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Global climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions has observable impacts on environment. Among the GHG emissions, carbon dioxide is the primary source of global climate change. In order to provide appropriate measures to control carbon emissions, it appears that there is an urgent need to address how such factors such as economic growth, exports, imports, and technology innovation affect carbon emissions in world’s top carbon emitter countries. We thus employed an extended Environmental Kuznets Curve, Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model combined with panel quantile regression to analyze the driving factors of carbon emissions across top 10 countries from 2000 to 2014. We also conducted the panel quantile regression to ascertain the relationship between variables and examine the EKC. The results obtained show that firstly, the main results are that income per capita significantly increases environmental pollution across top 10 carbon emissions countries; this study also supported the EKC hypothesis in the top 10 countries in China, USA, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, and South Africain China, USA, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, and South Africa. Second, with the top 10 countries, the STIRPAT model is verified using the panel quantile regression approach, and population, energy use, exports, and imports of information communication technology are found to be the key impact factors of higher level of carbon emissions. However, technology innovation is conducive to the carbon emissions reduction. The results obtained show that the EKC hypothesis holds across top 10 carbon emissions countries. The governments of these countries should institute policies for promoting environmental technology innovation and energy efficiency in order to achieve sustainable development of population, resources, and the environment.

The objectives were to compare the evolution of dietary folate intake, to estimate the prevalence of folate inadequacy (POFI) and the contribution of food groups to folate intake (dietary folate plus folic acid from fortified foods) in two post-fortification periods in the Brazilian population, according to life stages, geographic regions and per capita income. Population-based study including representative data from the National Dietary Survey – Brazilian Household Budget Surveys (NDS-HBS) 2008–2009 and 2017–2018, with a total of 32 749 (2008–2009) and 44 744 (2017–2018) individuals aged ≥ 10 years old, excluding pregnant and lactating women. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the distributions of usual dietary folate intake. POFI was estimated according to estimated average requirement cut-off point method. After 10 years of the first NDS-HBS, POFI has increased in all sex-age groups, except for 10–13 years. POFI among women of reproductive age was around 30 and 40 % in 2008–2009 and 2017–2018. Higher POFI was observed in the North region. The top five food groups contributors to folate intake in Brazil were beans, breads, pasta and pizza, cakes and cookies and non-alcoholic beverages groups in both periods, differing in the rank order of the last two groups. Although being a country that has adopted mandatory folic acid flour fortification for almost two decades, increased POFI was observed in 2017–2018. This study brings significant scientific information, which can help understand folate dietary data in different contexts and consequently guide the approach for public health fortification strategies.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect and efficiency of the characteristics of PHC facilities' structures and the work process of PHC teams on late neonatal mortality (LNM). METHODS This ecological time-series study adopted 3.764 Brazilian municipalities as analysis units. The independent variables were sorted into three hierarchical levels and four blocks. The distal level consisted of economic and demographic variables; the intermediate level comprised health coverage and demand for services; and the proximal level included structure and work process. The dependent variable was LNM. A linear mixed-effects regression analysis with a hierarchical approach was performed, estimating the crude (β) and adjusted (alpha = 5%) regression coefficients. Data involution analysis and municipalities were the decision-making unit according to their strata. RESULTS LNM was directly associated with the number of live births and unemployment rate. LNM was inversely associated with the year, per capita income, the community health worker's strategy coverage, vaginal delivery, household visits, and available vaccines. In the 2002-2014 period, the number of municipalities efficient in reducing LNM dropped from 38 to 27. In 2014, a more significant investment occurred in the number of vaginal deliveries in almost all strata to make inefficient municipalities efficient. CONCLUSION FOR PRACTICE The deaths of children aged 7-28 days are affected by the characteristics of the PHC structure and work process.

Embora esforços crescentes tenham sido despendidos na análise do entendimento do fenômeno evasão no ensino superior, a literatura ainda é limitada e silenciosa acerca dos fatores exógenos e relacionados às características das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES). Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar e discutir a evasão acadêmica dos cursos de Administração e Ciências Contábeis nas IES de Santa Catarina. Visando contribuir para o entendimento da temática, adotou-se, neste estudo, uma abordagem quantitativa. Utilizaram-se como amostra os cursos de Administração e Ciências Contábeis nas IES de Santa Catarina, e o método CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) para a análise e ranqueamento das instituições quanto à evasão acadêmica de 2010 a 2014, sendo o primeiro estudo da temática que considera e evidencia a factibilidade da adoção do método. Os achados mostram que IES privadas localizadas em regiões com menor Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e baixa renda per capita possuem maior taxa de evasão se comparadas às IES públicas e privadas localizadas em regiões mais desenvolvidas. Na perspectiva teórica, o artigo contribui para estender o debate e o conhecimento da área ao adotar uma abordagem e metodologia quantitativa original, bem como por considerar os fatores exógenos e relacionados às características das IES. Empiricamente, o estudo fornece também suporte para gestores governamentais e educacionais avaliarem as estratégias adotadas e a eficiência dos recursos empregados nas IES.

