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Dünyada artan nüfusun sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenmesi amacıyla tarımsal üretimde konvansiyonel üretim biçimi yaygın olarak yapılmaktadır. Ancak bitkisel ve hayvansal üretimde verimi artırmak ve hastalıklarla mücadele etmek amacıyla kullanılan kimyasal maddeler su ve toprağa geçerek insan ve hayvan sağlığını etkilemektedir. Günümüzde Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkeleri, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Japonya, Kanada ve Avustralya gibi gelişmiş ülkeler başta olmak üzere dünyadaki tüketiciler çevreye zarar vermeyen, insan ve hayvanlar üzerinde olumsuz etki yapmayan tarım ürünleri tüketim yönünde taleplerde bulunmaktadırlar. Koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği hem ülkemizde hem de dünyada organik hayvansal et ve süt üretiminde tüketicilerin taleplerini karşılamada önemli rol almaktadır. Dünyada 2012 yılında organik sertifikalı sığır, koyun ve domuz sayısı sırasıyla; 4,6, 5,6 ve 1,0 milyon baştır. Avrupa Birliği (AB)'inde bulunan 28 ülkenin 2015 yılında organik sertifikalı sığır, domuz, koyun, keçi ve tavuk sayısı sırasıyla; 3,7, 0,978, 4,5, 0,718 ve 31,6 milyon baştır. Türkiye'de organik hayvancılıkta en önemli oransal artış keçi yetiştiriciliğinde gerçekleşmiş (%652,1), bunu sırasıyla kanatlı (%187,7) ve koyun (%22,3) yetiştiriciliği izlemiştir. Türkiye'de 2015 yılında üretilen organik süt üretiminin %2,6 koyundan ve %6,3'ü keçilerden, organik kırmızı et üretimini ise %38,2 koyundan ve %1,6 keçiden sağlanmaktadır., Conventional production methods are widely used in agricultural production in order to provide healthy and balanced nutrition to the growing population in the world. However, the chemical substances used to increase the efficiency and combat against diseases in plant and animal production affects human and animal health by passing to water and soil. Today, consumers around the world, especially in developed countries such as the European Union (EU) countries, the United States (USA), Japan, Canada and Australia are need of consumption of agricultural products that do not harm the environment and do not affect people and animals negatively. Sheep and goat breeding both in Turkey and in the world, organic animal meat and milk production in the consumer's needs to meet the demands is playing an important role. Worldwide, in 2012, the number of certified organic cattle, sheep and pigs are approximately 4.6, 5.6 and 1.0 million head, respectively. 2015 years, the number of organic certified cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and poultry are approximately 3.7, 0.978, 4.5, 0.718 and 31.6 million head, respectively in the European Union (EU) 28 countries. The most significant increase in organic livestock production in Turkey occurred in goat breeding (652.1%), followed by poultry (187.7%) and sheep (22.3%) breeding. Organic milk and red meat production of Turkey has occurred 2.6% and 38.2% of sheep and 6.3% and 1.6% of goats in 2015 year.

The U.S. fluid milk market has been experiencing two trends in the recent decade: the fast growth of private label milk and organic milk. Using the data from Nielsen Homescan Panel, we estimate a censored demand system to study the demand relations among types of milk differentiated by brand types and organic status. We find that sociodemographic factors still play important roles in household choice of milk types, and fluid milk, as a whole, is an inferior good. Moreover, as income increases, households are more likely to shift from buying conventional milk to organic milk and from private label conventional milk to branded conventional milk, as indicated by the asymmetric cross price elasticities. Corresponding implications for milk producers and marketers are discussed.

The influence of farming type (conventional or organic) and production system (low-and high-input) on various quality characteristics of milk have been in the focus of studies over the last decade. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of different dairy management and production systems on carbon stable isotopes ratio (δ13C) and milk urea content. The samples of raw milk were collected each two weeks at certified organic high-input and low-input farms, conventional high-input and low-input farms in late indoor period and outdoor period. Data analysis showed clear difference between milk from organic high- and low-input farms with non-overlapping range between -22.90 ‰ and -24.70‰ for δ13С in protein fraction (equal 1.80‰) and between -25.90‰ and -28.20‰ (equal 2.30‰) for δ13С in fat fraction independently from season factor, as for Δδ13С (protein-fat) values in milk from high-input (1.50-3.00‰) and low-input (3.20-6.30‰) organic farms. Analysis of correlation between δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content values showed that during late indoor period the most significant difference was detected between milk from organic low-input and conventional high-input farms (5.85‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 4.65 mg/100 g of milk urea content). During outdoor period, the non-overlapping range was established for low-input and high-input organic farms (3.40‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 10.77 mg/100 g of milk urea content). Results of δ13С values in fat and protein milk fractions, as combination of δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content could be a potential tool for the distinguish of milk from different farming types, based on different feed composition.

In order to prevent fraud, there need to be analytical methods which enable the authentication of organic milk. This is important in order to protect both consumers and organic producers. In addition to mandatory farm inspections of organic producers, several markers have been established for organic milk from Europe. These markers feature stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C values), the concentration and diastereomer ratio of phytanic acid as well as the amount of phytol. In this initial study, these markers were determined in organic (n = 4) and conventional milk (n = 6) from Queensland (northeastern Australia). Despite the low number of milk samples available, results from the markers indicated pronounced statistical differences between samples from Europe and Queensland.

