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Background. Alcohol intake has been associated with the bitter taste receptor T2R38. TAS2R38 gene expresses two common haplotypes: PAV and AVI. It has been reported that AVI homozygotes consume more alcohol than heterozygotes and PAV homozygotes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the TAS2R38 haplotypes among Mexican-Mestizo population and to analyze its association with alcohol intake. Material and methods. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 375 unrelated Mestizo individuals were genotyped for TAS2R38 polymorphisms (A49P, V262A and I296V) by a Real-Time PCR System (TaqMan). Haplotype frequencies were calculated. Association of TAS2R38 haplotypes with alcohol intake was estimated in drinkers (DRS) and nondrinkers (NDRS). Results. Two haplotypes accounted for over 96% of all haplotypes (AVV, 60%, and PAI, 36.5%). The frequency of AVV homozygotes was significantly higher in DRS than NDRS (47.2 vs. 32.2%, respectively; p < 0.05). Additionally, the AVV/AVV genotype was associated with alcohol intake when compared with heterozygotes and PAI homozygotes (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.13-2.84, p < 0.05 and OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.11-4.48; p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions. In conclusion, two TAS2R38 haplotypes (AVV and PAI) prevailed in Mexican-Mestizo population. The novel AVV haplotype was associated with alcohol intake. The high prevalence of this allelic profile in our population could help to explain, at least in part, the preference for alcohol among the Mexicans.

To know the surgical-pathologic correlation to assess the state of the edges in wide local excisions of breast cancer in clinical stages.retrospective and descriptive study, conducted in Breast Tumors Unit from Oncology Service of the General Hospital of Mexico, in the period from January 2009 to December 2011, with follow-up in December2012. Were included patients with breast cancer in early clinical stages, subject wide local excisions histopalogic report of a second surgery.From wide local excisions, 119 (28.5%) were due to breast cancer and included. Positive margins after initial surgery were diagnosed in 63 patients (52.9%). The residual tumor found in the second surgery was 39.7%. The variables associated with the presence of positive margins and statistically significant (p≤ 0.05) were: multicentricity, tumor size clinical and pathological, histological subtypes, and tumor grade. The age and clinical stage were not statistically significant. The variables associated with the presence of residual tumor and are statistical relevance (p≤ 0.05) were clinical stage, tumor size, clinical and pathological, histological variant and histological grade. Age and multicentricity were not associated with the presence of residual tumor.Although each case must be individualized, these results demonstrate the analyzed factors must be taken into account during the planning of breast conservative procedures, and despite an histopalogical report of margin after an initial surgery, even seconds procedures can be performed to conserve the organ.

We studied the reproductive cycle of Sceloporus “jarrovii” from a temperate environment of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Males reached sexual maturity at a smaller snout vent length (SVL; 46 mm) than females (60 mm). Reproductive activity of both sexes was asynchronous, similar to other species inhabiting montane zones. Testes increased in size from June to November and declined rapidly in November. Vitellogenesis occurred from August to October, with ovulation occurring between November and December. Embryonic development was observed from December to early May. There was a significant positive correlation between litter size and female SVL. The reproductive cycle of S. “jarrovii” is similar to other montane species of several families (Anguidae, Scincidae, Phrynosomatidae). Vitellogenesis, ovulation, and gestation time are shorter in northern (Arizona) than southern populations (Mexico). Females from northern populations are larger in SVL and have larger litter sizes than southern popula...

In order to assess the mortality and toxicity of the Hyper-CVAD protocol used as first-line treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a retrospective cohort study was performed in patients less than 40 years of age from March to September 2011 treated with Hyper-CVAD regimen. Mortality and toxicity was compared with the results of patients treated with the institutional HGMLAL07 regimen between 2009-2012. 18 patients were included; the median age was 26 years old. Complete remissions (67.7% versus 81.9%) as well as one-year (40% versus 62%) and 2 year survival rates (18% versus 34%) were lower with the Hyper-CVAD regimen. By selecting only patients younger than 35 years, the effectiveness of Hyper-CVAD was also lower. In our experience and because of its high cost and toxicity, the Hyper-CVAD regimen should be limited to patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia.

Recently it has been reported a benefit effect with the use of metformin in patients with malignant disease. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of adding metformin to chemotherapy regimen over the percentage of early relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.A prospective, longitudinal and experimental study was performed in patients with de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia enrolled in the Hospital General de México. They were divided in two groups: first group received chemotherapy + metformin (850 mg three times a day); second group only received standard chemotherapy. The sample was randomized 3:1 in favor of the second group.93 patients were included (73 treated with chemotherapy + metformin and 20 received standard chemotherapy), with 303 ± 53 days of follow-up. Complete remission was higher in the group without metformin (81.3 % [n = 61] versus 70 % [n = 14]), which also presented more patients with relapse (47.9 % versus 25 %). Overall survival at one year was of 68 % and free survival disease was 64 %, without significant differences between groups. Absence of metformin was the only variable of adverse prognostic considered significant (p = 0.55). Cox regression showed that adding metfomin reduced 56 % the risk of relapse.The adding metformin to the treatment of leukemias showed that was useful in our research. However, randomized and double-blind studies must be designed in order to express final recommendations about its use.INTRODUCCIÓN: se ha informado efecto benéfico con metformina en pacientes con cáncer. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de adicionar metformina a la quimioterapia sobre las recaídas tempranas en pacientes con leucemia linfoblástica aguda. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y experimental de pacientes portadores de leucemia linfoblástica aguda de novo, realizado en el Hospital General de Mexico. La muestra fue dividida en dos brazos de tratamiento: uno recibió metformina (850 mg cada ocho horas) + quimioterapia; otro recibió únicamente quimioterapia estándar. La distribución de los pacientes fue aleatoria, 3:1 a favor del segundo brazo.se incluyeron 93 pacientes (73 recibieron quimioterapia + metformina y 20, quimioterapia estándar); el seguimiento fue de 303 ± 53 días. La remisión completa fue mayor en el grupo sin metformina comparado con el que recibió quimioterapia + metformina (81.3 % [n = 61] y 70 % [n = 14], respectivamente), al igual que las recaídas (47.9 y 25 %, respectivamente). La supervivencia global a un año fue de 68 % y la supervivencia libre de la enfermedad fue de 64 %, sin diferencias entre los grupos. La única variable de pronóstico adverso con relevancia significativa fue la ausencia de metformina (p = 0.55). La regresión de Cox demostró que adicionarla redujo 56 % el riesgo de recaída.la adición de metformina al tratamiento de la leucemia fue de utilidad en nuestra investigación, sin embargo, deberán diseñarse estudios aleatorizados y doble ciego para emitir recomendaciones definitivas.