The social inequality associated with the current pattern of income distribution in Chile remains a subject of interest, as much remains to be learned about the trends in this connection in differing contexts. The aim of this study is to analyse the existing degrees of inequality and social polarization at the municipal (comuna) level arising from the current pattern of income distribution in the country. The measurements used for this purpose are autonomous per capita income and total per capita income. Seventy-eight municipalities in five regions of northern, central and southern Chile were studied. The results confirm the existence of a significant degree of inequality in terms of income distribution and a marked degree of polarization at the municipal level. These findings underscore the need for targeted income redistribution policies at this level to address inequality and polarization, both of which have been linked to social discontent stemming from the conflicts and social injustices that are created and intensified by these phenomena.

This paper identifies the roles of an environmental protection policy and income growth in enhancing environmental quality in China. In 2005, the Central Government of China piloted a policy that linked regional environmental quality to the performance assessment of local government officials in some provinces. After the implementation of the policy, pollution levels reduced substantially. However, many researchers believe that the improvement of China’s environmental quality might have been due to an increase in per capita income, i.e., there is the presence of an “environmental Kuznets curve.” We use a nonparametric IV model and a synthetic control method to identify the role of income and policy in improving environmental quality. Results show that after controlling for the mutual effects of the two factors, income level had an inverted U-shaped relationship with sulfur dioxide and wastewater emissions. There are differences in the effects of policies on pollution reduction among different cities, and the magnitude is affected by regional economic development. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the effects of income and policy on pollution reduction.

This article investigates the impact of previous epidemics on rural development and convergence, and identifies the impact's mechanism based on convergence tests. Using a balanced panel of 31 provinces, the empirical results from 2002 to 2019 show that epidemics decelerated convergence in rural per capita income. The mechanism analysis shows that the accelerated divergence in wages and the decelerated convergence in business income were the major drivers, which also led to decelerated convergence in rural per capita consumption. Although epidemics have not threatened rural food consumption and the Engel coefficient of rural households, these two indicators of basic living needs have failed to achieve convergence across regions. The overall impact of an epidemic on convergence in rural-urban income disparity has also been insignificant, indicating that epidemics have affected rural and urban development simultaneously. Finally, COVID-19 is likely to decelerate convergence in rural income, rural consumption, and urban income.

Sektor pariwisata bagi Indonesia memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar di mana sektor ini berperan sebagai core economy dan memiliki keunggulan dengan adanya multiplier effect yang tinggi dan perannya sebagai invisible export. Sektor ini mampu menyumbang pemasukan lebih dari 4 persen terhadap PDB nasional dan devisa yang cenderung meningkat. Kawasan ASEAN merupakan salah satu wilayah yang mendatangkan wisatawan mancanegara terbanyak ke Indonesia dengan tren positif selama periode 2005-2019, namun tingkat pertumbuhannya fluktuatif. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menganalisis variabel apa saja yang berpengaruh terhadap permintaan pariwisata asal ASEAN mengingat adanya kedekatan historis dan geografis. Analisis regresi data panel dengan metode estimasi FEM SUR menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan per kapita, harga minyak bumi dan keterbukaan perdagangan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap peningkatan permintaan pariwisata dari tujuh negara ASEAN ke Indonesia. Sementara harga relatif tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap permintaan pariwisata tersebut.

Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) memiliki rasio elektrifikasi lebih rendah dibanding Kawasan Barat Indonesia. Artinya, terdapat lebih banyak rumah tangga di KTI yang tidak memiliki akses listrik yang juga sejalan dengan tingginya persentase kemiskinan di KTI. Persentase kemiskinan di perdesaan juga lebih tinggi dan akses listriknya lebih sulit dibanding perkotaan. Anggaran subsidi listrik yang ditujukan pada rumah tangga miskin juga terus meningkat meskipun sudah dilakukan kebijakan subsidi tepat sasaran pada tahun 2017. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik sosial ekonomi dan konsumsi listrik rumah tangga miskin di perkotaan dan perdesaan KTI tahun 2020, serta menganalisis karakteristik sosial ekonomi yang memengaruhi pengeluaran listrik rumah tangga miskin di perkotaan dan perdesaan KTI tahun 2020. Hasil penelitian dengan regresi robust menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang signifikan positif memengaruhi pengeluaran listrik rumah tangga miskin di perkotaan dan perdesaan KTI tahun 2020 adalah pendidikan tinggi KRT, jumlah ART, luas lantai, pendapatan per kapita, kepemilikan elektronik, dan variabel yang signifikan negatif adalah kepemilikan tempat tinggal. Variabel pendidikan menengah KRT signifikan positif hanya di perdesaan, sedangkan variabel yang tidak signifikan di perkotaan dan perdesaan adalah umur KRT dan kegiatan bekerja KRT.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adalah sebuah perencana aksi berskala global yang disepakati oleh para pemimpin dunia, termasuk Indonesia dengan tujuan mendorong pembangunan sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup. Salah satu dari 17 tujuan SDGs adalah mengakhiri kelaparan. Berdasarkan data yang dirilis Badan Pusat Statistik, salah satu pendekatan untuk mengukur tingkat kelaparan adalah proporsi penduduk dengan asupan kalori minimum di bawah 1400 kkal/kapita/hari. Proporsi penduduk dengan asupan kalori minimum di bawah 1400 kkal/kapita/hari di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi dan terus mengalami peningkatan dari tahun 2017 hingga 2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana gambaran umum dari tingkat kelaparan dan variabel-variabel yang diduga mempengaruhinya, serta bagaimana pengaruh variabel-variabel tersebut terhadap tingkat kelaparan di Indonesia tahun 2015-2019. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk merumuskan kebijakan-kebijakan guna penuntasan kelaparan di Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi data panel dengan menggunakan fixed effect model yang diestimasi dengan metode Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat kelaparan adalah pengeluaran makanan dan harga beras, sedangkan jumlah penduduk miskin dan pendapatan perkapita tidak berpengaruh signifikan.