Heifer calves (n = 102) were used to evaluate the effect of once- or twice-daily feeding on growth, behavior, and economics of calves in an organic group management system. Calves were assigned to replicate feeding groups of 10 in superhutches by birth order, during 2 seasons from September to December 2013 and March to May 2014 at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris. Calves in groups were the experimental unit. Breed groups of calves were Holsteins (n = 26), crossbreds (n = 45) including combinations Holsteins, Montbéliarde, and Viking Red (selected for high production), and crossbreds (n = 31) including combinations of Holsteins, Jersey, Normande, and Viking Red (selected for robustness). Treatment groups were once-daily feeding (1×) or twice-daily feeding (2×). Calves in both groups were fed 6 L per calf/daily of organic milk with 13% total solids and then weaned at 60 d when the group consumption averaged 0.91 kg/d of starter per calf. Body weight and hip height were recorded at birth, once a week, at weaning, and at 90 and 120 d of age. Hobo Pendant G loggers (Onset Computer Corp., Bourne, MA) were applied to the right rear leg of calves to measure total lying and standing time. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Independent variables for analyses were the fixed effects of birth weight (co-variable), season of birth, and treatment group, along with replicate as a random effect. No significant differences were found between feeding groups for body weight, weight gain, average daily gain, hip height, or heart girth. For calves in 1× and 2× groups, respectively, weaning group performance was as follows: gain per day was 0.79 and 0.81 kg, weaning weight was 92.7 and 93.3 kg, and weaning hip height was 95.2 and 95.3 cm. Daily gain to 90 d was 0.85 and 0.85 kg, and daily gain to 120 d was 0.85 and 0.83 kg for 1× and 2× calves, respectively. For lying time, calves in groups 1× (988 min/d) and 2× (995 min/d) did not differ. During the evening hours, 2× calves had lesser lying times (34 min/h for 1×; 28 min/h for 2×) because they were fed at 1800 h every evening. The average cost per kilogram of gain for the 2× ($4.03/kg) calves was greater than that for the 1× ($3.56/kg) calves. In summary, group-fed calves fed once a day in an organic production system had similar average daily gains and body dimensions compared with calves fed twice a day. Our results indicated that there is no need for twice-daily milk feeding under the conditions of the present study.

This study is intended to determine the factors affecting the consumer’s attitude and willingness to pay price premium for organic milk by analysing them using chi square test of independence and other simple descriptive method. The study reveals the result on the basis of both primary and secondary research. For this purpose, a survey of 155 respondents was conducted. SPSS software was used to get the results. According to the results, factors such as gender, annual income, prices offered, quality of organic milk and education had significant effects on consumers’ attitude. Overall, 58.1% of the respondents chose organic milk for their daily consumption. The average price willingness to pay was estimated to be 70-90 rupees per litre for organic milk. The results showed that insufficient availability, lack of knowledge and awareness and also the premium prices offered are all considered as the major pitfalls in the development of the organic market and consumption.

We use two Almost Ideal Demand Systems models on scanner data to analyze the demand for two food products (milk and coffee). Each demand system is composed of four products varying in the presence of an ecolabel (with or without) and the brand (national brand vs. private label). First, we aim to compare the demand for PL and NB ecolabeled products. While PLs are brands owned and controlled by retailers and specific to each retailer, NBs are owned and controlled by manufacturers and can be offered by several retailers. Second, we aim to assess the impact of information campaigns designed to raise awareness and knowledge of ecolabels. We find that demand is more elastic for ecolabeled goods as in the literature but we find this result only for NB goods (milk and coffee) and not for PL goods. We also find substitutability between ecolabeled and conventional goods as in the literature but only within the NB goods (milk only) and within the PL goods (milk and coffee). We also find complementarity between NB conventional and PL ecolabeled goods (milk and coffee). Finally, we find that information campaigns increase the predicted expenditure shares of PL organic milk by 33% and of NB fair trade coffee by 50%. But these effects are non-lasting.

Organic dairying strives to be sustainable, combining modern science, technology and innovation with traditional farming practices as well as lessons from nature—to produce high quality, nutritious food. As such, certain aspects of managing dairy cows are controlled by organic standards, not least their feeding—a relatively high dependence on grazing and other forage feeds, including widespread use of clovers, does differentiate the nutritional composition of organic dairy products compared with milk from more intensive systems. Although most support of potential health benefits from organic products focuses on enhanced fat composition (more of the beneficial fatty acids and antioxidants, less of those likely to challenge health), there is also a small and growing evidence base showing these nutritional differences are reflected in health indicators and population health. As well as nutritional superiority of their dairy products, a preventative approach to disease control and restricted use of antibiotics under organic practices, will also contribute to our health, as it slows the progress of antimicrobial resistance, prolonging antibiotics’ efficacy. However, dairy production with low (or no) antibiotic use and forage feeding are not the sole preserve of organic registration—although inspection and certification offers confidence in tracing the provenance of the food on offer. There are many organic and nonorganic farms taking sustainable dairying to the next level—producing high-quality milk from grazing cows, without nitrogen fertiliser or any concentrate feeds and minimal antibiotic use—identifying this elixir is the consumers’ challenge.

