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State-of-the-art climate models now include more climate processes simulated at higher spatial resolution than ever. Nevertheless, some processes, such as atmospheric chemical feedbacks, are still computationally expensive and are often ignored in climate simulations. Here we present evidence that the representation of stratospheric ozone in climate models can have a first-order impact on estimates of effective climate sensitivity. Using a comprehensive atmosphere–ocean chemistry–climate model, we find an increase in global mean surface warming of around 1 °C (20%) after 75 years when ozone is prescribed at pre-industrial levels compared with when it is allowed to evolve self-consistently in response to an abrupt 4×CO2forcing. The difference is primarily attributed to changes in long-wave radiative feedbacks associated with circulation-driven decreases in tropical lower stratospheric ozone and related stratospheric water vapour and cirrus cloud changes. This has important implications for global model intercomparison studies in which participating models often use simplified treatments of atmospheric composition changes that are consistent with neither the specified greenhouse gas forcing scenario nor the associated atmospheric circulation feedbacks.

Climate model emulators are widely used to generate temperature projections for climate scenarios, including in the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report. Here we evaluate the performance of a two‐layer energy balance model in emulating historical and future temperature projections from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models. We find that emulation errors can be large (>0.5°C for SSP2‐4.5) and differ markedly between climate models, forcing scenarios and time periods. Errors arise in emulating the near‐surface temperature response to both greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing; in some periods the errors due to these forcings oppose one another, giving the spurious impression of better emulator performance. Climate feedbacks are assumed constant in the emulator, introducing time‐varying or state dependent feedbacks may reduce prediction errors. Close emulations can be produced for a given period but, crucially, this does not guarantee reliable emulations of other scenarios and periods. Therefore, rigorous out‐of‐sample evaluation is necessary to characterize emulator performance. Complex climate models are state‐of‐the‐art tools used to produce projections of future climate but they are expensive and take a long time to run. Climate model emulators are simple statistical or physically based models that can aim to reproduce the response of complex climate models to a prescribed climate change scenario at lower cost and more quickly. In this study, we use a climate model emulator to reproduce simulations of twentieth and twenty‐first century temperatures for eight complex climate models. We show that close emulations can be produced for pre‐defined climate scenarios and time periods. Close emulations are not guaranteed, however, when the emulator is used for other climate scenarios or other periods. This is important because climate model emulators are frequently used to produce projections that are not available from complex climate models. Evaluation of climate model emulators and characterization of their uncertainties, therefore, should use data not used in the calibration of the emulator. Emulators of global surface temperature calibrated to individual climate models can generate large errors in past and future predictionsEmulation errors are not systematically related to emulator parameters and vary between climate models meaning they cannot be predictedRigorous out‐of‐sample evaluation is necessary to characterize emulator performance Emulators of global surface temperature calibrated to individual climate models can generate large errors in past and future predictions Emulation errors are not systematically related to emulator parameters and vary between climate models meaning they cannot be predicted Rigorous out‐of‐sample evaluation is necessary to characterize emulator performance

For several years now, nanoscaled materials have been implemented in biotechnological applications related to animal (in particular human) cells and related pathologies. However, the use of nanomaterials in plant biology is far less widespread, although their application in this field could lead to the future development of plant biotechnology applications. For any practical use, it is crucial to elucidate the relationship between the nanomaterials and the target cells. In this work we have evaluated the behavior of two types of nanomaterials, quantum dots and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, on Fusarium oxysporum,a fungal species that infects an enormous range of crops causing important economic losses and is also an opportunistic human pathogen. Our results indicated that both nanomaterials rapidly interacted with the fungal hypha labeling the presence of the pathogenic fungus, although they showed differential behavior with respect to internalization. Thus, whereas magnetic nanoparticles appeared to be on the cell surface, quantum dots were significantly taken up by the fungal hyphae showing their potential for the development of novel control approaches of F. oxysporumand related pathogenic fungi following appropriate functionalization. In addition, the fungal germination and growth, accumulation of ROS, indicative of cell stress, and fungal viability have been evaluated at different nanomaterial concentrations showing the low toxicity of both types of nanomaterials to the fungus. This work represents the first study on the behavior of quantum dots and superparamagnetic particles on fungal cells, and constitutes the first and essential step to address the feasibility of new nanotechnology-based systems for early detection and eventual control of pathogenic fungi.

Sugammadex is a selective binding agent for aminosteroid neuromuscular blockers whose use is increasing in anaesthetic practice. We present three cases of severe anaphylaxis coincident with sugammadex administration. Subsequent intradermal testing confirmed sugammadex as the triggering agent, with all patients having positive skin responses to a 1:100 dilution of the standard 100 mg/ml solution and two out of three having a positive response to a 1:1000 dilution. As all patients were administered sugammadex to reverse neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium, we considered that sugammadex–rocuronium complexes were a potential unique allergen. In the two patients who were additionally tested with a rocuronium–sugammadex (3.6:1 molecular ratio) mixture, the wheal-and-flare response was significantly attenuated.

