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Based on fundamental research of above-threshold-power laser radiation by C. Townes (laser beam splitting) and G. A. Askaryan (self-focusing and sublimation evaporation), a new highperformance technology for growing nanowhiskers of metal and their oxides, semiprecious crystals, and composite materials based on polycarbonate in open air is developed. Some possibilities of its practical applications are shown.

SUMMARY It is evident that even outside the classical high ozone areas some plant species are at risk. In this study seedlings of five birch clones (Betula pendula Roth.) were exposed to a slightly elevated ozone level in an open-field experiment over two growing seasons. The ozone doses were 1.2 × (1991) and 15 × (1992) higher than the ambient. The clones were also fumigated with 150 nl I1 ozone for 24 d (12 h d−1) in a chamber experiment. They were found to differ in their susceptibility to ozone: ozone fumigation decreased the height growth and leaf biomass, and increased the amount of advanced visible injury in leaves of the most sensitive clone, but did not affect the height growth or amount of visible injury of the most tolerant clone. The other three clones were intermediate with respect to their sensitivity to ozone. In all clones, elevated O3 concentrations increased diffusive resistance to water vapour but increased the stomatal density in the emerging leaves. The appearance of autumn colouring was accelerated in the field experiments. The results support the conclusion that birch populations in Finland can be negatively affected by ozone. The effect is most likely in sensitive birch individuals during ozone episodes.

At a time when everything becomes art, art no longer belongs to itself, to the point of overflowing from the frames that have enclosed it for several centuries – museums, galleries, churches – with unprecedented effects not only in the field of aesthetics, but above all in ordinary life. To understand this in depth, it is necessary to take into account the digital reproducibility of the work of art as a dynamic that upsets the relationship between work and spectator, subject and object, politics and everyday life. From the second half of the 18th century onwards, we saw a dynamic of "aestheticization of the public" parallel to the birth of the cultural industry and, therefore, the transformation of culture into merchandise. It is an ambiguous process, as it implies the emergence of the mass as the central subject of our culture, but also its definitive reification. What about aesthetics in such a condition? This study explores the genology and history of this process by updating Walter Benjamin's thinking in relation to the cultural emergencies of our time. In particular, it seems essential to understand what happens to the aura in the context of a condition in which the aesthetic object, the work of art and, more generally, the area that concerns beauty is available, used and consumed in everyday life, to the point of placing our cities as "open air museums".

The Open-Air Laboratory is a novel concept developed by the EU-funded Operandum project (OPEn-air laboRAtories for Nature baseD solutions to Manage Environmental risk) to co-design, implement and assess the effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs). In this work we present the Open-Air Laboratory Italy (OAL-Italy) and discuss the application of the OAL as a framework for the development of innovative NBSs to mitigate the impact of hydro-meteorological hazards in present and future climate. By combining consolidated practices in an original multidisciplinary frame, the OAL-Italy deploys novel modelling strategies, laboratory measurements and targeted monitoring open-field campaigns. In three operational sites, the NBSs are implemented via a co-design, co-development and co-deployment approach based on a thorough interaction with key stakeholders. By describing the structure and the approach of the OAL we illustrate salient features of the methodology developed in Operandum that are instrumental for the replicability and the upscaling of the NBSs. Presented results address the use of the NBSs to mitigate a range of hydrometeorological hazards such as coastal erosion, flooding, storm surge and salt wedge intrusion. Innovative NBSs tested and developed by the OAL include: deep-rooted plants installed on a river embankment to prevent levee failures, special plants that can live in high salt concentration and remove salt from the river mouth water, an artificial dune and marine seagrass to mitigate the impact of storm surges and coastal erosion. We argue that the OAL constitutes an unprecedented holistic effort towards sustainable land management, adaptation to climate change and the acceptance of Nature-Based Solutions.

Glaciological phenomena can have a strong impact on human activities in terms of hazards and freshwater supply. Therefore, scientific observation and continuous monitoring are fundamental to investigate their current state and recent evolution. Strong efforts in this field have been spent in the Grandes Jorasses massif (Mont Blanc area), where several break-offs and avalanches from the Planpincieux Glacier and the Whymper Serac (Grandes Jorasses Massif) threatened the Planpincieux hamlet in the past. In the last decade, multiple close-range remote sensing surveys have been conducted to study the glaciers.Two time-lapse cameras monitor the Planpincieux Glacier since 2013. Its surface kinematics is measured with digital image correlation. Image analysis techniques allowed at classifying different instability processes that cause break-offs and at estimating their volume. The investigation revealed possible break-off precursors and a monotonic relationship between glacier velocity and break-off volume, which might help for risk evaluation.A robotised total station monitors the Whymper Serac since 2009. The extreme high-mountain conditions force to replace periodically the stakes of the prism network that are lost.In addition to these permanent monitoring systems, five campaigns with different commercial terrestrial interferometric radars have been conducted between 2013 and 2019. In 2020, two terrestrial GBSAR were installed for the improvement of the monitoring network of both glaciers. The adopted monitoring network is also composed by a Doppler radar that controls the potential detachment of ice blocks from the frontal part of the Planpincieux glacier. Besides, helicopter-borne LiDAR, terrestrial laser scanner and structure from motion applied to photo mosaics acquired by helicopter and UAV provided a dense series of high-resolution DTMs. Finally, new helicopter ground-penetrating radar campaigns were conducted in 2020 to evaluate the Planpincieux and Grandes Jorasses glaciers' thickness.The survey activity conducted in the Grandes Jorasses area in the last decade is probably one of the most variegated in the European Alps. Thereby, this area has become an open-air laboratory for experimenting with new technological or methodological solutions for glaciological close-range remote sensing monitoring which might be applicable in other contexts.