The nasal colonization by Staphylococcal (epidermidis or aureus) is frequent and it has importance when it is associated to bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. The objective was to determine the frequency of strains that colonize the nasal mucosa in patients with leukemia and its relationship with peripheral blood cultures.A retrospective, observational, transversal, retrolective study was done. We analyzed the weekly results of nasal cultures and peripheral blood cultures in patients with leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. The chi-squared test and odds ratio value were estimated in the statistical analysis.We included 67 patients, 55 of them with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL); 28.5 % of the cultures (n = 47) corresponded to a positive nasal culture. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were the most isolated bacteria. During the first week of treatment, the positive cultures were the most frequently. All the samples isolated were sensitive to vancomycin or linezolid. It was established only the association between negative nasal cultures and negative peripheral blood cultures (p = 0.0005). Odds ratio for positive nasal cultures and the risk of bacteremia was 0.0269.The frequency of the positive bacteria culture was low, with an adequate sensitivity measure. The presence of bacteria in nasal culture was not identified as a risk factor for the occurrence of bacteremia.INTRODUCCIÓN: la colonización nasal por Staphylcoccus epidermidis y Staphylococcus aureus es frecuente y se ha relacionado con bacteremia en huéspedes inmunocomprometidos. En la investigación que se presenta, los objetivos fueron determinar la frecuencia de cepas que colonizan la mucosa nasal en pacientes en tratamiento de leucemia aguda y su relación con los cultivos de sangre periférica. MÉTODOS: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal, retrolectivo de cultivos nasales obtenidos durante cuatro semanas. La relación con los hemocultivos se estableció mediante chi cuadrada; se calculó razón de momios.se estudiaron 67 casos, en su mayoría con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (n = 55). De 165 cultivos nasales, 28.5 % fue positivo (n = 47). Las principales bacterias identificadas fueron Staphylcoccus epidermidis y Staphylococcus aureus. La primera semana de tratamiento fue el principal momento de aislamiento. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a vancomicina o linezolid. Se estableció relación entre los cultivos nasales y los hemocultivos negativos (p = 0.0005). La razón de momios para los cultivos nasales positivos respecto a los hemocultivos y el riesgo de bacteremia fue de 0.0269 (IC 95 % = 0.0016, 0.4484).se aislaron pocas bacterias en la mucosa nasal, y la sensibilidad de estas a los antibióticos fue adecuada. La presencia de bacterias en la mucosa nasal no fue un factor de riesgo para la aparición de bacteremia.

"Introducción: la colonización nasal por Staphylcoccus epidermidis y Staphylococcus aureus es frecuente y se ha relacionado con bacteremia en huéspedes inmuno-comprometidos. En la investigación que se presenta, los objetivos fueron determinar la frecuencia de cepas que colonizan la mucosa nasal en pacientes en tratamiento de leucemia aguda y su relación con los cultivos de sangre periférica. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal, retrolectivo de cultivos nasales obtenidos durante cuatro semanas. La relación con los hemocultivos se estableció mediante x2 ; se calculó razón de momios. Resultados: se estudiaron 67 casos, en su mayoría con leucemia linfoblástica aguda ( n = 55). De 165 cultivos nasales, 28.5 % fue positivo ( n = 47). Las principales bacterias identi fi cadas fueron Staphylcoccus epidermidisy S taphylococcus aureus . La primerasemana de tratamiento fue el principal momentode aislamiento. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a vancomicina o linezolid. Se estableció relación entre los cultivos nasales y los hemocultivos negativos( p = 0.0005). La razón de momios para los cultivos nasales positivos respecto a los hemocultivos y el riesgo de bacteremia fue de 0.0269 (IC 95 % = 0.0016, 0.4484). Conclusiones: seaislaronpocasbacteriasen la mucosa nasal, y la sensibilidad de estas a los antibióticos fue adecuada. La presencia de bacterias en la mucosa nasal no fue un factor de riesgo para la aparición de bacteremia."

High-fat diets lead to obesity and metabolic disorders. The rs1761667 CD36 gene polymorphism may predict the preference for dietary fat. Aim: To determine the association of the CD36 gene polymorphism with fat intake and lipid abnormalities in subjects from West Mexico. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 441 subjects were divided into normal weight, overweight and obese groups. Real-time PCR determined CD36 genotypes (AA, AG, and GG). Lipid biochemical tests and a 3-day food record were assessed. Results: The allele of CD36 was prevalent in 57.1% (n=252) of the total cases. The overweight A/A subjects had a significant higher intake of calories, protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than the other genotype carriers. Furthermore, high serum cholesterol levels were associated with the A/A genotype than to the A/G genotype carriers (OR=2.75, CI 1.33-5.69; p=0.005). Conclusions: The allele of CD36 was predominant in subjects from West Mexico. In addition, a high-fat diet and high serum cholesterol levels were associated with the A/A genotype.