This study uses a quantitative correlational design model to investigate the effects of human capital and economic growth on poverty reduction. The study sampled and analyzed 140 countries’ data from United Nations Human Development Index report, 2010 to 2018. Comparing data from Africa, Europe and Asia, the study found that human capital had a positive effect on economic growth, while economic growth had a negative effect on poverty. The study argues that poverty reduction in Africa matters in creating sustainable global futures and recommends investment into free universal pre-tertiary education as a strategy to combat poverty. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijhss.13.2.3

This study aims to identify the impact of infrastructure development on Economic Condition in Surabaya City. The variable used in this study are income per capita, dringking water distribution, sold energi (electricity) and condition of asphalted road. Data used in this paper is secondary data from 1993-2018. Model analysis used is time series regression analysis with selected models Error Correction Model (ECM) according to the econometric procedure. The result show that both dringking water distribution and sold electricity per capita have significant positif impact on per capita income in the long run,but in the short run all infratsructure indicatore no significant impact on development economics in Surabaya City.

Since 1970, households in elite percentiles of the national income distribution have received an increasing share of national income. Simultaneously, several high-income states have expanded their shares of national income. This article investigates the relationship between the increasing concentration of income among the wealthiest households, the increasing geographic concentration of the wealthiest households, and relative changes in state per capita income. An increasing share of the super-rich accounts for much of the difference in income growth between the richest northeastern states and the rest of the country. Several other states with fast-growing income levels, however, experienced more balanced growth.

Human capital is an important factor of economic growth. Previous studies show that convergence patterns of income and education differ on a regional level. The purpose of this article is to verify whether there is statistical relationship between the patterns of educational achievements convergence and income convergence processes in Poland on the regional and local level. The paper describes and applies an innovative way for the formal verification of similarities in convergence patterns on the basis of transition matrices and kernel density estimation. The analysis is performed on Polish data for educational achievements (lagged exam results of 15-year old pupils) and income per capita worker on the regional and local level for the period 2003–2015. Despite the occurrence of (weak) convergence for both phenomena, each has a different course. Therefore, the processes of the income convergence and educational achievements convergence in Poland were not parallel.

Na cidade de Manaus, metrópole da Amazônia, graves problemas de saneamento básico, retratam a ineficiência política de gestão sobre a qualidade ambiental das águas urbanas. Neste sentido, a bacia hidrográfica do Gigante, selecionada para este estudo, constituiu a base de uma análise cartográfica e amostragem dessa problemática. Os resultados comprovam que entre 75,1% a 95% dos domicílios situados em locais próximos às nascentes dos rios, utiliza a fossa do tipo rudimentar para o esgotamento sanitário. O uso de poços para o abastecimento de água, em regiões adjacentes a cemitérios e aeroportos, atingiu 100%, gerando insegurança neste tipo de consumo. Sobre a coleta do lixo, enquanto nos domicílios situados à montante 100% do rejeito é recolhido, nos setores próximos à foz, a coleta é inexistente. O rendimento per capita de ½ até 1 salário, distribui-se espacialmente por toda a área da bacia, denotando sérias desigualdades socioeconômicas. Os problemas ambientais relacionados às questões de saneamento básico transformam-se em riscos à saúde da população que reside nos setores delimitados pela bacia. Palavras-chave: Hidrografia, Manaus, Saneamento Básico.

