866 results on '"Orchard, T"'
Search Results
202. From diagnosis and classification to complications and therapy. DCCT. Part II? Diabetes Control and Complications Trial.
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Orchard, T J
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- 1994
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203. Predictors of microalbuminuria in individuals with IDDM. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study.
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COONROD, BETH ANN, ELLIS, DEMETRIUS, BECKER, DOROTHY J., BUNKER, CLAREANN H., KELSEY, SHERYL F., LLOYD, CATHY E., DRASH, ALLAN L., KULLER, LEWIS H., ORCHARD, TREVOR J., Coonrod, B A, Ellis, D, Becker, D J, Bunker, C H, Kelsey, S F, Lloyd, C E, Drash, A L, Kuller, L H, and Orchard, T J
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- 1993
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204. Assessment of peripheral vascular disease in diabetes. Report and recommendations of an international workshop sponsored by the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association 18-20 September 1992, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Orchard, T J and Strandness, D E Jr
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- 1993
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205. HUMAN IMMUNITY TO RAT ANTIGENS.
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Salaman, J. R., Millar, D., Brown, Pat, and Orchard, T.
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- 1976
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206. Review article: Pathophysiology of the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis: similarities and dissimilarities in clinical findings.
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ORCHARD, T. and JEWELL, Derek P.
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- 1997
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207. Lysosomal enzyme cytochemistry of blood neutrophils.
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Wozniak, J T, Orchard, T L, Mackie, P H, Mistry, D K, and Stuart, J
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Patients with bacterial infection may show altered membrane permeability of the primary azurophilic lysosomes of blood neutrophils. A new enzyme cytochemical technique, sensitive to increased membrane permeability caused by contact of neutrophils with acetone, saponin, low pH, Streptolysin O, bacteria, and nylon wool, has been developed. The method is of potential value as a screening test for bacterial infection and for detecting neutrophil damage during filtration leucopheresis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 1978
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208. Are race differences in the prevalence of hypertension explained by body mass and fat distribution? A survey in a biracial population.
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LACKLAND, DANIEL T, ORCHARD, TREVOR J, KEIL, JULIAN E, SAUNDERS, DONALD E, WHEELER, FRANCES C, ADAMS-CAMPBELL, LUCILE L, McDONALD, ROBERT H, KNAPP, REBECCA G, Lackland, D T, Orchard, T J, Keil, J E, Saunders, D E Jr, Wheeler, F C, Adams-Campbell, L L, McDonald, R H, and Knapp, R G
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Body mass and body fat distribution are important considerations in the study of hypertension. However, few studies have investigated the relationships with regards to race differences in elevated arterial pressure. A population-based sample of black and white adults was assessed by interview and physical measurement. The prevalence of hypertension (defined as 140/90 mmHg and/or medically treated) was disproportionately higher among blacks than whites. In addition, blacks had a higher prevalence of the more severe hypertension (160/95 mmHg) and hypertension with higher prevalence at earlier ages than whites. Black females had a significantly higher distribution of body mass index (BMI) than white females, while no difference was found in the distributions of males. White males had a higher distribution of waist to hip ratio (WHR) than black males, while black females had the higher values compared to white females. The prevalence of hypertension increased with BMI and WHR. Blacks maintained higher rates of hypertension after controlling for BMI and WHR, however, the margin of difference diminished when BMI and WHR was considered together. The black-white difference in hypertension was not completely explained by BMI and WHR. In addition, the strength of the association of hypertension and body size was different for blacks and whites which suggests possible differences in the mechanisms regulating blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1992
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209. The distribution and associations of blood pressure in an adolescent population.
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Orchard, T J, Hedley, A J, and Mitchell, J R
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In this report we describe the distributions of blood pressure and its associations in adolescence. Six hundred and twenty-five subjects aged 13 to 18 were drawn from three general practices in different urban and rural settings. Systolic pressures were higher and rose with age in boys (mean = 119 mm Hg) compared with girls (mean = 114 mm Hg), who showed no age association. Diastolic pressures (phase 5) were higher in girls (mean = 64 mm Hg) than in boys (mean = 60 mm Hg) and showed no association with age in either sex. Initial blood pressures were generally higher than those recorded after a further five minutes' rest in the sitting position, although diastolic pressures rose on the second reading in the older subjects. Systolic pressures of subjects from the suburban practice and in the late autumn were relatively low; diastolic pressures tended to be lower in the spring and in subjects from the rural practice. Systolic pressures were lower in the morning and this was found to be primarily related to fasting status. Individuals with a positive family history of hypertension had significantly higher blood pressures than those with a negative history. Boys who frequently played sports had lower diastolic pressures, largely accounting for the above sex difference. We conclude that although blood pressure measurement in adolescence is a difficult screening procedure it should be offered to selected groups such as those with a family history of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1982
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210. HLA heterogeneity of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at diagnosis. The Pittsburgh IDDM study.
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Eberhardt, Mark S., Wagener, Diane K., Orchard, Trevor J., LaPorte, Ronald E., Cavender, Druie E., Rabin, Bruce S., Atchison, R. Wayne, Kuller, Lewis H., Drash, Allan L., Becker, Dorothy J., Eberhardt, M S, Wagener, D K, Orchard, T J, LaPorte, R E, Cavender, D E, Rabin, B S, Atchison, R W, Kuller, L H, Drash, A L, and Becker, D J
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- 1985
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211. The Pittsburgh insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) morbidity and mortality study. Mortality results.
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Dorman, J. S., Laporte, R. E., Kuller, L. H., Cruickshanks, K. J., Orchard, T. J., Wagener, D. K., Becker, D. J., Cavender, D. E., and Drash, A. L.
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- 1984
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212. The Pittsburgh insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) registry. The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (1965-1976).
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LaPorte, Ronald E., Fishbein, Howard A., Drash, Allan L., Kuller, Lewis H., Schneider, Barbara B., Orchard, Trevor J., Wagener, Diane K., LaPorte, R E, Fishbein, H A, Drash, A L, Kuller, L H, Schneider, B B, Orchard, T J, and Wagener, D K
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- 1981
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213. The pittsburgh diabetes mellitus study.
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Wagener, Diane, LaPorte, R., Orchard, T., Cavender, D., Kuller, L., and Drash, A.
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A series of patients having onset of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus before age 17 years was identified from consecutive admissions to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Family history data were obtained yielding 1006 families (1085 cases) with complete information. The prevalence of diabetes among the children differed by birth order, with a greater number than expected among first born. There was also an increased prevalence among children born to mothers older than 35 years, as well as an increased prevalence among children of very young mothers. The increased prevalence of diabetes among offspring of older mothers was apparent even after life table age corrections were made. However, both the increased prevalence among first born children and the increased prevalence among children of very young mothers could be attributed to an older attained age of these children in this particular population. This indicated that the maternal age effect was present but a birth order effect was absent when age was taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1983
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214. The development of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: Two contrasting presentations.
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Orchard, T., Becker, D., Atchison, R., LaPorte, R., Wagener, D., Rabin, B., Kuller, L., and Drash, A.
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Genetic, immunological and viral factors have been implicated in pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The development of Type 1 diabetes in two siblings of patients with Type 1 diabetes studied as part of a large epidemiological study, is described. One case, a 13-year-old male not sharing either HLA haplotype with his diabetic sister, had virtually normal glucose tolerance 80 days before symptomatic presentation. He showed serological evidence of infection by Coxsackie CB (at diagnosis) and influenza A virus (soon after diagnosis). The other case, a 15-year-old male, had impaired glucose tolerance for over 500 days (i. e., since the diagnosis of diabetes in his HLA-identical brother) before symptomatic presentation which was not associated with serological evidence of acute viral infection. The former case was negative for islet cell antibody (cytoplasmic) when first seen though positive at diagnosis, while the latter was positive throughout. These two cases suggest contrasting interactions of the main pathogenetic factors associated with Type 1 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1983
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215. Diabetes mellitus and macrovascular complications. An epidemiological perspective.
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Donahue, R P and Orchard, T J
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- 1992
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216. Psychosocial factors and complications of IDDM. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. VIII.
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Lloyd, C E, Matthews, K A, Wing, R R, and Orchard, T J
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- 1992
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217. Factors associated with avoidance of severe complications after 25 yr of IDDM. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study I.
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Orchard, Trevor J., Dorman, Janice S., Maser, Raelene E., Becker, Dorothy J., Ellis, Demetrius, LaPorte, Ronald E., Kuller, Lewis H., Wolfson Jr., Sidney K., Drash, Allan L., Orchard, T J, Dorman, J S, Maser, R E, Becker, D J, Ellis, D, LaPorte, R E, Kuller, L H, Wolfson, S K Jr, and Drash, A L
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- 1990
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218. Contribution of diabetes duration before puberty to development of microvascular complications in IDDM subjects.