INTRODUCTION. The over expresión of the multidrug resistance genes (MDR) specifficaly ABCB1 and ABCG2 correlate with a poor prognosis in patients with ALL. Different drugs specially the chomotherapeutic agents are they substrates. This genes encode a family of different membrane transports that Works with energy specifically the ATP. Metformin is a biguanide whose mechanism of action is the activiation of AMPK and depletes the levels of ATP. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of the use of Metformin on the levels of expression of the MDR genes (ABCB1 y ABCG2) by RQ-PCR in ALL cell lines and patients with ALL during a preinduction treatment with prednisone. RESULTS. In vitro study . The ALL cell lines RS4, ReH, MOLT4 and SUB15 were elavluated. After the addition of Metformin (10uM) the expression level of ABCB1, ABCG2 started to decrease after the 24hrs of culture (mean expression level of 0.3823 ABCB1 and 0.4265 of ABCB2) with a máximum effect at 48 hours (0.2415 ABCB1 and 0.3452 ABCB2) The difference of levels were statystically significant (p= 0.0045). In vivo study . About 108 patients were evaluated, 44 (40.7%) in the arm of prednisone and 64 (59.3%) in the arm of prednisone plus metformin. Fort eh subanalysis of the MDR genes by RQ-PCR we select 25 patients (14 in the prednisone arm and 11 in the metformin arm). The mean levels of the genes was 0.1906 for the ABCB1 gene and 0.3371 of the ABDG2. At the moment of diagnosis about 32% were considerer with high level of expression (n=8), 28% (n=7) of low expression and 40% (n=10) do not express any of the both genes. After the treatment with Metformin 4 patients with high expression at diagnosis change the patter for low expression. Although there is no difference in means of the expression of genes in both arms (p = 0.391 , p = 0. 828) in the group of metformin the prognosis in the high expression group was better than in the prednisone arm (p=0.043). Fort he entire cohort the complete remission rate was higher in the Metformin cohort comparing with prednisone (86.4% versus 67.2%) and the refractoriness was higher in the group of prednisone (n=16, 25%) p=0.002. About the relapse, the addition of Metformin reduce the relapse rate ( 6 vs 21 patients, p = 0.027). Conclusion. The addition of metformin in a controlled enviroment reduce the expression of the MDR genes, but in vivo the impact is primarily on the refractory leukemias and the relapse rate Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

lymphoma is the most frequent lymphoid neoplasm in our country. Its diagnosis is based on histopathological findings. The lymph node imprint has been used for more than 40 years. The aim was to establish the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of lymph node imprint and estimate the inter-observer rate.we did an observational, retrospective, prolective study, based on the lymph node imprint obtained by excisional biopsies over a period of 6 years.the inclusion criteria was met on 199 samples, 27.1 % were considered as reactive (n = 54), 16.1 % Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 32), 40.2 % (n = 80) non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 16.6 % (n = 33) as metastatic carcinoma. Comparing with the final histopathology report, the sensitivity and specificity of lymph node imprint were 88 % (0.81-0.95) and 64 % (0.55-0.73) respectively, the positive predictive value was 67 % (0.59-0.76) and the negative predictive value was 86 % (0.79-0.94). The interobserver kappa index was 0.467.the lymph node imprint remains as a useful tool for the diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasm. The agreement between observers was acceptable.Introducción: los linfomas son las neoplasias linfoproliferativas más frecuentes en México. Su diagnóstico se basa en el estudio histopatológico. El análisis morfológico de la impronta del ganglio linfático se ha utilizado desde hace más de 40 años. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron determinar la sensibilidad, la especificidad y los valores predictivos positivo y negativo de la impronta del ganglio linfático para el diagnóstico del linfoma y estimar el índice interobservador. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional y prolectivo de las improntas de ganglios linfáticos obtenidas por biopsia durante un periodo de seis años. Resultados: se incluyeron 199 improntas; 27.1 % se consideró reactivo (n = 54), 16.1 % como linfoma Hodgkin (n = 32), 40.2 % (n = 80) como no Hodgkin y 16.6 % (n = 33) como carcinoma metastásico. Al compararlas con los reportes histopatológicos finales, la sensibilidad fue de 88 % (0.81-0.95), la especificidad de 64 % (0.55-0.73), el valor predictivo positivo de 67 % (0.59-0.76) y el negativo, de 86 % (0.79-0.94). La concordancia interobservador fue moderada (índice kappa de 0.467). Conclusiones: el análisis de la impronta del ganglio linfático es útil para el diagnóstico de las neoplasias linfoproliferativas.

"Introducción: los linfomas son las neoplasias linfo- Resumen proliferativas más frecuentes en México. Su diagnóstico se basa en el estudio histopatológico. El análisis morfológico de la impronta del ganglio linfático se ha utilizado desde hace más de 40 años. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron determinar la sensibilidad, la especifi cidad y los valores predictivos positivo y negativo de la impronta del ganglio linfático para el diagnóstico del linfoma y estimar el índice interobservador. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional y prolectivo de las improntas de ganglios linfáticos obtenidas por biopsia durante un periodo de seis años. Resultados: se incluyeron 199 improntas; 27.1 % se consideró reactivo (n = 54), 16.1 % como linfoma Hodgkin (n = 32), 40.2 % (n = 80) como no Hodgkin y 16.6 % (n = 33) como carcinoma metastásico. Al compararlas con los reportes histopatológicos fi nales, la sensibilidad fue de 88 % (0.81-0.95), la especifi cidad de 64 % (0.55- 0.73), el valor predictivo positivo de 67 % (0.59-0.76) y el negativo, de 86 % (0.79-0.94). La concordancia interobservador fue moderada (índice kappa de 0.467). Conclusiones: el análisis de la impronta del ganglio linfático es útil para el diagnóstico de las neoplasias linfoproliferativas."

