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The Management Organization Review ‘Forum on Resilience’ was kicked off by the editors’ perspective on the lingering new normal (Välikangas & Lewin, 2020). We conclude the forum by reflecting on the persisting – perhaps hopeful, perhaps disturbing – take-aways. Not surprisingly, some companies have demonstrated resilience capabilities in quickly seizing opportunities even when faced with what initially looked like the end of business. Such determined agility represented, for example, improvising an emergent-opportunity-fitting strategy or it may have been manifested by government action (e.g., China, New Zealand, and Finland). Most famously, Zoom, the by-now ubiquitous video communications company, benefited from being in the right place at the right time, but also effectively dealt with issues such as ‘zoom bombing’, a security breach, including an upgrade of its encryption. Such successful growth strategy requires being ready for an opportunity. But the backward-looking depiction of successes also highlights the absence of a developed science of organization design underlying resilience and management practices (Lewin & Välikangas, 2020). In addition, building cognitive and stakeholder preparedness, as Zhang, Dong, and Yi (2020) and Liu and Yin (2020) point out, may be important, as well as considering leadership implications discussed by Giustiniano, Cunha, Simpson, Rego, and Clegg (2020) in the context of coping with the paradoxes unleashed by resilience. Emergency management systems become sorely tested (Cai & Ye, 2020). Do we have a new buzzword for uncertain times (Cai, 2020) or something to learn from that will help in coping with future crises or understanding the renaissance of resilience? Some themes rise above others.

Resumen El presente aporte se realizó en el marco de nuestra labor académico-investigativa en la UNED, siempre dentro de la búsqueda del mejor entendimiento acerca de la realidad nacional. Por ello, y desde una perspectiva cualitativo-documental, se abordaron los momentos en que, aparentemente, la ideología socialcristiana, propiamente la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia Católica, influyó en las condiciones económicas internas, dada su supuesta cercanía con la corriente del Liberalismo económico. De esta forma, se arriba a consideraciones que arrancan en la década de 1940 y alcanzan hasta el 2006, permitiendo inferir la existencia de un grupo político con tendencias católicas, que en ningún momento ocultó su preferencia por dicha ideología, y que, aunque latente, no tomó la forma radical propugnada por ellos. Abstract This contribution was made within the framework of our academic-research work at UNED, always in search for a better understanding of the national reality. For this reason, and from a qualitative-documentary perspective, the moments were approached when, apparently, social-christian ideology –Social Doctrine of Catholic Church– influenced internal economic conditions, given its proximity to the current of economic liberalism. In this way, the articles deems the start in the 1940s and until 2006, which allows to infer the existence of a political group with catholic tendencies, but that at no time hid their preference for such a current that has not taken the radical form that they advocate.

The article reveals some aspects of one of the latest trends in increasing the analytical capabilities of modern socio-economic statistics - the formation of business demography. The relevance of substantiating the statistical and methodological base for studying the processes of creation, stability and liquidation of economic entities is obvious due to the fact that such demographic characteristics of the life cycle of enterprises are increasingly becoming markers of the quality of the country’s economic development as a whole. The authors consider the main provisions of the methodology for the formation of business demography indicators in accordance with the Eurostat and OECD recommendations. Based on official Rosstat data, the dynamics of the rates of creation (birth rates) and liquidation (death rates) of organizations both in Russia as a whole and in federal districts and types of economic activity has been analyzed. Statistical analysis of business survey data indicates the inconsistency and variability of the business climate, the differentiation between regions and sectors of the economy in terms of business demography, as well as the manifestation of negative trends that have developed, according to the authors, in Russian entrepreneurship in recent three to four years. Thus, following substantive logic of the author’s conclusions: economic and statistical analysis based on a minimum set of indicators, including using methods of comparative interregional analysis, is very useful for making specific management decisions and choosing the priority of their implementation (depending on the characteristics of individual regions and the nature of the activities of economic entities), allowing to overcome a certain stagnation in the private enterprise sector.

