322 results on '"Olkowski AA"'
Search Results
202. Severe Thiamine Deficiency in Sheep with Acute Ruminal Lactic Acidosis.
- Author
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Karapinar, T., Dabak, M., Kizil, O., and Balikci, E.
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VETERINARY medicine ,VITAMIN B1 deficiency ,SHEEP diseases ,CARBOHYDRATES ,ANIMAL health ,RUMEN (Ruminants) - Abstract
Background: Thiamine status of ruminants is adversely affected in acidic rumen conditions. However, there have been limited published case study data related to thiamine deficiency of ruminants with acute ruminal lactic acidosis (ARLA). Hypothesis: Thiamine deficiency would occur in sheep with ARLA. Animals: Thirteen Ak-Karaman (white Karaman) sheep with ARLA, aged 1 year (ARLA group) and 10 healthy Ak-Karaman sheep, aged 1 year (control group) were used. Methods: After clinical examination, rumen fluid samples of all sheep were obtained with a stomach tube and examined immediately. Blood samples were taken from a jugular vein of the sheep. Erythrocytic transketolase enzyme activity and hence thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) effect were determined according to Clausen's method. Results: History revealed that all sheep in the ARLA group had accidentally consumed excessive amounts of cracked barley. During clinical examination of the ARLA group, disturbed general condition, engorged scleral vessels, moderate to severe dehydration, and ruminal atony were recorded in the sheep. The results of the ruminal fluid analyses of the ARLA group demonstrated characteristics of ARLA. The results of clinical and ruminal fluid examination of control group were normal. The mean TPP effect (%) in the ARLA group (109 ± 28) was significantly higher than in the control group (22.2 ± 3.7) ( P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The present study revealed that severe thiamine deficiency occurred in sheep with ARLA. This result indicates that thiamine administration to sheep suffering from acute ruminal acidosis caused by overconsumption of readily fermentable carbohydrates could be beneficial in alleviating thiamine deficiency caused by ruminal acidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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203. Effects of a charcoal powder?wood vinegar compound solution in piglets for raw pigeon pea seed meal.
- Subjects
PIGLETS ,PIGEON pea ,DIET ,WEIGHT gain ,EPITHELIAL cells ,ANIMAL feeds ,ANIMAL feeding - Abstract
Histological intestinal villus alterations were studied in piglets fed a raw pigeon pea meal (PM) diet including a powder mixture of amorphous charcoal carbon and wood vinegar compound solution (CWVC). Twenty-eight male castrated piglets were divided into seven dietary groups of four piglets each. The control group was fed raw PM supplemented to the basal diet (178 g/kg crude protein, 4.23 kcal/g gross energy) at 0 g/kg (CONT), 200 g/kg (PM200) and 400 g/kg (PM400). The treatment groups were fed CWVC in both PM200 and PM400 diet groups at levels of 10 g/kg and 30 g/kg (PM200 + CWVC10, PM200 + CWVC30, PM400 + CWVC10 and PM400 + CWVC30). With increasing dietary PM levels, daily feed intake tended to increase. In contrast, daily body-weight gain tended to decrease, significantly in the PM400 group (P< 0.05), resulting in a significant decrease of feed efficiency in PM groups (P< 0.05). Body-weight gain and feed efficiency were higher in the CWVC groups compared with the PM groups. The duodenum and ileum were longer (P< 0.05) in the PM400 group than in CONT, but were similar to CONT in CWVC groups. The liver was heavier (P< 0.05), whereas the weights of the heart, kidney and stomach were decreased in the CWVC groups than in other groups. Most values for the intestinal villus height, cell area and cell mitosis number were lower in PM groups than those in CONT (P< 0.05) for each intestinal segment; however, these values were higher in CWVC groups than in PM groups (P< 0.05). The epithelial cells on the duodenal villus surface of the PM200 group showed cell morphology almost similar to CONT. However, the PM400 group had a smooth villus surface due to the presence of flat cells. The epithelial cells of the CWVC groups were protuberated, resulting in a much rougher surface than CONT. The current growth performance and histological intestinal alterations in piglets fed PM and PM + CWVC diets demonstrate that the intestinal features might be atrophied by feeding PM, resulting in decreased growth performance. CWVC might prevent the harmful effects of PM dietary toxins on intestinal function, resulting in a normal growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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204. Use of ?natural? products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production.
- Subjects
ANTIBIOTICS ,FEED additives ,PROBIOTICS ,SAPONINS ,TANNINS - Abstract
The banning in 2006 of the use of antibiotics as animal growth promoters in the European Union has increased demand from producers for alternative feed additives that can be used to improve animal production. This review gives an overview of the most common non-antibiotic feed additives already being used or that could potentially be used in ruminant nutrition. Probiotics, dicarboxylic acids, enzymes and plant-derived products including saponins, tannins and essential oils are presented. The known modes of action and effects of these additives on feed digestion and more especially on rumen fermentations are described. Their utility and limitations in field conditions for modern ruminant production systems and their compliance with the current legislation are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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205. Dietary vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) and selenium supplementation from different sources: performance, ascites-related variables and antioxidant status in broilers reared at low and optimum temperatures.
- Author
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Özkan, S., Malayoğlu, H. Basmacioğlu, Yalçin, S., Karadaş, F., Koçtürk, S., çabuk, M., Oktay, G., Özdemir, S., Özdemir, E., and Ergül, M.
- Subjects
VITAMIN E ,SELENIUM ,DIET ,ANTIOXIDANTS ,BROILER chickens ,GLUTATHIONE - Abstract
1. This study compared the effect of dietary supplementation with organic or inorganic selenium (Se) sources plus control amounts or large amounts of vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) in broilers raised at control (20 to 24°C) or low (14·5 to 16·8°C) temperatures after 2 weeks of age. 2. The following dietary treatments were used from one day old. Diet 1, the control diet, comprised a commercial diet containing 0·15 mg/kg inorganic Se and 50 mg vitamin E/kg feed. Diet 2 was the same as diet 1, supplemented with 0·15 mg/kg inorganic Se. Diet 3 was the same as diet 2 but was supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. Diet 4 was the same as diet 1, but inorganic Se was replaced with 0·30 mg/kg organic Se. Diet 5 was the same as diet 4, supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. 3. Low temperature reduced the growth rate of broilers; however, at 6 weeks, there were no differences in the body weights of birds fed on organic Se supplemented diets housed at low or control temperature. The feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by low temperature but not by diet. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was higher in chicks after one week in the cold, indicating mild stress. Blood triiodothyronine levels were significantly higher in birds after 1 and 4 weeks in the cold but thyroxin was not affected. 4. Organic Se supplementation increased relative lung weight at the control temperature, which might lead to greater respiratory capacity. Relative spleen weight significantly decreased in broilers fed diets supplemented with inorganic Se under cold conditions, a possible indication of chronic oxidative stress. 5. At the low temperature, supplementation with organic Se alone, or with inorganic Se and vitamin E increased glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity and glutathione (GSH) concentration in the liver of broilers, which may indicate increased activity of birds' antioxidant defence against suboptimal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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206. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Metabolic and Toxic Disorders of 3 Small Ruminants.