How well can a society and an economy face up to COVID-19 depends, among other factors, on how many jobs can be performed at home. Work from home has the potential to increase firms' productivity and quality of workers' lives regardless of COVID-19, but it can also create new challenges. In this paper, we estimate the share of Czech workers who could work from home, using detailed Czech labour force survey data and an internationally recognised occupational classification methodology. Overall, we apply in the Czech context a methodology developed by Dingel and Neiman and published by the Journal of Public Economics in 2020. Our results show that about one third of Czech workers can perform their jobs from home. This share is comparable with countries at similar per capita income levels and with the share of workers who worked from home in Czechia during COVID-19 in the spring of 2020. The ability to work from home is distributed unequally across sectors, regions and workers' education levels. Whereas around four fifths of workers in the financial or the information technology sectors can work from home, less than one in five workers in agriculture and culture can work from home. Most university-educated workers can work from home, but only one in ten workers with primary education can do so. About a half of the workers in Prague can work from home, while only about a quarter can do so in the rest of the Czech Republic.

PurposeImproving the quality of life of the masses is the prime objective of all policymakers of both developed and developing countries. However, the determinants of improved quality of life are not well explored in the empirical literature. This study has, therefore, tried to identify the determinants of quality of life by focusing on military expenditures.Design/methodology/approachPanel data from 1990 to 2017 are collected from internationally reliable sources for the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN hereafter) member countries, and suitable econometric techniques are employed to estimate the designed models.FindingsThe results show that military expenditures have affected the quality of life of the ASEAN member countries both negatively and significantly. Similarly, the inflation rate has also negatively affected the quality of life. In terms of magnitude, the negative impact of the inflation rate on quality of life has exceeded than the impact of military expenditures. On the other hand, trade openness, per capita income, urbanization and government expenditures have played a positive and significant role in improving the quality of life in the ASEAN region. Moreover, it is found that the positive impact of per capita income on quality of life is highest among other determinants.Originality/valueThis study provided comprehensive evidence about the relationship between military expenditures and quality of life in the ASEAN context. Consequently, the ASEAN member economies will benefit a lot from the results of this study.

The issue of greater inequalities and social exclusion reckoned to be the result of economic growth led the World Bank to set the new goal, to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. Interestingly, the approach of the contemporary solution is largely in consonance with the maqasid or objectives of the Shari’ah. Islam is a universal religion and addresses the entire mankind not the believers alone. It is, therefore, no surprise that people irrespective of faith do often think along Islamic lines. The term shura has generally accepted by Muslims scholars as that which most closely approximates the notion of democracy. This study analyzed the impact of the shura as one elements of governance from Islamic perspective on poverty, by adopting a cross-country approach. Specifically, the study examined the impact of Shura on the poorest quintiles of the population by evaluating the relationship between the factors and the changes in the per capita income of the poor of the developed and developing countries. This study applied panel regression to examine the significance of the shura as one component of the governance from Islamic perspective towards the shared prosperity of the developed and developing countries. It is found that equality of participation, effective participation and representation are the significant factors in promoting shared prosperity. It is hoped that this study will serve as an effective mechanism for poverty eradication in the respective countries.

Purpose of the article is to identify the relationship between willingness to support, family living standards and individual’s health self-assessment within the framework of the Kazakhstani population participation of in health insurance. The empirical basis of the study was the archive of sociological survey data, which is based on the population responses, taking into account the opinions in the pharmaceutical industry experts, medical workers and specialists in the insurance market. The results of the statistical analysis showed the presence of significant links between “Willingness to support” and “Self-assessment of individual health”, between “Willingness to support” and “Average monthly income per capita in the family”, as well as between “Willingness to support” and “Family living standards”. It was also found that the willingness to support is different for different strata of the population: among the population with a high self-assessment of health, a high standard of living and a high level of per capita income in the family, it is higher. In addition, the article analyzes the current state of health insurance market in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where, as a result, it was revealed that due to quarantine measures, the number of concluded insurance contracts has almost halved. The results obtained can be used by authorized state bodies in the development of health insurance programs, as well as measures to ensure the safety of the health care system of the Republic of Kazakhstan and policies in the field of effective health care.

The substantial growth of motorcycle users in Indonesia is hypothesized to be influenced by a government policy on motorcycle purchase waivers and the massive growth of online motorcycle taxis. This study aims to analyse the relationship between the emergence of online motorcycle taxis and government policy changes towards the number of motorcycles and compare the estimation model seen from the consumer and sales sides. The data were collected from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics, Motorcycle Industry Association, and World Bank. Several estimation models were built using the interrupted time series method. The results showed that changes in government policy and income per capita significantly increased the number of motorcycles. However, the emergence of online motorcycle taxis negatively affected the increasing number of motorcycles. The results also showed that models with data representing motorcycle usage behavior provided better results than the model with motorcycle sales.