Australian university students consume large amounts of alcohol. There is little published information about personal and academic problems associated with this behaviour. We sought to estimate the prevalence, and identify variables associated with, alcohol-related problems among undergraduate hazardous drinkers. The control group members (942 undergraduates, 53.3% male, mean age 19.4 years) of an internet-based intervention trial, who scored !8 on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, completed two validated questionnaires about their experience of alcohol-related problems in the preceding 4 weeks. Regression models were used to identify associations between individual characteristics and alcohol-related problems. One-quarter of participants had missed a class (25.6%) and/or had been unable to concentrate in class (25.7%), and 45% reported that their drinking had impacted negatively on their learning or grades. The most frequent non-academic problems were hangovers (74.8%), blackouts (44.8%), emotional outbursts (30.5%), vomiting (28.1%), arguments (20.2%) and drink-driving (23.2%). Male gender, lower age, being a smoker, being in the Faculty of Health (versus Humanities) and living in shared housing (versus with parents/guardians) were each associated with alcohol-related problems, whereas year of study had no association. There is a high prevalence of preventable alcohol-related problems among undergraduates drinking at hazardous levels and a need for restriction of the availability and promotion of alcohol as well as intervention for individuals at high risk. Universities have a duty of care to large populations of young people drinking at hazardous levels and should make greater efforts to address hazardous alcohol consumption. Australian university students consume large amounts of alcohol. There is little published information about personal and academic problems associated with this behaviour. We sought to estimate the prevalence, and identify variables associated with, alcohol-related problems among undergraduate hazardous drinkers through a web-based survey. We found a high prevalence of preventable alcohol-related problems and impacts on academic performance and suggest universities have a duty of care to make greater efforts to address hazardous alcohol consumption.

Stratospheric water vapor affects the Earth's radiative balance and stratospheric chemistry, yet its future changes are uncertain and not fully understood. The influence of deep convection on stratospheric water vapor remains subject to debate. This letter presents a detailed process‐based model study of the impact of convective ice sublimation on stratospheric water vapor in response to CO2forced climate change. The influence of convective injection is found to be limited by the vertical profile of temperature and saturation vapor pressure in the tropical tropopause layer, not by the frequency of occurrence. Lagrangian trajectory analysis shows the relative contributions to stratospheric water vapor from sublimation and large‐scale transport are approximately unchanged when CO2is increased. The results indicate the role of convective ice injection for stratospheric water vapor in a warmer climate remains constrained by large‐scale temperatures. Trends in stratospheric water vapor impact on both ozone depletion and the climate. Water vapor enters the stratosphere in the tropics and is tightly constrained by the cold temperatures around the tropopause (around 15–17 km altitude). For the present day climate the contribution from the direct injection of ice into the stratosphere by deep convection is thought to be relatively small, but it has been suggested these may increase in a warmer climate. If convection becomes more frequent and stronger under greenhouse gas induced climate change, the response of stratospheric water vapor might be different from that implied simply by changes to tropical tropopause temperatures. This study examines the roles of convection and large‐scale temperatures and transport in determining the water budget in the tropical tropopause region in a climate model. In response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide the model simulates increased stratospheric water vapor with a substantial contribution coming from more convective injection. However, the relative contribution of convective injection to stratospheric water vapor remains roughly constant as carbon dioxide increases. Therefore, irrespective of whether convection becomes stronger or more frequent, the impact of convective injection of water is found to be constrained by large‐scale temperatures. We present an innovative method to quantify the processes that lead to a modeled increase in stratospheric water vapor from increased CO2As well as changes in large‐scale temperatures and transport, we find convective injection of ice contributes to stratospheric moisteningThe frequency of convective injection increases as CO2increases, but its relative contribution to stratospheric water vapor does not We present an innovative method to quantify the processes that lead to a modeled increase in stratospheric water vapor from increased CO2 As well as changes in large‐scale temperatures and transport, we find convective injection of ice contributes to stratospheric moistening The frequency of convective injection increases as CO2increases, but its relative contribution to stratospheric water vapor does not

CdSe/ZnS core‐shell quantum dots (QDs) have been immobilized onto solid substrates by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE). An UV KrF* (λ= 248 nm, τFWHM≅ 25 ns) excimer laser source was used for irradiations of the composite MAPLE targets. The targets were prepared by the dispersion of the CdSe/ZnS QDs in a solvent with high absorption at the incident laser radiation. The dependence of the surface morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition, and functional properties of the laser transferred CdSe/ZnS QDs on the processing conditions as incident laser fluence value and ambient atmosphere inside the irradiation chamber was investigated. The possible physical mechanisms implied in the laser ablation process were identified.