- Author
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Schenk, Henning Christian, Ganter, Martin, Seehusen, Frauke, Schroeder, Charlotte, Gerdwilker, Axel, Baumgaertner, Wolfgang, and Tipold, Andrea
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- 2007
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207. Cardiac matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression independently induces marked ventricular remodeling and systolic dysfunction.
- Author
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Bergman, Marina R., Teerlink, John R., Mahimkar, Rajeev, Luyi Li, Bo-Qing Zhu, Nguyen, Anita, Dahi, Sia, Karliner, Joel S., and Lovett, David H.
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METALLOPROTEINASES ,HYPERTROPHY ,CYTOPLASMIC filaments ,FIBROBLASTS ,FIBROSIS - Abstract
Although enhanced cardiac matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 synthesis has been associated with ventricular remodeling and failure, whether MMP-2 expression is a direct mediator of this process is unknown. We generated transgenic mice expressing active MMP-2 driven by the α-myosin heavy chain promoter. At 4 mo MMP-2 transgenic hearts demonstrated expression of the MMP-2 transgene, myocyte hypertrophy, breakdown of Z-band registration, lysis of myofilaments, disruption of sarcomere and mitochondrial architecture, and cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Hearts from 8-mo-old transgenic mice displayed extensive myocyte disorganization and dropout with replacement fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis. Older transgenic mice also exhibited a massive increase in cardiac MMP-2 expression, representing recruitment of endogenous MMP-2 synthesis, with associated expression of MMP-9 and membrane type I MMP. Increases in diastolic [control (C) 33 ± 3 vs. MMP 51 ± 12 µl P = 0.003] and systolic (C 7 ± 2 vs. MMP 28 ± 14 µl; P = 0.003) left ventricular (LV) volumes and relatively preserved stroke volume (C 26 ± 4 vs. MMP 23 ± 3 µl; P = 0.16) resulted in markedly decreased LV ejection fraction (C 78 ± 7% vs. MMP 48 ± 16%; P = 0.0006). Markedly impaired systolic function in the MMP transgenic mice was demonstrated in the reduced preload-adjusted maximal power (C 240 ± 84 vs. MMP 78 ± 49 mW/µl² P = 0.0003) and decreased end-systolic pressure-volume relation (C 7.5 ± 1.5 vs. MMP 4.7 ± 2.0; P = 0.016). Expression of active MMP-2 is sufficient to induce severe ventricular remodeling and systolic dysfunction in the absence of superimposed injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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208. Echocardiographic characteristics of chickens with ascites syndrome.
- Author
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Deng, G., Zhang, Y., Peng, X., Guo, D., and Li, C.
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BROILER chickens ,LEFT heart ventricle ,ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ,ASCITES ,HEART function tests ,BODY weight ,HEART rate monitoring ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
1. B- and M-mode echocardiography was used to compare cardiac function in broilers with spontaneous ascites syndrome with that of normal chickens. 2. Thirty ascitic chickens and 15 normal chickens aged three, 4, 5 and 6 weeks from the same flock (180 birds in total) were examined. They were restrained gently in a natural standing position, and echocardiographs were obtained with a 7·0-MHz linear transducer placed on the left pectoral apterium. Indices of cardiac structure and functioning were calculated from the echocardiographs, and some were normalised to body weight. Heart rate was also measured. 3. All cardiac structural indices in both ascitic and normal chickens increased with age. Compared with normal chickens, right ventricular diameter at both the end of systole and of diastole was greater in ascitic chickens at all ages. Left ventricular diameter at the end of systole in ascitic chickens was greater at 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age. Ventricular septal thickness at the end of both systole and diastole was greater in ascitic chickens at 5 and 6 weeks. Left ventricular free wall thickness at the end of diastole was less in ascitic chickens at 3 weeks. However, all the structural indices decreased with age after normalisation with body weight. 4. The heart rate of ascitic chickens was lower at 4, 5 and 6 weeks. Normalised left ventricular fractional shortening was lower in ascitic chickens at 4, 5 and 6 weeks, as was normalised right ventricular fractional shortening. Incrassation of the ventricular septum (ΔT), which changed little in normal chickens, was less at 4, 5 and 6 weeks in ascitic chickens. Left ventricular fractional shortening, right ventricular fractional shortening and ΔT were all negatively correlated with ascites heart index at all ages. 5. Taken together the results suggest heart failure of both ventricles, but that right ventricular dysfunction is more extensive than left ventricular dysfunction. We suggest that secondary pulmonary hypertension would result in these ascitic chickens due to volume overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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209. Thermoregulatory capacity and muscle membrane integrity are compromised in broilers compared with layers at the same age or body weight.
- Author
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Sandercock†, D.A., Hunter, R.R., Mitchell, M.A., and Hocking, P.M.
- Subjects
BROILER chickens ,PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat ,BODY temperature regulation ,POULTRY ,CHICKENS - Abstract
1. The effects of acute heat stress (2  h at 32°C and 75% RH) on body temperature and indices of respiratory thermoregulation and skeletal muscle function were examined in two divergently selected male grandparent lines of broiler and layer-type chickens at two ages (35 and 63  d), or at a similar body weight (∼⃒2·2  kg). 2. The two chicken lines exhibited markedly different baseline blood acid–base and skeletal muscle characteristics. At the same age or live weight, birds from the broiler line had significantly higher venous blood carbon dioxide tensions associated with lower blood pH. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activities reflecting muscle membrane damage were also greatly elevated in the broiler line. 3. Exposure to acute heat stress caused an increase in deep body temperature, panting-induced acid–base disturbances and elevated plasma CK activity in both lines of chicken, an effect that increased with age. The extent of disturbances in acid–base regulation and heat-stress-induced myopathy were more pronounced in the broiler than the layer line at the same age or similar live weights. 4. It is suggested that genetic selection for high muscle growth in broiler lines has compromised their capacity to respond to an acute thermal challenge, leading to detrimental consequences for muscle function. This reduction in heat tolerance may have important implications for bird welfare and subsequent meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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210. Anatomical parameters of cardiopulmonary system in three different lines of chickens: further evidence for involvement in ascites syndrome.
- Author
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Hassanzadeh, Mohammad, Gilanpour, Hassan, Charkhkar, Saied, Buyse, Johan, and Decuypere, Eddy
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CHICKENS ,ASCITES ,CARDIOPULMONARY system ,LUNGS ,POULTRY ,HYPERTENSION - Abstract
Copyright of Avian Pathology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2005
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211. Heritability of sudden death syndrome and its associated correlations to ascites and body weight in broilers.
- Author
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Moghadam, H.K., Mcmillan, I., Chambers, J.R., Julian, R.J., and Tranchant, C.C.