Technical Note The Azores archipelago is the most suitable region for dairy production in Portugal, representing 30% of the overall Portuguese dairy production. It has a production system characterized by an average milk yield of 6216 kg/cow/year, and the predominance of pasture-based feeding and cows that have longer productive lives and lower incidence of metabolic/production diseases, such as acidosis or mastitis. The biggest problem with the Azores Islands dairy sector is the cost of transport, as the main markets are located in continental Portugal, over 1500 km away, and local dairy products have to compete with dairy products produced in mainland Portugal and in the rest of the European Union. Herein, the evolution of the dairy sector in the Azores Islands from 2007 to 2017 is presented. A SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis was performed to find potential solutions to increase the value of the Azorean dairy sector. The most relevant solution considered was the valorization of the dairy production through three major aspects: higher milk quality, namely, better organoleptic properties; lower carbon footprint (not considering transport costs); and higher levels of animal welfare. Three examples are shown of such valorization: protected denomination of origin (PDO) cheeses, the “happy cows” program, and the production of an organic milk, from the Terceira Island. Some of these programs are relatively recent, so, it will be interesting to see how their sales and acceptance by consumers evolve, particularly under the current economic framework info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Many U.S. dairy farms, especially small farms, are struggling to stay in business due to difficult economic conditions. While switching to organic milk production has been identified as one way to improve farm profitability, there are very limited economic data available on organic dairy profitability and the key factors contributing to its variation among organic dairy farms. This study analyzes a 10-year longitudinal dataset of Vermont organic dairy farms (2006&ndash, 2016), collected by the University of Vermont Extension, to identify key factors influencing farm profitability and quantify their impact on farm return on assets (ROA) through a multivariate fixed-effects regression model. Results suggest that significant factors for organic farm profitability measured by ROA include feeding management, farm management, farm size, milk price and input costs. Such findings may help many organic dairy farms identify potential areas for improving their profitability and conventional farms evaluate the potential financial benefits of switching to organic operation.

The opinion about and the value of milk have evolved gradually over time. Earlier people were paying for the food, but now they are ready to pay for the value of the food. The traditional values like price, taste and convenience are overtaken by the evolving drivers of health and wellness, safety and social impact. Increased prevalence of metabolic disorders and ageing population demands with the need for innovations of inculcating health and wellness in dairy products beyond the standard product attributes. Some of the recent trends with dairy consumers are increased demand for healthy and clean labels, reduction in added sugar, demand for new flavours, environment-friendly nutrition, organic milk, high-protein dairy supplements, designer milk, etc.

The effect of dairy management system (conventional, CNV; organic, ORG; free-range, FRG) and month on retail milk phytoestrogen composition was assessed for 12 consecutive months. ORG milk contained more secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, sum of plant lignans, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, naringenin, equol, sum of isoflavones and coumestrol, than CNV and FRG milk. This may be explained by the higher supply of pasture, and grazed or ensiled clover, in ORG dairy diets. Seasonal variation in milk phytoestrogen concentrations was higher for ORG than CNV and FRG systems. Phytoestrogen composition did not vary between FRG and CNV milk. Consuming organic milk can increase intake of potentially beneficial lignans and isoflavonoids, and in particular equol; but, any effects on human health from such milk compositional differences cannot be implied.

Evaluation of feed efficiency (FE; calculated as energy-corrected milk yield/dry matter intake) and milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE; calculated as milk N yield/N intake) is needed to help farmers make decisions regarding the economic and environmental sustainability of dairy farms. Our primary objective was to compare FE and MNE data obtained from studies conducted with organic versus conventional dairy cows. Specifically, 3 data sets were constructed to meet this goal: (1) the organic Jersey data set (ORG-JE) built with studies (n = 11) done at the University of New Hampshire Burley-Demeritt Organic Dairy Research Farm (Lee, NH), (2) the conventional Jersey data set (CON-JE) constructed using 19 experiments reported in the literature, and (3) the organic non-Jersey-breed (mostly Holstein, Swedish Red, and Norwegian Red) data set (ORG-NJE) created with 11 published studies. Comparisons were made between ORG-JE and CON-JE and between ORG-JE and ORG-NJE. A second objective was to compare the enteric methane (CH4) emission data set from studies using organic Jerseys (n = 5) with those using conventional Jerseys (n = 4). Cows used in the ORG-JE data set had lower FE (-16%) and MNE (-15.5%) than cows used in the CON-JE counterpart, possibly because dry matter intake increased by an average of 10.4% in organic cows. Feed efficiency and MNE computed from cows belonging to the ORG-NJE data set were intermediate between ORG-JE and CON-JE. Measured CH4 intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) from cows in the ORG-JE CH4 data set increased by 71% compared with that from cows in the CON-JE CH4 data set. Estimated FE and enteric CH4 emissions revealed that Wisconsin organic dairies with the heaviest reliance on forage sources and longest grazing time during the summer were the least feed efficient and emitted the greatest amount of CH4 per kilogram of energy-corrected milk at the animal and whole-farm levels. Overall, the comparisons of FE, MNE, and enteric CH4 emissions between organic and conventional dairies and within organic systems made in this symposium review should be interpreted cautiously because they are based on study means and small data sets. Research is needed to better characterize the performance, efficiency, profitability, and carbon emissions of forage-based organic dairies in the United States, including the fast-growing "grass-fed" segment, which relies exclusively on forage diets. The effect of large organic dairies on the economic and social sustainability of small and mid-size organic dairy operations nationwide also deserves further investigation.

Origin and quality identification in dairy products is an important issue and also an extremely challenging and complex experimental procedure. The objective of the present work was to compare the metabolite profile of the lipid fraction of organic and conventional bovine milk using NMR metabolomics analysis. 1H-NMR and 1D TOCSY NMR methods of analysis were performed on extracted lipid fraction of lyophilized milk. For this purpose, 14 organic and 16 conventional retail milk samples were collected monthly, and 64 bulk-tank (58 conventional and 6 organics) milk samples were collected over a 14-month longitudinal study in Cyprus. Data were treated with multivariate methods (PCA, PLS-DA). Minor components were identified and quantified, and modification of the currently used equations is proposed. A significantly increased % content of conjugated (9-cis, 11-trans)18:2 linoleic acid (CLA), &alpha, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, allylic protons and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and decreased % content for caproleic acid were observed in the organic samples compared to the conventional ones. The present work confirms that lipid profile is affected by contrasting management system (organic vs. conventional), and supports the potential of NMR-based metabolomics for the rapid analysis and authentication of the milk from its lipid profile.