Con el objetivo de establecer la cifra de corte de leucocitos y edad con implicación pronostica en adultos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA), se efectuó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y analítico anidado en la cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con LLA tratados mediante el protocolo institucional HGMLAL07 durante 2007-2014. Se estudiaron 255 pacientes, el 52.9% (n=135) correspondieron al género femenino y 47.1% (n=120) al género masculino. La media de edad fue de 31 (16-80) años. La supervivencia libre de la enfermedad (SLE) disminuyó en ambos géneros a partir de los 20 años (p=0.001). La media de leucocitos fue 56.1 x 109/L (0.1-850 x 109/L). La SLE disminuyó significativamente a partir de una cifra igual o mayor de 20 x 109/L (p

to compare the frequency of acute leukemia in two periods of study in a reference Hospital at Mexico City.it was an observational study. There were registered 250 cases with the morphology diagnostic criterion of acute leukemia.63 cases versus 92 of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and 16 versus 79 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of 1990-1992 versus 2008-2009 respectively was observed; corresponding to 62 % in total of ALL in both periods and 38 % of AML. The ALL was the most frequent variant (62 % versus 38 %). The median age was 26 years, male 52 %. It showed a significant increase in the number of admissions in the period of 2008-2009 and acute promyelocytic leukemia also showed an increase (p = 0.001).acute leukemia is the main cause of admission, mortality and morbidity. Our study differs slightly from the literature; the leukemia that diagnostic with major frequency was the acute lymphoid leukemia increasing his number in the period of 2008-2009. The significant rise due to an increase use of new diagnostic tools such as the flow cytometry and molecular biology.

Introduction Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a lymphoproliferative malignancy characterized by an uncontrolled growth of lymphoid progenitors of B or T lineage, who evade apoptosis and displace normal hematopoiesis. Based on the pediatric pre-induction steroid, the protocol assessed the impact ALL0288 GIMEMA 7 days pre-induction with steroids, complete remissions (CR). Similar to this study, our institutional protocol also considers the pre-induction with steroids, but unlike the Italian protocol fewer cases steroid responders and a lower rate of complete remissions were recorded. A 36 month follow-up overall survival was 32% The main objective of this study was to evaluate the results at 5 years of follow institutional protocol based on a pre-treatment with steroids HGMLAL07. Patients. We included patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia under morphological criteria French-American-British (FAB) and corroborated by flow cytometry. The criteria for complete remission was seen at 4 weeks of treatment ( Materials and methods. Study design. Retrospective cohort study of adult patients treated with institutional protocol HGMLAL07 carriers de novo acute lymphoid leukemia in the period from 2007 to 2015 in the Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Mexico. We excluded patients treated with another induction therapy and those of mixed lineage leukemia. General treatment. It was considered relapse if they had at any time monitoring the presence of more than 10% blasts in bone marrow or isolation in the cerebrospinal fluid. If u have HLA-matched donor, he referred to the area of stem cell transplantation. Statistic analysis. SPSS statistical software version 20.0 was used. Chi-Square test considered significant at p Results. Of the 262 patients with LLA de novo, 255 patients met the inclusion criteria and were treated with institutional protocol HGMLAL07, 52.9% were male gender (n = 135) and 47.1% (n = 120) Gender female. The mean age was 31 years (range 16- 80 years), the average for older female compared with male (34 versus 29years, p = 0.001, 95% CI). The average of leukocytes at diagnosis was 56.1 x 10 (9) / L. Phenotypically, most were classified leukemia B-cell (95.3%, n = 243) and the remaining T lineage (4.7%, n = 12). Only 3.1% of cases expressed the oncogene BCRABL1 (n = 8). Finally concluding that 62.7% of cases were classified as high risk (n = 160) and 37.3% (n = 95) and normal risk. Response to induction therapy. Of the 255 patients who started the protocol remission induction in 1.6% of confirmed with CNS infiltration diagnosis (n = 4). The complete remission rate was around 82.7% (n = 211), registering an induction mortality 3.9% (n = 10). A total of 34 patients were considered refractory leukemia (n = 34), requiring a second line treatment. Among the variables that showed the impact of the failure to initial treatment (refractory or death) were the type of risk at diagnosis (p = 0.020) and white blood cell count> 30 x 10 (9) / L (p = 0.001). Mean neutrophil recovery was 28 days and the platelet recovery was at 32 days. The main cause of death was infectious processes, followed by central nervous system bleeding. Postremisión treatment and outcome Of the total patients, 51% (n = 130) presented relapse, the main site bone marrow, followed by infiltration of the central nervous system Prognostic factors that impacted on survival The median overall survival (OS) was 1053 days, with survival at 5 years of follow-up of 29%, overall survival at 5 years was influenced by the type of risk (p = 0.020, 95% CI). None of the risk factors impact on survival at one year. The disease-free survival was 11% at 5 years of follow-up, within the variables that impacted on the SLE, a leukocyte count> 30 (9) / L and age> 35 years directly impacted prognosis (p = 0.006 and p = 0.030, 95% CI respectively). Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

This study evaluates the prognostic value of MAGE-A3 expression in 28 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. A significant association was observed between MAGE-A3 expressions, assessed by quantitative real-time RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with advanced stages of disease (P < 0.05). Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and International Prognostic Index (IPI) score were significantly higher in MAGE-A3-positive patients (P = 0.025 and P = 0.004, respectively). Expression of MAGE-A3 was associated with poor response to treatment and a significantly shorter overall survival (P < 0.001). Our data address new information in the association of MAGE-A3 expression and poor prognosis in DLBCL patients.