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SUDDEN death ,ASCITES ,BODY weight ,BROILER chickens ,CHICKENS ,POULTRY - Abstract
1. Genetic parameters for the sudden death syndrome (SDS) were estimated in meat-type chickens. Data were collected over 11 generations of selection for body weight within two distinct breeds (Cornish and White Rock).2. The animal model was used exclusively with linear methods (LM) to estimate genetic parameters. Heritability (h 2 ) of SDS on the liability scale was 0·30?±?0·002 and 0·25?±?0·002 in the Cornish and White Rock breeds, respectively.3. A positive genetic correlation (rg) with ascites (AS) was determined (~0·3?±?0·006). However, it was not possible to estimate the rg of SDS with body weight because of the low prevalence of the defect trait studied (1·8% in the Cornish and 1·5% in the White Rock).4. Heritability of SDS calculated using male records only was 0·45?±?0·009 and 0·35?±?0·009, and rg with body weight was 0·30?±?0·010 and 0·27?±?0·009, in the Cornish and White Rock breeds, respectively.5. In conclusion, the heart defect investigated was heritable with a positive genetic correlation with AS and body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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212. Genetic parameters of ascites-related traits in broilers: correlations with feed efficiency and carcase traits.
- Author
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Pakdel, A., Arendonk, J.A.M. Van, Vereijken, A.L.J., and Bovenhuis, H.
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ASCITES ,BROILER chickens ,METABOLIC disorders ,CHICKENS ,POULTRY ,GENETICS - Abstract
1. Pulmonary hypertension syndrome followed by ascites is a metabolic disorder in broilers that occurs more often in fast-growing birds and at cool temperatures.2. Knowledge of the genetic relationships among ascites-related traits and performance traits like carcase traits or feed efficiency traits is required to design breeding programmes that aim to improve the degree of resistance to ascites syndrome as well as production traits. The objective of this study was to estimate these genetic correlations.3. Three different experiments were set up to measure ascites-related traits (4202 birds), feed efficiency traits (2166 birds) and carcase traits (2036 birds). The birds in different experiments originated from the same group of parents, which enabled the estimation of genetic correlations among different traits.4. The genetic correlation of body weight (BW) measured under normal conditions and in the carcase experiment with the ascites indicator trait of right ventricle to total ventricle ratio (RV:TV) measured under cold conditions was 0·30. The estimated genetic correlation indicated that single-trait selecting for BW leads to an increase in occurrence of the ascites syndrome but that there are realistic opportunities of multi-trait selection of birds for improved BW and resistance to ascites.5. Weak but positive genetic relationships were found between feed efficiency and ascites-related traits suggesting that more efficient birds tend to be slightly more susceptible to ascites.6. The relatively low genetic correlation between BW measured in the carcase or in the feed efficiency experiments and BW measured in the ascites experiment (0·49) showed considerable genotype by environment interaction. These results indicate that birds with high genetic potential for growth rate under normal temperature conditions have lower growth rate under cold-stress conditions due to ascites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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213. Effect of chronic hypoxia during embryonic development on physiological functioning and on hatching and post-hatching parameters related to ascites syndrome in broiler chickens.
- Author
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Hassanzadeh, Mohammad, Fard, M. H. Bozorgmehri, Buyse, Johan, Bruggeman, Veerle, and Decuypere, Eddy
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HYPOXEMIA ,PHYSICAL geography ,METEOROLOGY ,THYROID hormones ,LACTIC acid ,CLIMATOLOGY - Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different atmospheric pressure on the endogenous functions of broiler chickens during embryonic, hatching and growing periods related to ascites. Eggs from a commercial broiler line were incubated in two similar commercial incubators at high and low altitudes. The effect on embryonic development and physiological functions including hatching parameters, incidence of ascites and growth performance were examined. Embryos incubated at high altitude had higher plasma tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, corticosteroid and lactic acid levels, and hatched earlier than those incubated at low altitude. Embryonic mortality was higher at high altitude. Chickens that had been incubated at high altitude showed less right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites mortality than those incubated at low altitude. It was concluded that different atmospheric pressure during incubation interacts with the endocrine functions of the embryo and hence affects hatching parameters, thereby influencing ascites susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
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214. Elemental sulfur: Toxicity in vivo and in vitro to bacterial luciferase, in vitro yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, and bovine liver catalase.
- Author
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Anolda Četkauskaitė, Piia Pessala, and Anders Södergren
- Subjects
IN vivo toxicity testing ,BIOLUMINESCENCE ,RESPIRATION ,VIBRIO fischeri - Abstract
The aim of this research was to analyze the effects and the modes of action of elemental sulfur (S0) in bioluminescence and respiration of Vibrio fischeri cells and the enzymes crude luciferase, pure catalase, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Metallic copper removed sulfur and reduced the toxicity of acetone extracts of sediment samples analyzed in the bioluminescence test. The sulfur inhibition of cell bioluminescence was noncompetitive with decanal, the luciferase substrate; reversible, with maximum toxicity after 15 min (EC50 = 11.8 μg/L); and almost totally recovered after 2 h. In vitro preincubation of crude luciferase extract with sulfur (0.28 ppm) weakly inhibited bioluminescence at 5 min, but at 30 min the inhibition reached 60%. Increasing the concentration of sulfur in the parts per million concentration range in vitro decreased bioluminescence, which was not constant, but depended on exposure time, and no dead‐end/total inhibition was observed. The redox state of enzymes in the in vitro system significantly affected inhibition. Hydrogen peroxide restored fully and the reducing agent dithiothreitol, itself toxic, restored only partially luciferase activity in the presence of sulfur. Sulfur (5.5 ppm) slightly inhibited ADH and catalase, and dithiothreitol enhanced sulfur inhibition. High sulfur concentrations (2.2 ppm) inhibited the bioluminescence and enhanced the respiration rate of V. fischeri cells. Elemental sulfur data were interpreted to show that sulfur acted on at least a few V. fischeri cell sites: reversibly modifying luciferase at sites sensitive to/protected by oxidative and reducing agents and by affecting electron transport processes, resulting in enhanced oxygen consumption. Sulfur together with an enzyme reducing agent inhibited the oxidoreductive enzymes ADH and catalase, which have —SH groups, metal ion cofactors, or heme, respectively, in their active centers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 372–386, 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
215. Selective precipitation and recovery of xylanase using surfactant and organic solvent.
- Author
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Shin, Youn-Ok, Wahnon, Daphne, Weber, Martin E., and Vera, Juan H.
- Published
- 2004
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216. EMBRYOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS EXTRACTED FROM TISSUES OF GUILLEMOTS (URIA AALGE) FROM THE BALTIC SEA AND THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.
- Author
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De Roode, Daphne E., Gustavsson, M. Bodil, Rantalainen, Anna-Lea, Klomp, Anette V., Koeman, Jan H., and Bosveld, Albertus T. C.