Poverty is a major menace in Nigeria. There is an increasing concerns by the government, international and local aid donors for concrete evidence to be supplied on the impact of such public programmes that aims at reducing poverty. This research focused on the impact of USAID-MARKETS II project on poverty status of rice farming households in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure were used to select 239 participants and 252 non- participants of USAID-MARKETS II project for the study. Data were collected from primary source with the aid of structured questionnaire and field observations and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard error) and inferential statistics (FGT Measures, Propensity Score Matching and LATE Model). The result reveals that participation in USAID-MARKETS II project increased the participants monthly per capita income by N5336.9 (45.5% increment) as reveals by PSM (Propensity Score Matching) while the LATE (Local Average Treatment Effect) estimates shows that USAID-MARKETS II significantly, and positively increased per capita income of the participants by N1193.86 (5.4% increment). The result further shows that the increment was more on the poor participants’ monthly per capita income than on their non-poor counterpart. The study suggested that USAID-MARKET II project should be replicated in other parts of the state that were not initially involved in the project because of its pro-poor nature and positive impact. In addition, future USAID-MARKET project design should incorporate the socio-economic variables, norms, and culture of Ebonyi people for greater impact.

This research aims to analyze the effect of exchange rates on foreign tourist flows in ASEAN-3. A fixed-effect model is used to estimate data from three ASEAN countries, namely: Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand from 1995 to 2016. The result shows that the exchange rate has a significant positive effect on foreign tourist flow. In other words, the depreciation of domestic currency increasing foreign tourist flow. Other control variables such as income per capita, HIV prevalence, trade, and consumer price index significantly affect a different sign.

This study aims to analyze the convergence of economic growth in South Kalimantan Province in 2011-2019 based on the level of income per capita. The population of this research is the districts in South Kalimantan Province. Subjects take in the form of levels of income per capita with secondary data sourced from BPS. The analytical tools used are economic growth, Theil index, Williamson index, and Klassen typology model. This study also analyzes the relationship between economic growth and income inequality using Pearson correlation analysis. The results of this study indicate that there is a convergence of inequality in South Kalimantan Province in 2011-2019 with an average Williamson Index value at 0.496 and Theil index at 17.928. Based on the Klassen typology classification, only Tapin District is in the category of high developed and fast growing region. The output on the Pearson analysis correlation shows that there is a non-significant positive correlation between economic growth and income inequality. Furthermore, South Kalimantan Province does not support on the Kuznets hypothesis for the period 2011-2019.

The health inequality of children is particularly important due to its far-reaching impact. Many empirical studies have shown that the lack of health-related human capital accumulation during childhood has many adverse effects. However, the health inequality of children seems to be less discussed in China. In this paper, we investigate the status and contributing factors of health inequality of children in China. The dataset used in this paper is called Rural-Urban Migration in China 2008 (RUMiC 2008), which was initiated by the Australian National University alongside a few other institutions. Using the data, firstly, we calculate the concentration index for stunting and underweight to track their status among children. Then, we decompose the concentration index using a regression equation method. The results show that household per capita income is the most important contributional factor to the concentration index of stunting for rural children. The next most important factor is the education of the household head. As expected, household per capita income is not an important contributional factor toward the concentration index of stunting in the urban sample. Its most important contributional factor is the education of the household head. For both rural and urban children, household per capita income is the most important contributional factor for the concentration index of underweight. Well-designed policies to increase the household per capita income and the education of the household heads may help to reduce the health inequality of their children.

Velocity of money is an important instrument used to measure the monetary target and quality of monetary policy. Referencing the trends in the money velocity, mainly in the short term, will have a paramount effect in determining the trends in real money growth. This study investigates the main causes of money velocity in Ethiopia using time series data for the period 1974/75 to 2015/16. A regression with Bayesian estimation and nonparametric Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing (LOWESS) methods were used to analyze the data. Variables such as credit, real interest rate, real exchange rate and real per capita income were included as potential determinants of money velocity. The findings of using non-parametric LOWESS methods show an upward trends in the velocity of money since 2002 and downward trends before 2002, indicating the existence’s of prudent monetary policy in Ethiopia after 2002. The result also shows a positive effect of real exchange rate and credit, whereas income per capita and real interest rates have a negative effect on velocity of money in Ethiopia. Hence, this paper recommends that, the policy to encourage sustainable economic growth and increase in interest rate would be beneficial to reduce velocity of money.

This study aims to determine the influence and the most dominant factors affecting tax revenue in Manokwari Regency in 2013-2017. This study uses quantitative methods. The type of data used is secondary data consisting of local tax revenues, number of visitors to tourism objects, hotel room occupancy rates and GDP at constant prices in Manokwari Regency. The data collection method uses the library method, while the analytical tool used is the multiple linear regression analysis method. The results showed that partially income per capita had a positive and significant effect on tax revenue in Manokwari Regency, the number of visitors to tourism objects had a negative and significant effect on tax revenue in Manokwari Regency and hotel room occupancy rates had a positive and significant effect on local tax revenue in Manokwari Regency. . The dominant factors on local tax revenue are income per capita and hotel room occupancy which have a positive and significant effect on local tax revenue in Manokwari Regency.