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Kostraba, Jill Norris, Dorman, Janice S., Orchard, Trevor J., Becker, Dorothy J., Ohki, Yukashi, Ellis, Demetrius, Doft, Bernard H., Lobes, Louis A., LaPorte, Ronald E., Drash, Allan L., Kostraba, J N, Dorman, J S, Orchard, T J, Becker, D J, Ohki, Y, Ellis, D, Doft, B H, Lobes, L A, LaPorte, R E, and Drash, A L
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- 1989
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219. Employment spectrum of IDDM.
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Songer, Thomas J., LaPorte, Ronald E., Dorman, Janice S., Orchard, Trevor J., Becker, Dorothy J., Drash, Allan L., Songer, T J, LaPorte, R E, Dorman, J S, Orchard, T J, Becker, D J, and Drash, A L
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- 1989
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220. Assessment of AlbuSure and its usefulness in identifying IDDM subjects at increased risk for developing clinical diabetic nephropathy.
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Coonrod, Beth A., Ellis, Demetriu, Becker, Dorothy J., Dorman, Janice S., Drash, Allan L., Kuller, Lewis H., Orchard, Trevor J., Coonrod, B A, Ellis, D, Becker, D J, Dorman, J S, Drash, A L, Kuller, L H, and Orchard, T J
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- 1989
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221. Measuring diabetic neuropathy. Assessment and comparison of clinical examination and quantitative sensory testing.
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Maser, R E, Nielsen, V K, Bass, E B, Manjoo, Q, Dorman, J S, Kelsey, S F, Becker, D J, and Orchard, T J
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- 1989
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222. Motor vehicle accidents and IDDM.
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Songer, Thomas J., Laporte, Ronald E., Dorman, Janice S., Orchard, Trevor J., Cruickshanks, Karen J., Becker, Dorothy J., Drash, Allan L., Songer, T J, LaPorte, R E, Dorman, J S, Orchard, T J, Cruickshanks, K J, Becker, D J, and Drash, A L
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- 1988
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223. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease.
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Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth, Orchard, Trevor J., Barrett-Connor, E, and Orchard, T J
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- 1985
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224. The Pittsburgh Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Morbidity and Mortality Study: case-control analyses of risk factors for mortality.
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Dorman, Janice S., Tajima, Naoko, LaPorte, Ronald E., Becker, Dorothy J., Cruickshanks, Karen J., Wagener, Diane K., Orchard, Trevor J., Drash, Allan L., Dorman, J S, Tajima, N, LaPorte, R E, Becker, D J, Cruickshanks, K J, Wagener, D K, Orchard, T J, and Drash, A L
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- 1985
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225. The development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among relatives.
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Orchard, Trevor J., Rosenbloom, Arlan L., Orchard, T J, and Rosenbloom, A L
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- 1985
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226. The cardiovascular risk profile of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Cruickshanks, Karen J., Orchard, Trevor J., Becker, Dorothy J., Cruickshanks, K J, Orchard, T J, and Becker, D J
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- 1985
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227. Expanding the scope of inquiry: exploring accounts of childhood and family life among sex workers in London, Ontario
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Orchard, Treena, Farr, Sara, Macphail, Susan, Wender, Cass, and Wilson, Christine
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- 2014
228. An innovative method for the assessment of skills in lower gastrointestinal endoscopy
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Moorthy, K., Munz, Y., Orchard, T., Gould, S., Rockall, T., and Darzi, A.
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- 2004
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229. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review.
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Fraser, A G, Orchard, T R, and Jewell, D P
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BACKGROUND: There are limited data on factors predicting response to azathioprine and uncertainty regarding the optimal duration of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The notes of patients attending the Oxford IBD clinic from 1968 to 1999 were reviewed. Remission was defined as no need for oral steroids for at least three months and relapse was defined as active disease requiring steroids. RESULTS: A total of 622 of 2205 patients were treated with azathioprine (272 Crohn's disease, 346 ulcerative colitis, and four indeterminate colitis). Mean duration of the initial course of treatment was 634 days. The overall remission rates were 45% for Crohn's disease and 58% for ulcerative colitis. For the 424 patients who received more than six months of treatment, remission rates were 64% and 87%, respectively. Factors favouring remission were ulcerative colitis (p=0.0001), lower white blood cell (WBC) or neutrophil count (p=0.0001), higher mean cell volume (p=0.0001), and older age (p=0.05). For Crohn's disease, colonic disease favoured remission (p=0.03). Factors that were not significant were age, sex, lymphocyte count, and dose (mg/kg). The proportion of patients remaining in remission at one, three, and five years was 0.95, 0.69, and 0.55, respectively. The chance of remaining in remission was higher if WBC was less than 5 x 10(9) (p=0.03) and in male patients (p=0.01; Crohn's disease only). There was no difference in relapse rates between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. After stopping azathioprine, the proportion of patients remaining in remission at one, three, and five years was 0.63, 0.44, and 0.35 (222 patients). Duration of azathioprine treatment did not affect the relapse rate after stopping treatment (p=0.68). CONCLUSIONS: Azathioprine is effective treatment for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The efficacy of azathioprine is reasonably well sustained over five years.
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- 2002
230. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review.
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G, Fraser A, R, Orchard T, and P, Jewell D
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: There are limited data on factors predicting response to azathioprine and uncertainty regarding the optimal duration of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The notes of patients attending the Oxford IBD clinic from 1968 to 1999 were reviewed. Remission was defined as no need for oral steroids for at least three months and relapse was defined as active disease requiring steroids. RESULTS: A total of 622 of 2205 patients were treated with azathioprine (272 Crohn's disease, 346 ulcerative colitis, and four indeterminate colitis). Mean duration of the initial course of treatment was 634 days. The overall remission rates were 45% for Crohn's disease and 58% for ulcerative colitis. For the 424 patients who received more than six months of treatment, remission rates were 64% and 87%, respectively. Factors favouring remission were ulcerative colitis (p=0.0001), lower white blood cell (WBC) or neutrophil count (p=0.0001), higher mean cell volume (p=0.0001), and older age (p=0.05). For Crohn's disease, colonic disease favoured remission (p=0.03). Factors that were not significant were age, sex, lymphocyte count, and dose (mg/kg). The proportion of patients remaining in remission at one, three, and five years was 0.95, 0.69, and 0.55, respectively. The chance of remaining in remission was higher if WBC was less than 5 x 10(9) (p=0.03) and in male patients (p=0.01; Crohn's disease only). There was no difference in relapse rates between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. After stopping azathioprine, the proportion of patients remaining in remission at one, three, and five years was 0.63, 0.44, and 0.35 (222 patients). Duration of azathioprine treatment did not affect the relapse rate after stopping treatment (p=0.68). CONCLUSIONS: Azathioprine is effective treatment for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The efficacy of azathioprine is reasonably well sustained over five years.
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- 2002
231. Lipid modulation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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Fried, L. F., Forrest, K. Y., Ellis, D., Chang, Y., Silvers, N., and Orchard, T. J.
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- 2001
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232. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (expiration and inspiration ratio) in type 1 diabetes
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Stella, P., Ellis, D., Maser, R. E., and Orchard, T. J.
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- 2000
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233. EnRAGEd about death in type 1 diabetes.
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Orchard, T.