Human wastewater emissions can cause amongst other impacts a nutrient surplus in the connected river systems. Nutrient uptake in the river system is driven by the interaction of hydraulic, ecological, and biogeochemical conditions and processes. Hence, information about these complex interactions would allow better predicting the metabolism of fluvial environments. Within this study, we attempt to quantify in-stream nitrogen transformation processes with regard to hydraulic system characteristics as well as ecological characteristics such as vegetation cover, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentrations and solar radiation. From 07 - 09/2019, four nutrient-addition-experiments were carried out in a continuous flow open air stream-mesocosm, comprising a 32.5 m highly aerated stream section (rifle) with a mean slope of 23 %, where low water levels and fast flow velocities characterize the hydraulic boundary conditions leading into a 9 m³ slowly flowing pool section (pool) with a mean depth of about 0.3 m and a spur dike increasing the residence time. The circulation of the system is driven by an electrical pumping system at the downstream end of the pool covering a flow range of 1 - 3.5 l/s. Floating algae and saturated oxygen conditions characterize the rifle section while the pool section is partly vegetated by algae, phragmites, typha and others and shows diurnal cycles of dissolved oxygen concentrations remaining most of the time below the oxygen saturation concentration. The system as a whole is decoupled from the underground with a tarp that is covered with a gravel-layer of about 3 - 8 cm depth. Additionally, the ground of the pool section is covered by an organic litter layer of about 5 cm depth. Depending on the flow rates, the residence time in the rifle section varies between 5 - 15 min while the residence time in the pool changes from 25 – 75 min, accordingly. After nutrient-additions (Ammonium chloride and Monobasic potassium phosphate) at 10:00 water samples were taken at the downstream end of both sub-systems, with an increasing frequency of 30 min to 3 hours for the next five days. Interpolating the outlet concentrations of each system as input concentrations for the next system continuous changes in ammonium, nitrate and phosphate concentrations were identified for each system separately.The results show that the combined ecosystems promote different types of reactions and processes in different parts of the system. The rifle induced highly aerated oxic conditions, promoting biological oxidation of ammonium consistently. On the other hand, the pool section produced limited oxic environments and longer residence times where denitrification occured, reaching the highest rates when the vegetation cover increased. Throughout the complete experimental period, phosphate transformation presented a stable behavior regardless of the environmental conditions. Therefore, spatial decoupling allowed us to demonstrate that in-stream nitrogen cycling depends on the enduring variation and combination of local ecological and hydrological factors which occur in natural streams frequently.

The open-air site Feuersteinacker near Stumpertenrod has yielded one of the largest lithic assemblages in Central Germany. It repeatedly served as a workshop for the production of stone tools during an early phase of the Mesolithic. The range of lithic raw materials is extremely diverse, but until today, there is only a limited number of archaeological studies on the occurrence of lithic resources in the area. The following study presents the first in-depth investigation of the use of different rock types by Mesolithic hunter?fisher?gatherers at the site. Provenance analyses using petrographic methods permit raw materials to be assigned to a specific source and provide new insights into their formation. Furthermore, this study explores the way in which the materials were processed throughout the reduction sequence. A comparison of topographic parameters suggests that the location was situated on an important transit route during prehistoric times. The presented results contribute to a better understanding of mobility patterns and subsistence strategies of Early Mesolithic groups in Central Germany. The open-air site Feuersteinacker near Stumpertenrod has yielded one of the largest lithic assemblages in Central Germany. It repeatedly served as a workshop for the production of stone tools during an early phase of the Mesolithic. The range of lithic raw materials is extremely diverse, but until today, there is only a limited number of archaeological studies on the occurrence of lithic resources in the area. The following study presents the first in-depth investigation of the use of different rock types by Mesolithic hunter?fisher?gatherers at the site. Provenance analyses using petrographic methods permit raw materials to be assigned to a specific source and provide new insights into their formation. Furthermore, this study explores the way in which the materials were processed throughout the reduction sequence. A comparison of topographic parameters suggests that the location was situated on an important transit route during prehistoric times. The presented results contribute to a better understanding of mobility patterns and subsistence strategies of Early Mesolithic groups in Central Germany.

The synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) with low cost and in large scale is important for a variety of applications. In this work, a facile, non-vacuum solvothermal method was used to synthesize plate-shaped Cu3ZnInSnSe6 (CZITSe) NCs with zincblende structure. Elemental mapping and XPS were utilized to establish the presence of all key elements. The bandgap of these CZITSe NCs is determined to be 1.22 eV. Thin films fabricated from the CZITSe NC suspension show clear photoresponse under illumination of a solar simulator, suggesting that these NCs can be photoabsorbers for thin-film solar cells. This study demonstrates a simple and economical method to synthesize CZITSe NCs with plate shape potentially useful for applications including solar energy conversion.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has revived the debate about the routes of virus transmission and their likelihoods. It is of utmost importance to assess the risks of contamination of susceptible people by infectious individuals and to evaluate the level of viral transmission in the community. Most countries have imposed non-pharmaceutical measures to contain SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including social distancing and mask wearing. Here we evaluated the spreading of viruses in open air using harmless Escherichia coli bacteriophages as a surrogate. Phages were sprayed towards Petri dishes seeded with bacteria at different lengths and angles. Median droplets size was 127 µm, similar to those produced by sneeze. Our results showed that the transmission rate decreased exponentially with distance. The highest recorded transmission rate was 9 × 10−6 PFU/plate when phages were sprayed from a 1 m distance, suggesting that the probability of transmission of a single virus at a 1 m distance is 1:100,000. These results agree with the WHO recommendation that face mask protection in an uncrowded well-ventilated space is not required.

Urechis unicinctus has a wide range of bioactive polypeptides with high edible, economic and medicinal values. As the key technical breakthrough, the artificial breeding is imperative. However, the seedling transport becomes a primary matter, which indicates the indispensability of realizing how Urechis unicinctus responses to various situations. We compared transcriptome of Urechis unicinctus under the dry and ultraviolet irradiation treatment and different temperature. The dataset of the organism in response to water-temperature variety was provided by using the Illumina Hiseq X Ten system, which will be helpful to understand the adaptation of Urechis unicinctus to changing temperature (low, high and room temperature) and open air (ultraviolet and desiccation). The assembly of the transcriptomes was carried out using the isoform sequencing (Iso-seq) method. The functions of expressed genes were annotated and categorized, while the DEGs were presented.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a versatile spectrochemical technique that probes the elemental composition of materials, exploiting the light emitted by a transient plasma generated as a result of the interaction between a short laser pulse and the sample or object being examined. It has been increasingly employed in the analysis of archaeological and historical objects, monuments and works of art for assessing the qualitative, semiquantitative and quantitative elemental content of diverse materials such as pigments, pottery, glass, stone, metals, minerals, biomaterials and fossils. In this chapter, the basic physical background of LIBS is briefly outlined and technical details are presented concerning the instrumentation and how analysis is performed and data are interpreted and used. Case studies are presented to illustrate how LIBS has been employed in support of archaeological science, art history and conservation studies.

Environmental conditions play an important role in the durability and aesthetic appearance of artworks, especially if they are located outdoors. Fortunately for humanity, our ancestors selected the most appropriate materials to build their palaces, monuments and sculptures and thanks to their knowledge we can now contemplate the glory of past empires and artistic movements. Unfortunately, air pollution and climate change endanger our cultural heritage owing to the chemical reactions that produce contaminants over the surface of stone and metallic artworks. However, even in the most favourable conditions, moisture, airborne marine particles, wind, etc., can damage, in a natural way, our cultural heritage. For these reasons, it is important to identify and understand all these weathering processes so as to be able to design conservation and restoration strategies to protect and preserve our cultural heritage for future generations.

This chapter offers some reflections on both historical and contemporary effects of specific influences on conceptions of schools and classrooms, particularly as they influence Aotearoa New Zealand education. Ideas about classrooms and schools are illustrated through images from a variety of contexts and times. These examples and ideas trace how educational changes become reflections of societal challenges. The chapter begins with outlining a background to schools and related institutions and then explores some classroom characteristics before addressing the influence and legacy of the Open Air Schools movement. The chapter outlines changes in thinking about classroom furniture, contemporary challenges and changes, and possible implications of pandemic influences on the nature of classrooms.

Addressing heritage areas by converting into urban open-air museums is considered a distinctive practice. There is a lack of previous studies in evaluating the design standards for open-air museums, the method and criteria for managing them. Therefore, the researchers have developed a previous model by adding the management criteria including resources, operating, maintenance…etc. to sustain the preservation of the heritage urban open-air museum to future generations. They also transformed the theoretical model into a numerical one using statistical methods to produce more accurate and reliable results. Applying the developed evaluation model on Al-Moez Street open-air museum in Cairo, Egypt, the results showed that the evaluation model has significantly improved in terms of evaluating the efficiency of urban heritage open-air museums. The efficiency of Al-Moez Street open-air museum was 51.60%; revealing the success potentials and deficiency features that can be remedied.