AbstractThis report of an aircraft crash at a major airport in Kingston, Jamaica examines the response of the local Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Factors that impacted the response are discussed, and the need for more disaster simulation exercises is highlighted. The objective of this case report was to document the response of EMS personnel to the crash of American Airlines Flight 331, and to utilize the information to examine and improve the present protocol.While multiple errors can occur during a mass-casualty event, these can be reduced by frequent simulation exercises during which various personnel practice and learn designated roles. Efficient triage, proper communication, and knowledge of the roles are important in ensuring the best possible outcome. While the triage system and response of the EMS personnel were effective for this magnitude of catastrophe, more work is needed in order to meet predetermined standards. Ways in which this can be overcome include: (1) hosting more disaster simulation exercises; (2) encouraging more involvement with first responders; and (3) strengthening the links in the local EMS system. Vigorous public education must be instituted and maintained.Dasgupta S, French S, Williams-Johnson J, Hutson R, Hart N, Wong M, Williams E, Espinosa K, Maycock C, Edwards R, McCartney T, Cawich S, Crandon I. EMS response to an airliner crash. Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(3):1-4.

CdSe/ZnS core–shell quantum dots (QDs) have been immobilized by ultraviolet matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (UV-MAPLE) onto SiO2glass substrates covered by silica thin films. The silica thin films were deposited by the sol–gel method. An UV KrF* (λ = 248 nm, τfwhm≅ 25 ns) excimer laser source was used for the laser immobilization experiments. Toluene was chosen as solvent material for the preparation of the composite MAPLE targets. The surface morphology and growth mode of the deposited structures were investigated by optical and atomic force microscopy in acoustic (dynamic) configuration. The crystalline structure and chemical composition of the base material used for the preparation of the MAPLE targets as well as the laser transferred QDs were studied by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The functional properties of the immobilized QDs were studied by fluorescence microscopy. The immobilized materials form self-organized 2D arrays constituted by complex CdSe/ZnS core–shell QDs preserving the functional properties of the base material used for the preparation of the MAPLE targets.