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- 2011
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234. 35th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
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Melander, A., Olsson, J., Lindberg, G., Salzman, A., Howard, T., Stang, P., Lydick, E., Emslie-Smith, A., Boyle, D. I. R., Evans, J. M. M., Macdonald, T. M., Bain, J., Sullivan, F., Juhl, C., Pørksen, N., Sturis, J., Hollingdal, M., Pincus, S., Veldhuis, J., Dejgaard, A., Schmitz, O., Kristensen, J. S., Frandsen, K. B., Bayer, Th., Müller, P., Dunning, B. E., Paladini, S., Gutierrez, C., Deacon, R., Valentin, M., Grunberger, G., Weston, W. M., Patwardhan, R., Rappaport, E. B., Sargeant, L. A., Wareham, N. J., Khaw, K. T., Zethelius, Björn, Lithell, Hans, Hales, C. Nicholas, Berne, Christian, Lakka, H.-M., Oksanen, L., Tuomainen, T.-P., Kontula, K., Salonen, J. T., Dekker, J. M., de Boks, P., de Vegt, F., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Nijpels, G., Bouter, L. M., Heine, R. J., Bruno, G., Cavallo-Perin, P., Bargero, G., D’Errico, N., Borra, M., Macchia, G., Pagano, G., Newton, R. W., Ruta, D. A., New, J. P., Wallace, C., Roxburgh, M. A., Young, R. J., Vaughan, N. J. A., Elliott, P., Brennan, G., Devers, M., MacAlpine, R., Steinke, D., Lawson, D. H., Decallonne, B., Casteels, K., Gysemans, C., Bouillon, R., Mathieu, C., Linn, Thomas, Strate, Christine, Schneider, Kerstin, Funda, D. P., Jirsa, M., Kozáková, H., Kaas, A., Kofronová, O., Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H., Buschard, K., Wanka, H., Hartmann, A., Kuttler, B., Rasmussen, S. B., Sørensen, T. S., Markholst, H., Petersen, J. S., Karounos, D., Dyrberg, T., Mabley, J. G., Haskó, G., Szabó, C., Seissler, J., Nguyen, T. B. T., Steinbrenner, H., Scherbaum, W. A., Cipriani, R., Gabriele, A., Sensi, M., Guidobaldi, L., Pantellini, F., Cerrito, M. G., Scarpa, S., Di Mario, U., Morano, S., Ceolotto, G., Iori, E., Baritono, E., Del Prato, S., Semplicini, A., Trevisan, R., Zerbini, G., Meregalli, G., Asnaghi, V., Tentori, F., Maestroni, A., Mangili, R., Marescotti, C., Vedovato, M., Tiengo, A., Tadjieva, J., Mankovsky, B. N., Van Aken, S., Raes, A., Vande Walle, J., Matthys, D., Craen, M., Hansen, H. P., Lund, S. S., Rossing, P., Jensen, T., Parving, H.-H., Andersen, S., Tarnow, L., Hansen, B. V., Trautner, C., Haastert, B., Ennenbach, N., Willich, S., Tabák, Á. Gy., Orchard, T. J., Spranger, J., Preissner, K. T., Schatz, H., Pfeiffer, A., Cantón, A., Burgos, R., Hernández, C., Lecube, A., Mesa, J., Segura, R. M., Mateo, C., Simó, R., Fathallah, L., Greene, D. A., Obrosova, I., Gilbert, R. E., Kelly, D. J., Cox, A. J., Berka-Wilkinson, J. L., Taylor, H. R., Panagiotopoulos, S., Lee, V., Jerums, G., Cooper, M. E., Hitman, G. A., Aganna, E., Ogunkolade, W. B., Rema, M., Deepa, R., Shanthi-Rani, C. S., Barakat, K., Kumarajeewa, T. R., Cassell, P. G., McDermott, M. F., Mohan, V., Ways, K., Bursell, S., Devries, T., Woodworth, J., Alatorre, C., King, G., Aiello, L. P., Karisen, A. E., Pavlovic, D., Nielsen, K., Jensen, J., Andersen, H. U., Pociot, F., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., Eizirik, D. L., Nerup, J., Lortz, S., Tiedge, M., Lenzen, S., Lally, F. J., Bone, A. J., Darville, M. I., Ho, Y.-S., Sternesjö, J., Sandler, S., Chen, M.-C., Schuit, F., Pipeleers, D. G., Merezak, S., Hardikar, A., Hoet, J. J., Remacle, C., Reusens, B., Bréant, B., Garofano, A., Czernichow, P., Kubota, N., Terauchi, Y., Miki, H., Tamemoto, H., Yamauchi, T., Nakano, R., Komeda, K., Eto, K., Tobe, K., Kimura, S., Kadowaki, T., Ide, T., Murakami, K., Tsunoda, M., Mochizuki, T., Ozanne, S. E., Nave, B. T., Wang, C. L., Dorling, M. W., Petry, C. J., Koopmans, S. J., van der Bent, C., Que, I., Radder, J. K., Sebokova, E., Sana, A. K., Klimes, I., Ruderman, N., Morviducci, L., Pastore, L., Morelli, S., Sagratella, E., Zorretta, D., Buongiomo, A., Tamburrano, G., Giaccari, A., Martinenghi, Sabina, De Angelis, Gabriella Cusella, Ravasi, Flavio, Bifari, Francesco, Bordignon, Claudio, Falqui, Luca, Kessler, A., Dransfeld, O., Sasson, S., Tomas, E., Zorzano, A., Eckel, J., Thorsby, P., Rosenfalck, A. M., Kjems, L., Hanssen, K. F., Madsbad, S., Birkeland, K. I., Hamilton-Wessler, M., Markussen, J., Bergman, R. N., Melki, V., Hanaire-Broutin, H., Bessières-Lacombe, S., Tauber, J.-P., Home, P. D., Lindholm, A., Riis, A., Rosenstock, J., Schwartz, S., Clark, C., Edwards, M., Donley, D., Swift, P., Mortensen, H. B., Lynggaard, H., Hougaard, P., Cull, C. A., Neil, H. A. W., Frighi, V., Manley, S. E., Holman, R. R., Turner, R. C., Steiner, G., Davis, W. A., Weeraratna, T., Bruce, D. G., Davis, T. M. E., Vergès, B., Duvillard, L., Pont, F., Florentin, E., Gambert, Ph., Benko, B., Ljubić, S., Turk, Z., Granić, M., März, W., Wollschläger, H., Klein, G., Neiss, A., Wehling, M., Huxtable, S. J., Saker, P. J., Walker, M., Frayling, T. M., Levy, J. C., O’Rahilly, S., Hattersley, A. T., McCarthy, M. I., Orecchio, A., Giacchini, A., Dominici, R., Canettieri, G., Trinti, B., Zani, M., Andreoli, M., Sciacchitano, S., de Silva, A. M., Whitecross, K., Pasco, J., Kotowicz, M., Nicholson, G., Zimmet, P., Boyko, E. J., Collier, G. R., Frittitta, L., Pizzuti, A., Argiolas, A., Graci, S., Goldfine, I. D., Bozzali, M., Ercolino, T., Costanzo, B., Iacoviello, L., Tassi, V., Trischitta, V., Wauters, M., Rankinen, T., Mertens, I., Chagnon, M., Bouchard, C., Van Gaal, L., Sivenius, K., Valve, R., Hakkarainen, V., Niskanen, L., Laakso, M., Uusitupa, M., Beridze, N., Japaridze, M., Kurashvili, R., Dundua, M., Kebuladze, G., Kazakhashvili, N., Offley-Shore, B., Thomas, B., Ghebremeskel, K., Crawford, M., Lowy, C., Eriksson, Ulf J., Martin Simán, C., Wisse, Bert, Gittenberger-de Groot, Adriana C., Wentzel, P., Eriksson, U. J., Wender-Ożegowska, E., Drews, K., Biczysko, R., Bronisz, A., Rość, D., Graczykowska-Koczorowska, A., Kotschy, M., Sokup, A., Kohnert, K. D., Besch, W., Strese, J., Frick, U., Zander, E., Kemer, W., Škrha, J., Kvasnička, J., Kalvodová, B., Hilgertová, J., Schatteman, K., Goossens, F., Scharpé, S., De Leeuw, I., Hendriks, D., Legakis, I. N., Panayiotou, D., Mountokalakis, Th. D., Enderle, M. 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H., Telting, D., van der Zon, G. C. M., Dorrestijn, J., Maassen, J. A., Clapham, J. C., Holder, J. C., Tomlinson, K. M., Pickavance, L., Buckingham, R., Wilding, J., Jacinto, S. M., Harrold, J., Ljung, B., Kjellstedt, A., Thalén, P., Widdowson, P., Williams, G., Oakes, N., Aoki, K., Saito, T., Satoh, S., Mukasa, K., Kaneshiro, M., Kawasaki, S., Hoshino, K., Okamura, A., Sekihara, H., Smith, U., Johansson, A., Nilsson, E., Olausson, T., Nakazawa, T., Suzuki, M., Martinez, J., Murado, P., Azal, Ö., Yönem, A., Çakır, B., Polat, Z., Kutlu, M., Çorakçı, A., Bayraktar, M., Gürlek, A., Koray, Z., Damian, M. S., Linn, T., Laube, H., Arzner, S., Meißner, H.