Environmental monitoring of pesticide exposure is a key element of the holistic study of pesticides’ effects in human and animal health and the environment. The purpose of the current chapter is to present the existing methods for pesticide environmental monitoring, to give basic information on them, and to support the reader with a number of selected references for a more in-depth study of each one. Under the frame of the current chapter refers to exposure through open air, soil, water, and in-house environments meaning residences. In terms of environmental exposure and water, we refer to sea and freshwater, considering the potable water as part of the area of dietary exposure.

Summary Geophysical methods have proven to overcome the spatial limitations of direct investigations by providing spatio-temporal information about subsurface properties with an adequate resolution in a non-invasive manner. However, the resolved models remain qualitative unless subsequently transformed to the quantitative estimates of the parameters of interest based on a petrophysical model. Petrophysical joint inversion (PJI) approaches permit an improved quantitative estimation of hydrogeological parameters by simultaneously inverting complementary geophysical datasets, e.g., seismic and electric data, related through a common petrophysical parameter. Subsurface models resolved for data collected in fine-grained environments might still be biased if the petrophysical model underlying the PJI framework does not consider the conduction of electric current along the grain-fluid interface. In this study, we present a PJI framework that implicitly takes into account the surface conductivity based DC and instantaneous resistivity data. We apply this PJI approach to data collected in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL; Petzenkirchen, Austria) to solve for hydrogeological parameters relevant for the understanding of surface-groundwater interactions. We discuss the resolved subsurface models with respect to models obtained through a PJI approach neglecting the surface conductivity, demonstrate the good agreement with available direct information and provide an interpretation of the subsurface conditions.

This investigation consisted of developing and evaluating solar dryers together with semi-permeable membrane pouches for drying juicy fruits in low-income tropical countries. Two design iterations were carried out including prototype modelling and testing. The latest developed solar dryers were a passive and an active solar dryer. Modelling was initially carried out mathematically using an equation solver software followed by computational fluid dynamics. Preliminary measurements were carried out on a small-scale solar dryer. Thereafter, full-scale models were developed and tested, both in laboratory and in real conditions in Mozambique. Results from modelling were validated against measurements in laboratory in Sweden and field trials in Mozambique. Prototype building and testing in Mozambique was undertaken in collaboration with local farmers and a university. Measurement results show that the dryers help to prevent microbial growth through increased temperatures. The drying flux was increased by 50% for the passive, and by 100% for the active solar dryers compared to the ambient controls that did not use a solar dryer. The total drying time was below four days for all pouches in the dryers. The active solar dryer was shown to have the shortest drying time and the highest capacity (more pouches) but also the highest costs. Mould growth and juice fermentation were observed on control pouches drying in open air. These problems were solved with the use of solar dryer technology. However, some challenges with the membrane pouches require further development including degradation of the membrane when exposed to direct sunlight.

The ambition of H2020 OPERANDUM project is to develop and document Nature Based Solutions (NBS) to mitigate risks associated with hydro-meteorological (HM) hazards. NBS mitigate risks by reducing the vulnerability of a particular system. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the use of multisource remote sensing data in documenting the impact of extreme HM events to advance knowledge on vulnerability and exposure. In particular the focus is to document past impacts due to extreme events selected from a characterization of recent (3 0 years) HM events in 11 Open Air Laboratories (OALs) where co-design, co-development and deployment of NBS are taking place. The impacts were documented by applying a wide spectrum of satellite image data and other, close - range, remote sensing techniques. A better understanding of the consequences due to extreme HM events in a particular area (OALs) is essential to identify elements at risk and expected to provide a reference to evaluate the reduction of vulnerability and mitigation of risks past the completion of NBS.

We report on the fabrication of highly porous metal-oxide nanostructures by pulsed laser deposition performed in air at atmospheric pressure. The depositions were performed by ablating synthesized ZnO and a mixed target of ZnO and TiO2 as initial materials. The attention was focused on the structure, morphology, optical and photocatalytic properties of the as-deposited nanostructures of the ZnO-TiO2 system. The technology applied leads to the formation of nanostructures composed of nanoparticles. The as-prepared samples possess a high transmittance in the visible and near IR region with an optical band gap in the range of 3.1 - 3.2 eV. It was demonstrated that the as-deposited ZnO and ZnO-TiO2 nanostructures degrade Rhodamine B up to 43 - 44% after 300-min UV irradiation.

This paper presents the findings of a research mission and restoration project, Rupestrian painting in Cappadocia: knowledge, conservation and enhancement, which the University of Tuscia has been conducting in Cappadocia (Turkey) annually since 2006. Carried out in collaboration with our Turkish colleagues from the Archaeological Museum and the Regional Restoration Laboratory of Nevsehir, it is intended to promote knowledge and conservation of the extraordinary wall painting heritage of Cappadocia. Our paper focuses on the materials and techniques of the wall paintings of Cappadocia, based on research carried out over a 13-year period, derived firstly from a survey in the region and then from the experience acquired from conservation projects undertaken at two rock-cut churches, the Church of the Forty Martyrs in Sahinefendi and the New Tokali church in the Goreme Open Air Museum. Findings indicate that the use of different materials and execution techniques can be related to four macro-phases into which we have divided painting practice in Cappadocia. In the overall development of painting up to the eleventh century, there was a general tendency to expand from simplified forms to more complex approaches, which is partly related to the development of more ambitious architectural spaces. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, painting procedures proliferated, which can be associated with the presence of different workshops coexisting in the extended territory between the Open Air Museum and Cavusin. This diversity encompasses a broad range, from the most modest wall painting schemes up to those of an exceptional nature, the latter exemplified by the painting in the New Tokali church or the painting cycles of the so-called ‘Column Churches’.