Riverine flood, a common natural hazard in the rarh plains of India, induces frequent changes in the landscape morphology and societal transformations. Therefore, a community-based risk assessment is attempted in the context of riverine floods in the rarh plains with special reference to the Mayurakshi River Basin based on the nature of flood hazard and community vulnerability. Flood hazard is measured in terms of flood frequency, depth and durations while the community vulnerability is assessed using its physical, economic, demographic and social-infrastructural components. The present study is executed over a statistically significant sample size of 2382 households across the 43 villages spread in 5 community development (C.D.) blocks. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been applied for the risk assessment and the relative importance index has been used to quantify the community behaviour. The results portray that the C.D. blocks such as Kandi having the maximum flood magnitude depicts a strong negative relation (R2 = 0.63) with economic vulnerability while the lesser flood-prone C.D. blocks such as Nabagram have strong positive relation (R2 = 0.66) indicating a typical societal transformation coevolved with flood hazards. The ANOVA shows that the religion-based community risk differs significantly in terms of economic and social-infrastructural vulnerability while income-based community risk differs for hazard propensity and total vulnerability. The main driving force leading to this difference in vulnerability and risk is the agricultural distress intensifying the labour migration that brings higher per capita income through foreign remittances. Besides, community behaviour and different adaptation strategies also play important roles in community risk.

Background Understanding differences in hospital case fatality rates (HCFRs) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may help evaluate its severity and the capacity of the healthcare system to reduce mortality. Methods We examined the variability in HCFRs of COVID-19 in relation to spatial inequalities in socio-economic factors, hospital health sector and patient medical condition across the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We obtained the standardized hospital case fatality ratio adjusted indirectly by age and sex, which is the ratio between the HCFR of a specific spatial unit and the HCFR for the entire study area. We modelled it using a generalized linear mixed model with spatial random effects in a Bayesian context. Results We found that HCFRs were higher for men and for individuals ≥60 y of age. Our models identified per capita income as a significant factor that is negatively associated with the HCFRs of COVID-19, even after adjusting for age, sex and presence of risk factors. Conclusions Spatial analyses of the implementation of these methods and of disparities in COVID-19 outcomes may help in the development of policies for at-risk populations in geographically defined areas.

This paper investigates the effects of inflation on per capita income growth for 36 developed and developing countries by using structural vector autoregression models that are robust to the consideration of endogeneity by construction. The results show evidence for heterogeneity of such effects across countries that are shown to be further connected to the strength of their institutions. While the effects of inflation on growth are negative and significant in countries with stronger institutions, they are positive and significant in countries with weaker institutions.

In this paper, using Japanese prefecture data sets for the period of 2006–2015, we attempt to empirically examine the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Japan. Overall, it is found that there is a monotonic nexus between CO2 emissions and per capita income, therefore implying that the EKC does not exist.

The COVID-19 pandemic and spatial peculiarities exacerbate the imbalance in the development of the catering market in Russia. The paper reveals the problems of spatial transformation of the market in Russian regions. Analysis of the theoretical foundations of the research showed that the existing methodological approaches neglect the spatial aspect of this transformation. Methodologically, the study relies on theoretical provisions of regional and spatial economics, including Perroux's growth pole theory, Christaller's central place theory, and Friedmann's core-periphery model. Using the methods of spatial autocorrelation analysis, regression modelling and ARIMA-forecasting, the authors develop a system-based approach to modelling and forecasting the processes of spatial transformation of the public catering market. The research specifies the main methods for forecasting the development indicators of the market, as well as their advantages and disadvantages;it also substantiates the need to apply spatial autocorrelation analysis for assessing the distinguishing features of the market transformation and proposes a methodology for its implementation. The authors established a downward trend in the catering market differentiation and an upward trend in the number of regions similar in terms of their development. Regression analysis helped identify the major factors affecting the catering market's turnover, such as GRP and average per capita income of the population. ARIMA-modelling of these factors' dynamics allowed designing forecast scenarios for the development of the Russian catering market until 2022. Based on the research results, the study outlines the development prospects of the Russian catering market in the context of a worsening epidemiological situation.

This paper tests whether Chinese FDI disproportionately flows to poorly governed African countries, compared to those of the West. It also explores whether UN voting alignment between home and host countries, development loans from the former to the latter, and host countries’ market size, natural resource wealth, and per capita income impact Chinese and Western FDI flows differently. It finds that governance quality among African countries plays a positive role in predicting their FDI inflows – from both Western countries and China. The only governance indicator that has a significantly lower impact on Chinese FDI than that of the West is corruption controls, and only when South Africa is excluded from the models. Even then, however, the relationship between corruption controls and Chinese FDI flows is positive in absolute terms. Beyond governance, this paper finds that UN voting alignment and development loans have a significantly larger impact on Chinese FDI than that of the West and that the opposite is true with regard to market size and per capita income.