-P., Giunti, S., Comune, M., Cassader, M., Conte, M. R., Sacchi, C., Musso, G., Mecca, F., Depetris, N., Gambino, R., Perin, P. Cavallo, Kawakami, S., Sandqvist, M., Jansson, P.-A., Šindelka, G., Widimský, J., Haas, T., Prázný, M., Mari, A., Nolan, J. J., Uusitupa, M. I. J., Karşıdağ, K., Hacıhanefioğlu, B., Dinççağ, N., Drivsholm, T., Palacios, R. T., Vølund, A., Pedersen, Oluf B., Letiexhe, M. R., Scheen, A. J., Quiñones Galvan, A., Simeoni, M., Basu, A., Uosukainen, A., Mäkimattila, S., Schlenzka, A., Adler, A. I., Levy, J., Stevens, R., Matthews, D., Holman, R., Boland, B. J., Jeanjean, M., Hermans, M. P., Maudoigt, C., Tonglet, R., Robert, A., Quiñones-Galvan, A., Cini, G., Galetta, F., Sanna, G., Gernone, F., Janssen, M. J., Gonera, R. K., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., de Leeuw, P. W., Schaper, N. C., Molęda, P., Kuczerowski, R., Czech, A., Tatoń, J., Taddei, S., Patiag, D., Qu, X., Wilkes, M., Gray, S., Seale, J. P., Donnelly, R., Campión, J., Maestro, B., Dávila, N., Carranza, M. C., Calle, C., Hales, C. N., Fernández-Real, J. M., Grasa, M., Pugeat, M., Barret, C., Ricart, W., Lindmark, S., Olsson, T., Tufvesson, M., Loeblein, K., Mehnert, B., Haering, H. U., Rave, Klaus, Heise, Tim, Clauson, Per, Hirschberger, Sabine, Heinemann, Lutz, Claret, M., Nadal, B., Truc, A., Rossi, L., Hildebrand, P., Ketterer, S., Beglinger, C., Keller, U., Gyr, K., Parvin, S., Overkamp, D., Vayreda, M., González-Huix, F., G-Huix, F., Zavaroni, I., Gasparini, P., Massironi, P., Zuccarelli, A., Delsignore, R., Reaven, G. M., Sheu, W. H. H., Lee, W. J., Chen, Y.-T., Iraklianou, S., Tournis, S., Volonakis, I., Spylopoulou, M., Bilianou, E., Melidonis, A., Foussas, S., Güler, Serdar, çakir, Bekir, Demi̇rbaş, Berrin, Gürsoy, Gül, Serter, Rüştü, Aral, Yalçin, Morton, G., Lee, S., Fahey, R., de Silva, A., Cai, X. J., Buckingham, R. E., Arch, J. R. S., Wilson, S., Clausen, J. T., Kristensen, P., Nielsen, P. F., Wulff, B. S., Thim, L., Holness, M. J., Sugden, M. C., Fryer, L. G. D., Munns, M. J., Mannucci, E., Ognibene, A., Cremasco, F., Bardini, G., Mencucci, A., Ciani, S., Pierazzuoli, E., Tsuchihashil, K., Rigalleau, V., Delafaye, C., Baillet, L., Vergnot, V., Brunou, P., Gatta, B., Gin, H., Felber, J. P., Munger, R., Assimacopoulos, F., Bobbioni, E., Golay, A., Wilken, M., Larsen, F. S., Buckley, D., Molina, L. M., Marquez, L., Arbeo, A., Hernandez, C., Kofod, H., Damholt, A. B., Buchan, A., Márquez, L., Luque, M. A., Sarti, L., Sutton, P. J., Behle, K., Heimesaat, M. M., Hüfner, M., Gravholt, Claus Højbjerg, Mølier, Niels, Christiansen, Jens Sandahl, Schmitz, Ole, Deacon, C. F., Brock, B., Knudsen, L. B., Agersø, H., Huusfeldt, P. O., Kelly, C. M. N., Brunn, C., Schioos, J., Sewing, S., Lemansky, P., Wawro, S., Mest, H. J., Taguchi, T., Motoshima, H., Yoshizato, K., Guenifi, Amel, Henriksson, M., Johansson, J., Shafqat, J., Tally, M., Wahren, J., Jömvall, H., Ekberg, K., Rigler, R., Pramanik, A., Kratz, G., Johansson, B.-L., Uhlén, M., Jörnvall, H., Forst, T., Dufayet De La Tour, D., Kunt, T., Pfützner, A., Goitom, K., Pohlmann, T., Schneider, S., Johansson, B. L., Löbig, M., Engelbach, M., Beyer, J., Ekman, Bertil, Nyström, Fredrik, Arnqvist, Hans J., Halvatsiotis, P. G., Meek, S., Bigelow, M., Nair, K. S., Maghsoudi, S., Fisker, S., Vølund, A. A., Jörgensen, J. O. L., Christiansen, J. S., Hilsted, J., Mazerkina, N. A., Tiulpakov, A. N., Gorelyshev, S. K., Peterkova, V. A., Macut, D. J., Dieguez, C., Casanueva, F. F., Catalina, P. F., Mallo, F., Andrade, A., García-Mayor, R. V. G., Popova, V. V., ter Maaten, J. C., Popp-Snijders, C., Madsen, L., Ukropec, J., Bergene, E., Rnstan, A. C., Berge, R., Arner, P., Wahl, G., Häring, H., Bryson, J. M., Curtis, S. E., Caterson, I. D., Winzell, M. Sörhede, Svensson, H., Ahnén, B., Holm, C., Phillips, C., Madigan, C., Owens, D., Collins, P., Johnson, A., Tomkin, G. H., Cabezas, M. Castro, van Oostrom, A. J. H. H. M., Erkelens, D. W., Summers, L. K. M., Fielding, B. A., Ilic, V., Clark, M. L., Frayn, K. N., Pietzsch, J., Julius, U., Nitzsche, S., Fischer, S., Lindgren, C., Amrot-Fors, L., Hoffmann, M. M., Luft, D., Schmülling, R.-M., D’Adamo, M., Leonetti, F., Paoloni, A., Ribaudo, M. C., Basso, M. S., Elmore, U., Restuccia, A., Sbraccia, P., Emilsson, V., O’Dowd, J., Heyman, R., Cawthorne, M. A., Pelikánová, T., Kazdová, L., Žák, A., Chvojková, Š., Özer, E. M., Kadıoğlu, P., Korugan, Ü., Hatemi, H., Rivellese, A. A., Dullaart, R. P. F., Riemens, S. C., Sluiter, W. J., van Tol, A., Farnier, M., Megnien, S., Turpin, G., Stulp, B. K., Brambilla, P., Brunelli, A., Riva, M. C., Manzoni, P., de Poli, S., Riboni, S., Stolk, R. P., Meijer, R., Wink, O., Zelissen, P. M. J., van Gils, A. P. G., Grobbee, D. 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W., Taverna, M., Guerre-Millo, M., Chevalier, A., Pacher, N., Slama, G., Gorshunska, M., Buyken, A. E., Heitkamp, G., Kabir, M., Oppert, J. M., Wursch, P., Bruzzo, F., Rahman, M. H., Fatima, K., Ahmed, S., Mondal, H. N., Yilmaz, M., Öztok, U., Karakoç, A., Çakır, N., Düzgün, E., Yetkin, İ., Arslan, M., Şardaş, S., Wilding, John, Géloën, A., Baret, G., Dalmaz, Y., Peyronnet, J., Clémenceau, B., Martignat, L., Lalain, S., Gouin, E., Kenda-Ropson, N., Miller, A. O. A., You, S., Aguilera, E., Recasens, M., Flores, L., Ricart, M. J., Fernández-Cruz, L., Esmatjes, E., Crenier, L., Noël, C., Le Moine, A., Mahy, M., Danguy, A., Kiss, R., Goldman, M., Bracci, C., De Haan, B., Nilsson, K., Deschamps, J. Y., Glagoličová, A., Smrčková, I., Dieterle, C., Illner, W. D., Land, W., Feldmeier, H., Scheuer, R., Lalli, C., Di Loreto, C., Ellringmann, U., Balks, H. J., v. zur Mühlen, A., Dengler, R., Weissenborn, K., Rasmussen, B. M., Ørskov, L., Watson, J., Owen, G., Barrett, G., Ingleby, J., Weiss, M., Deary, I., Cavan, D., Kerr, D., Bruneiii, A., Cuce’, A., Elsing, H. G., Kühne, D., Quinn, N. D., Warner, D. P., Buysschaert, M., Jamal, R., O’Brien, T., Latare, P., Mullen, J., Rein, A., Wargo, M., Parkes, J. L., Ginsberg, B., Sotiropoulos, A., Peppas, Th. A., Kotsini, V., Apostolou, O., Bousboulas, S., Michailidis, E., Sawala, M., Pappas, S., Nilsson, P. M., Nilsson, J. Å., Berglund, G., Molins, T., Esteban, J. I., Genescà, J., Paris, I., Haufroid, V., Selvais, Ph., Petit, J. M., Duong, M., Grappin, M., Guiguet, M., Rudoni, S., Portier, H., Brun, J. M., Bagg, W., Plank, L., Drury, P. L., Sharpe, N., Braatvedt, G. D., Carrascosa, J. M., Molero, J. C., Fermίn, Y., Andrés, A., Satrústegui, J., Rietzsch, H., Patzak, A., Schwanebeck, U., Simpson, H., Robertson-Mackay, F., Montegriffo, E., Fox, C., Chiasson, J.-L., Josse, R. G., Dorman, J. M., Gerstein, H. C., Lau, D., Leiter, L. A., Maheux, P., Meneilly, G. S., Murphy, L., Rodger, N. W., Ross, S. A., Ryan, E., Yale, J.