A concert is a mass entertainment event held indoors, at concert halls, or outdoors (open-air festivals). These two formats differ greatly from each other. However, the goal of both events remains the same – to allow the audience to enjoy the musical performance. Indoor halls are designed for the best acoustics of sound. They are often circular and let sound waves travel around the inside of the building, like an echo bouncing back and forth. This makes the audience feel like they are surrounded by sound. Such places already have outlined spots for mounting music equipment with the highest efficiency. Thus, thanks to the fact that the building is engineered exactly for the purpose of conserving the sound, concert holders are not obligated with extra calculations and planning. On the other hand, open-air concerts can range from small, acoustic gatherings at municipal parks, to large music festivals that take place over several days and feature a large number of different artists. Such concerts take great amounts of planning to make sure that the stage is visible and, more importantly, audible from the entire seating area. In this paper, we investigate the physics of sound events of both formats and derive a basic formula for calculating the coverage of a sound system.

Background. Chlorella sorokiniana is used for the production of biofuels and the release of biologically active substances. Biomass can be grown in low-energy and economical conditions. The purpose of this work is to assess the influence of the cultivation’s conditions of microalgae Ch. sorokiniana in the open air and the effect of a constant magnetic field in laboratory conditions on the reproduction, growth and development of microalgae. Materials and methods. Population growth was assessed by the optical density of the chlorella suspension and further counting in the Goryaev chamber for the number of million cells per ml. For statistical analysis of the experimental results, we used the R version 3.4.0 software environment. In this work, we compared the quantitative indicators of reproduction, as well as the sizes of chlorella cells after and without the effects of constant magnetic field (CMF). Regression analysis was carried out to assess the dependence of the growth rate of chlorella on the air temperature. Results. Visually (under a microscope), it was revealed that the growing population in a bioreactor placed in the open air has a larger proportion of elongated cells (young cells) and a smaller proportion of rounded cells (old cells). Intensive growth and development of cells occurs in July and August with a minimum of cloudy days. The optimal temperature regime for constant renewal of chlorella cells was reached at 27–30 ºС. When analyzing the influence of CMF with a strength of 2 kA/m on the growth and reproduction of chlorella in laboratory conditions, an intensive growth of cells was revealed during the first 3 days of cultivation. The increase in biomass increased 3–4 times and reached 7,5 million cells/ml. When exposed to CMF with a strength of 0,5 and 1,0 kA/m, no increase in cell concentration was observed during the entire cultivation period. Conclusions. As a result of the work done, it was found that exposure to constantly high temperatures (30–36 ºС) in open air without additional aeration is an unfavorable factor for the development of Ch. sorokiniana. The optimal temperature regime for constant renewal, growth and development of chlorella cells in natural conditions was achieved at 27–30 ºС. In the course of studies carried out in laboratory conditions, the maximum increase in chlorella cells was revealed when exposed to CMF with a voltage of 2 kA/m during the first 3 days of cultivation, after which a stabilization phase was observed. It has been shown that the use of a magnetic field promotes cell aggregation.

One of the most important alteration factors for archaeological sites is the deposition of dust, primarily onto horizontal surfaces, because it affects both the conservation state of the remains and their appearance. The deposition is responsible for visual changes that prevent proper appreciation of the site, and this is especially negative for the decorative elements such as mosaics. Dust deposition has been seen as a significant problem in sheltered sites as opposed to those located in the open air, where deposits are regularly washed away. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the visual effects of dust on sheltered archaeological remains despite the fact that this information could help to determine cleaning regimes. This research has been undertaken at the House of Hippolytus, a Roman villa located on the outskirts of Complutum, situated where the city of Alcalá de Henares (Spain) stands today. The site was covered with a partially enclosed shelter in 1999 and it contains a magnificent mosaic in the central area. This ornamental floor is the center of attention for visitors and has often been used as a promotional image because of its high artistic value. This study has objectively evaluated the visual changes (color and spectral characteristics) of the mosaic at the House of Hippolytus before and after being cleaned with dry and wet systems using a novel approach based not only on a spectrophotometer (CM-2600d Konica Minolta®) but also on a LumiCam® 1300 camera (Instrument Systems GmbH). Although wet cleaning implies the use of water, which is a decay factor, it has been found to be the best option for recovering the original aspect of the mosaic.