Manipulating predator populations is often posed as a solution to depressed ungulate populations. However, predator–prey dynamics are complex and the effect on prey populations is often an interaction of predator life history, climate, prey density, and habitat quality. The effect of predator removal on ungulate and, more specifically, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations has not been adequately investigated at a management scale. We tested the efficacy of removing coyotes (Canis latrans) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) for increasing survival and population growth rate of mule deer in southeastern Idaho, USA, during 1997–2003. We assigned 8 game management units (GMUs) to treatments under a 2 × 2 factorial design (treatments of coyote removal and lion removal) with 2 replicates of each treatment or reference area combination. We used methods typically available to wildlife managers to achieve predator removals and a combination of extensive and intensive monitoring in these 8 GMUs to test the hypothesis that predator removal increased vital rates and population growth rate of mule deer. We determined effects of predator removal on survival and causes of mortality in 2 intensive study sites, one with coyote and mountain lion removal and one without. We also considered the effects of other variables on survival including lagomorph abundance and climatic conditions. In these 2 intensive study areas, we monitored with radiotelemetry 250 neonates, 284 6‐month‐old fawns, and 521 adult females. At the extensive scale, we monitored mule deer population trend and December fawn ratios with helicopter surveys. Coyote removal decreased neonate mortality only when deer were apparently needed as alternate prey, thus removal was more effective when lagomorph populations were reduced. The best mortality model of mule deer captured at 6 months of age included summer precipitation, winter precipitation, fawn mass, and mountain lion removal. Over‐winter mortality of adult female mule deer decreased with removal of mountain lions. Precipitation variables were included in most competing mortality models for all age classes of mule deer. Mountain lion removal increased fawn ratios and our models predicted fawn ratios would increase 6% at average removal rates (3.53/1,000 km2) and 27% at maximum removal rates (14.18/1,000 km2). Across our extensive set of 8 GMUs, coyote removal had no effect on December fawn ratios. We also detected no strong effect of coyote or mountain lion removal alone on mule deer population trend; the best population‐growth‐rate model included previous year's mountain lion removal and winter severity, yet explained only 27% of the variance in population growth rate. Winter severity in the current and previous winter was the most important influence on mule deer population growth. The lack of response in fawn ratio or mule deer abundance to coyote reduction at this extensive (landscape) scale suggests that decreased neonate mortality due to coyote removal is partially compensatory. Annual removal of coyotes was not an effective method to increase mule deer populations in Idaho because coyote removal increased radiocollared neonate fawn survival only under particular combinations of prey densities and weather conditions, and the increase did not result in population growth. Coyote‐removal programs targeted in areas where mortality of mule deer fawns is known to be additive and coyote‐removal conditions are successful may influence mule deer population vital rates but likely will not change direction of population trend. Although mountain lion removal increased mule‐deer survival and fawn ratios, we were unable to demonstrate significant changes in population trend with mountain lion removal. In conclusion, benefits of predator removal appear to be marginal and short term in southeastern Idaho and likely will not appreciably change long‐term dynamics of mule deer populations in the intermountain west. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. La manipulación de las poblaciones de depredadores se plantea a menudo como una solución para reducir las poblaciones de ungulados. Sin embargo, las dinámicas depredador‐presa son complejas y el efecto sobre las poblaciones de presas es a menudo una interacción entre depredador, historia de vida, clima, densidad de presas y calidad del hábitat. El efecto de la eliminación de depredadores en ungulados y, más concretamente, en la población de ciervo mula (Odocoileus hemionus) no ha sido adecuadamente investigado con una perspectiva de gestión. Pusimos a prueba la eficacia de la eliminación de coyotes (Canis latrans) y pumas (Puma concolor) para aumentar la supervivencia y la tasa de crecimiento de la población de venados en el sureste de Idaho, USA, durante el periodo 1997–2003. Se asignaron ocho unidades de gestión de la caza (GMU) a los tratamientos bajo un diseño factorial 2 × 2 (tratamientos de eliminación de coyote y eliminación de pumas) con dos repeticiones de cada tratamiento o combinación de zona de referencia. Se utilizaron métodos comunmente disponibles a los gestores de la fauna silvestre para el traslado de depredadores y una combinación de vigilancia extensiva e intensiva en estas 8 GMU para probar la hipótesis de que la eliminación de depredadores aumenta las tasas vitales y la tasa de crecimiento de la población del ciervo mula. Se determinaron los efectos de la eliminación de depredadores en la supervivencia y las causas de mortalidad en los dos sitios de estudio intensivo, uno con la eliminación de ambos, pumas y coyotes y el otro sin dicha eliminación. También se consideraron los efectos de otras variables en la supervivencia, como la abundancia de lagomorfos y las condiciones climáticas. En estas dos áreas de estudio intensivo, monitorizamos con radiotelemetría 250 recién nacidos, 284 cervatillos de 6 meses de edad, y 521 hembras adultas. En una escala espacial mas amplia, monitorizamos la tendencia de la población de ciervo mula y la tasa de supervivencia de cervatillos en el mes de Diciembre con censos realizados desde un helicóptero. La eliminación de coyotes reducio la mortalidad neonatal sólo cuando los ciervos se necesitaban como presa alternativa, por lo que la eliminación fue más eficaz cuando las poblaciones de lagomorfos se redujeron. El mejor modelo de mortalidad de venados capturados a los 6 meses de edad fué el que incluía precipitación de verano, precipitacion de invierno, masa cervatillo, y eliminación del león de montaña. Durante el invierno la mortalidad de venados hembra adultas disminuyó con la eliminación de pumas. Las variables relativas a precipitación se incluyeron en la mayoría de los modelos de mortalidad para todas las clases de edad de ciervo mula. La eliminación de pumas aumento la tasa de cervatillos y los modelos predijeron el 6% de incremento en la tasa de cervatillo para una tasa de extracción media (3,53/1.000 km2) y 27% para una tasa de extracción máxima (14,18/1.000 km2). La eliminación de coyotes no tuvo ningún efecto sobre los coeficientes de cervatillo de diciembre en ninguno de los 8 GMU. Tampoco se detectó ningún efecto de la eliminación de coyotes o pumas en la tendencia numerica de la población de ciervos mula, el modelo con la tasa de crecimiento más alta era el que incluyó los pumas eliminados el año anterior y la gravedad del invierno, sin embargo, sólo explicó el 27% de la varianza en la tasa de crecimiento de la población. La severidad del invierno en el año actual y anterior fue la influencia más importante en el crecimiento de población de ciervos mula. La falta de respuesta en la tasa de abundancia de cervatillo o de venados a la reducción de coyote en esta extensa escala sugiere que la disminución de la mortalidad neonatal debida a la eliminación de coyote es parcialmente compensatoria. La extracción anual de coyotes no era un método eficaz para aumentar las poblaciones de ciervo mula en Idaho porque la eliminación de coyote aumento la supervivencia de cervatillos con radiocollares sólo bajo determinadas combinaciones de densidades de presas y condiciones meteorológicas, y el aumento no se tradujo en un crecimiento de la población. Los programas específicos de eliminación de coyotes en las áreas donde se sabe que la mortalidad de ciervo mula es aditiva y en las que las condiciones de extracción de los coyotes tienen éxito, pueden influir en las tasas vital de población de ciervo mula, pero probablemente no van a cambiar la tendencia numerica de la población. Aunque la reducion de pumas aumentó la sobrevivencia de ciervos mula y la tasa de cervatillos, no hemos podido demostrar cambios significativos en la tendencia de la población con la eliminación de pumas. En conclusión, los beneficios de la eliminación de depredadores parecen ser marginal y a corto plazo en el sureste de Idaho, y no van a cambiar sensiblemente la dinámica a largo plazo de las poblaciones de ciervo mula en el oeste montañoso de los Etados Unidos. © The Wildlife Society, 2011. La manipulation des populations de prédateurs est souvent proposée comme une solution pour réduire les populations d'ongulés. Cependant, les dynamiques prédateur‐proie sont complexes et l'effet sur les populations de proies est souvent une interaction entre le cycle de vie du prédateur, le climat, la densité des proies et la qualité de l'habitat. L'effet de la suppression du prédateur sur les populations d'ongulés et, plus spécifiquement, de cerf mulet (Odocoileus hemionus) n'a jamais été étudié de façon satisfaisante pour un objectif de gestion. Nous avons testé l'efficacité de la suppression des coyotes (Canis latrans) et des pumas (Puma concolor) sur l'augmentation de la survie et du taux de croissance de la population de cerf mulet dans le sud‐est de l'Idaho, États‐Unis, de 1997 à 2003. 8 unités de jeu de gestion (GMUs) ont été soumises aux traitements selon un plan factoriel 2 × 2 (traitements de suppression du coyote et de suppression du puma) avec 2 répétitions de chaque combinaison de traitement ou de zone de référence. Nous avons utilisé des méthodes que les gestionnaires de la faune ont généralement à disposition pour effectuer les retraits de prédateurs et la combinaison de surveillances extensive et intensive dans ces 8 GMUs afin de tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle le retrait des prédateurs augmente le taux vital et le taux de croissance de la population de cerf mulet. Les effets de la suppression des prédateurs sur la survie et les causes de mortalité ont été déterminés dans les deux sites d'étude intensive, l'un avec le retrait des pumas et des coyotes et l'autre sans. Les effets sur la survie d'autres variables, incluant l'abondance des lagomorphes et les conditions climatiques, ont été examinés. Dans ces deux zones d'étude intensive, nous avons suivi par radio‐télémétrie 250 nouveau‐nés, 284 faons de 6 mois, et 521 femelles adultes. À plus grande échelle, la tendance démographique de cerf mulet et le ratio de faons en Décembre ont été suivis par hélicoptère. L'élimination des coyotes diminue la mortalité néonatale seulement lorsque les cerfs semblent nécessaires comme proies alternatives, ainsi le retrait des coyotes est plus efficace lorsque les populations de lagomorphes sont réduites. Le meilleur modèle de mortalité des cerfs mulet à 6 mois d'âge obtenu inclue les précipitations estivales et hivernales, la masse des faons, et le retrait du puma. La mortalité hivernale des biches adultes diminue avec la suppression des pumas. Les variables liées aux précipitations sont incluses dans la plus part des modèles de mortalité pour toutes les classes d'âge de cerf mulet. La suppression des pumas augmente le ratio de faons et nos modèles prédisent une augmentation de 6% du ratio de faons pour des taux de retrait moyens (3,53/1,000 km2) et de 27% pour des taux de retrait maximum (14,18/1,000 km2). La suppression du coyote n'a eu aucun effet sur les ratios de faons de Décembre pour les 8 GMUs extensives. Aucun effet important du retrait du coyote ou du puma seul sur la tendance démographique des cerfs mulet n'a été détecté; le meilleur modèle de taux de croissance de la population inclut le retrait des pumas l'année précédente et la sévérité de l'hiver, qui cependant n'explique que 27% de la variance du taux de croissance de la population. La sévérité de l'hiver de l'année en cours et de la précédente est la variable la plus influente sur la croissance de la population de cerfs mulets. L'absence de réponse du ratio de faons et de l'abondance du cerf mulet à la réduction des coyotes pour une large échelle (paysage) suggère que le déclin de la mortalité néonatale du à la suppression du coyote est partiellement compensé. Le retrait annuel des coyotes n'est pas une méthode efficace pour accroître les populations de cerfs mulets dans l'Idaho car la suppression du coyote a augmenté la survie des faons suivis pas radio‐télémétrie seulement sous certaines combinaisons de densité des proies et de conditions météorologiques, et l'augmentation ne se traduit pas par une croissance démographique. Les programmes de retrait du coyote ciblant les zones où la mortalité des faons est connue pour être additive et où les conditions permettent un retrait du coyote avec succès, peuvent influencer les taux vitaux de la population de cerfs mulet, mais ne changera probablement pas le sens de la tendance démographique. Bien que le retrait des pumas augmente la survie des cerfs mulet et le ratio de faons, nous n'avons pas pu démontrer de changement significatif dans les tendances démographiques après élimination des pumas. En conclusion, les avantages de la suppression des prédateurs semblent être marginaux et à court terme dans le sud‐est de l'Idaho et ne modifieront pas sensiblement les dynamiques à long terme des populations de cerf mulet dans l'ouest montagneux des Etats‐Unis.