With the objective to study the effect of the difference of potential in the rheological parameters, the study of the rheology behaviour of a liquor “sabajón” was made, submissive a difference of potential between 11 volts and 45 volts in 11 applications with a rank of time between 120 second and 630 seconds. In order to determine the meaning of the results and of finding mathematical the models suitable that they give answer to the correlation of the variables, multiple regression analysis for each one of the dependent variables with respect to the independent ones was made. The drink “sabajón” is a slightly pseudoplastic fluid, with flow number average of 0.815 and to the being submissive different voltages and times from application, this index diminished up to 0.754, becoming more pseudoplastic the flow number, n, diminishes with the application of voltage from 0.815 to 0.754, which allows to conclude that the pseudoplasticity of liquor “sabajon” increases slightly with the electrical treatment. The index of consistency, k, increases with the application of voltage from 0.112 to 0.155, allowing to infer that the viscosity of the fluid (sabajon) increases due to better molecular ordering of the treated sample. Con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de la diferencia de potencial en los parámetros reológicos, se realizó el estudio del comportamiento reológico del sabajón, sometido a una diferencia de potencial entre 11 voltios y 45 voltios en 11 aplicaciones con un rango de tiempo entre 120 segundos y 630 segundos. Para determinar la significación de los resultados y encontrar los modelos matemáticos adecuados que den respuesta a la correlación de las variables, se realizaron análisis de regresión múltiple para cada una de las variables dependientes con respecto a las independientes. El sabajón es un fluído ligeramente seudoplástico, con índice de flujo promedio de 0,815 y al ser sometido a diferentes voltajes y tiempos de aplicación, dicho índice disminuyó hasta 0,754, haciéndose más seudoplástico El índice de flujo, n, disminuye con la aplicación de voltaje desde 0,815 hasta 0,754, lo que permite concluir que la seudoplasticidad del sabajón aumenta ligeramente con el tratamiento eléctrico. El índice de consistencia, k, aumenta con la aplicación de voltaje desde 0,112 hasta 0,155, permitiendo inferir que la viscosidad del fluído (sabajón) aumenta debido a mejor ordenamiento molecular de la muestra tratada.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental. Foi avaliada a eficiência de remoção de material particulado e nutrientes inorgânicos dissolvidos presentes no efluente gerado em duas fases do ciclo de produção do camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei, utilizando processos de sedimentação, filtração por ostras e absorção por macroalgas.Para os processos de filtração foram empregadas ostras adultas das espécies Crassostrea rhizophorae e Crassostrea gigas e no processo de absorção empregaram-se macroalgas Ulva fasciata e Hypnea musciformis. Na primeira etapa experimental avaliaram-se os processos integrados de sedimentação e filtração, na remoção de matéria orgânica e inorgânica dos efluentes gerados em viveiros da fazenda experimental Yakult (UFSC), sendo testados diferentes tempos de retenção hidráulica do efluente 6, 12 e 24 horas e duas biomassas de ostras 600 e 1200 g ostra em 15 L de efluente, para cada espécie. Foram registrados os parâmetros de qualidade de água: pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade, turbidez, sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos voláteis totais (SVT), Clorofila a, DBO5 e amônia (NH3-N). Na segunda etapa experimental determinou-se a eficiência de remoção do material particulado e nutrientes inorgânicos dissolvidos, mediante processos integrados de sedimentação e absorção por macroalgas. O efluente empregado foi gerado na fase de crescimento e maturação de reprodutores de camarão, mantidos em regime fechado de renovação de água, com biofilme na forma de flocos bacterianos como probióticos. Nesta etapa testou-se o desempenho das duas espécies de macroalgas sob diferentes tempos de retenção hidráulica 6, 12 e 24 horas e três inóculos de 125, 250 e 500 g de macroalga em 15 L de efluente. Além dos parâmetros de qualidade de água da primeira etapa experimental, também foram determinados nitrito (NO2-N), nitrato (NO3-N) e ortofosfato (PO4-P). Na terceira etapa experimental foi avaliada a eficiência de remoção do material orgânico e inorgânico, e nutrientes dissolvidos, empregando processos integrados de sedimentação, filtração e absorção. Os resultados finais permitem estabelecer que, na primeira etapa, o melhor desempenho foi alcançado pela ostra do mangue C. rhizophorae na biomassa de 1200 g /15 L em 6 horas de residência do efluente. Na segunda etapa, a macroalga Ulva fasciata conseguiu o melhor desempenho no inóculo de 250 g/15 L em 6 horas de retenção hidráulica do efluente. Finalmente, quando foram integrados os processos de sedimentação, filtração e absorção na terceira etapa, foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de: bactérias totais 95,1 %, turbidez 97,1%, SST 81,3 %, SVT 35,0%, Clorofila a 99,1 %, DBO 39,2 %, amônia 54,1 %, nitrito 58,0 %, nitrato 69,2 % e ortofosfatos 52,9 %. Pode-se concluir que, a integração dos processos de sedimentação, filtração e absorção constitui uma importante alternativa de tratamento dos efluentes, reduzindo o impacto ambiental da carcinicultura marinha. A adoção deste tipo de tecnología, além de minimizar os danos causados ao meio ambiente, pode abrir possibilidades de diversificação econômica do empreendimento com outros produtos de alta demanda e valor comercial. Removing efficiency of particulate matter and nutrients from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp culture effluent was evaluated using pilot ponds in laboratory scale, employing process of sedimentation, oysters filtration and macroalgae absorption. The experiments were carried out in the Marine Shrimp Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil. For filtration process, Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea rhizophorae oysters adults were employed and the absorption process Ulva fasciata and Hypnea musciformis macroalgae were used. In the first experimental period, sedimentation and filtration combined process for removing organic and inorganic matter of crude effluent growth ponds Yakult Experimental Station (UFSC) was evaluated. In this period experimental, the differents hidraulic time residence of effluent, 6, 12 and 24 hours and two biomass of the oysters, 600 and 1200 g, for each oysters species were test. The pH, Dissolved Oxigen, Salinity, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Volatile Solids (TVS), Chlorophyll a, Biochemical Oxigen Demand (BOD5) and Ammonia(N-NH4 -) were registered. The results allow concluded that the best perfomance was Crassostrea rhizophorae with 1200 g and 6 hours of the time hidraulic residence of effluent. In the seconds experimental period, crude effluent of the reproductive tank shrimp was employing. The sedimentation and absorption macroalgae combined process for removing of particulate matter and dissolved inorganic nutrients under three time hidraulic residence, 6, 12 and 24 hours and three biomass 125, 250 and 500 g were evaluated. In this period, were registred the same parameters of water quality of the first experimental period, addition Nitrite (N-NO2), Nitrate (N-NO3) and Ortofosfate (PO4¯3 ). In the seconds experimental period, the treatment the macroalgae Ulva fasciata with 250 g in the 6 hours of the residence time had of the best removing efficiency nutrients. According with the results of the first and second experimental period, it was possible design the third experimental period, for evaluated removing efficiency of the organic matter, inorganic matter and dissolved inorganic nutrients with integrated process of the sedimentation, filtration and absorption. When combined process of the sedimentation, filtration and absorption resulted in the significant reductions in the concentration of total bacteria 95,1%, turbidity 97,1%, total suspended solids 81,3%, total volatile solids 35,0 %, clorophyll a 99,1 %, ammonia 54,1%, nitrite 58,0%, nitrate 69,2% and ortofosfate 52,9%, when comparate with water quality of the shrimp effluent without treatment. Finally, it is possible conclude that integrated of sedimentation, filtration and absorption process, improve the water quality of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farm effluent and minimized enviromental impact, opening another economic alternatives with products, oysters and macroalgae, higher commercial value.