The term open-air factor (OAF) was coined following microbiological research in the 1960s and 1970s which established that rural air had powerful germicidal properties and attributed this to Criegee intermediates formed in the reaction of ozone with alkenes. We have re-evaluated those early experiments applying the current state of knowledge of ozone–alkene reactions. Contrary to previous speculation, neither Criegee intermediates nor the HO radicals formed in their decomposition are directly responsible for the germicidal activity attributed to the OAF. We identify other potential candidates, which are formed in ozone–alkene reactions and have known (and likely) germicidal properties, but the compounds responsible for the OAF remain a mystery. There has been very little research into the OAF since the 1970s, and this effect seems to have been largely forgotten. In this opinion piece we remind the community of the germicidal open-air factor. Given the current global pandemic spread by an airborne pathogen, understanding the natural germicidal effects of ambient air, solving the mystery of the open-air factor and determining how this effect can be used to improve human welfare should be a high priority for the atmospheric science community.

s & presentations : EGU General Assembly 2021 / European Geosciences Union. General Assembly EGU General Assembly 2021, vEGU21, online, 19 Apr 2021 - 30 Apr 2021; Göttingen : Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH EGU21-8634, 1 Seite (2021). doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8634, Published by Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH, Göttingen

The paper deals with one of the methods for assessing anthropogenic impact of the operation of ship power plants in port areas on the environment. The measurement of mass concentration of particulate matters (PM) in the open air was carried out during summer and winter in eight points of the city that were selected depending on the conditions of orographic characteristics of the area. Moreover, vessel traffic in coastal waters was assessed and information on the number and type of vessels was collected. Based on the data obtained, the total PM volume emitted with exhaust gases from ship power plants in the port areas during a year was calculated.

[EN] The catalytic activity of MOFs derives in a large extent from defects. To generate these defects, a cobalt-based metal-organic framework TMU 10, [Co-6(oba)(5)(OH)(2)(H2O)(2)(DMF)(4)](n). 2DMF has been subjected in the present study to controlled thermal treatment under air at different temperatures ranging from 100 to 700 degrees C. This treatment produces the removal of ligands, generation of structural defects, and additional porosity in an extent that depends on the conditions of the thermal treatment. The resulting defective materials, denoted according to the literature as quasi-MOFs, were subsequently employed as heterogeneous tandem catalysts in the one-pot synthesis of N-benzylideneaniline from aniline and benzyl alcohol in open air as a terminal oxidant at 60 degrees C under solvent-, base-, and dehydrating agent-free conditions. The quasi-TMU-10 framework obtained at 300 degrees C (QT-300) can efficiently promote imine synthesis within 2 h, forming water as the only byproduct. Unsaturated cobalt sites and the presence of micro- and mesopores in QT-300 are responsible for this excellent catalytic performance as tandem catalysts. The influence on QT-300 catalytic activity of catalyst amount, reactant ratio, and reaction temperature was investigated, as well as the stability and recyclability of the catalyst. The one-pot imine formation promoted by QT-300 follows alcohol aerobic oxidation and subsequent anaerobic condensation of the aldehyde intermediate with aniline., Support of this investigation by Arak University and Iran Science Elites Federation is gratefully acknowledged.

This paper presents the results of an inter-comparative study in view of assessing the reliability of radiocarbon dates obtained on calcined bones from open-air Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites. The results demonstrate that the success rate is largely dependent on site-taphonomy, in particular the speed of covering of the site. Sites quickly covered by aeolian, alluvial or marine sediments yield on average good dating results. At worst they can be affected by an wood-age offset, generally

Fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were slaughtered and stored on ice at 0 °C then portioned and packaged six to eight days later in modified atmosphere (CO2:N2 60:40) packaging (MAP), vacuum skin packaging and open air. All fillet portions were stored in refrigerated conditions at 4 °C. Physical and instrumentally determined sensory quality parameters, including water holding properties, pH, colour, texture and microbiological shelf life, were examined for three weeks. The results showed that both MAP and vacuum skin packaging gave comparable quality in drip loss, water holding capacity, texture and microbiological shelf life. Both packaging groups displayed increased lightness and decreased redness and yellowness throughout storage after filleting. Fillets kept in MAP had consistently lower pH with a darker, more reddish, and yellowish colour than skin packaged fillets. Fillets stored in air had the shortest microbiological shelf life (

Graywater (GW), i.e., the portion of household wastewater that excludes toilet flushes, is an interesting wastewater type because it requires only mild treatment. Green walls have been proposed as ...

Researchers shared tamper-proof quantum information across nearly 20 km of open air in an urban environment.

In the present work, we report the design and fabrication of a copper-containing ionic liquid supported magnetic nanocatalyst via a convenient and straightforward synthetic approach for the formation of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones using o-aminobenzamide and benzaldehydes as the reaction partners. The successful formation and properties of the as-prepared catalyst have been thoroughly investigated using diverse physico-chemical techniques including FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, ICP, VSM, BET and TGA. Using this nanocatalytic system, a variety of 2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones are synthesized in excellent yields with operational ease and short reaction times in an environmentally preferable solvent under open air and without using any external oxidizing agent. Besides, the catalyst possessed facile magnetic recoverability and remarkable reusability for six consecutive runs without any appreciable decrease in the catalytic efficiency.