- Subjects
COMMON murre ,BIRDS ,ENZYMES ,EMBRYOLOGY - Abstract
The Baltic Sea is a heavily polluted area. To assess the current contaminant pressure on the common guillemot (Uria aalge) living there, whole-body extracts of guillemots from the Baltic Sea were prepared and subdivided over six fractions, which differed in composition due to lipophilicity and polarity of the contaminants. The fractions were tested in the chicken embryo assay and compared to fractions of Atlantic guillemot extracts. Fertilized chicken eggs were injected with 0.03, 0.3, or 3 bird egg equivalents (BEQ) of the contaminants present in the fractions and then incubated for 19 d. Endpoints were selected to cover several mechanisms that may play a role in reproductive failures of fish-eating birds. Fractions I and IV from the Baltic guillemots induced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity up to 15-fold in embryos exposed to 0.3 BEQ and up to 17-fold in embryos exposed to 3 BEQ. Corresponding Atlantic fractions induced EROD activity only at the higher dose of 3 BEQ. Morphological alterations were observed in the bursa of Fabricius in embryos exposed to the fractions that induced EROD, and for the Baltic fractions, this was apparent at the dose of 0.3 BEQ. The higher toxic potency of fractions I and IV was confirmed by higher mortality and occurrence of malformations among embryos exposed to these fractions. No other effects were observed; morphometry, hepatic porphyrin levels, thiamine-dependent enzymes, and acetylcholinesterase activity were not affected by any fraction. During inter-pretation of the results, concentrations in the whole-body guillemot extracts were compared to concentrations reported in field studies. In general, concentrations in the guillemot extract were lower than those associated with biomarker responses in other wild-bird species. However, because the relative sensitivity of guillemot toward immunotoxic effects remains to be resolved, effects on the immunocompetence of guillemot could not be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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217. Development of a Bioassay to Test the Possible Role of Thiamine Disturbance as a Mechanism Behind Pollution-Induced Reproductive Failures in Birds.
- Author
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de Roode, D. F., Balk, L., Koeman, J. H., and Bosveld, A. T. C.
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL assay ,VITAMIN B1 ,BIRDS ,REPRODUCTION ,LIPIDS ,EGGS - Abstract
A test system was developed to examine the effects of environmental contaminants on thiamine homeostasis in bird embryos. This system employs fresh chicken egg yolk lipids as a vehicle for use in egg injection studies. Furazolidone, an antibiotic suspected to interfere with thiamine metabolism, was used as a positive control to evaluate the utility of the test system. It was determined that fresh chicken egg yolk lipids were preferable over chemical vehicles as it resulted in lower mortality rates (16% versus 23–62%) and did not induce any observable effects in the embryo. Injection of 1 mg/egg of furazolidone at day 0 of development resulted in decreased respiration followed by death, with mortality rates being twice as high as in carrier controls. In addition, transketolase activity, which was measured as an indicator of thiamine availability in the body, was decreased 25% in brains of 19-day-old embryos. This mechanism may be of importance for effects of environmental contaminants in wild bird populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
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218. Duplicated lower intestinal tract in a commercial broiler chicken with polypodia.
- Author
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Gholami Ahangaran, Majid, Azizi, Shahrzad, Yadegari, Mehrdad, Maghooli, Mohammad, and Hajimirzaei, Mohammad
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CHICKEN diseases ,POLYPODIALES ,VETERINARY literature ,VETERINARY autopsy ,INTESTINAL abnormalities ,DIVERTICULUM ,ABDOMINAL wall - Abstract
Developmental anomalies in domestic fowl are rare, and few reports are present in veterinary literature. This study describes polypodia and lower intestinal duplication in a commercial broiler chicken. Apparently, the chicken had a short extra leg with two digits. In necropsy, below the Meckle's diverticulum, the ileum was divided to the normal and abnormal branches. A unilateral cecum was attached to abnormal part of ileum, and the rectum was as a dilated blind sac without connection to the exterior end or abdominal wall of the chicken. Histological findings showed that the basic organization of intestinal wall was similar to that in other parts of the normal intestine. No other abnormality was observed in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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219. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN A CALF.
- Author
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TSUKA, TAKESHI, TAURA, YASUHO, OKAMURA, SHINGO, TAMURA, HIDENORI, OKAMOTO, YOSHIHARU, OKAMURA, YASUHIKO, and MINAMI, SABURO
- Abstract
A 2-month-old mix-breed calf developed acute blindness and ataxia. Serum thiamine concentration was deficient. In antemortem magnetic resonance imaging there were laminar T2-hyperintense regions extending along the cerebral cortex that primarily affected the gray matter. The lesions were relatively symmetric between the left and right hemispheres but no abnormalities were present at the frontal lobes. At necropsy, laminar autofluorescence of the cerebral cortex was observed under ultraviolet exposure at 365 nm, consistent with a diagnosis of polioencephalomalacia. Polioencephalomalacia in the bovine species is compared with that in other species, namely humans, dogs, and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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220. Separation and Assay of Cholecalciferol in Vitamin A D Ointment.
- Author
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Mahmood Tajbakhsh, Manijeh Karimi, Mohammad Javad Chaichi, Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh, and Saeed Haghighi
- Abstract
Summary.  In this paper two methods are presented. One involves the separation of cholecalciferol from a topical ointment. The other involves the assay of cholecalciferol in this ointment. The study was performed with normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography using a NP-L3 column and UV detection. Applying a mobile phase mixture containing n-hexane:2-propanol (99:1) a total separation was achieved within 15âmin. For isolation and assay of cholecalciferol from an ointment (vitamin A D), dissolution in n-hexane gave the highest recovery (>95%). The isolation and assay process can be performed within 3.5âh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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221. Cannabis-derived cannabidiol and nanoselenium improve gut barrier function and affect bacterial enzyme activity in chickens subjected to C. perfringens challenge.
- Author
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Konieczka, Paweł, Szkopek, Dominika, Kinsner, Misza, Fotschki, Bartosz, Juśkiewicz, Jerzy, and Banach, Joanna
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CANNABIDIOL ,BROILER chickens ,CHICKENS ,CLOSTRIDIUM perfringens ,BACTERIAL enzymes ,POULTRY industry - Abstract
Revealing the multifocal mechanisms affecting cross-talk between Clostridium perfringens pathogenesis and the host response is an urgent need in the poultry industry. Herein, the activity of Cannabis sativa-derived cannabidiol (CBD) and selenium nanoparticles (Nano-Se) in modulating the host response to Clostridium perfringens challenge was investigated in broiler chickens subjected to a mild infection model. The infected chickens exhibited no clinical manifestations, confirming the potential hazard of pathogen transmission to the food chain in the commercial sector. However, both CBD and Nano-Se affected the responses of chickens to C. perfringens challenge. The beneficial actions of both agents were manifested in the upregulated expression of genes determining gut barrier function. Both CBD and Nano-Se promoted shifts in gut bacterial enzyme activity to increased energy uptake in challenged chickens and upregulated potential collagenase activity. There was no opposite effect of CBD and Nano-Se in mediating the host response to challenge, whereas an additive effect was evidenced on the upregulation of gene determining gut integrity. Collectively, these findings indicate that understanding the action mechanisms of CBD and Nano-Se is of great interest for developing a preventive strategy for C. perfringens infection in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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222. Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food, in particular in lupins and lupin‐derived products.