The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads more rapidly in densely populated areas. The number of confirmed cases is counted by the millions in some countries, such as USA, Brazil, and Mexico. These three countries also report the world's highest cumulative death tolls caused by the disease as of February 2021. In this study, a comparative analysis of urban development, economic level, and the number of COVID-19 cases in Mexico City, is conducted. Mexico City, the capital city of Mexico, is among the most densely populated metropolitan areas and one of the largest financial centers in the continent. Among the sixteen municipalities, in which Mexico City is divided, there exist enormous economic and urban development gaps. Based in a comparability index (CI), this study found a correlation between the number of confirmed cases of the COVID-19 disease with the population density, the per capita income, and the dwelling occupancy index in each municipality.

Purpose: According to the New Institutional View, the main reason for the great difference between countries in terms of growth, development and economic welfare is their institutional structures and foundations. Creating a stable structure in human relationships, institutions reduce insecurity, transaction costs and increase people's motivation. In this regard, the present study examined the role of institutional conditions in the impact of economic growth on poverty in middle and high per capita income countries from 2004 to 2017.

Purpose: The purpose of the present article is to model senior citizens' household expenditure and try to identify factors that influence consumer behavior in this social group. Analyses of Polish households were used as a case study. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used selected structure description parameters to characterize the studied population synthetically. Power-exponential econometric models were used to characterize consumer goods and services expenditure in households headed by persons aged 65+. Findings: The power-exponential models used in the article proved to be a valuable tool in the research into spending on consumer goods and services. In all the models, the level of the overall income per capita was found to have a significant positive impact. Another important finding was that the preferences differed depending on the class of the locality of residence, the subjective assessment of the material situation of one's household, the number of persons in the household, and the level of educational background, and the age of the person heading the household. Practical Implications: The research results presented in the paper are of considerable importance for developing a policy addressing the needs of the elderly, including, for example, creating appropriate marketing instruments and preparing an offer aimed at the ever-growing group of senior citizens. Originality/Value: The present article contributes to the most recent European and global scientific discussions on the significance of the elderly for the development of economies from the perspective of their impact on the markets for goods and services.

The positive link between good institutions and economic development is well documented in the literature on the deep determinants of economic growth. Consequently, convergence in institutional quality should be a necessary precondition for income convergence; however, only recently, researchers started to investigate empirically the nature of institutional development. This topic seems to be of particular relevance for the European Union (EU) since convergence in institutions and in per capita income across the EU Member States are key goals of the European integrations process. Especially in the course of the various EU enlargement waves starting in 2004, it was intensively discussed whether institutional and structural homogeneity are necessary preconditions for real convergence and the smooth functioning of the EU or whether a (further) catching up in the institutional and economic development will endogenously occur after the EU accession. Our paper is dedicated to the analysis of these institutional dynamics within the EU. In particular, we analyze the formation of institutional convergence clusters using Phillips and Sul’s (2007, 2009) log t test over the period 2002 to 2018. It is the first study that takes into account the possibility of multiple equilibria when analyzing the institutional catching-up process within the EU, whereas previous contributions focused on the empirical concepts of beta- and sigma-convergence. Our results indicate the existence of multiple institutional clubs (for the dimensions government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption of the Worldwide Governance Indicators) with various countries being stuck in a poor institutional trap. Moreover, we find that institutional convergence clubs are formed mainly on the basis of geographic region. Northern and Western European countries are typically in the higher institutional clubs whereas the lower institutional clubs comprise primarily Eastern and Southern European countries. When analyzing per capita income clubs, a rather similar picture emerges, suggesting that the underlying institutional clusters determine the formation of income clubs. Among the countries that joined the EU after 2004, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia perform best with respect to their institutional catching-up, whereas most of the remaining new member countries are found to be stuck in poor institutional traps. The situation is particularly severe for Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Hungary. We also study the factors that determine club membership by using an ordered probit model. Most importantly, we find that the initial levels of human capital and institutional quality are decisive for determining whether a country is on a high or low institutional growth path.

Dissemination of the scientific literature is as paramount as scientific studies. Scientific publishing has come a long way from localized distribution of few physical copies of journal to widespread and rapid distribution via internet in the 21st century. The evolution of open excess (OA) publishing which has rapidly evolved in last two decades has its heart at the right place with the ultimate goal being timely, and rapid distribution of published scientific work to a wider scientific community around the world and thus ultimately promoting scientific knowledge in global sense. However, quality OA publishing of cancer research involve an average publishing fee of around 1,500 USD which poses a challenge for Low middle income countries (LMICs), where per capita income is low. This has led to deterioration of science in LMICs in the form of publication in Cheap OA predatory journals for sake of securing academic promotions as well as authors ending up paying exorbitant publishing charges out of pocket to get their quality scientific work published. In countries like India and other LMICs, the funding agencies and institution have so far not addressed this problem. Here we assess the framework of open access publishing in LMICs like India and what are the steps which can be taken to facilitate open access publishing in LMICs.