Peer-based programs are increasingly used by community organisations to support vulnerable youth who are at risk of developing mental health problems. Such programs are as diverse as the populations they support and include: drop-in services; peer education; as well as camps and online discussion forums for hard-to-reach populations that may not access more conventional forms of support, owing to issues of stigma or accessibility (for example, same-sex-attracted youth and teenage parents). There has been limited evaluation of peer-based community programs. Therefore, the lack of evidence of program effectiveness makes it difficult for service providers to secure continuous funding and threatens program sustainability. This article reports on a study designed to investigate barriers and enablers associated with evaluating peer-based youth programs. The resulting implications for policy, practice and research are discussed.

Interactions between ocean basins affect El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), altering its impacts on society. Here, we explore the effect of Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) on ENSO behavior using idealized experiments performed with the NCAR‐CESM1 model. Comparing warm (AMV+) to cold (AMV−) AMV conditions, we find that ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are reduced by ∼10% and ENSO precipitation anomalies are shifted to the west during El Niño and east during La Niña. Using the Bjerknes stability index, we attribute the reduction in ENSO variability to a weakened thermocline feedback in boreal autumn. In AMV+, the Walker circulation and trade winds strengthen over the tropical Pacific, increasing the background zonal SST gradient. The background changes shift ENSO anomalies westwards, with wind stress anomalies more confined to the west. We suggest the changes in ENSO‐wind stress decrease the strength of the thermocline feedback in the east, eventually reducing ENSO growth rate. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of year‐to‐year climate variability in the tropics and affects regional climates around the world. Understanding the drivers of ENSO behavior is important for its prediction. One influential factor is communication between ocean basins, such as the North Atlantic interaction with the tropical Pacific. In our work, we use idealized simulations that represent the positive and negative phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) to understand how sea surface temperature changes in the North Atlantic affect the dynamics of ENSO in the tropical Pacific. We find that both El Niño and La Niña events are weaker when the North Atlantic is warmer than usual, and vice versa. During the warm phase of the AMV (AMV+), the trade winds associated with the Walker circulation are localized in the west Pacific, directly impacting sea surface temperature patterns associated with ENSO events. Reduced wind stress in the eastern equatorial Pacific means that the upper ocean heat content is less perturbed in the AMV+ simulation, eventually feeding back to ENSO‐related sea surface temperatures. AMV weakens ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies by 10% and local ENSO precipitation anomalies by up to 45%The thermocline feedback in the tropical Pacific is weakened in boreal autumn, reducing ENSO growth rateAMV causes changes in the Pacific mean state that lead to wind stress anomalies being more confined in the west Pacific during ENSO onset AMV weakens ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies by 10% and local ENSO precipitation anomalies by up to 45% The thermocline feedback in the tropical Pacific is weakened in boreal autumn, reducing ENSO growth rate AMV causes changes in the Pacific mean state that lead to wind stress anomalies being more confined in the west Pacific during ENSO onset

To use video to determine the accuracy of the infrared beam-splitting method for measuring sleep in Drosophila and to determine the effect of time of day, sex, genotype, and age on sleep measurements.

Cross-sectional data collected at baseline from the Grade 6 cohort of the Friendly Schools, Friendly Families Project (n = 1,257) were analysed to investigate differences in self-reported attitudes and behaviours of students who reported bullying regularly and occasionally compared with those who reported never bullying others. This study found some similarities and some differences between students who reported bullying regularly and those who reported bullying occasionally, supporting the need to consider both groups when developing school-based bullying interventions. Attitudes to bullying, social and emotional health, peer support and being bullied were predictors of both regular and occasional bullying. The findings of this study support the need for universal bullying prevention interventions targeting the whole school community, including specific selective and indicated strategies, to effect a change in bullying behaviours.

We present a digital signal processing technique that reduces the speckle content in reconstructed digital holograms. The method is based on sequential sampling of the discrete Fourier transform of the reconstructed image field. Speckle reduction is achieved at the expense of a reduced intensity and resolution, but this trade-off is shown to be greatly superior to that imposed by the traditional mean and median filtering techniques. In particular, we show that the speckle can be reduced by half with no loss of resolution (according to standard definitions of both metrics).

Background: Ibrutinib (IBR) inhibits CLL proliferation and effects prolonged remission without eradicating disease. Obinutuzumab (OBI) is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that can effect depletion of measurable residual disease (MRD) below 0.01%. In the IcICLLe study (ISRCTN12695354), 20 treatment-naïve (TN) CLL patients & 20 with relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL received IBR until complete remission with <0.01% MRD in the bone marrow (BM) or disease progression. The IcICLLe Extension Study examined the efficacy/safety of combining IBR & OBI in 40 patients with R/R CLL and was open to the IcICLLe R/R cohort. Initial results after 1 month of combination treatment indicated that adding OBI to IBR improved CLL depletion, and 3-5 year follow-up data is now available.