- Author
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Schrenk, Dieter, Bodin, Laurent, Chipman, James Kevin, del Mazo, Jesús, Grasl‐Kraupp, Bettina, Hogstrand, Christer, Hoogenboom, Laurentius (Ron), Leblanc, Jean‐Charles, Nebbia, Carlo Stefano, Nielsen, Elsa, Ntzani, Evangelia, Petersen, Annette, Sand, Salomon, Schwerdtle, Tanja, Vleminckx, Christiane, Wallace, Heather, Alexander, Jan, Cottrill, Bruce, Dusemund, Birgit, and Mulder, Patrick
- Subjects
ANIMAL health ,ALKALOIDS ,LUPINUS albus ,ELECTRIC conductivity ,DOMESTIC animals - Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment is limited to QAs occurring in Lupinus species/varieties relevant for animal and human consumption in Europe (i.e. Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus luteus L. and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Information on the toxicity of QAs in animals and humans is limited. Following acute exposure to sparteine (reference compound), anticholinergic effects and changes in cardiac electric conductivity are considered to be critical for human hazard characterisation. The CONTAM Panel used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach identifying a lowest single oral effective dose of 0.16 mg sparteine/kg body weight as reference point to characterise the risk following acute exposure. No reference point could be identified to characterise the risk of chronic exposure. Because of similar modes of action for QAs, the CONTAM Panel used a group approach assuming dose additivity. For food, the highest mean concentration of Total QAs (TotQAs) (i.e. the 6 most abundant QAs) was found in lupin seed samples classified as 'Lupins (dry) and similar‐'. Due to the limited data on occurrence and consumption, dietary exposure was calculated for some specific scenarios and no full human health risk characterisation was possible. The calculated margin of exposures (MOEs) may indicate a risk for some consumers. For example, when lupin seeds are consumed without a debittering step, or as debittered lupin seeds high in QA content and when 'lupin‐based meat imitates' are consumed. For horses, companion and farm animals, other than salmonids, the available database on adverse effects was too limited to identify no‐observed‐adverse‐effect levels and/or lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect levels and no risk characterisation was possible. For salmonids, the CONTAM Panel considers the risk for adverse effects to be low. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications articles: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1348/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1717/full [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
223. Microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid controls Clostridium perfringens-induced chicken necrotic enteritis through attenuating inflammatory cyclooxygenase signaling.
- Author
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Wang, Hong, Latorre, Juan D., Bansal, Mohit, Abraha, Mussie, Al-Rubaye, Bilal, Tellez-Isaias, Guillermo, Hargis, Billy, and Sun, Xiaolun
- Subjects
MICROBIAL metabolites ,DEOXYCHOLIC acid ,CLOSTRIDIUM perfringens ,NECROTIC enteritis ,CYCLOOXYGENASES ,CELLULAR signal transduction - Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens infection has reemerged as a prevalent poultry disease worldwide due to reduced usage of prophylactic antibiotics under consumer preferences and regulatory pressures. The lack of alternative antimicrobial strategies to control this disease is mainly due to limited insight into the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host responses. Here we showed that the microbial metabolic byproduct of secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA), at as low as 50 µM, inhibited 82.8% of C. perfringens growth in Tryptic Soy Broth (P < 0.05). Sequential Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens challenges significantly induced NE, severe intestinal inflammation, and body weight (BW) loss in broiler chickens. These negative effects were diminished (P < 0.05) by 1.5 g/kg DCA diet. At the cellular level, DCA alleviated NE-associated ileal epithelial death and significantly reduced lamina propria cell apoptosis. Interestingly, DCA reduced C. perfringens invasion into ileum (P < 0.05) without altering the bacterial ileal luminal colonization. Molecular analysis showed that DCA significantly reduced inflammatory mediators of Infγ, Litaf, Il1β, and Mmp9 mRNA accumulation in ileal tissue. Mechanism studies revealed that C. perfringens induced (P < 0.05) elevated expression of inflammatory mediators of Infγ, Litaf, and Ptgs2 (Cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) gene) in chicken splenocytes. Inhibiting the COX signaling by aspirin significantly attenuated INFγ-induced inflammatory response in the splenocytes. Consistent with the in vitro assay, chickens fed 0.12 g/kg aspirin diet protected the birds against NE-induced BW loss, ileal inflammation, and intestinal cell apoptosis. In conclusion, microbial metabolic product DCA prevents NE-induced BW loss and ileal inflammation through attenuating inflammatory response. These novel findings of microbiome protecting birds against NE provide new options on developing next generation antimicrobial alternatives against NE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
224. Genome-wide association scan for QTL and their positional candidate genes associated with internal organ traits in chickens.
- Author
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Moreira, Gabriel Costa Monteiro, Salvian, Mayara, Boschiero, Clarissa, Cesar, Aline Silva Mello, Reecy, James M., Godoy, Thaís Fernanda, Ledur, Mônica Corrêa, Garrick, Dorian, Mourão, Gerson Barreto, and Coutinho, Luiz L.
- Subjects
CHICKENS ,MORPHOGENESIS ,GENES ,METABOLIC disorders ,CHICKEN diseases ,ANIMAL carcasses ,POULTRY - Abstract
Background: Poultry breeding programs have been focused on improvement of growth and carcass traits, however, this has resulted in correlated changes in internal organ weights and increased incidence of metabolic disorders. These disorders can affect feed efficiency or even cause death. We used a high density SNP array (600 K, Affymetrix) to estimate genomic heritability, perform genome-wide association analysis, and identify genomic regions and positional candidate genes (PCGs) associated with internal organ traits in an F2 chicken population. We integrated knowledge of haplotype blocks, selection signature regions and sequencing data to refine the list of PCGs. Results: Estimated genomic heritability for internal organ traits in chickens ranged from low (LUNGWT, 0.06) to high (GIZZWT, 0.45). A total of 20 unique 1 Mb windows identified on GGA1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27 and 28 were significantly associated with intestine length, and weights or percentages of liver, gizzard or lungs. Within these windows, 14 PCGs were identified based on their biological functions: TNFSF11, GTF2F2, SPERT, KCTD4, HTR2A, RB1, PCDH7, LCORL, LDB2, NR4A2, GPD2, PTPN11, ITGB4 and SLC6A4. From those genes, two were located within haplotype blocks and three overlapped with selection signature regions. A total of 13,748 annotated sequence SNPs were in the 14 PCGs, including 156 SNPs in coding regions (124 synonymous, 26 non-synonymous, and 6 splice variants). Seven deleterious SNPs were identified in TNFSF11, NR4A2 or ITGB4 genes. Conclusions: The results from this study provide novel insights to understand the genetic architecture of internal organ traits in chickens. The QTL detection performed using a high density SNP array covered the whole genome allowing the discovery of novel QTL associated with organ traits. We identified PCGs within the QTL involved in biological processes that may regulate internal organ growth and development. Potential functional genetic variations were identified generating crucial information that, after validation, might be used in poultry breeding programs to reduce the occurrence of metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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225. In-feed resin acids reduce matrix metalloproteinase activity in the ileal mucosa of healthy broilers without inducing major effects on the gut microbiota.