Introduction: Past empirical studies indicated that there is a Kuznets or reverse U-shaped relationship between road deaths and per capita income, such that the number of road death increases at a low level of per capita reverse U-shaped relationship was observed between road injuries and per capita income. While these studies explored the impact of per capita income on road deaths and road injuries, no studies have examined the relationship between per capita income and road death to road injury ratio (DPI). Method: Using a fixed effects panel regression analysis from 67 countries spanning over a period of five decades (1960–2013), the present study sought to explore the impact of per capita gross domestic product (per capita GDP) on the DPI ratio and the underlying factors responsible for the relationship. Results: Our result suggests that per capita GDP followed a reverse U-shaped relationship with DPI. Moreover, the relative improvements in higher mobility roads as compared to improvements in higher accessibility roads, motorcycle ownership to passenger car ownership ratio, percentage of population living in an urban area, infant mortality rate, and the percentage of population below 15 years of age and above 64 years of age contributed to this relationship. Practical Applications: This implies that, at lower level of economic growth where road deaths exceed road injuries, countries should implement low-cost measures to combat road deaths cases. Such measures include mandating wearing of quality helmets and daytime running headlights for motorcycles. On the other hand, at higher level of economic growth where road injuries surpass road deaths, countries are encouraged to devote more resources to improving medical technology and services to treat road injury victims, mandating seatbelt use, as well as enhancing and promoting public transportation service.

Regression analysis based on data from Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker and the World Bank datasets for 169 countries suggests that containment policies have, in general, a significant role in reducing the pandemic's fatality rate across all countries. However (i) there is at least a three weeks lag in realising the impact, (ii) the effectiveness increases with per capita income and, more specifically, (iii) workplace closure is ineffective in low-income countries. The analysis of data from Demographic and Health Survey (the DHS Programme) and IMF Policy Tracker indicates that developing countries are unlikely to have the basis required for effectively adopting stringent lockdown measures and instead would need to consider specifically targeted lockdown policies.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41287-021-00389-x.L'analyse de régression réalisée sur des données issues du panel de données de l’étude Oxford COVID-19 sur le suivi de la riposte gouvernementale et du panel de données de la Banque mondiale pour 169 pays suggère que les politiques de confinement ont, en général, un rôle important dans la réduction du taux de mortalité lié à la pandémie dans tous les pays. Cependant (i) il y a au moins trois semaines de délai dans l’apparition de l'impact, (ii) l'efficacité augmente avec le revenu par habitant et, plus précisément, (iii) la fermeture des lieux de travail est inefficace dans les pays à faible revenu. L'analyse des données de l'Enquête Démographique et de Santé (le programme EDS) et du Suivi des politiques du FMI indique qu’il est peu probable que les pays en développement disposent des bases nécessaires pour adopter efficacement des mesures de confinement strict et devraient plutôt envisager des politiques de confinement localisé.

In a sample of 685 late middle-aged Black adults (M age at 2019 = 57.17 years), we examined the effects of loneliness and per capita income on accelerated aging using a newly developed DNA-methylation based index: the DunedinPACE. First, using linear, mixed effects regression in a growth curve framework, we found that change in DunedinPACE was dependent on age, with a linear model best fitting the data (b = 0.004, p < 0.001), indicating that average pace of change increased among older participants. A quadratic effect was also tested, but was non-significant. Beyond the effect of age, both change in loneliness (b = 0.009, p < 0.05) and change in per capita income (b = −0.016, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with change in DunedinPACE across an 11-year period, accounting for significant between person variability observed in the unconditional model. Including non-self-report indices of smoking and alcohol use did not reduce the association of loneliness or per capita income with DunedinPACE. However, change in smoking was strongly associated with change in DunedinPACE such that those reducing their smoking aged less rapidly than those continuing to smoke. In addition, both loneliness and per capita income were associated with DunedinPACE after controlling for variation in cell-types.

The Special Focus for this issue is on long-term growth, emphasizing the challenges PNG is facing. The chapter identifies the underlying challenges of low and volatile growth in the country and aims at starting a public discussion to better understand the problems and, thus, contribute to finding solutions. The modest headline economic growth in PNG has translated into meager per capita income growth in the past four decades. While the economy expanded by 3.2 percent on average during 1980-2021, per capita GDP recorded an average annual growth rate of only 0.9 percent. The gap in per capita income level compared to peer countries has typically widened. Despite being at a similar level of development in the 1970s and some progress gained in the early 1990s, PNG’s income level is diverging away from the EAP region. This calls for a renewed policy focus on boosting economic growth. A new growth strategy would need to address the three interrelated growth challenges that the economy is facing: (i) excessive macroeconomic volatility; (ii) low productivity growth; and (iii) excessive reliance on natural capital and not enough on human and institutional capital.