Kelp meal (KM) is a supplement made from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, known to bioaccumulate iodine (I) and to be the richest source of phlorotannins, which can inhibit ruminal proteolysis and microbial growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of KM on production, milk I, concentrations of blood metabolites, apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients, and CH4 emissions in grazing dairy cows. Eight multiparous Jersey cows averaging (mean ± SD) 175 ± 60 d in milk and 12 primiparous Jersey cows averaging 142 ± 47 d in milk at the beginning of the study were assigned to either 0 g/d of KM (control diet, CTRL) or 113 g/d of KM (brown seaweed diet, BSW) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were formulated to yield a 70:30 forage-to-concentrate ratio and consisted of (dry matter basis): 48% cool-season perennial herbage and 52% partial TMR (pTMR). Each experimental period (n = 3) lasted 28 d, with data and sample collection taking place during the last 7 d of each period. Cows had approximately 16.5 h of access to pasture daily. Herbage dry matter intake increased, and total dry matter intake tended to increase in cows fed BSW versus the CTRL diet. Milk yield and concentrations and yields of milk components were not affected by diets. Similarly, blood concentrations of cortisol, glucose, fatty acids, and thyroxine did not change with feeding CTRL or BSW. However, a diet × period interaction was observed for milk I concentration; cows offered the BSW diet had greater milk I concentration during periods 1, 2, and 3, but the largest difference between BSW and CTRL was observed in period 2 (579 vs. 111 µg/L, respectively). Except for period 2, the concentration of milk I in cows fed KM did not exceed the 500 µg/L threshold recommended for human consumption. Diet × period interactions were also found for serum triiodothyronine concentration, total-tract digestibilities of crude protein and acid detergent fiber, CH4 production, and urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Overall, the lack of KM effects on milk yield and concentrations and yields of milk components indicate that dairy producers should consider costs before making KM supplementation decisions during the grazing season. Future research is needed to evaluate the concentration of I in retail organic milk because of the high prevalence of KM supplementation in northeastern and midwestern US organic dairies and possibly in other regions of the country.

Many East African smallholder farms with certified organic crop production, also rear animals. Although farming systems are mixed, there is often very little integration and synergy between the different enterprises. The aim of this article is to suggest and discuss different development scenarios for organic dairy production, based on data from three East African studies of dairy production at certified organic cash crop farms. The following questions are explored for two categories of ‘model farms’ in Kenya and Uganda, respectively: 1) Can smallholder farmers benefit from keeping organic dairy cattle, and under which conditions can it be viable, given the current challenges? 2) How can the dairy production be integrated into the farm and create synergy with the different farm elements? 3) What would need to change if their milk was to become certified organic and farmers had to comply with organic principles and standards for dairy farming? Based on data and estimates from on-farm case studies at Kenyan and Ugandan smallholder dairy farms, in combination with literature, potential development scenarios are outlined. The study concludes that there are good possibilities for more local recirculation of feed and manure, although with limited benefits when there are only few animals with short lactations on the farm. Involvement of local communities in feed production and use of grazing areas seems to be a good option to the mutual benefit of both. If certified organic smallholder farms should diversify their income through sale of organic milk, they would need a secure market. Depending on the cost of certification, these farms will only benefit from sale of organic milk if they can produce milk year round at a scale, which allow them to benefit from the effort to give animals organic feed, an effort including establishment of grazing and local feed production that comply with organic standards. Outdoor stay and grazing continue to challenge many smallholder milk producers especially with Holstein Friesian types of cows, and more robust breeds are needed. In addition, many smallholders do not have sufficient land to permit grazing around their homesteads, where the animals live. Organic standards regarding animals need improvement and precision, especially requirements for grazing areas and feed. Certification comprising whole farms including the animals, and not only crops for export, will enhance crop-animal integration.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion about how a sustainable supply chain is implemented, and its effects on suppliers. The sustainable supply chain and the concept of upgrading were used to analyze the proposed phenomenon. One in-depth case study was conducted, based on fourteen interviews with multiple stakeholders involved in the process of converting the traditional milk production chain into the organic system of one of the global leaders in the food industry, and the largest buyer of raw milk in Brazil. This empirical effort allows us to examine how a focal company shapes the organic milk supply chain, and the effects this process bears on farmers, highlighting theoretical contributions which also relate to the paper’s contributions. The outcomes indicate that private governance shapes sustainable supply chain through captive and relational links leading to social upgrading.

Context With prevailing economic concerns facing the conventional dairy industry, organic production is a potential alternative for dairy producers as evidenced by a substantial number of operations pursuing organic markets in an effort to improve profitability. However, economic research is limited and the long-term economic sustainability of the system has been questioned. Objective The objectives of this study were to determine the economically optimal mix of forage and supplemental feed to maximize net returns, identify opportunities and considerations regarding production and feed management, and determine the sensitivity of returns relative to changes in milk prices for an organic dairy operation. Methods A linear programming model was developed to represent a whole-farm organic dairy operation in the Southeastern United States. The representative farm modeled was based on actual organic dairy operations in Kentucky and Tennessee, partnering with University personnel on this project. The model was employed to explore and optimize enterprise and feed options for the operation. Results and conclusions Results demonstrated a degree of substitutability of ration components, including representative forage species mixes for grazing, as well as hay and purchased concentrates. Profit potential was found to exist at assumed organic milk price levels, although organic milk price trends and the cost of transitioning to organic production create significant challenges. While a considerable reliance on grazing was a cost-effective feeding decision for organic production (a minimum of 30% dry matter intake from grazing is required), increased milk volumes justified the production and purchasing of additional supplemental feeds. Thus, evidence of increased profit potential by targeting higher production levels was suggested under the scenarios examined. Results also indicated a relatively narrow range of break-even milk prices across varying production levels for organic dairies. Finally, a business life of twenty years was generally needed to justify the transitioning of an existing conventional dairy to an organic dairy operation. Significance This work has implications for existing dairy operations as findings suggest profit potential and some ability to withstand moderate erosion of milk price. The work also informs dairy producers interested in transitioning to organic production by quantifying the cost of this transition and the potential return on that investment over time.