PurposeThis study aims to disclose how the nature of corporate ownership, stock efficiency and wage level affect the optimal proportion of employee stock.Design/methodology/approachThis paper studies three duopoly markets: two private enterprises, two state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and a private enterprise and an SOE. The competitions between the two parties are taken as a two-stage dynamic sequential game and studied through back-induction.FindingsThe results reveal that the enterprise ownership has a directly bearing on the optimal proportion of employee stock and determines whether to implement the employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) and the specific level of the plan. The optimal proportion of employee stock is positively correlated with its contribution to enterprise efficiency. There are many influencing factors on the effect of wage level on the optimal proportion of employee stock, namely, the ownership nature of ESOP implementer and efficiency difference of different nature stocks.Social implicationsThe results of this study provide policy recommendations for companies preparing to implement ESOP.Originality/valueThe research findings provide policy implications for enterprises to prepare a suitable ESOP and the reform of national equities, especially the mixed-ownership reform in China.

Purpose This paper aims to expose the nature, pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business. In the second part, it is shown why and how the directorship of slaves in private enterprise appeared and what shape it took. Design/methodology/approach By means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author reveals the pattern and mechanism of business through slaves as the primordial form of private enterprise. Findings A comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The origin and advantages of Roman public enterprise acknowledged by the state are brought to light. The way the benefits the corporate status affords were adjusted to a business framework allowed by law is demonstrated. It is just business through slaves that, combining peculium with free administration, secured limited liability for owners and turned the slaves to whom a business was entrusted into a kind of director. This construction enabled masters to become the proprietor of many formally separate enterprises at once, thereby expanding their business into something like a holding. Research limitations/implications The results obtained allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, and economists and managers to better understand the nature of private enterprise and organizational status of those owning and managing it. Practical implications Leaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how to make, within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that show up in full measure evident many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on. Social implications The paper provides an instructive model of conciliation of interests (social “compromise”). “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were held subject to proprietors but within legally regulated relations with them. The state created incentives for initiative and competent businessmen in subjection to well-offs, to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Originality/value The structure and “engine” of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director” are demonstrated in relief for the first time.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to expose the pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business.Design/methodology/approachBy means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author retraces the background and foundations of business through slave as the initial stage of private enterprise.FindingsA comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The riddle of “unnaturally” dear slaves in Rome (as compared with free labor and slaves in other countries of antiquity) is scrutinized. It is shown that “excessively” high demand for them was largely determined by their institutional worth: thanks todominica potestas, they appeared to be the key organizational resource for expanding private industrial business. The framework of private enterprise securing limited liability for owner and turning “business slave” into a kind of director is brought to light.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this research allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, while economists and managers get an opportunity to better understand its nature and organizational status of those owning and managing it.Practical implicationsLeaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how, remaining within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, to make a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that get evident only many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on.Social implicationsAn instructive model of conciliation of interests is scrutinized. “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were, as well as workers, recruited by coercion and legal regimentation of their relations with proprietors. The polarization of their institutional roles was at the bottom of private enterprise from the very outset. The state created incentives for initiative and competent business men in subjection to well-offs to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Thereby, a kind of social compromise embodied in a novel institution was attained to.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to demonstrate in relief the background and framework of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director.”

This study aims to find ways to revive community facilities that play a pivotal role in the revitalization of a region to ensure the sustainability of urban regeneration projects. Hence, an integrated operational model and financial support plan were proposed through an in-depth interview (FGI) and a survey to support the operation of community facilities. First, as the integrated operation model, the running and managing of the third sector (local government, private enterprise, and local residents) through urban regeneration companies is necessary. Second, to secure the sustainability of community facilities, it is necessary to develop loan products using the national housing and urban fund as a financial support plan. The loan products are classified into two types of profit activities and nonprofit activities according to the characteristics of the community facilities. They are presented in three types, namely, “guaranteed”, “unsecured”, and “supported”, as products that support the SW business. In the future, it is necessary to establish an integrated management plan for sustainability and stability in areas with important community facilities. It is believed that further research on an additional financial support method for urban regeneration economic organizations will be needed to ensure their safe operation.