- Author
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Aguirre, Marisol, Vuorenmaa, Juhani, Valkonen, Eija, Kettunen, Hannele, Callens, Chana, Haesebrouck, Freddy, Ducatelle, Richard, Van Immerseel, Filip, and Goossens, Evy
- Subjects
GUMS & resins ,MUCOUS membranes ,ORAL mucosa ,FEED additives ,POULTRY growth ,DIETARY supplements ,ACIDS - Abstract
The chicken gut is constantly exposed to harmful molecules and microorganisms which endanger the integrity of the intestinal wall. Strengthening intestinal mucosal integrity is a key target for feed additives that aim to promote intestinal health in broilers. Recently, dietary inclusion of resin-based products has been shown to increase broiler performance. However, the mode of action is still largely unexplored. Coniferous resin acids are known for their anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, all properties that might support broiler intestinal health. In the current study, the effect of pure resin acids on broiler intestinal health was explored. Ross 308 broilers were fed a diet supplemented with coniferous resin acids for 22 days, after which the effect on both the intestinal microbiota as well as on the intestinal tissue morphology and activity of host collagenases was assessed. Dietary inclusion of resin acids did not alter the morphology of the healthy intestine and only minor effects on the intestinal microbiota were observed. However, resin acids-supplementation reduced both duodenal inflammatory T cell infiltration and small intestinal matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity towards collagen type I and type IV. Reduced breakdown of collagen type I and IV might indicate a protective effect of resin acids on intestinal barrier integrity by preservation of the basal membrane and the extracellular matrix. Further studies are needed to explore the protective effects of resin acids on broiler intestinal health under sub-optimal conditions and to elaborate our knowledge on the mechanisms behind the observed effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
226. Reuniting overnutrition and undernutrition, macronutrients, and micronutrients.
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Kim, Miji, Basharat, Anam, Santosh, Ramchandani, Mehdi, Syed F., Razvi, Zanali, Yoo, Sun K., Lowell, Barbara, Kumar, Amrat, Brima, Wunnie, Danoff, Ann, Dankner, Rachel, Bergman, Michael, Pavlov, Valentin A., Yang, Huan, and Roth, Jesse
- Abstract
Summary: Over‐nutrition and its late consequences are a dominant theme in medicine today. In addition to the health hazards brought on by over‐nutrition, the medical community has recently accumulated a roster of health benefits with obesity, grouped under "obesity paradox." Throughout the world and throughout history until the 20th century, under‐nutrition was a dominant evolutionary force. Under‐nutrition brings with it a mix of benefits and detriments that are opposite to and continuous with those of over‐nutrition. This continuum yields J‐shaped or U‐shaped curves relating body mass index to mortality. The overweight have an elevated risk of dying in middle age of degenerative diseases while the underweight are at increased risk of premature death from infectious conditions. Micronutrient deficiencies, major concerns of nutritional science in the 20th century, are being neglected. This "hidden hunger" is now surprisingly prevalent in all weight groups, even among the overweight. Because micronutrient replacement is safe, inexpensive, and predictably effective, it is now an exceptionally attractive target for therapy across the spectrum of weight and age. Nutrition‐related conditions worthy of special attention from caregivers include excess vitamin A, excess vitamin D, and deficiency of magnesium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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227. Nutritional and Safety Assessments of Foods and Feeds Nutritionally Improved through Biotechnology: An Executive Summary A Task Force Report by the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C.
- Published
- 2004
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228. Editorial 2010.
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Traugott, Michael
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IMPACT factor (Citation analysis) ,JOURNAL productivity ,CITATION analysis ,ACADEMIC discourse - Abstract
The author discusses the progresses of the journal. He states that the number of submissions received within the last two years has been rising constantly and nearly doubled within the reporting period. The ISI impact factor of the journal has also risen substantially in 2008 and is now 1.014. He has also reflected on the broad thematic standing of the journal by mentioning various articles of varied topics like vertebrate pest control and promising avenues for the control of forest pests.
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- 2010
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229. Three-year follow-up of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and bone mineral density in nursing home residents who had received 12 months of daily bread fortification with 125 μg of vitamin D₃.
- Author
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Mocanu, Veronica and Vieth, Reinhold
- Abstract
Background: We conducted a single-arm clinical trial in institutionalized seniors, on the effects of high-dose vitamin D3-fortified bread daily intake (clinicaltrials.gov registration NCT00789503).Methods: At 1 and 3 years after the dietary fortification was stopped, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone mineral density were measured in 23 of the original study subjects, aged 60-82 years who had consumed bread buns (100 g) fortified with 320 mg elemental calcium and 125 μg (5,000 IU) vitamin D3 daily for one year.Results: At the end of the 1-year supplementation phase (receiving vitamin D3 fortified bread daily), mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D was 127.3 ± 37.8 nmol/L (baseline for this follow-up). At 1-year follow-up, the serum 25(OH)D was 64.9 ± 24.8 nmol/L (p = 0.001, vs. baseline); and at 3-year follow-up it was 28.0 ± 15.0 nmol/L (p = 0.001 vs. baseline). Serum PTH was 18.8 ± 15.6 pg/ml at baseline while at Year 3 it was 48.4 ± 18.4 pg/ml (p = 0.001 vs. baseline). Lumbar spine BMD did not change from baseline to Year 3. However, by Year 3, hip BMD had decreased (0.927 ± 0.130 g/cm² vs. 0.907 ± 0.121 g/cm², p = 0.024).Conclusion: Vitamin D nutritional status exhibits a long half-life in the body, and a true steady-state plateau may not even be reached 1 year after a discontinuation in dose. Furthermore, once the need for vitamin D has been established, based on a low baseline serum 25(OH)D concentrations, the appropriate action is to maintain corrective vitamin D supplementation over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
230. Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds
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Robert E. Schmidt, Jason D. Struthers, David N. Phalen, Robert E. Schmidt, Jason D. Struthers, and David N. Phalen
- Subjects
- Bird Diseases--pathology
- Abstract
Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds A complete reference for veterinary pathologists, residents, and students interested in avian diseases The revised third edition of Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds delivers a comprehensive reference to gross and microscopic lesions found in birds, as well as the implications of these diseases. This third edition includes improved coverage of normal anatomy and of advanced diagnostic techniques, including special stains, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and molecular diagnostics. The authors offer an extensive collection of more than 1200 high-quality, full-color images. New chapters cover the postmortem examination; gross and microscopic anatomy; advanced diagnostics; and cytology. Specific chapters address diseases of passerines, Columbidae, and raptors, and other chapters are intuitively organized by body system. The book also provides: A thorough introduction to the preparation and interpretation of cytological samples Comprehensive tables of infectious diseases and published avian primers and IHC markers Practical discussion of diseases of the liver, urinary system, reproductive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, alimentary system, integument, special senses, and more.High-quality and annotated macroscopic and microscopic images that bolster the text and benefit the reader Pathology of Pet and Aviary Birds is an essential resource for veterinary pathologists and pathology residents, and will also benefit avian practitioners and veterinary students with an interest in diseases of pet birds and birds in avicultural collections. As many diseases in captive birds also manifest in wild birds, the book will appeal to those interested in the diseases and pathology of wild birds.