Liver cirrhosis (LC) is a chronic illness caused by inflammatory responses and progressive fibrosis. Globally, the most common causes of chronic liver disease include persistent alcohol abuse, followed by viral hepatitis infections and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, regardless of the etiological factors, the susceptibility and degree of liver damage may be influenced by genetic polymorphisms that are associated with distinct ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Consequently, metabolic genes are influenced by variable environmental lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical inactivity, and emotional stress, which are associated with regional differences among populations. This Topic Highlight will focus on the genetic and environmental factors that may influence the metabolism of alcohol and nutrients in the setting of distinct etiologies of liver disease. The interaction between genes and environment in the current-day admixed population, Mestizo and Native Mexican, will be described. Additionally, genes involved in immune regulation, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress and extracellular matrix deposition may modulate the degree of severity. In conclusion, LC is a complex disease. The onset, progression, and clinical outcome of LC among the Mexican population are influenced by specific genetic and environmental factors. Among these are an admixed genome with a heterogenic distribution of European, Amerindian and African ancestry; a high score of alcohol consumption; viral infections; a hepatopathogenic diet; and a high prevalence of obesity. The variance in risk factors among populations suggests that intervention strategies directed towards the prevention and management of LC should be tailored according to such population-based features.

Obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are increasing in westernized countries, regardless of their geographic location. In Latin America, most countries, including Mexico, have a heterogeneous admixture genome with Amerindian, European and African ancestries. However, certain high allelic frequencies of several nutrient-related polymorphisms may have been achieved by past gene-nutrient interactions. Such interactions may have promoted the positive selection of variants adapted to regional food sources. At present, the unbalanced diet composition of the Mexicans has led the country to a 70% prevalence rate of overweightness and obesity due to substantial changes in food habits, among other factors. International guidelines and intervention strategies may not be adequate for all populations worldwide because they do not consider disparities in genetic and environmental factors, and thus there is a need for differential prevention and management strategies. Here, we provide the rationale for an intervention strategy for the prevention and management of obesity-related diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis based on a regionalized genome-based diet. The components required to design such a diet should focus on the specific ancestry of each population around the world and the convenience of consuming traditional ethnic food.

The Colombian state function of training skilled workers is assigned to SENA (National Apprenticeship Service), which, in order to cope with the companies' needs related to qualified work, has been interested on using the current informatics network infrastructure. The existing pedagogical model as well as a pedagogical model applied to the virtual training will be described in this paper. Based on this, an infrastructure of technical resources is proposed to implement a National Virtual Training. The suggested solution implies making the existing national training Centers suitable for this kind of virtual program, using appropriate informatics network technologies to favor learning and skills development.

Antitumor effects of metformin are widely known. Unfortunately their use in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is limited. Study design The study consisted of two stages Phase 1: Cell assay adding metformin (40mM) assessing the viability and cell cycle in the cell line molt 4 Phase 2: Pilot study adding Metformin (850mg three time day) during the pre-treatment with steroids and the induction remission phase versus a control group (2:1 randomization) Statistical analysis Chi-square analysis was used to corroborate the hypothesis. The odds ratio was calculated for both, the absence of Good steroid response and refractory leukemia. Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for the survival analysis Results Celular assay. Metformin inhibited cell viability at 120hours reducing the percentage of cells in phase S. Clinical assay. 151 patients were studied, 44 (29.1%) on Metformin arm, of these 59.1% ( n=26) archived a GSR compared with the control group (26.2%, n=28). A greater number of complete remission were presented in Metformin arm (81.8% versus 57.9%) shown to be a protective factor for GSR and complete remissions (odds ratio ; 0.2454 y 0.3062 respectively). In the Cox regression analysis, Metformin significantly impact in the global survival (p=0,012,95% IC) versus the other variables studied. Conclusions Metformin is useful both in vivo and in vitro treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Drug resistance is a major obstacle in the successful treatment and an important cause of death in acute leukemia. One of the well-known genes responsable for drug resistance are ABC-B1 and ABC-G2. The association of transcript levels with survival outcome has not systematically been investigated in mexican adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. We therefore applied real-time RT-PCR technology to study the association between the ABC-B1 and ABC-G2 genes with overall survival in mexican adults leukemia patients. A total of 36 patients were analyzed at diagnosis and followed for 25 months to assess their development and survival. The 57% were female, mean age at diagnosis was 33.5 years (19-78 years), 60% of patients were positive for gene expression ABC-B1 and 78% for ABC-G2. When performing quantitative analysis of ABC-B1 expression, those with high levels (> 1.0) had worse clinical behavior (P = 0.007) and death (P = Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Targeted therapy commenced against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) with the development of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), since its approval in 2001 as first-line therapy, imatinib has been effective in achieving high response rates and improving the prognosis. However, the excellent results of large clinical trials are not entirely reproducible in the “real world”, we want to share our experience of a decade of use as front-line treatment. A total of 160 patients with previously untreated CML since 2002 were reviewed: 90% chronic phase (CP), 7% accelerated phase (AP), and 3% blast phase (BP). All were treated with standard-dose imatinib. In CP, overall survival (OS) at 75 months was 82% and progression-free survival 66%(PFS). Survival was worse in those over 60 years (P= < .001). 40% achieved and maintained Complete Cytogenetic Response (CCyR), 19 patients progressed to BP. 23.4% had some degree of hematologic toxicity that required a temporary suspension or reduction of the initial dose. 26.8% of patients with chronic phase treated at our institution were in the high EUTOS score. In this population, the EUTOS score was not predictive for outcome. Our study showed that imatinib is effective, and well tolerated by our patients and remains as a good strategy used as first-line therapy for patients with CML. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias

Abstract 4774 Introduction Non-Hodgkin lymphomas corresponds a heterogeneous group of neoplasms deriving of lymphocytes, in development countries represents a great cause of morbility and mortality. The General Hospital of Mexico is a referral centre localized in Mexico City, whose first cause of primary hematology attention in NHL. Material and methods Is an observational, descriptive and retrospective study, based on medical records of patients treated between 1992-2009. Objectives Determine the response, overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) (progression, death or last visit) associated with treatment by CHOP as first line treatment without rituximab and four cycles of DEP as a second line treatment (dexamethasone 40 mg/m2 IV daily, days 1-4, VP-16 300 mg/m2 IV daily, days 1-2 and cysplatin 100 mg/m2 IV day 1), in cycles of 21 days each one. Results In a period of 17 years, 303 of 632 patients were eligible. The average age was 52 years, with male:female relation 1:1.1. Thirty four percent of the sample were older 60 years. The most frequent NHL was diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (N=146 treated), 60% were IPI low plus intermediate low; the most frequent indolent NHL were follicular lymphoma (N=20 treated), 71% were FLIPI low plus intermediate. The resting 94 cases were treated with CHOP, too. Conclusion The global trend is the addition of rituximab to all of CHOP-based regimens. In our country, because the economics limitations, the use of rituximab is low. The CHOP regimen remains the first line treatment; and the second line treatments are based on the experience of the institutional protocols. DEP is the institutional protocol for second line treatment and their response, OS and EFS are comparable to more expensive protocols (ESHAP, DHAP). Concluding that DEP is a low toxic and cheaper second line regimen and this could be an alternative for development countries. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract 4767 Introduction Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type is an entity of difficult diagnosis. It is characterized by damage and vascular destruction, necrosis, cytotoxic phenotype and Epstein Barr virus association. It is prominent in Asia, Mexico, Central and South America, predominantly in men. Material and methods It is an observational, descriptive and retrospective study, based on medical records of NK/T-cell lymphoma patients of the General Hospital of Mexico between 1992-2009. Results Of 632 non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), 113 had a T cell lymphoma. Only 32 cases (28.3%) were eligible for the study. The age range was 19-56 years with a media of 42. The male:female ratio was 2.2:1. The most frequent clinical presentation symptoms were nasal obstruction, facial swelling and pain. Central nervous system involvement was present only in two cases and bone marrow infiltration in one. Seventy eight percent were on clinical stages I or II and 56% had B symptoms. In 7/10 patients the Epstein Barr association was documented by hystopathological study. The treatment was completed in 31/32 individuals. Fifty five percent showed some response, regardless of the therapy used. The CHOP regimen was the first line treatment in 80.6% of cases and only 13% received fractionated radiotherapy as initial treatment. The CHOP arm had an overall response rate of 60% (complete remissions, unconfirmed complete remissions, partial remissions), and 100% of the patients in the radiotherapy arm presented complete response. Most patients of the radiotherapy arm were on stage IE. The overall survival rate was 63% at 36 months. The average follow-up was 40 months. There were no differences in overall survival rates between the two arms, but the radiotherapy arm had a higher rate of complete remissions. Conclusions In this study we report the clinical features and response to treatment of the patient population treated at the General Hospital of Mexico. The results are similar to other international reports. Although the incidence of NK/T-cell lymphoma is low, it is necessary to standardize its treatment and these preliminary data warrant further trial of radiotherapy as the initial treatment and chemotherapy as consolidation for advanced stages of the disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Background: Androgens are considered ineffective for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) and are currently acknowledged a minor place as adjuvants of immunosuppressive therapy (IST). However, many institutions in developing countries, like ours, have been forced to continue their use as monodrugs even for the severe forms of the disease due to the unavailability of stem cell transplantation (SCT) or IST. Objective: To evaluate the results of androgen therapy as monodrug in adult patients with acquired aplastic anemia (AAA) regardless of its severity. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective study of adult patients with AAA treated with androgens with or without low doses of prednisone from January 1986 to December 2006 at Hospital General de México. We analyzed the records of patients who had a CBC and bone marrow study by aspiration and biopsy which allowed the diagnosis of AA and its classification as moderate (MAA), severe (SAA) or super severe (SSAA) and had been treated with androgens alone or associated with low doses of prednisone. The treatment consisted of either oxymetholone 150 mg/d P.O., mesterolone 100 mg/d P.O. or testosterone 150 mg/w I.M. until remission + 6 months after which they were tapered and eventually discontinued except for those who were dependent on minimal doses of androgens to sustain remission. Prenisone 5–20 mg/d was given intermittently for variable periods of time to control mucocutaneous bleeding. Complete remission (CR) was defined by Hb 310.0 gr/dL, TNC 31x109/L and BPC 3100x109/L, partial remission (PR) when the patient did not meet the criteria for CR but there was hematologic improvement and he became transfusion-independent and failure when there was no improvement or the condition of the patient worsened. For the statistical analysis we used Kaplan-Meier survival curves, results of log-rank tests and cumulative incidence curves. Results: We had 72 cases which fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 40 males and 32 females aged 17–75 (median 35) years. Twenty (28%) had MAA, 46 (64%) SAA and 6 (8%) VSAA. The overall response rate was 77.7% with 44.4% CR and 33.3% PR. The tendency to achieve remission was similar among patients with MAA, SAA and VSAA. The mean time to reach PR was 14.8 months and 25.58 months for CR. OS was 65% at two years and 46.9% at 5 years. The only adverse side effects recorded were mild liver and skin toxicity. There were 11(15.2%) deaths, 6 (8.3%) relapses, 8 (11.1%) evolved to PNH and 1 (1.3%) to MDS. No transformations to LA were seen. Discussion: Even with the limitations of a retrospective study, the high remission rate in patients with SAA and VSAA in this series of Mexican patients is remarkable. Furthermore, the quality of the remissions was excellent and the rate of relapses low. Besides, the fact that some patients needed very low doses of androgens to sustain their remission argues against the hypothesis that the remissions could be spontaneous. If we compare these results with our data three decades ago in a similar population with the same treatment at our hospital, with a median survival time of < 6 months and Conclusion: These results show that androgens can induce long lasting remissions of MAA, SAA and SSAA in adult patients with minor adverse events and warrant further study with prospective randomized trials.

