion of persons with disabilities (PcD), in the field of labor still has flaws that should be corrected, considering that this group has been the exclusion of some form, the business sector of the labor market, a key actor in the realization of a true inclusion, either by legal compliance or by making corporate social responsibility, the labor inclusion should be a fundamental part of each company. The aim of this work is to identify the reality of companies in the labor market inclusion of persons with disabilities, to the effect applies a methodology of qualitative-quantitative research on the basis of a revised theoretical framework to then identify ratings to gather evidence and make a judgment of value to the investigation, applies the type of simple random probability sample through which each element of the population has an equal chance of being chosen, the research is performed through a set of four dimensions: Planning, inclusion, equity and development. Of the 80 companies surveyed the 11.70% correspond to those that perform the best business practices, it also highlights the Commercial Sector in the areas of: inclusion, equity and development. The axis of development is the one that has a lower percentage should be considered to improve the processes that include it. La inclusión de las Personas con Discapacidad (PcD) en el ámbito laboral aún tiene falencias que se debe ir corrigiendo, considerando que este grupo ha sentido la exclusión laboral de alguna u otra forma. El sector empresarial, protagonista principal del mercado laboral y actor fundamental en la realización de una verdadera inclusión, ya sea por cumplimiento de normativas legales establecidas o a su vez por realizar Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, tiene en sus manos la inclusión laboral de personas con esta condición. El objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar la realidad de las empresas en la inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad. Para el efecto se aplica un diseño metodológico de tipo cuali-cuantitativo en base a un marco teórico revisado para luego identificar valoraciones que permitan reunir evidencias y emitir un juicio de valor en la investigación. Se aplica el tipo de muestra probabilística aleatoria simple a través de la cual cada elemento de la población tiene la misma oportunidad de ser elegida. La investigación se realiza a través de una encuesta establecida de cuatro dimensiones: i) planificación; ii) inclusión; iii) equidad y; iv) desarrollo. De las 80 empresas encuestadas, el 11,70% corresponden a aquellas que realizan las mejores prácticas empresariales. También destaca el sector comercial en los ejes de inclusión, equidad y desarrollo. El eje de desarrollo es el que tiene menor porcentaje, por lo que se le debe considerar con mayor interés para mejorar los procesos de inclusión de PcD.

У статті розглядаються сучасні організаційно-економічні форми господарювання торговельних підприємств відповідно до чинної нормативно-правової бази. Подається порівняльна характеристика організаційно-економічних форм господарювання торговельних підприємств. Розглядається світовий досвід формування організаційно-економічних форм господарювання торговельних підприємств. Запропоновано механізми формування сучасних організаційно-економічних форм господарювання торговельних підприємств. The article examines the current organizational and economic forms managing of trade enterprises in accordance with the existing legal framework. The comparative characteristics of organizational and economic forms managing of trade enterprises. In more detail the features formation of private trade enterprises. The dynamics of managing trade enterprises in Ukraine in general and for the scale of their activities. According to a study done by economic evaluation. We consider the formation of the world experience of organizational and economic forms managing of trade enterprises. Proposed organizational and economic mechanisms of modern forms managing of trade enterprises.