This paper is intending to give a descriptive account of four sites from Central Ladakh that nearby inhabitants consider to be ancient open-air gold mines and, in so doing, tries to link some physical remains with what the legend of the ants, inherited from Antiquity, may be interpreted as meaning. The point here is not to add another page to the tale, but rather to point to some possible archaeological evidence supporting the fact that Ladakh might well be considered as a possible location of origin for these gold-related tales. Ces notes proposent un compte rendu descriptif de quatre sites du Ladakh central que les habitants considèrent comme d’anciennes mines d’or et tentent ainsi un rapprochement entre vestiges archéologiques et la légende des fourmis chercheuses d’or héritée de l’Antiquité. Plutôt qu’une nouvelle page de ce mythe persistant de l’ouest himalayen, la démarche tente donc, sur la base d’évidences archéologiques, de démontrer que le Ladakh pourrait bien être considéré comme un possible lieu d’origine de cette légende aux accents d’eldorado.

In the last few months, the spread of COVID-19 among humans has caused serious damages around the globe letting many countries economically unstable. Results obtained from conducted research by epidemiologists and virologists showed that, COVID-19 is mainly spread from symptomatic individuals to others who are in close contact via respiratory droplets, mouth and nose, which are the primary mode of transmission. World health organization regulations to help stop the spread of this deadly virus, indicated that, it is compulsory to utilize respiratory protective devices such as facemasks in the public. Indeed, the use of these facemasks around the globe has helped reduce the spread of COVID-19. The primary aim of facemasks, is to avoid inhaling air that could contain droplets with COVID-19. We should note that, respiration process is the movement of oxygen from external atmosphere to the cells within tissue and the transport of carbon dioxide outside. However, the rebreathing of carbon dioxide using a facemask has not been taken into consideration. The hypercapnia (excess inhaled content of CO2) has been recognized to be related to symptoms of fatigue, discomfort, muscular weakness, headaches as well as drowsiness. Rebreathing of CO2 has been a key to concern regarding the use of a facemask. Rebreathing usually occur when an expired air that is rich in CO2 stays long than normal in the breathing space of the respirator after a breath. The increase of the arterial CO2 concentration leads to symptoms that are aforementioned. Studies have been conducted on facemask shortages and on the appropriate facemask required to reduce the spread of COVID-19; however no study has been conducted to assess the possible relationship between CO2 inhalation due to facemask, to determine and recommend which mask is appropriate in the reduction of the spread of the coronavirus while simultaneously avoid CO2 inhalation by the facemask users. In the current paper, we provided a literature review on the use of facemasks with the aim to determine which facemasks could be used to avoid re-inhaling rejected CO2. Additionally, we presented mathematical models depicting the transport of COVID-19 spread through wind with high speed. We considered first mathematical models for which the effect air-heterogeneity is neglected, such that air flow follows Markovian process with a retardation factor, these models considered two different scenarios, the speed of wind is constant and time–space dependent. Secondly, we assumed that the wind movement could follow different processes, including the power law process, fading memory process and a two-stage processes, these lead us to use differential operators with power law, exponential decay and the generalized Mittag-Leffler function with the aim to capture these processes. A numerical technique based on the Lagrange polynomial interpolation was used to solve some of these models numerically. The numerical solutions were coded in MATLAB software for simulations. The results obtained from the mathematical simulation showed that a wind with speed of 100 km/h could transport droplets as far as 300 m. The results obtained from these simulations together with those presented by other researchers lead us to conclude that, the wind could have helped spread COVID-19 in some places around the world, especially in coastal areas. Therefore, appropriate facemasks that could help avoid re-inhaling enough CO2 should be used every time one is in open air even when alone especially in windy environment.

Celebrations were an important element in the functioning of royal and princely courts in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They added splendor to the residences in which they were held and demonstrated the status of rulers: well-directed festivities spoke of their organisers’ political status. Such events not only took place in the closed courtyards of palaces, but also in the open air, which guaranteed a larger audience and made it possible to invite the media. Such events were also observed by foreign diplomats, who described them in their reports. This type of information can be found in the correspondence of Philip Plantamour, secretary of the English Ambassador George Stepney. An analysis of the manuscripts he left reveals an interesting picture of the ceremony as seen through his eyes. These descriptions do not have a specific pattern: he simply described what he saw or had the opportunity to hear. The analysed accounts are an important source for research on the customs, ceremonies, and celebrations at the royal court in Berlin at the turn of the eighteenth century. Philip Plantamour’s exact descriptions show us the glamour, style, and role of these events in the context of propaganda and their political and social dimensions.