- Published
- 2024
231. The Role of Organismal Oxidative Stress in the Ecology and Life-History Evolution of Animals
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David Costantini and David Costantini
- Subjects
- Zoology, Physiology, Biodiversity
- Abstract
This book illustrates the role of cellular oxidative stress as one of the most important physiological cornerstones in the evolution of biodiversity. The first part of the book provides the fundamentals to navigate the field and analyse the cross-talk between oxidative status homeostasis and other fundamental organismal functions, such as immunity and stress physiology. The second part of the book argues that oxidative stress underpins the astonishing diversity of adaptations to the environments and the evolution of life-history strategies, from growth to reproduction. Unravelling the (un)expected ways through which the need of regulating the organismal oxidative status has influenced the evolution of life, this book presents a novel integrative way of thinking about how a cellular mechanism has shaped the evolution of life and death.
- Published
- 2024
232. Sheep Veterinary Practice
- Author
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Kym A. Abbott and Kym A. Abbott
- Subjects
- Veterinary medicine, Sheep farming, Sheep--Diseases
- Abstract
Sheep Veterinary Practice is the ideal reference for veterinarians in farm animal practice, veterinary and animal science students, agriculturalists and sheep producers. While addressing sheep health, welfare and production matters in Australia, this book covers issues of relevance in any country where sheep are raised.Sheep veterinary specialist Professor Kym Abbott and his co-authors inform the reader of the science underpinning the occurrence of disease syndromes, giving special attention to commonly investigated problems related to nutrition, reproduction and helminthiasis. Other disease conditions of sheep are discussed in subsequent chapters; first on the basis of presenting signs in the case of lameness and sudden death – conditions in which signs can be attributed to disorders of a variety of body systems – and then on a body-systems basis. Following on from Professor Abbott's The Practice of Sheep Veterinary Medicine, a review of the systems and strategies available to improve the welfare of sheep in extensive farming systems is included, as well as discussion of pain relief, analgesia and anaesthesia for sheep.The text is illustrated with over 150 images and photographs, the majority in full colour.
- Published
- 2024
233. Production Diseases in Farm Animals : Pathophysiology, Prophylaxis and Health Management
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Josef Johann Gross and Josef Johann Gross
- Subjects
- Veterinary medicine, Physiology, Animal welfare—Moral and ethical aspects, Agriculture, Food—Safety measures
- Abstract
This textbook deals comprehensively with livestock production diseases and their prevention in the major species: ruminants, swine, and poultry. It gives an interdisciplinary view on pathophysiology, prophylaxis, and health management.Livestock breeding and husbandry is often accompanied by a conflict of interest between the animal´s biological requirements and economic producer needs. This conflict is increasingly gaining attention not only by producers, animal scientists, and veterinarians, but also by the public. It creates significant future challenges, which are described and addressed in this book. The main topics covered are: •the use of antimicrobials with emphasis on security and safety for producers/consumers•the impact of locomotion disorders on performance and welfare of farm animals •the interactions of gut microbiome, genetics, climate change, metabolic status and mineral homeostasis with reproduction, performance, animal health and welfare•infectious and respiratory diseases•the raising of neonatesA special section is devoted to behavioural signs indicating an impaired animal welfare. These are the basis for precision livestock farming (PLF) technology and the development of new management concepts. The present work is a valuable resource for veterinarians, students, as well as expert readers from animal and agricultural sciences, food safety and technology. Supplementary videos can be accessed online as well as directly from the print book; simply download the Springer Nature More Media App for free and scan the links with the play button.
- Published
- 2024
234. Turkey Diseases and Disorders Volume 1 : Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases
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Hafez M. Hafez, Awad A. Shehata, Hafez M. Hafez, and Awad A. Shehata
- Subjects
- Turkeys--Diseases
- Abstract
This volume 1 of a two-volume work provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the most common bacterial and fungal diseases in turkeys. Each chapter is dedicated to a specific infectious disease and provides information on pathogenesis, symptoms and therapeutic strategies. The book also includes a general overview on turkey production. The clear and structured layout allows the reader to refer to it quickly. This book is an indispensable guide for veterinarians, researchers and professionals working in turkey production and health.