Summary Products with added value are all those products which, in addition to requirements set by laws of food safety and quality, meet the additional requirements. The added value of products resulting from its higher nutritional and commercial value and very often involve products originating from organic production or products with geographical indications. Consumer knowledge of production values has increased exponentially and has fuelled a demand for healthy, quality products such as goats’ milk and cheeses. The single most important factor affecting cheese quality and yield is the composition of the milk, particularly the concentrations of fat and casein. Nutritional value of goat cheese derives from its energy value, content of essential fatty and amino acids, the content of vitamins, minerals and its digestibility. In this paper, organic goat milk and hard goat cheese were analyzed for fatty and amino acids profile. In addition, cheese was assayed for fat, protein, moisture, total solids, Ca, P, Mg and pH. The evaluation of the cheeses was performed to establish the relationship between quality and composition of milk and cheese. Obtained values for saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in cheese were on average 42.0, 54.4, and 3.60 %, respectively. Levels of glutamic, aspartic acid, lysine and leucine significantly increased in cheese comparing with milk samples. Mean values for fat in dry matter in cheese was 47.1 %, while for pH this value amounted 5:55.

Due to a wide variety of natural and economic factors, agriculture is a highly spatial industry. Existing analyses often reveal the presence of both spatial autocorrelation, which reflects the concept that agricultural processes are correlated over distance or across geographic boundaries, and hot spots, which are clustered areas with positively correlated high-attribute values (discussed further later). Roe, Irwin, and Sharp (2002) found that spatial lags were present in data relating to the hog production industry. Schmit and Hall (2013) addressed the presence and impact of food industry clusters while Stewart et al. (2009) analyzed clusters specifically in Tennessee's agriculture industry. Grogan and Goodhue (2012) used spatial analysis and found evidence that citrus producers chose pest control methods similar to those of nearby producers. Identification of hot spots or industry clusters is important because research often shows that they can be advantageous for economic development (Morrison Paul and Seigel 1999, Feser 1998, Chevassus-Lozza and Galliano 2003, Cainelli 2008, Glaeser et al. 1992, Greenstone, Hornbeck, and Moretti 2010, Barkley and Henry 1997, Duranton and Puga 2004, Gibbs and Bernat 1997, Gabe 2004, 2008, Graham and Kim 2008, Rocha and Sternberg 2005, Feser, Renski, and Goldstein 2008).No theoretical reason has been found to suggest that hot spots and spatial correlation in organic agriculture, which we define as including organic production and handling, should be similar to agriculture in general. As a special case of agriculture, organic operations display different characteristics from those of conventional agricultural operations, including more restricted production methods (National Organic Program 2015), higher input costs (Economic Research Service 2012), need for more specialized labor (Klonsky and Tourte 1998), and more-frequent use of their own resources (Argiles and Brown 2010, Schmidtner et al. 2012). The demand side of the organic food market is different as well. Consumers of organic tend to have stronger concerns about healthiness, the environment, food safety, animal welfare, and local economies (Hughner et al. 2007). These factors imply that the needs of organic operations are different and that such operations will not necessarily gravitate only to areas where agricultural establishments are prevalent.The organic food industry is growing at a much faster rate than the conventional food industry; retail sales of organic food increased from $11 billion in 2004 to $27 billion in 2012 (Osteen, Gottlieb, and Vasavada 2012, Onken, Bernard, and Pesek 2011), and the amount of land devoted to organic food crops doubled between 1997 and 2005 (Dimitri and Oberholtzer 2009). These trends have led to concern that some sectors of the organic food industry (particularly corn and soybeans, which are important inputs in production of organic milk and dairy products) may not be growing at a sufficiently fast pace to keep up with the increasing demand (Dimitri and Oberholtzer 2009).Because of the differences between organic and conventional agriculture and the growth of specific sectors of the organic industry, it is important to analyze and better understand where organic operations are thriving and where they are not. More specifically, understanding spatial relationships in the concentration of organic operations and how organic and nonorganic spatial relationships potentially differ may prove important as policymakers and industry participants plan for continued growth. This type of spatial analysis and identification of organic hot spots or cold spots is also an important first step in further research on the organic sector. Once the hot and cold spots are identified, that information can be used to answer follow-up questions relating to their formation and the economic impact of organic hot spots. This type of spatial analysis can therefore be valuable to governmental and private organizations that focus on development of the organic sector and on regional economic development. …

In the present study, 58 samples of milk were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The samples were purchased during the period April–May 2013 in a random manner from local stores (supermarkets, small retail shops, small groceries, and specialized suppliers) located in the surrounding of Bologna (Italy). The commercial samples of milk were either organic (n = 22) or conventional (n = 36); fresh milk samples and UHT milk samples, whole milk samples, and partially skim milk samples were present in both the two considered categories. For the quantification of AFM1 in milk, the extraction-purification technique based on the use of immunoaffinity columns was adopted and analyses were performed using HPLC-FD. AFM1 was detected in 35 samples, 11 from organic production and 24 from conventional production. No statistically (P > 0.05) significant differences were observed in the concentration of AFM1 in the two categories of product. The levels of contamination found in the positive samples ranged between 0.009 and 0.026 ng mL−1. No sample exceeded the limit defined at community level for AFM1 in milk (0.05 μg kg−1). This demonstrates the effectiveness of the checks before the placing on the market of these food products. Thus, the Baflatoxins^ problem that characterized the summer of 2012 does not seem to have had effect on the contamination level of the considered milk samples.