Purpose Three cases of dislocation of a Gore-Tex scleral-sutured EnVista intraocular lens are reported. The tensile strength of the lens eyelets under two suturing methods are assessed. Pursuant surgical considerations are discussed. Methods A chart review was performed to identify cases of scleral-sutured Envista lens dislocations. In addition, six EnVista lenses were suspended in a balanced salt solution tank, tied either with suture over haptic or simple pass techniques. Eyelet tensile strength was calculated by gradual addition of weights. Eyelet fracture position and width were measured. The tensile strength of one additional EnVista lens was assessed in open air. Patients In a retrospective, consecutive case series, 3 dislocated lenses were identified out of 17 surgeries from one institution. Two dislocations occurred postoperatively, and one occurred intraoperatively. Results The EnVista eyelet demonstrated greater tensile strength tied with the simple pass method (0.27 ± 0.017 N, n=3) than with the suture over haptic method (0.15 ± 0.016 N, n=3; p=0.0015). Eyelet fracture location corresponded to tensile strength. The lens in air withstood greater tensile stress. Discussion Stress is placed on different regions of the eyelet with each suturing method. Simple pass may withstand greater tension and decrease risk for lens fracture, but the operating surgeon must consider multiple factors when forming an operative plan.

The spa press at the beginning of the XXth century often raised issues related to tourism, sport and recreation. The columnists appreciated the importance of health and the educational potential of active forms of spending free time. Activity was given an institutionalized character. This paper presents the active forms of recreation recommended to Polish society through their presentation in the magazine “Nasze Zdroje” (1910–1914). Hence, the article indicates the active forms of recreation available in the resorts such as mountain climbing, sports tourism, and skiing, as well as discussing the content popularizing mountain trips. Tips were given on how to prepare for this type of expedition, often combined with visiting historical monuments. Summer camps, including therapeutic camps, for children and adolescents were discussed, and were strongly promoted. Proposed recreational activities in the open air (walking, playing, and games) were presented, taking into account the educational aspect: instilling healthy habits in young people and adults. Prasa uzdrowiskowa na początku XX w. informowała czytelników o zagadnieniach związanych z turystyką, sportem i rekreacją. Publicyści doceniali znaczenie potencjału zdrowotnego i wychowawczego aktywnych form spędzania wolnego czasu. poprzez ich prezentację na łamach czasopisma „Nasze Zdroje” (1910–1914). Stąd w artykule wskazano na aktywne formy wypoczynku dostępnego w kurortach poprzez uprawianie taternictwa, turystykę sportową, szczególnie narciarstwo, a także treści popularyzujące wycieczki górskie. Przedstawiono wskazówki dotyczące sposobu przygotowania się do tego rodzaju wypraw, łączonych zresztą często ze zwiedzaniem zabytków historycznych. Omówione zostały mocno promowane w piśmie kolonie letnie i lecznicze dla dzieci oraz młodzieży. Przedstawiono prezentowane w periodyku propozycje działań rekreacyjnych na świeżym powietrzu (piesze spacery, gry i zabawy) uwzględniające aspekt wychowawczy: wpojenia młodzieży i dorosłym nawyków prozdrowotnych.

Air pollution, one of the most serious problems in the world also manifests as a major risk to health and the environment. This study focuses on analysing the air quality trends by means of Air Quality Index (AQI) and the pollutant levels in India over the years of 2016–2018. The results show that air quality has been plummeting as years pass by and calculation of parameters such as AQI(Air quality index) helped us arrive at this conclusion. The hourly changes revealed that peaks of pollutant levels from 8:00 - 10:00 as well as 17:00 - 19:00. Striking trends were observed with respect to bandh days, festivals and harvesting seasons.Rainfall confirms to a negative correlation with pollution levels. Investigation results elucidates that industrial activities, indiscriminate open air burning of crops by the farmers, vehicular traffic etc. are responsible for the high concentration of pollutants. A first principles method of forecasting pollution levels reveals that a naive set of parameters do not prove to be efficacious.

The α-type ADP-ribosylated peptides represent a class of important molecular tools in the field of protein ADP-ribosylation, however, they are difficult to access because of their inherent complicated structures and the lack of effective synthetic tools. In this paper, we present a biomimetic α-selective ribosylation reaction to synthesize a key intermediate, α-ADP-ribosyl azide, directly from native β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in a clean ionic liquid system. This reaction in tandem with click chemistry then offers a two-step modular synthesis of α-ADP-ribosylated peptides. These syntheses can be performed open air in eppendorf tubes, without the need for specialized instruments or training. Importantly, we demonstrate that the synthesized α-ADP-ribosylated peptides show high binding affinity and desirable stability for enriching protein partners, and reactivity in post-stage poly ADP-ribosylations. Owing to their simple chemistry and multidimensional bio-applications, the presented methods may provide a powerful platform to produce general molecular tools for the study of protein ADP-ribosylation., ADP-ribosylated peptides are important molecular tools, however, the lack of effective synthetic methods hinders the access to their complex structures. Here, the authors present a biomimetic α-selective ribosylation reaction coupled with click chemistry ultimately providing a two-step modular synthesis of α-ADP-ribosylated peptides.