A 17 year-old Jehovah’s Witness girl was admitted to the neurosurgery ward with a subarachnoid hemorrhage Fisher IV, Hunt and Hess II, due to an arteriography-confirmed aneurism of the left posterior comunicating artery (LPCA). CT scan showed hemorrhages of the left lateral, 3rd and 4th ventriculi. Her blood counts were normal. She underwent surgery and during the procedure she developed neurologic deterioration due to brain edema. The procedure was stopped and she was started on prophylactic Phenitoin. Her hemoglobin levels began to drop progressively until they reached 3.6 gr/dL with 0.8% reticulocytes while her platelet and WBC counts remained within normal ranges (278 and 5.9 × 109/L respectively) with a normal differential count. No bleeding site was found, and hemorrhage was discarded as cause of the anemia. The serum iron was 218, the IBC 213 and the saturation index 102.5 (37.3%), all within normal values. The bone marrow aspirate showed a slight increase of the cellularity with normal megakariocytes and granulocytes with slight eosinophilia and a total absence of the erythroid series. The lymphocytes were also normal. This image was consistent with a PRCA. The existence of a thymoma as well as several viral infections including Parvovirus, EBV, HIV, HB and HC were discarded as cause of the PRCA. Phenitoin was stopped and treatment with steroids, cyclosporine, mesterolone and erythropoietin 8,000 U/d SC was started. Despite the evidence of very deep anemia with dispnea and prostration, which required red cell transfusions, the patient and her parents absolutely refused them for religious reasons and the supportive treatment was enhanced. Her clinical status improved after 48 hours and the Hb began to increase progressively. She was discharged one month later with a Hb of 13.1 gr/dL, Ht 39.6%, with a corrected reticulocyte count of 1.8%, 6.2 × 109/L WBC with a normal differential count and 284 × 109/L BP. Even though no tests could be done to confirm phenitoin as the triggering factor of the PRCA, the temporal association between its use and the development of the anemia very strongly suggests a causal association even though it can not be assured. The results we had with erythropoietin, high-dose iron, oxygen and parenteral feeding were very rewarding. Jehovah’s Witnesses patients with severe anemia like this one have a poor prognosis and pose a strong therapeutic challenge that may discourage the medical staff to continue a struggle that seems hopeless. We feel that by accepting it and sharing experiences like this one we can help these patients who will rather die than accept blood derivatives.

Production and condition index of a turkeywing (Arca zebra) population were studied from August 1984 to August 1985 in Pariche, Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela. Production was studied through bimonthly collections using a method designed for populations with continuous reproduction and indistinguishable age classes. The population distribution was stable with a mean density of 37 ind.m-2. A production of 131.61 g dry weight m-2 year-1 was calculated from data on density, biomass and weight increase along the year. Highest production was between February 1985 and August 1985 (65%) and concentrated in individuals 60.00-79.95 mm long (45.73%). There was large seasonal variation in the mean monthly condition index (IC = (Ps/Ph) x 100) in the two size classes examined: it reached a maximum in July 1985 (26.84%) and a minimum in January 1985 (16.31%).

"Introducción: se ha informado efecto benéfico con metformina en pacientes con cáncer. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de adicionar metformina a la quimioterapia sobre las recaídas tempranas en pacientes con leucemia linfoblástica aguda. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y experimental de pacientes portadores de leucemia linfoblástica aguda de novo, realizado en el Hospital General de Mexico. La muestra fue dividida en dos brazos de tratamiento: uno recibió metformina (850 mg cada ocho horas) + quimioterapia; otro recibió únicamente quimioterapia estándar. La distribución de los pacientes fue aleatoria, 3:1 a favor del segundo brazo. Resultados: se incluyeron 93 pacientes (73 recibieron quimioterapia + metformina y 20, quimioterapia estándar); el seguimiento fue de 303 ± 53 días. La remisión completa fue mayor en el grupo sin metformina comparado con el que recibió quimioterapia+metformina (81.3 % [n = 61] y 70 % [n = 14], respectivamente), al igual que las recaídas (47.9 y 25 %, respectivamente). La supervivencia global a un año fue de 68 % y la supervivencia libre de la enfermedad fue de 64 %, sin diferencias entre los grupos. La única variable de pronóstico adverso con relevancia significativa fue la ausencia de metformina (p=0.55). La regresión de Cox demostró que adicionarla redujo 56 % el riesgo de recaída. Conclusiones: la adición de metformina al tratamiento de la leucemia fue de utilidad en nuestra investigación, sin embargo, deberán diseñarse estudios aleatorizados y doble ciego para emitir recomendaciones definitivas."