We propose a task-specific digital holographic capture system for three-dimensional scenes, which can reduce the amount of data sent from the camera system to the receiver and can effectively reconstruct partially occluded objects. The system requires knowledge of the object of interest, but it does not require a priori knowledge of either the occlusion or the distance the object is from the camera. Subwindows of the camera-plane Fresnel field are digitally propagated to reveal different perspectives of the scene, and these are combined to overcome the unknown foreground occlusions. The nature of the occlusions and the effect of subwindows are analyzed thoroughly by using the Wigner distribution function. We demonstrate that a careful combination of reconstructions from subwindows can reveal features that are not apparent in a reconstruction from the whole hologram. We provide results by using optically captured digital holograms of real-world objects and simulated occlusions.

Federal and state elections provide opportunity for health advocacy. Prior to the elections political parties reformulate their policies, many of which are relevant to public health. The adverse effects of gambling have been minimised in Western Australia (WA) compared to other states and territories in Australia due to strict policies that limit the availability of electronic gaming machines (EGMs). In the lead-up to the 2001 state election, aggressive lobbying of politicians was undertaken in an attempt to allow the expansion of poker machines to hotels and licensed clubs throughout the state. The proponents of this were representatives of the hoteliers and licensed clubs who claimed their continued economic viability was dependent on such a move. Opponents consisted of a coalition of community groups and professional associations. This paper is a summary of the approach taken by health advocates that ultimately contributed to written endorsement of the two main political parties to maintain the moratorium on the expansion of poker machines in WA. Focus of the paper is given to one approach involving direct contact with political candidates. This approach holds promise for effective advocacy for other public health issues.

A chiral cyclic 1,2-diacetal derived from tartaric acid was used as the basic structural unit for novel ligands. Monooxazoline carbinols in which the degree of substitution of the alcohol and the nature of the stereocentre in the oxazoline ring were varied were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The influence of these structural factors on asymmetric induction was examined in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. Up to 60% ee was observed with a secondary or a tertiary alcohol as the metal-chelating group. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)

Explores the English-speaking community in Switzerland. Description of the linguistic phenomenon known as Swinglish; Number of expatriates living in Switzerland who claimed English as their mother tongue; Example of the way that certain expatriates fulfill their need for cultural expression. INSET: Multilingual Switzerland.

The properties of myosin expressed in muscle are a major determinant of muscle performance. In this study we used a novel approach to examine the functional impact of changes in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression, as well as the consequences of expressing the mutant MHC implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC). Cultured mouse myoblasts that normally express fast embryonic myosin were untransfected, or stably transfected with a plasmid expressing either wild‐type (cWT) or mutant (D778G or G741R) β‐cardiac myosin. After differentiation for 5–7 days, cWT or mutant β‐cardiac myosin was expressed at 25 % of total myosin in the myotube. We measured time‐to‐peak shortening (ttp), time for half‐relaxation (t0.5), the maximum velocity of shortening (Vmax) at 1 Hz stimulation, and the tetanic fusion frequency. Expression of cWT β‐cardiac myosin significantly increased ttp and t0.5and decreased the fusion frequency compared with untransfected myotubes. However, when we compared myotubes expressing mutant β‐cardiac myosin with those expressing cWT β‐cardiac myosin, we found that ttp and t0.5were significantly decreased, and Vmaxwas increased for the D778G mutant, whereas ttp, t0.5and Vmaxwere unchanged for the G741R mutant. The fusion frequency was increased for both mutant myosins. Our data support the conclusion that the impact of the slower myosin isoform dominates when both slow and fast isoforms are present. This work suggests that FHC associated with either D778G or G741R mutation in MHC is an ‘energy cost’ disease, but that the phenotype of D778G is more severe than that of G741R.

Health promotion continues to be constrained by the lack of a consistent, clear and useable definition. The authors reviewed definitions of health promotion from the international literature and cross-referenced them with the national health promotion competencies and current health promotion practice. The key elements of the most widely used concepts of health promotion have been incorporated into a single definition. A case study has been used to illustrate its practical nature. A clear definition is essential for providing guidance to the scope and nature of health promotion for health promotion practitioners, researchers and their clients. The definition can facilitate planning, implementing and evaluating interventions. In addition, the credibility of health promotion as a professional entity will benefit from a definition that describes uniformity of action.

Focuses on Kosovar refugees in Switzerland. Number of refugees in the country, as of December 2002; Concerns regarding the refugees; Actions taken by the Swiss government regarding the acceptance of refugees; Steps taken by the refugees in relation to culture assimilation; Problems faced by the refugees, including employment.

The selective formation of optically active 2-acyl-2-alkyl-1,3-dithiolane 1,1-dioxides from the corresponding 2-acyl-2-alkyl-1,3-dithiolane 1-oxides, by reaction with OsO4 and NMO in acetone, is reported. These compounds underwent stereoselective reactions at the carbonyl group of the acyl group with organometallic reagents. These reactions were completely regioselective, and no attack at either of the S-atoms was observed, unlike similar reactions with the corresponding sulfoxides. The nature of the metal atom had a direct effect upon the configuration of the product alcohols.