The article focuses on the impact of different dairy management types on quality characteristics of organic and conventional milk. The study was conducted during 9 months (spring-autumn), raw milk samples were collected from organic and conventional dairy farms from two Ukrainian regions. The milk samples were analyzed for dry matter, total protein and non-protein nitrogen, ammonia content and values of stable isotopes 13С/12С were measured in fat and milk protein fractions. The values of dry matter, total protein, true protein and non-protein nitrogen content do not represent a statistically significant effect of farming type. The values of ammonia content, ammonia/non-protein nitrogen and ammonia/total protein ratios were statistically significant and reflected the impact of farming type which is, probably, linked with different protein content in cows’ diet. Conversion of some parameters on the dry matter allows more precise differentiation among types of milk, including statistically significant differences (e.g. total protein and ammonia content). The values of δ13C in fat fraction (-26.00‰) and protein fraction (-22.89‰) of organic milk were statistically significant differed in comparison with conventional milk (-23.14 ‰ and -19.15‰ respectively), due to the high amount of maize in the diet on conventional farm. The values of Δδ13C also were statistically significant: 3.99‰ in conventional milk and 3.11‰ in organic. It was established that conventional milk has a greater range of the different parameter seasonal variations than organic milk.

Aflatoxin M1 is one of the most common toxic natural substances found worldwide. It metabolizes from aflatoxin B1 that is present in the diet of mammals. In this study, 84 milk samples were investigated in total, and 63 (75 %) were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 above the limit of detection. No difference was observed between the samples from organic and conventional systems (0.021 vs. 0.018 µg/kg; p > 0.05). There was no difference between pasteurized and raw milk samples (0.018 vs. 0.020 µg/kg; p > 0.05). None of the samples contained aflatoxin M1 above the maximum level permitted by Brazilian Legislation (0.5 µg/kg for fluid milk). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of aflatoxin M1 through organic and conventional milk consumption was also evaluated. In this study, the EDI-values for aflatoxin M1 did not pose a toxicological risk for the population. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on aflatoxin M1 levels in organic milk from Brazil.

Purpose – Organic certification system became important means to restore consumer confidence in China. The purpose of this paper is to focus on consumer trust in organic milk of different brands and its influencing factors. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected from 876 randomly selected consumers in Shandong Province, China. And an ordered logistic model was established to analyze influencing factors of consumer trust. Findings – Chinese consumers generally lack trust in organic milk. Consumer trust for different brands of organic milk was different, and was not high in general. Various factors, namely, age, education years, food safety awareness, evaluation of government regulation policy, evaluation of organic milk price, and purchase convenience, have a significant impact on consumer trust. Factors, such as income, environmental protection consciousness, and risk consciousness, are not significant. Originality/value – This research is of academic value and of value to policy makers and suppliers. Government should promote institutional arrangement and strengthening supervision in production, certification, and circulation of organic products. Organic suppliers should implement reliable marketing strategy, such as correct pricing, and build a more extensive and convenient distribution network.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of organochlorine pesticides in samples of forage, soil, water, and milk in four units of an organic production system for cow´s milk (samples of forage, milk, soil, and water) in Tecpatan, Chiapas, Mexico. The organochlorine pesticides were extracted from forage, soil and water based on the USEPA (2005) guideline and from milk based on the IDF 1991 guideline. The pesticides were identified and quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (CG-ECD). In general, the highest average concentration of total pesticides was found in the samples of milk and forage (311 ± 328 and 116.5 ±77 ng g(-1) respectively). Although, the production systems analyzed are organic, organochlorine pesticides were detected in all environmental samples (forage, soil, water, and organic milk). Although no values surpassed the defined limits of Mexican and International regulation it is advisable that a monitoring program of contaminants in these production systems is continued.

Background Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a recently discovered NAD(+) precursor vitamin with a unique biosynthetic pathway. Although the presence of NR in cow milk has been known for more than a decade, the concentration of NR with respect to the other NAD(+) precursors was unknown. Objective We aimed to determine NAD(+) precursor vitamin concentration in raw samples of milk from individual cows and from commercially available cow milk. Methods LC tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution technologies were used to quantify NAD(+) precursor vitamin concentration and to measure NR stability in raw and commercial milk. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to test for NR binding to substances in milk. Results Cow milk typically contained ∼12 μmol NAD(+) precursor vitamins/L, of which 60% was present as nicotinamide and 40% was present as NR. Nicotinic acid and other NAD(+) metabolites were below the limits of detection. Milk from samples testing positive for Staphylococcus aureus contained lower concentrations of NR (Spearman ρ = -0.58, P = 0.014), and NR was degraded by S. aureus Conventional milk contained more NR than milk sold as organic. Nonetheless, NR was stable in organic milk and exhibited an NMR spectrum consistent with association with a protein fraction in skim milk. Conclusions NR is a major NAD(+) precursor vitamin in cow milk. Control of S. aureus may be important to preserve the NAD(+) precursor vitamin concentration of milk.