PurposeZhong-yong thinking is a code of conduct of the Chinese people. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among Zhong-yong thinking, social capital, knowledge sharing behavior, and employee survival ability.Design/methodology/approachZhong-yong thinking including multi-thinking, integration and harmony, taking a case study of private enterprise in Guangxi of China. Based on the literature, the establishment of the theoretical model and hierarchical regression analysis are explored.FindingsThe multi-thinking, integration and harmony of Zhong-yong thinking have a significant positive effect on social capital and employee survival ability. In addition, employee survival ability is positively affected by social capital. Moreover, knowledge sharing behavior has a positive moderating between the multi-thinking dimension of Zhong-yong thinking and social capital, and the remaining dimensions have no moderating effect. Knowledge sharing behavior has no moderating effect on the relationship between social capital and employee survival ability.Practical implicationsZhong-yong thinking and social capital are actively affecting employee survival ability. Therefore, companies need to work harder to improve their employees' Zhong-yong thinking and social capital.Originality/valueThe paper extends Zhong-yong thinking, social capital and employee survival ability literature to fill gaps in how China people require to both access employee survival ability. The policy value of the work is in suggesting ways to facilitate employee survival ability of China.

Crown policies and private enterprise combined to increase efficiency levels in Portuguese overseas expansion. Within this framework, this paper will emphasize three themes. Firstly, the dependence of the Portuguese empire on shipping efficiency; while the debate largely focuses on shipbuilding and seafarers, we show how crown policies and individual enterprises adapted to the evolving requirements of an empire based on sea power. Secondly, we demonstrate how informal and self-organized mechanisms at times contributed to, and sometimes blocked, state-oriented policies. Thirdly, we gauge the extent to which local inputs, such as raw materials, labour and techniques, contributed to efficiency levels within a universe that became multi-continental.

The article is devoted to the Russian diaspora in the USA as one of the centers for the development of photography as an art and a type of private enterprise. The author examines the destinies and creative heritage of the leading masters of photography in Russian America, revealing their interaction with the world of innovative art of the Russian artistic emigration. The author's hypothesis is that the main factors of the outstanding achievements of the leading figures of Russian-American photographic art were the synthesis of artistic and aesthetic innovations of European and Russian art, perceived or directly created by Russian émigré photographers in the 1920s, and the capabilities of the American publishing industry, the ability of its leaders to take creative experimentation and commercial risk for future success. The article also examines the social environment and personalities of the development of photography as a service sector, which has become an integral part of the life of the Russian diaspora in the USA in the twentieth century.

This paper examines whether private entrepreneurs with communist party member status affect corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of private enterprises. Our empirical result reveals that firms led by private entrepreneurs of communist party members are significantly associated with higher CSR score. The result is robust to confronting several sources of endogeneity, e.g., re-examining the result using propensity score matching (PSM), entropy balancing (EB) and Heckman two-stage estimation, removing the influence of local religious culture. Further, the observed positive relation is particularly sharper for firms with party organization embedding and a good external legal environment. Our findings highlight entrepreneur political affiliation as an important driver of socially responsible corporate decision making.