The involvement of nicotinamide adenine nucleotides (NAD+, NADH) in the regulation of glycolysis in Lactococcus lactiswas investigated by using13C and 31P NMR to monitor in vivothe kinetics of the pools of NAD+, NADH, ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), glycolytic intermediates, and end products derived from a pulse of glucose. Nicotinic acid specifically labeled on carbon 5 was synthesized and used in the growth medium as a precursor of pyridine nucleotides to allow for in vivodetection of13C-labeled NAD+and NADH. The capacity ofL. lactisMG1363 to regenerate NAD+was manipulated either by turning on NADH oxidase activity or by knocking out the gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). An LDH−deficient strain was constructed by double crossover. Upon supply of glucose, NAD+was constant and maximal (∼5 mm) in the parent strain (MG1363) but decreased abruptly in the LDH−strain both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. NADH in MG1363 was always below the detection limit as long as glucose was available. The rate of glucose consumption under anaerobic conditions was 7-fold lower in the LDH−strain and NADH reached high levels (2.5 mm), reflecting severe limitation in regenerating NAD+. However, under aerobic conditions the glycolytic flux was nearly as high as in MG1363 despite the accumulation of NADH up to 1.5 mm. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was able to support a high flux even in the presence of NADH concentrations much higher than those of the parent strain. We interpret the data as showing that the glycolytic flux in wild type L. lactisis not primarily controlled at the level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by NADH. The ATP/ADP/Picontent could play an important role.

Free radicals generated by the decarboxylation of dimethoxydioxanecarboxylic acids derived from l-(+)-tartaric acid and l-glyceric acid added to some maleimides and acrylates with high stereoselectivity. This method provides easy access to some chiral building blocks.

This paper presents a decision-making model which can help public health professionals justify their decision to advocate for a particular intervention. The model is demonstrated by a case study related to advocacy of Random Breath Testing (RBT). For the purpose of this paper advocacy is a "catch-all word for the set of skills used to create a shift in public opinion and mobilise the necessary resources and forces to support an issue, policy, or constituency..." (Wallack, Dorfman, Jernigan & Themba, 1994).

Malate, specifically labeled with carbon 13 on C3, was synthesized by chemical means and used to study malate metabolism by primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes. 3-13C-Malate in combination with glucose as well as 3-13C-malate alone were used as substrates; the effect of 3-nitropropionic acid, an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase was also examined. The consumption of malate was only 0.26 μmol/mg of protein, approx. 25-fold lower than the consumption of glucose. Besides lactate, glutamine and fumarate were the two major metabolites released to the medium. Very low and similar levels of isotopic enrichment were detected on C2 and C3 of lactate; glutamine was labeled on C2 and C3 to a similar extent as well and labeling on C4 was only detected when glucose was not added. These labeling studies suggest that cytosolic malic enzyme is not active in primary astrocytes and support the occurrence of pyruvate recycling in astrocytes.

A generally applicable strategy for the synthesis of a range of polyoxygenated cyclohexane natural products has been developed. The enantioselective syntheses of (−)‐theobroxide, a polyoxygenated cyclohexane natural compound with potent growth inducing properties in potato microtubers has been achieved via a 1,2 O‐silyl migration between trans‐hydroxyl groups and a remote hydroxyl directed epoxidation of an enone derived from quinic acid. A thus derived α‐iodoenone was subjected to Stille coupling with tetramethylstannane to afford the first title compound. A similar strategy enabled a route to the complete asymmetric synthesis of the acetylenic phytotoxin (+)‐harveynone. By selective reduction of (−)‐theobroxide, (+)‐epiepoformin was also prepared in enantiopure form and similarly, stereoselective reduction of (+)‐harveynone completed the first enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐asperpentyn, another natural compound with antimicrobial activity.

A proline scan at positions 2 and 3 of the opioid peptide dynorphin A(1−11)-NH2 led to the discovery of the analogue [Pro³]Dyn A(1−11)-NH2. This analogue possesses high affinity and selectivity for the κ opioid receptor (Ki(κ) = 2.7 nM, Ki ratio κ/μ/δ = 1/2110/3260). The gain in selectivity is achieved through an overall reduction of opioid receptor affinity which is most pronounced at μ and δ receptors. The Pro³ analogue exhibits antagonist properties. Despite its high κ affinity, [Pro³]Dyn A(1−11)-NH2 is a relatively weak antagonist in both the [³⁵S]GTPγS assay (IC50 = 380 nM) and the guinea pig ileum assay (Ke = 244 nM). Discrepancies between GPI and binding assay have often been ascribed to differential κ receptor subtypes prevailing in central vs peripheral neurons. Since the [³⁵S]GTPγS assay uses the same membrane preparations as the binding assay, differential κ subtypes can be ruled out as an explanation in this case, and the observed behavior rather seems to reflect an intrinsic property of the ligand.

The Curtin University Centre for Health Promotion Research, in conjunction with the Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals (AAHPP), the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Health Department of Western Australia, co-ordinated a project to ascertain competencies required for personnel working in health promotion.