-F., Wolever, T. M. S., Haller, T., Elias, I., Segal, P., Standi, E., Rybka, J., Sencer, E., Satman, I., Schlcnzka, A., Vakkilainen, J., Tsaglis, H., Ioannidis, I., Giakoumaki, A., Amantou, A., Komitopoulos, N., Georgiou, S., Varsamis, E., Katsilambros, N., El Gayar, M., Shereba, N., Botros, R., Fikry, R., Jackson, D., Balme, M., Silva-Nunes, J., Alves, J., Bogalho, P., Gardete-Correia, L., Nunes-Corrêa, J., Kot’átková, A., Němcová, D., Vrbíková, J., Zamrazil, V., Meyer, L., Delbachian, I., Lehert, P., Cugnardey, N., Drouin, P., Guerci, B., Wagner, O. F., Jones, N. P., Vallance, S. E., Thompson, K. A., Miller, A. K., Inglis, A. M. L., Patterson, S., Jorkasky, D., Freed, M. I., Mathisen, A. L., Schneider, R., Rubin, C., Houser, V., Beebe, K. L., Kortboyer, J. M., Eckland, D. J. A., Cranmer, H., Mori, Y., Kurokawa, N., Komiya, H., Horikoshi, H., Yokoyama, J., Tajima, N., Ikeda, Y., Bakst, A., Hemyari, P., Lönnqvist, F., Owen, S., Vikramadithyan, R. K., Chakrabarti, R., Misra, P., Prem Kumar, M., Sunil Kumar, K. B., Ghosh, A., Rajagopalan, R., Goldstein, B., Katoh, S., Tsuruoka, N., Hata, S., Matsushima, M., Ikemoto, S., Inoue, Y., Edwards, G., Fonseca, V., Biswas, N., Bakris, G., Viberti, G., Rebuck, A. S., Weill, S., Abel, M. G., Klappoth, W., Brodesser, A., Linkeschowa, R., Pushparaj, P., Tan, C. H., Tan, B. K. H., Bahner, A., Parker, J., Waite, G., Lipson, V., Nahar, N., Rokeya, B., Parveen, S., Nur-e-Alam, M., Mosihuzzaman, M., Hansen, A. Kornerup, Lepore°, M., Kurzhals, R., Pampanelli°, S., Fanelli°, C. G., Bolli°, G. B., Ratner, R. E., Hirsch, I. B., Mecca, T. E., Wilson, C. A., Mohideen, P., Mudaliar, S., Deutsch, R., Ciaraldi, T., Armstrong, D., Kim, B., Morrill, B., Sha, X., Henry, R., Meyer, B. H., Scholtz, H. E., van Niekerk, N., Rosenkranz, B., Schoenle, E., Witthaus, Elke, Bradley, Clare, Stewart, John, Barbeau, M., Myers, S., Flora, D., DiMarchi, R., Chance, R., Plum, A., Larsen, P. S., Larsen, U. D., Kristensen, J. B., Jansen, J. A., Olsen, B., Mortensen, H., Hylleberg, B., Jacobsen, L. V., Gall, M.-A., Søgaard, B., Ewing, F. M., Ireland, R. H., Hoogwerf, B., Raskin, P., Jovanovic, L., Leiter, L., Boss, A. H., Bott, U., Ebrahim, S., Hirschberger, S., Leukel, P., Sieber, H. J., McGill, J., Kilo, C., Kamp, N. M., Wutte, A., Le Thai, F., Balarac, N., Allicar, M. P., Cazeneuve, B., Augendre, B., Wise, S. D., Seah, E. S., Koivisto, V., Torlone, E., Del Sindaco, P., Ciofetta, M., Hedman, C., Orre Pettersson, A.-C., Lindström, T., Cernigoi, A. M., Kong, N., Kitchen, M. M., Ryder, R. E. J., Petkova, M., Angelova-Gateva, P., Malone, J., Arora, V., Bue-Valleskey, J., Pein, M., Diebler, F., Roach, P., Gudat, U., Dreyer, M., Hanusch, U., Ristic, S., McLeod, J., Hirschberg, Y., Garreffa, S., Keilson, L., Mather, S., Gagen, K., Chen, W., Dragonas, N., Chuang, L. M., Juang, J. H., Wu, H. P., Chiang, Y. D., Li, K. L., Jorgensen, L. N., Tai, T. Y., Cheatham, W. W., Kennedy, F., Woo, V., Jain, R., Boss, A., Moses, R., Clauson, P., Fischer, T., Björk, S., Østergaard, A., Langendorf, K. W., Hatorp, V., Hasslacher, C., Farrar, N. S., Chambers, N. J., Denyer, G. S., Johnston, G. A. R., Hashiguchi, S., Jönsson, A., Hallengren, B., Rydberg, T., Herbaut, C., Turc, A., Mourand, I., Chevassus, H., Molinier, N., Christensen, A.-B. L., Mathiesen, E. R., Stage, E., Damm, P., Boivin, S., Gross, P., Pennington, M., Harder, T., Kohlhoff, R., Dörner, G., Rohde, W., Plagemann, A., Ferdeghini, M., Murru, S., Maffei, M., Cecchetti, P., Dunne, F., Brydon, P., Smith, T., Proffitt, M., Holder, R., Gee, H., Goulis, D. G., Teoh, T. G., Asatiani, N., Elphick, A., Natsvlishvili, M., Chanturia, T., Shelestova, E., Ramazashvili, M., Hod, M., Cederberg, J., Casi, A. Leunda, Pampfer, S., De Hertogh, R., Hinck, L., Aly, S., Bertie, J., Botta, R. M., Imbergamo, M. P., Impiccichè, M. G., Todaro, B., Greco, D., Ekbom, P., Clausen, P., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Feldt-Rasmussen, B., Mølsted Pedersen, L., Nørgaard, K., Svenningsen, A., Nielsen, L., Zmudzińska, M., Ziętek, I., Min, Y., Crawford, M. A., Bozzoni, F., Corubolo, C., Borrello, E., Di Biase, N., Spagnolo, S., Hawthorne, G., Sen, D., Bagust, A., Maier, W., Currie, C. J., Sailesh, S., Patel, V., Hayes, D., Cockrill, B., Gatling, W., Budd, S., Mullee, M. A., Savill, A. W., Smithers, M. G., Davies, R. R., Sandford, A., Stutz, L., Vadstrup, S., Simonsen, V., Musaeus, L., Molsing, B., Lyholm, B., Turner, B. C., Jenkins, E., Hejlesen, O. J., Andreassen, S., Hovorka, R., Cavan, D. A., Klinge, A., Strauss, K. W., Guthrie, R., Testa, M., Zimmerman, R., Sandberg, M., Steinfatt, H., Hardenberg, R., Gottsmann, M., König, A., Schmauß, S., Hierl, F. X., Renders, C. M., Valk, G. D., van Eijk, J. Th. M., van der Wal, G., Jermendy, G., Hídvégi, T., Müller, U. A., Junghänel, J., Köhler, S., Köhler, C., Schumann, M., Use, G., de Valk, H. W., Blankestijn, J. G., de Bruin, H. J., Bottomley, J., Gillam, S., Holmes, J., Murphy, M., Madani, S. F., Müller, R., Hunger Dathe, W., Grüßer, M., Roien, D., Hussain, M., Vibe-Petersen, J., Braun, A., Schiel, R., Höfer, A., Leppert, K., Trento, M., Passera, P., Tomalino, M., Bajardi, M., Vaccari, P., Pagnozzi, F., Pomero, F., Molinatti, G. M., Porta, M., Blaauwwiekel, E. E., Hania, M., Scholten-Jaegers, S. M. H. J., Links, T. P., Perciun, R., Dumitrescu, C., Skeie, S., Thue, G., Sandberg, S., Nordfeldt, S., Ludvigsson, J., García, Rosario, Suárez, Rolando, Henry, J. L., Kangas, M., Wilson, P. H., Pibernik, M., Szabo, S., Metelko, Ž., González-Clemente, J. M., Galdon, G., De Pedro, B., Fontanals, Ll., Miñarro, A., Topsever, P., Azık, A., Karşıdaǧ, K., Dündar, Y., Şengül, A., Vileikyte, L., Apostolou, T., Tomenson, B., Bundy, C. H., Gokal, R., Gormley, D. A., Baksi, A. K., Hrachovinová, T., Csémy, L., Bartášková, D., Krch, F. D., Gåfvels, M. C., Lithner, F., Branchtein, L., Matos, M. C. G., Gaio, D., Yamashita, T., Pousada, J. M. D. C., Duncan, B. B., Schmidt, M. I., Buchanan, T. A., Xiang, A. H., Tan, S., Peters, R. K., Trigo, E., Kjos, S. L., Lee, W. P., Azen, S., Ilic, S., Mezic, J., Pettitt, D. J., Bastyr, E. J., Camps, I., Salcedo, M. D., Rius, F., Rubio, M., Baptista, C., Martins, T., Ruas, M. M. 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S., Saponara, C., Tartaglione, T., Cercone, S., Caputo, S., Meloni, T., Brunetti, D., Di Lazzaro, V., Xu, G., Jiang, H. Y., Shy, M. E., Sugimoto, K., Zhang, W.