This article examines, from the viewpoint of a core group of Vermont milk producers, the period in the mid-1990s when organic dairy became mainstream. We look at the rise and subsequent takeover of one of the first organic milk-processing companies, The Organic Cow of Vermont, through the eyes of the farmers involved. In so doing, we provide needed perspective on the role of food producers working in industries subject to growth and consolidation. As producers of a commodity that grew out of the conventional system, organic dairy farmers faced unique choices that set them apart from other organic producers at that time. We demonstrate that the market for organic milk and dairy provided the opportunity for a new kind of farmer-processor relationship in which producers were supported through stable pay-prices and an intimate business relationship with processors. This article challenges the idea that the organic dairy industry was built by corporations trying to profit from booming consumer demand for organic foods and offers important contributions to debates surrounding the growth and conventionalization of organic food systems.

Phytanic acid diastereomers, 3S,7R,11R,15-phytanic acid (SRR) and 3R,7R,11R,15-phytanic acid (RRR), were determined by GC MS in extracts of archaeological ceramic. The SRR% was higher in pottery from coastal sites corresponding with C-13 enriched n-alkanoic acid corroborating a predominantly marine origin for the food residues. Conversely, low SRR% and C-13 depleted n-alkanoic acid were found at inland sites, which are most likely derived from ruminant products. These observations are explained by differences in the bacterial transformation of phytol to phytanic acid between ruminant and aquatic organisms and allow these products to be easily distinguished in archaeological contexts. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Researching the distinguishing factors of nutritional milk quality is key to sustainable production and addresses increasing media and scientific scrutiny regarding human health effects and ecological impacts of dairy products. Modern Western diets have high omega-6 relative to omega-3 fatty acid (FA) consumption. This ratio in milk can be manipulated by management practices, increasing forage in dairy diets raises omega-3 in milk. Whilst studies identify higher concentrations of nutritionally beneficial FAs in organic dairy, milk from 100% forage-fed cows in the UK has not been investigated. This study explores differences in FA composition between supermarket conventional and organic and Pasture for Life Association (PFLA) milk, collected in April, July and October, 2017. PFLA milk had higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (+94%) and omega-3 (+92%) than conventional milk. Additionally, concentrations of palmitic acid (+11%), omega-6 (+69%) and the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (+201%) were higher in conventional than PFLA milk. PFLA milk had higher concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (+39%), conjugated linoleic acid (+30%) and omega-3 (+21%) and lower concentrations of omega-6 (&minus, 36%) and a lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (&minus, 44%) than organic milk. This supports previous studies and demonstrates the scope to improve milk FA profiles further for potential health benefits through pasture-based management.

The present study aimed to investigate, from a psychological perspective, the elements that are able to predict attitudes to, and purchases of, organic products. Our specific focus was organic milk due to the reputation established by this product over the years, especially thanks to sales by large retailers. The analysis was performed within the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior, which was extended to include trust in supply chain actors and self-identity of the consumers in question as “green consumers”. A large sample of Italian consumers (n = 1509) was interviewed in two stages in order to obtain data regarding both intentions and actual behavior in respect of organic milk purchase. Our results suggest that TPB is, indeed, a predictive model for explaining organic milk purchase intentions and behavior. Furthermore, it can be successfully extended to elements such as self-identity and trust. Yet among all the dimensions of trust in the different actors of the supply chain, only trust in farmers was supported by our results. Therefore, campaigns aimed at fostering trust in farmers could reinforce the position of this food category when required.

International audience; Genomic evaluation of cows and the use of sexed semen have recently provided opportunities for commercial dairy farmers to accelerate genetic progress at the herd level by increasing both selection accuracy and selection intensity. Because implementing genomic tests or using sexed semen generate extra costs, a higher investment capacity of the farm is required. In this study, we compared the effect of female genotyping alone or combined with the use of sexed semen on genetic and economic performance of the herds. Three typical Montbéliarde herds with different farming systems were considered: a 77-cow herd producing milk at a high price sold to make cheese with a protected designation of origin, a 60-cow herd producing organic milk at a medium price sold for dairy, and a 120-cow herd producing standard milk at a lower price sold for dairy. Eight alternative scenarios were simulated over a 10-yr period for each herd, with combinations of the following: use (or not) of dairy sexed semen, use (or not) of beef breed semen, use (or not) of female genotyping at 15 d of age. A mechanistic, stochastic, and dynamic model was used to mimic the farmer's daily decisions and the individual cow's biology. Heifers (80%) and first-lactation cows (30%) that ranked highest on the French total merit index (France's national dairy index) were inseminated with sexed semen to ensure replacement and to maximize genetic gain, when sexed semen was used. During the 10 yr of simulation, scenarios that included sexed semen (whether female genotyping was used or not) gained, on average, one extra year of overall genetic gain over scenarios that did not include sexed semen. During the same period, scenarios that used female genotyping (whether sexed semen was used or not) gained, on average, 5 mo of overall genetic gain over scenarios using parent average only. The highest gains in net margin were always obtained when combining use of sexed semen with terminal crossbreeding. Maximum genotyping prices under which routine female genotyping is economically valuable (breakeven prices of genotyping) were under €37. Maximum genotyping prices, such that the female genotyping costs are refunded within 10 yr of investment (investor genotyping price), were under €26. However, they would be higher over a longer period of use because genetic gain is cumulative. Because genotyping price is expected to decrease in the future, female genotyping will be worthwhile if combined with the use of sexed semen and beef breed semen.