[ES] El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar y estudiar el impacto de la Ley 9/2017 de Contratos del Sector Público en el acceso de las pymes a la contratación pública, busca constatar si las acciones y medidas implantadas en las directivas emitidas por la Unión Europea (las cuales se reflejan en la mencionada normativa española) realmente promueven un mayor protagonismo de las pequeñas y medianas empresas en los contratos públicos y garantizando en mayor medida el éxito de estas como adjudicatarias. A través del método bibliográfico y analítico, se expondrán casos prácticos reales y modelos de éxito, para así determinar elementos comunes que prevalecen en los procedimientos de adjudicación de las pymes adjudicatarias y que, por tanto, son una muestra de la democratización de la contratación pública. Finalmente, para realizar dicho estudio, el trabajo constará del desarrollo del marco normativo relativo a la contratación pública, jurisprudencia en esta materia, artículos científicos relevantes, normativa europea y española y casos prácticos. [EN] This paper aims to analyze and study the impact of Law 9/2017 on Public Sector Contracts on the access of SMEs to public procurement, seeks to ascertain whether the actions and measures implemented in the directives issued by the European Union (which are reflected in the aforementioned Spanish regulations) really promote a greater role of small and medium-sized enterprises in public contracts and ensuring to a greater extent the success of these as awardees. Through the bibliographic and analytical method, real case studies and successful models will be presented, in order to determine common elements that prevail in the awarding procedures of the awarding SMEs and that, therefore, are a sample of the democratization of public procurement. Finally, in order to carry out this study, the work will consist of the development of the regulatory framework relating to public procurement, case law in this area, relevant scientific articles, European and Spanish regulations and case studies.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 13, 4, 13A4Q: 1-13

Although China’s private equipment manufacturing enterprises have made significant progress, quality problems still occur because of the weak quality foundation. Therefore, it is necessary to scientifically evaluate the quality management of equipment manufacturing enterprises, identify the deficiencies and defects of quality management, and provide systematic and targeted countermeasures and suggestions. The thesis conducted text analysis on the quality award self-assessment materials of three companies and constructed an evaluation model for private equipment manufacturing enterprises including four sub-systems (management process, support process, customeroriented process and result) through three-level coding. Meanwhile, in order to empirically test the quality management maturity evaluation model of private equipment enterprises and explore the relationships between the sub-systems, the thesis selected 6 private equipment enterprises located in Guizhou province as the pre-survey objects and selected 80 private manufacturing enterprises located in Beijing, Zhejiang province, Guizhou province, Hunan province, and Sichuan province as the formal survey objects to carry out hypothesis test. Moreover, the thesis developed a maturity evaluation scale. Applying the scale to the case GXTF company, the thesis proposed improvement strategies for GXTF company. In theory, the thesis enriched the research on the quality management of private equipment manufacturing enterprises. In practice, the thesis provided reference for maturity evaluation, and provided an updated version for GJB9001C quality management accreditation institutions. Embora as empresas de manufaturação privadas da China têm feito progressos significativos, existem ainda problemas de qualidade uma vez que as fundações para a qualidade são débeis. Por isso mesmo, é relevante avaliar de forma científica a gestão da qualidade das empresas de manufaturação, bem como, identificar os defeitos e as deficiências da gestão da qualidade nessas mesmas e, por fim, apresentar sugestões e medidas de melhoria. Esta tese conduziu um estudo com base em procedimentos de auto-avaliação para concurso de prémios de qualidade fornecidos por três empresas e construiu um modelo de avaliação da maturidade da gestão da qualidade com quatro subsistemas (processo de gestão, processo de suporte, processo de foco no cliente e resultados) e três níveis de desempenho. Com o intuito de o testar empiricamente, foram selecionadas 6 empresas particulares de manufaturação da província de Guizhou para o pré-teste. E ainda, foram selecionadas 80 empresas sediadas em Beijing, nas províncias de Zhejiang, de Guizhou, de Hunan e de Sichuan para formalmente testar as hipóteses do odelo. Por outro lado, concebeu-se um guião para análise de processos de maturidade da gestão de qualidade e foi selecionada a empresa GXTF para este estudo. Contribuímos para a teoria com o enriquecimento da investigação da gestão da qualidade em empresas de manufaturação. E, contribuímos para a prática da gestão, com um novo modelo de avaliação da maturidade da gestão da qualidade e ainda de elementos para a atualização da norma GJB9001Cl da gestão da qualidade.