-X., Kuchmerovskaya, T., Donchenko, G., Shymansky, I., Kuchmerovsky, N., Pakyrbaeva, L., Cameron, N. E., Keegan, A., Cotter, M. A., Mirrlees, D., Smale, S. E., Biessels, G. J., Duis, S. E. J., Kamal, A., Gispen, W. H., Carrington, A., Carman, S., Smiarowski, H., Lavoie, D., Sawicki, D., Sabetta, A., Litchfield, J., Van Zandt, M., Sredy, J., Smirnova, V., Strokov, I., Ivanova, L., Ichunina, A., Nakamura, J., Nakayama, M., Hamada, Y., Chaya, S., Kato, K., Kasuya, Y., Mizubayashi, R., Miwa, K., Yasuda, Y., Kamiya, H., Hotta, N., Bíró, K., Kukorelli, T., Szilágyi, N., Kürthy, M., Komáromy, A., Mogyorosi, T., Nagy, K., Çakir, M., Baskal, N., Güllü, S., Elhan, A. H., Erdogan, G., Ziegler, D., Piolot, R., Neubauer, J., Senesi, B., Bonetti, R., Napolitano, A., Canepa, F., Ottonello, P., Schabmann, A., Giménez-Pérez, G., Arroyo, J. A., López, T., Ponz, E., Mauricio, D., Diem, P., Zanchin, L., Suter, S. L., Lefrandt, J. D., Smit, A., van Roon, A. M., Dullaart, R., Voita, D., Mackevics, V., Vitols, A., Lengyel, Cs., Farkas, Gy., Török, T., Légrády, P., Várkonyi, T. T., Kardos, A., Gingl, Z., Kempler, P., Rudas, L., Lonovics, J., Marchand, M., Stevens, L. K., Tarnás, Gy., Estrella, F., Christensen, N. J., Keresztes, K., Barna, I., Hermányi, Zs., Vargha, P., Bonnevie, L., Chanudet, X., Larroque, P., Tutuncu, N. Bascil, Deger, A., Batur, M. K., Yildirir, A., Onalan, O., Aksöyek, S., Kabakçι, G., Erbaş, T., Galicka-Latała, D., Surdacki, A., Gerritsen, J., TenVoorde, B. J., Heethaar, R. M., Tagawa, T. S., Kodama, M., Yoshioka, R., Yamasaki, Y., Didangelos, T., Athyros, V., Kontopoulos, A., Papageorgiou, A., Karamitsos, D., Lacigová, S., Rušavý, Z., Kárová, R., Perrild, H., Kay, L., Jørgensen, T., Bień, A. I., Witek, P., Geraldes, Elizabete, Rodrigues, D., Pereira, L., Doménech, A., Leitão, P., Anagnostopoulos, D., Foster, A. V. M., Nag, S., Barsoum, M., Lewis, G., Dunlop, N., Connolly, V., Bilous, R., Kelly, W., Chantelau, E., Gede, A., Sharman, D., O’Halloran, D., Best, C., Abbas, Z. G., Lutale, J., Gill, G. V., Jarvis, W. R., Archibald, L. K., Corcoran, S., Mansell, J., Pibworth, L., Terada, H., Shiba, T., Utugi, N., Utugi, T., Blum, M., Strobel, J., Höffken, K., Razvi, F. M., Kritzinger, E. E., Taylor, K., Jones, S., Illahi, W., Grüβer, M., Hartmann, P., Hoffstadt, K., van Leiden, H. A., Moll, A. C., Polak, B. C. P., Pietragalla, G. B., Maurino, M., Montanaro, M., Karadeniz, Ş., Tommasini, P., Quadrini, C., Demiraj, V., Rispoli, E., Ota, A., Takama, H., Saito, N., Hemández, C., Lepore, D., Antico, L., Giardina, B., Franconi, F., Michoud, E., Chamot, S., Riva, Ch., Hammes, H.-P., Renner, O., Breier, G., Lin, J., Alt, A., Betzholtz, C., Bretzel, R. G., Manti, R., Gallo, M., Molinar Hin, A., Brignardello, E., Boccuzzi, G., Li, Shanfang, Xiang, Kunsan, Zhang, Rugeng, Shangguan, Xinhong, Wu, Jianrong, Donnan, P. T., Broomhall, J., Hunter, K., Morris, A. D., Ioannidis, G., Peppa, M., Rontogianni, E., Kallifronas, M., Lekatsas, I., Chrysanthopoulou, G., Anthopoulos, L., Kesse, M., Thalassinos, N., Neves, C., Medina, J. L., Lopes, F., Yılmaz, M., Güvener, N., Güvener, M., Kocagöz, T., Böke, E., Paşaoglu, I., Bascil Tutuncu, N., Oto, A., Karvonen, M. K., Koulu, M., Pesonen, U., Mercuri, M., Rauramaa, R., Rutter, M. K., Kestevan, P., McComb, J. M., Marshall, S. M., Sobieska, M., Wiktorowicz, K., Kanters, S. D. J. M., Banga, J. D., Algra, A., Frijns, C. J. M., Beutler, J. J., Fijnheer, R., Nicoloff, G., Baydanoff, S., Stanimirova, N., Petrova, Ch., Lario, S., Campistol, J. M., Cases, A., Clària, J., Iñigo, P., Esmatjcs, E., Sármán, B., Tóth, M., Kocsis, I., Somogyi, A., Bumbure, A., Jachimowicz, K., Samson, J., Tomasiak, M., Sobol, A., Stańczyk, L., Watala, C., Stradina, P., Wiśniewska-Jarosińska, M., Marciniak, D., Więcławska, B., Watała, C., Golański, J., Zinnat, R., Mahmud, I., Büyükasik, Yahya, Demiroğlu, H., Szczepanik, A., Skowroński, M., Murawska, A., Meeking, D. R., Allard, S., Munday, J., Chowienczyk, P., Shaw, K. M., Cummings, M. H., Šimková, R., Jirsa, M., Hadoke, P. W. F., McIntyre, C. A., Jones, G. C., Williams, B. C., Elliott, A. I., McKnight, J. A., Pernow, J., Bombonato, G. C., Finucci, G. F., Zotta, L., Senses, V., Ozyazgan, S., Ince, E., Tunçdemir, M., Oztürk, M., Sultuybek, G., Akkan, A. G., Özyazgan, S., Unlücerci, Y., Bekpınar, S., Meyer, M. F., Lee, B. C., Shore, A. C., Humphreys, J. M., Tooke, J. E., Dell’Omo, G., Giovannitti, G., Caricato, F., Mariani, M., Pedrinelli, R., Kiviet-Boehm, C., Schwelling, V., Matthäei, S., Pfohl, M., McInerney, D., Itoh, H., Ohno, T., Katoh, N., Baumgartner-Parzer, S., Artwohl, M., Graier, W., Ludwig, C., Tachi, Y., Bannai, C., Shinohara, M., Shimpuku, H., Ohura, K., Bertacca, A., Sasvári, M., Szaleczki, E., Pusztai, P., Boes, U., Klaus, E., Dittrich, P., Wagner, Z., Wittmann, I., Pótó, L., Wagner, L., Mazák, I., Nagy, J., Feletto, F., Taboga, C., Tonutti, L., Lizzio, S., Russo, A., Selmo, V., Ceriello, A., Lekakis, J., Papamichael, C. M., Stamatelopoulos, K., Stamatelopoulos, S., Yillar, D. O., Gay, M., Lillaz, E., Passaro, A., Vanini, A., Calzoni, F., D’Elia, K., Carantoni, M., Zuliani, G., Fellin, R., Solini, A., Chwatko, G., Bald, E., Dramais, A.-S., Wallemacq, P. E., Vandeleene, B., Ciaria, M. V., Ariano, M., Strom, R., Gibney, J., Weiss, U., Turner, B., O’Gorman, P., Watts, G., Powrie, J., Crook, M., Shaw, K., and Cummings, M.
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- 1999
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235. Why does diabetic autonomic neuropathy predict IDDM mortality? An analysis from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study
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Orchard, T. J., Lloyd, C. E., Maser, R. E., and Kuller, L. H.
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- 1996
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236. High mortality from unidentified CVD in IDDM: time to start screening?
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Portuese, E. I., Kuller, L., Becker, D., Ellis, D., Lloyd, C. E., and Orchard, T. J.
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- 1995
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237. The investigation of age at onset as a risk factor for mortality in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus using Cox proportional hazards models.
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Kostraba, J N, Dorman, J S, LaPorte, R E, Kuller, L H, Orchard, T J, Becker, D J, and Drash, A L
- Abstract
Proportional hazards models measuring the effect of age at onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on mortality risk are presented. The study population consisted of 924 insulin-dependent diabetic patients who were seen within 1 year of diagnosis at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between 1950 and 1981 and were more than 20 years old at follow-up. Age at diabetes onset was categorized as prepubertal or pubertal, defined by age. Individuals with pubertal onset of diabetes had a significantly higher risk of mortality compared with those with prepubertal onset by diabetes duration but not by attained age. It is proposed that age at onset is an independent determinant of mortality in diabetic individuals and may represent either heterogeneity within insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with respect to long-term prognosis or an interactive effect of diabetes duration and puberty on prognosis.
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- 1991
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238. The epidemiology of diabetes complications study. IV. Correlates of diabetic background and proliferative retinopathy.