In Germany in 2016, the market share of organic milk products was 4.3% of the whole milk products market, slightly lower than the average of all organic products (5%). A total of 47,300 tons of organic yoghurt was produced in Germany in 2016. The market share of organic natural (unflavored) yoghurt is 7.3% of the whole German natural yoghurt market. Whereas in the conventional value chain, exports are very important (nearly half of the production volume), imports are necessary in the organic sector. One of the major reasons why German organic milk production has continuously grown in recent years is that German producers of organic cow milk can rely on high and stable prices compared to fluctuating and often low prices of the conventional produce. Organic yoghurt is supplied to consumers through all kinds of distribution channels. In terms of volume, around 74% of the organic yoghurt is distributed by conventional retailers, followed by organic specialized retail stores. Another distribution channel is direct selling from on-farm dairies to consumers, but reliable data on the size of this channel is lacking. In terms of sustainability performance, organic yoghurt performs better than its reference for all the economic and social indicators we could assess. It also consumes less water. Regarding the carbon footprint of organic yoghurt production, the picture is today unclear. These environmental assessments are more favourable to organic yoghurt when indicators are expressed on a per hectare (rather than per ton) basis.

Milk is a nutrient diet and widely consumed throughout the world. A variety of options are available to milk consumers, including conventional liquid milk, milk with different levels of fat content, organic milk, homogenized or nonhomogenized milk, pasteurized or unpasteurized milk, and even A1 and A2 types of milk. Besides liquid milk, a large number of dairy products are available, including butter, cheese, cream, ice cream, yogurt, kefir, colostrum, and other fermented dairy products. Milk and milk products can harbor a variety of microorganisms and are important sources of food-borne pathogens. Pasteurization is a universally accepted method to destroy the pathogenic organisms present in raw milk. However, post-pasteurization contamination is also reported to be a health concern to the consumers. Most nutrients and beneficial bacteria in milk are lost due to processes like homogenization and pasteurization. A better option may be to buy unprocessed whole fat milk from a local farmer who obtains real milk from healthy animals. Lactose intolerance and milk allergy are also health concerns for many. The presence of antibiotic and hormone residues, heavy metals, melamine, and other pollutants in milk are serious health concern to the consumers. These contaminants pose health hazards and need to be addressed to prevent their entry into the food chain or to remain within permissible limit. Organic milk derived from organic dairy farming coming into the market has a great demand with high cost. On the basis of type of beta-casein present in the milk, it is graded as A1 and A2 type of milk, and it is considered that A2 milk is superior for health. Many consumers prefer plant-based milk like soy milk, almond milk, rice milk, and coconut milk due to ethical and health reasons.

The production of milk and cheese assumes activities in the field of agricultural production, veterinary health, and the use of milk and dairy products has public health significance, and can be viewed through the "one health" concept. The aim of the paper is to underline public health and sustainability significance of interconnection among agriculture, veterinary and technology. Production of hard cheese with added value from milk produced in organic and self-sustaining systems research the risks, advantages and possibilities of traditional cheese production and focused on creating conditions for organic milk and hard cheese with added value production, with precisely defined conditions: isolating land plots, livestock farms and processing facilities from possible sources of pollution, water quality, harmonized development of plant and animal production and the capability of producers for organic agriculture with the obligation to constantly innovate knowledge. The new products ensure the employment and livelihood of people in the countryside, the economic prosperity of small family farms, link the activities in the field of veterinary health and agricultural production, contribute to the development of risk-management technology, healthy chooses and compatible with SDGs. Keywords: One Health approach, Traditional Milk Production, sustainability, Healthy Choices, SDGs

The present study describes compound-specific δ13C and δ15N analyses of fatty acids and amino acids for improving the accurate authentication of organic milk (OM) against conventional milk (CM) col...

No Rio Grande do Sul, assim como no resto do país, a produção agrícola ecológica vem se tornando cada vez mais frequente, como resposta à demanda de mercado e à diversificação dos sistemas de produção. Com isso, cresce a necessidade de caracterização do produto a ser comercializado. Existem poucos relatos a respeito da composição química ou da contagem de células somáticas do leite obtido a partir desse tipo de sistema produtivo no estado. Com o objetivo de fazer uma caracterização inicial da qualidade do leite produzido num sistema de produção ecológico, que está em processo de credenciamento como orgânico, foi analisado o leite de uma pequena propriedade rural localizada no Vale dos Sinos, RS. Foram utilizadas quatro amostras do leite de mistura dos animais, coletadas no tanque de resfriamento, em diferentes dias, no mês de agosto de 2007. As amostras foram encaminhadas ao laboratório de análise de leite da Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Pelotas/RS, para determinação da composição química e contagem de células somáticas (CCS). A composição média encontrada foi: 3,14% gordura, 3,19% proteína bruta, 4,1% lactose, 12,71% sólidos totais e 9,3% sólidos desengordurados. A média da CCS foi 1,26 x 106 cél/mL de leite, ficando acima dos limites estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa 51. Ecological production is coming more frequent in Rio Grande do Sul state, as in all Brazilian territory. It is a response for a growing market and production systems diversity. Because of these, standards must be defined to allow safe trade. There are few researches about milk composition and somatic cells count (SCC) in these system production in Rio Grande do Sul. This research aims to get information about composition and SCC, in milk produced in a ecological system. This property is being certified as an organic production system. The property is located at Vale dos Sinos. Four milk bulk samples were collected in August, 2007. The analyses were performed in Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas/RS, to determinate composition and SCC. The compositions values (average) were: 3,14% fat, 3,19% protein, 4,1% lactose, 12,71% total solids and 9,3% solids non fat. SCC average was 1,26 x 106cel/mL. This value does not agree with legal standards (IN51).