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Kostraba, J N, Klein, R, Dorman, J S, Becker, D J, Drash, A L, Maser, R E, and Orchard, T J
- Abstract
The roles of potential risk factors for background and proliferative retinopathy were evaluated in cross-sectional analyses from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This report presents results from the 657 insulin-dependent diabetic participants seen at the baseline examination (1986-1988). The presence of and severity of retinopathy were judged from stereoscopic photographs of three views of the ocular fundus using the modified Airlie House classification system. Fifty-three percent of the participants had background retinopathy, and 31% had proliferative retinopathy. Logistic regression analyses showed that among participants aged less than 18 years, those with background retinopathy were older and had higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin compared with those without retinopathy. In the 18-29-year age group, participants with background retinopathy had a longer duration of diabetes, higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and were more likely to have microalbuminuria compared with those without retinopathy. Participants aged 18-29 years with proliferative retinopathy had a longer duration of diabetes, higher diastolic blood pressure, and higher fibrinogen and LDL cholesterol levels than those with background retinopathy. In the age group greater than or equal to 30 years, diabetes duration, diastolic blood pressure, and fibrinogen, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were increased in participants with proliferative retinopathy versus those with background retinopathy. In a multivariate model of proliferative retinopathy, controlling for concurrent renal disease weakened the influence of blood pressure, fibrinogen, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol and improved the overall fit of the model. These results suggest that diabetic nephropathy may contribute to the development of proliferative (but not background) retinopathy by increasing blood pressure and fibrinogen, by altering the lipoprotein profile, and possibly through other mechanisms.
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- 1991
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239. Physical activity, insulin sensitivity, and the lipoprotein profile in young adults: the Beaver County Study.
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Donahue, R P, Orchard, T J, Becker, D J, Kuller, L H, and Drash, A L
- Abstract
Higher levels of physical activity have been related to higher concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower concentrations of triglycerides. To test the hypothesis that the association between physical activity and the lipoprotein profile is mediated at least in part through increased insulin sensitivity, the authors measured fasting serum levels of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, and glucose in 87 men and 83 women (aged 20-24 years) from a population-based survey in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, in 1981-1982. An insulin sensitivity index was calculated as the reciprocal of the insulin and glucose product multiplied by 10,000. Univariate analysis among men indicates that HDL cholesterol was positively related to insulin sensitivity (r = 0.24, p less than 0.05) and to the physical activity score as assessed with Paffenbarger's questionnaire (r = 0.21, p less than 0.05). Insulin sensitivity and physical activity score were positively related (r = 0.14), although not significantly (p = 0.21). Triglycerides were inversely related to both physical activity (r = -0.22, p less than 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (r = -0.19, p = 0.07). No significant findings among women were noted. Multivariate results indicate that the relation between physical activity and the male lipoprotein profile is reduced after controlling for the effects of insulin sensitivity (p greater than 0.10). The authors conclude that in these young men the beneficial effect of physical activity is likely to be partially mediated by increased insulin sensitivity. The lack of findings among women suggests that sex hormones may influence the association between insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein lipids.
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- 1988
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240. Cognitive dysfunction in adults with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus of long duration: effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia and other chronic complications
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Ryan, C., Williams, T., Finegold, D., and Orchard, T.
- Abstract
To examine the long-term effects of recurrent severe hypoglycaemia and other biomedical complications on mental efficiency, a battery of cognitive tests was administered to 142 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic adult patients (age 33.5±5.6 years; mean ±SD) and 100 demographically similar non-diabetic control subjects. All diabetic subjects had been diagnosed before the age of 17 years. Diabetic subjects with one or more complications (distal symmetrical polyneuropathy; advanced background or proliferative retinopathy; overt nephropathy; one or more episodes of severe hypoglycaemia) performed significantly (p<0.001) more poorly than non-diabetic control subjects on tests requiring sustained attention, rapid analysis of visuospatial detail, and hand eye co-ordination. Regression analyses indicated that the best biomedical predictor of cognitive test performance was a diagnosis of polyneuropathy. Although severe recurrent hypoglycaemia was not associated with performance on any test, the neuropathy × recurrent hypoglycaemia interaction term was significant. These results suggest that in adults with Type 1 diabetes of long duration, recurrent hypoglycaemia does not appear to influence cognitive performance directly, but may interact with neuropathy to exaggerate or otherwise magnify the extent of neurobehavioural dysfunction.
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- 1993
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241. Peripheral arthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular distribution and natural history.
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R, Orchard T, P, Wordsworth B, and P, Jewell D
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Peripheral arthropathy is a well-recognised complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Little is known of its natural history, but a variety of joint involvement has been described, from large joint pauciarticular arthropathy to a rheumatoid pattern polyarthropathy. AIMS: To classify the peripheral arthropathies according to pattern of articular involvement, and study their natural history and clinical associations. METHODS: The case notes of all patients attending the Oxford IBD clinic were reviewed, and information on general disease characteristics, extraintestinal features, and arthropathy extracted. This was confirmed by direct patient interview using questionnaires at routine follow up. Patients with recorded joint swelling or effusion were classified as type 1 (pauciarticular) if less than five joints were involved and type 2 (polyarticular) if five or more were involved. Patients without evidence of swelling were classified as arthralgia. RESULTS: In total, 976 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 483 with Crohn's disease (CD) were reviewed. Type 1 occurred in 3.6% of patients with UC (83% acute and self-limiting) and in 6.0% of those with CD (79% self-limiting); 83% and 76%, respectively, were associated with relapsing IBD. Type 2 occurred in 2.5% of patients with UC and 4.0% of those with CD; 87% and 89%, respectively, caused persistent symptoms whereas only 29% and 42%, respectively, were associated with relapsing IBD. CONCLUSION: Enteropathic peripheral arthropathy without axial involvement can be subdivided into a pauciarticular, large joint arthropathy, and a bilateral symmetrical polyarthropathy, each being distinguished by its articular distribution and natural history.
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- 1998
242. Do Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Complexes Relate to the Complications of Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus? Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study
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Maser, R. E., Ellis, D., Erbey, J. R., and Orchard, T. J.
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- 1997
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243. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, physical activity, and death.
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Moy, C S, Songer, T J, LaPorte, R E, Dorman, J S, Kriska, A M, Orchard, T J, Becker, D J, and Drash, A L
- Abstract
The beneficial effect of physical activity in the general population is well known, but, to the authors' knowledge, has not been reported for persons with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In a cohort of 548 diabetes patients followed as part of the Pittsburgh Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus Morbidity and Mortality Study, physical activity was ascertained by survey in 1981, and mortality was ascertained through January 1, 1988. Cases were also compared with non-diabetic sibling controls. Activity level among cases varied inversely with the occurrence of diabetic complications. Overall activity level was inversely related to mortality risk. Sedentary males (< 1,000 kcal/week) were three times more likely to die than active males (> 2,000 kcal/week). A similar, but statistically nonsignificant, relation was seen in females. Cox proportional hazards analysis controlling for potential confounders (age, body mass index, insulin dose, reported diabetes complications, cigarette smoking, and current alcohol drinking) similarly revealed that activity level was inversely associated with mortality risk. Comparison of cases with non-diabetic sibling controls identified similar activity levels for the two groups. The results suggest that activity is not detrimental with regard to mortality, and may in fact provide a beneficial effect in terms of longevity in diabetes patients.
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- 1993
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244. Autoimmunity and genetics contribute to the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in families: islet cell antibodies and HLA DQ heterodimers.
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Lipton, R B, Kocova, M, LaPorte, R E, Dorman, J S, Orchard, T J, Riley, W J, Drash, A L, Becker, D J, and Trucco, M
- Abstract
The risk for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) associated with genetic susceptibility markers at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQA1 and DQB1 loci was evaluated among individuals with and those without islet cell antibodies. A total of 108 antibody-positive parents and siblings of IDDM patients from the Pittsburgh registry were identified among 1,592 who were screened. HLA-DQ molecular typing was performed on 79 of these individuals and on 78 antibody-negative relatives. There were similar proportions of homozygotes for both of the diabetogenic alleles DQA1 arginine-52 (R/R) and DQB1 non-aspartate-57 (nD/nD) among the antibody-positive and antibody-negative relatives (19.0 and 15.4%, respectively). However, subsequent development of IDDM was restricted to individuals who were both antibody positive and carried the potential to make at least one diabetogenic DQ heterodimer. A dose-response effect was observed among the antibody-positive relatives, in which two of 18 capable of generating one diabetogenic heterodimer and six of 29 generating two heterodimers became insulin requiring. Nine of 15 who were homozygous for both R/R and nD/nD, coding exclusively for diabetogenic variants, became diabetic over the course of the follow-up. With a multivariate model, the relative risk for IDDM among those with islet cell antibodies who were also R/R and nD/nD was estimated to be 229.3 compared with those lacking both, after age and sex were controlled for. The data suggest that while autoimmunity, indicated by the presence of cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies may be relatively common, it progresses only in those with variant HLA-DQ molecules.
- Published
- 1992
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245. Clustering of premature mortality in 1,761 insulin-dependent diabetics and their family members.
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Norris, J M, Dorman, J S, LaPorte, R E, Rewers, M, Gavard, J A, Orchard, T J, Becker, D J, Drash, A L, and Kuller, L H
- Abstract
The clustering of premature mortality was investigated in 1,761 insulin-dependent diabetics and their family members from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Registry from 1950-1981. At follow-up, 5% of the mothers and 13% of the fathers were deceased. Life table analyses revealed that fathers of deceased diabetics were significantly more likely to die prematurely than fathers of living diabetics (18% vs. 8% at age 55 years; p = 0.02). A father-diabetic son concordance of mortality appeared to be responsible for this effect. A similar overall trend was observed for maternal mortality, although the difference was not statistically significant. Cause-specific analyses revealed that the increased paternal mortality was primarily the result of cardiovascular disease. Overall mortality rates of parents of deceased diabetics were higher than those of the general population, reaching statistical significance in the age group 35-44 years (p less than 0.05). Mortality among diabetic siblings was also examined. Diabetic siblings of deceased diabetics had a markedly increased risk of dying compared with diabetic siblings of living diabetics (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that premature mortality among both diabetic and nondiabetic relatives of diabetics clusters in families in which there is a deceased insulin-dependent diabetic, and suggest that the marked increase in mortality among persons with insulin-dependent diabetes may be partly under familial control.
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- 1989
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246. Lipids and lipoproteins in a young adult population. The Beaver County Lipid Study.
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Donahue, R P, Orchard, T J, Kuller, L H, and Drash, A L
- Abstract
Though atherosclerosis may have its origins in childhood, intervention studies on coronary heart disease risk factors have usually begun in older adults. Whether young adults exhibit similar relationships of lifestyle to coronary heart disease risk factors, and therefore might be suitable candidates for appropriate intervention, is poorly understood. The Beaver County Lipid Study is a 9-year follow-up study of a free-living young adult population (mean age 22 years) who were initially screened for hypercholesterolemia as seventh grade school children. This report focuses upon cross-sectional correlates of lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 561 individuals (males n = 262; females n = 299) in 1981-1982. Body mass index was positively related to low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides in men (r = 0.21; p less than 0.001 and r = 0.41; p less than 0.001) and women (r = 0.16; p less than 0.001 and r = 0.20; p less than 0.001). Cigarette smoking was inversely associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in men (r = -0.11; p less than 0.001) and women (r = -0.20; p less than 0.001) but positively related to triglycerides in both sexes (r = 0.10; p = 0.05 for men and r = 0.19; p less than 0.01 for women). Alcohol consumption was positively related to HDL cholesterol and triglycerides only among men (r = 0.19; p less than 0.001 and r = 0.12; p less than 0.05, respectively). Educational achievement was also positively related to HDL cholesterol in men (p less than 0.01) and women (p less than 0.001). Multivariate analyses indicate that the sex difference in LDL cholesterol was largely eliminated by controlling for body mass index while significant sex differences in both HDL cholesterol and triglycerides remained after controlling for covariates. Results suggest that the known associations in older adults of body mass index and health-related behavior with lipoproteins are well established by young adulthood. Early intervention particularly for obesity may help ameliorate some of the male excess in cardiovascular disease risk.
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- 1985
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247. Multivariate analyses of the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for siblings of insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
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Cavender, D E, Wagener, D K, Orchard, T J, LaPorte, R E, Becker, D J, and Kuller, L H
- Abstract
Multivariate models for the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for siblings of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes were developed using logistic regression analysis. The individuals studied in this report are full siblings of the insulin-dependent diabetic patients diagnosed at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between 1964 and 1982. For all siblings considered together, the sharing of two (but not one) HLA haplotypes, the presence of insulin-dependent diabetes in a parent, and being relatively young at the time the proband in the family was diagnosed were significantly associated with increased risk. On the other hand, B7 + siblings had a significantly decreased risk compared to B7--siblings, indicating the presence of an HLA-linked protective gene for the development of the disease. There was a significant interaction between sharing two HLA haplotypes and maternal age at the time of birth; for non-HLA-identical siblings, risk increased with increased maternal age, but maternal age had little or no effect on the risk for HLA-identical siblings. When non-HLA-identical siblings (0 or 1 HLA haplotypes shared) were analyzed separately, only the presence of insulin-dependent diabetes in one of the parents and increased maternal age at the time of birth of the sibling were found to be significantly associated with increased risk. Both of the totally non-HLA-identical diabetic siblings (neither HLA haplotype shared) in this data set had a parent with insulin-dependent diabetes, indicating that at least one HLA haplotype must be inherited in common with an affected family member for diabetes to develop. For HLA-identical siblings, the significant variables were the age of the sibling when the proband was diagnosed, the possession of B7, and maternal age at the time of birth of the sibling, and all three were negatively associated with risk.
- Published
- 1984
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248. The relation between serum albumin levels and risk of coronary heart disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.
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Kuller, L H, Eichner, J E, Orchard, T J, Grandits, G A, McCallum, L, and Tracy, R P
- Abstract
The relation between serum albumin levels and subsequent incidence of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease deaths was evaluated using stored serum from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). There were 91 coronary heart disease deaths, 113 myocardial infarction patients, and 405 controls matched to cases within 5 years of age, treatment group, and clinic site. There was a highly significant inverse relation between serum albumin level and risk of coronary heart disease. Individuals with a baseline level of serum albumin greater than or equal to 4.7 g/dl had an odds ratio of 0.45 as compared with individuals with a baseline level of serum albumin less than 4.4 g/dl. The relation persisted after adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, smoking, and serum cholesterol). The association was stronger for coronary heart disease deaths than for surviving myocardial infarction patients, and for cigarette smokers as compared with cigarette nonsmokers. The deaths studied occurred in the time period at least 6 years after the sera had been obtained and up to 10.5 years of follow-up, and the myocardial infarctions studied occurred within the first 6.5 years of follow-up. There was no consistent relation between time and death due to coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction and albumin levels. Albumin levels are related to the acute phase reaction. Lower albumin levels may be a marker of persistent injury to arteries and progression of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The consistent relation between albumin and coronary heart disease risk requires further evaluation.
- Published
- 1991
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249. Markedly increased renal disease mortality and incidence of renal replacement therapy among IDDM patients in Japan in contrast to Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA
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Matsushima, M., Tajima, N., LaPorte, R., Orchard, T., Tull, E., Gower, I., and Kitagawa, T.
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate factors related to the markedly increased risk of dying from diabetic renal disease in Japanese insulin-dependent diabetic patients compared to those in the USA. The study was based on two population-based cohorts consisting of 1374 cases from Japan and 995 cases from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA, who were diagnosed between 1 January 1965 and 31 December 1979. The living status and dialysis experience were determined as of 1 January 1990. The duration-adjusted renal-failure-related mortality rates in the Japanese cohort and the USA cohort were 277.2 and 130.9 per 100,000 person-years, and the duration-adjusted incidence rates of dialysis were 564.9 and 295.6 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age at onset, calendar year of onset, and duration of diabetes, individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes in the Japanese cohort were still 2.4-fold more likely to receive dialysis compared to those in the USA cohort. Ten of the 36 renal-failure-related deaths in the Japanese cohort had never been treated by dialysis, while all renal-failure-related deaths in the USA cohort had been treated by dialysis. Survival after initiation of dialysis in the Japanese cohort was virtually the same as the USA cohort. These data suggest that a greater frequency of diabetic end-stage renal disease and reduced access to acceptance at dialysis underlie much of the excess of diabetic renal deaths in Japan.
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- 1995
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250. Glucose tolerance in siblings of Type 1 diabetic patients relationship to HLA status
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Orchard, T., Wagener, D., Rabin, B., LaPorte, R., Cavender, D., Kuller, L., Drash, A., and Becker, D.
- Abstract
In this report, we present an analysis of glucose and insulin responses during oral glucose tolerance tests in 369 siblings of Type 1 diabetic patients. All have been HLA typed at the A, B and C loci. Though most had normal glucose tolerance by National Diabetes Data Group criteria (92% of the males and 95% of the females), siblings who shared both HLA haplotypes with the diabetic patient in the family had higher mean 3-hour glucose areas than those who shared one or neither HLA haplotype (p< 0.01). This difference was more marked in males and older siblings. Insulin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two groups except that, for those aged <16 years, the group sharing both haplotypes had lower fasting insulin concentrations (p= 0.05); for 16–29 year olds, the corresponding group had marginally higher 3-hour insulin areas than the remainder of siblings (p= 0.17). Little association with specific haplotypes (A1B8or A2B15) was seen. Multivariate analyses, adjusting for age and obesity, eliminated the 3-h glucose difference in females by HLA sharing status (p= 0.37) although in males it remained significant (p< 0.001). Failure to account for age, sex and obesity may explain some of the conflicts in the reported literature. The glucose tolerance differences seen by HLA haplotype sharing status did not correlate with the presence of anti-islet cell antibodies. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the HLA identical siblings, particularly males, have different (i. e. worse) glucose tolerance than their haplo-identical and non-HLA identical siblings.
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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