- Published
- 2024
235. Horse Pasture Management
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Paul H. Sharpe and Paul H. Sharpe
- Abstract
Horse Pasture Management, Second Edition provides updated coverage on strategies for managing behavior, grouping, environments and feeding needs of grazing horses. Sections cover the structure, function and identification of forages, continuing into nutritional value of pasture plants. Management of soil, the function of a pasture ecosystem and management of plants in a pasture is covered next, followed by forage yield determination, horse grazing behavior, feed choices of horses, management of grazing horses, and how to calculate how many horses should be grazing relative to land size. Advantages of grazing more than one species of animal are described. Management of hay and silage are included since year-round grazing is not possible on many horse farms. Several chapters deal with interactions of a horse farm with the environment, including climate and weather and other living things. The book also covers strategies for managing manure, erosion, and water quality. It is ideal for researchers, scientists and students involved in animal science, specifically equine studies. Agriculturists, equine managers and veterinarians will also find this book useful. - Includes information on environmental best practices, plant and soil assessments, and wildlife concerns - Features a new section on reducing carbon emissions and increasing sustainability on horse farms - Explains pasture-related diseases, weed management and toxic plants to avoid - Recommends relevant published resources and extension programs
- Published
- 2024
236. Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Volume 3: Environmental Toxicologic Pathology and Major Toxicant Classes
- Author
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Wanda M. Haschek, Colin G. Rousseaux, Matthew A. Wallig, Brad Bolon, Wanda M. Haschek, Colin G. Rousseaux, Matthew A. Wallig, and Brad Bolon
- Subjects
- Veterinary toxicology--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Physiology, Pathological--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Toxicology--Handbooks, manuals, etc
- Abstract
Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology, Fourth Edition, recognized by many as the most authoritative single source of information in the field of toxicologic pathology, has been extensively updated to continue its comprehensive coverage. The fourth edition has been expanded to five separate volumes due to an explosion of information in this field requiring new and updated chapters. Completely revised with a number of new chapters, this book covers the toxicologic pathology of major classes of environmental toxicants. Volumes emphasize the comparative and correlative aspects of normal biology and toxicant-induced dysfunction, principal methods for toxicologic pathology evaluation, and major mechanisms of toxicity. This series comprises the most authoritative reference on toxicologic pathology for pathologists, toxicologists, research scientists, and regulators studying and making decisions on drugs, biologics, medical devices, and other chemicals, including agrochemicals and environmental contaminants. Each volume is being published separately. - Provides updated and revised chapters for in-depth discussions of toxicologic pathology for the protection of the environment and food supplies - Offers high-quality and trusted content in a multi-contributed work written by leading international authorities in all areas of toxicologic pathology - Features hundreds of full-color images in both the print and electronic versions of the book to highlight difficult concepts with clear illustrations
- Published
- 2023
237. Cattle Welfare in Dairy and Beef Systems : A New Approach to Global Issues
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Marie Haskell and Marie Haskell
- Subjects
- Cattle--Health, Animal welfare
- Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the welfare of cattle. It starts with a consideration of animal welfare science and its application to the management of cattle and moves through to discussions of the challenges and opportunities for providing good welfare for cattle in farming and husbandry systems across the globe. The first section comprises three chapters that discuss the social, behavioural and physiological methods that can be used to assess welfare in cattle. The second section considers the welfare challenges of beef and dairy cattle in extensive and intensive systems. The third section details welfare challenges such as at slaughter, during handling and in the growing period and details solutions such as the use of sensors and application of animal breeding techniques. The final section addresses welfare challenges and solutions in achieving sustainability, in smallholder farms in Africa and new entrant dairying in Asia and cow shelters in India. This work makes a valuable contribution to the field of animal welfare and modern livestock farming. It is a must-read for researchers and students, veterinarians as well as industry personnel and informed farmers and producers.
- Published
- 2023
238. Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology : Volume 1: Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds
- Author
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Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Bret A. Moore, Gil Ben-Shlomo, Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Bret A. Moore, and Gil Ben-Shlomo
- Subjects
- Exotic animals--Diseases--Treatment, Veterinary ophthalmology, Veterinary medicine, Zoology
- Abstract
This Volume 1 of a two-volume work is the first textbook to offer a practical yet comprehensive approach to clinical ophthalmology in wild and exotic invertebrates, fishes, amphibia, reptiles, and birds. A phylogenetic approach is used to introduce the ecology and importance of vision across all creatures great and small before focusing on both the diverse aspects of comparative anatomy and clinical management of ocular disease from one species group to the next. Edited by three of the most esteemed authorities in exotic animal ophthalmology, this two-volume work is separated into non-mammalian species (Volume 1: Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds) and Mammals (Volume 2: Mammals). Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology, Volumes 1 and 2 is an essential collection for veterinary ophthalmologists and other veterinary practitioners working with wild and exotic animals.
- Published
- 2022
239. Fundamentals of Food Microbiology
- Author
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Byron Stanimirovic and Byron Stanimirovic
- Abstract
Food microbiology is a crucial area of study that delves into the intricate world of microorganisms present in food and those utilized in food production processes. This insightful book offers a comprehensive exploration of food microbiology, focusing on various aspects such as food poisoning, food spoilage, food preservation, and food legislation. Readers will gain valuable insights into the general biology of microorganisms found in foods, including their growth characteristics, identification, and pathogenesis. From understanding the sources of microorganisms in foods to examining the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting microbial growth, the book provides a thorough overview of the field. It discusses common indicators of food safety such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, and explores the diverse effects of microorganisms on food products, ranging from spoilage to food poisoning. With topics covering ancient health foods, bacterial interactions in food, food proteins, flavonoid intake, microbial quality management, and more, this book offers in-depth information about the applications of microbiology in various industries and studies. It also delves into areas such as microbial quality of milk, food-producing animals, zoonotic bacteria, ontology, and microorganism-produced enzymes, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of the field. Whether you're a student, researcher, or professional in the food industry, this book serves as an invaluable resource for gaining knowledge about the uses of microbiology and understanding the latest concepts and developments in food microbiology.
- Published
- 2022
240. Large Animal Neurology
- Author
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Joe Mayhew, Rob MacKay, Joe Mayhew, and Rob MacKay
- Subjects
- Veterinary neurology
- Abstract
A comprehensive and authoritative guide to neurologic disease in large domestic animals, world-wide. The newly revised Third Edition of Large Animal Neurology delivers a practical and complete reference for veterinarians, veterinary trainees and scientists dealing with large animal neurology. The book is vividly illustrated in full colour and contains many clinical photographs and detailed line drawings to highlight the concepts discussed within. Organised into three parts, Large Animal Neurology offers practitioners and students straightforward guides on how to perform neurologic examinations for domestic large animal species, including neonates. It also discusses the presenting clinical syndromes caused by common nervous system diseases, as well as giving details of the specific neurologic diseases of large domestic animals. The book includes: A thorough introduction to the evaluation of large animal neurologic patients, including discussions of neuroanatomy, neurologic evaluation, ancillary diagnostic aids, and the important pathologic responses of the nervous system Comprehensive exploration of 26 presenting clinical problems, including behaviour disorders, seizures, epilepsy, sleep disorders, blindness, strabismus, monoplegia, wobblers, tetraplegia, pruritus and cauda equina syndrome Detailed coverage of the specific diseases, including those of genetic, infectious, nutritional, toxic and metabolic cause, and the many diseases with multifactorial and with unknown cause Perfect for all equine and farm animal veterinarians, veterinary neurologists, as well as trainees in the field, Large Animal Neurology, Third Edition is also an ideal resource for undergraduate veterinary students, animal pathologists, and neuroscience researchers.
- Published
- 2022
241. Essentials of Functional Genomics
- Author
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Wade Antuna and Wade Antuna
- Abstract
Functional genomics, a field of molecular biology, provides a comprehensive understanding of gene functions, interactions, and protein functions on a universal level. Unlike classical molecular biology techniques, functional genomics employs genome-wide approaches to describe the functions and interactions of genes and proteins. This book delves into key aspects of functional genomics, ranging from evaluating genetic codes to understanding proteomic ramifications. It explores diverse topics such as genomic abnormalities, proteomic pathways, expression alterations, peptidase screening, genomic instability, and functional neurogenomics. With a focus on applications in biomedicine, agro-food technologies, and zoo techniques, the book highlights primary problems and recent advances in science and technology in the field of genomics medicine. By emphasizing the relation of these topics to functional genomics, the book serves as a comprehensive resource guide for both graduate and postgraduate students, contributing to the growth and advancement of the discipline. Whether delving into genomic instability or exploring proteomic pathways, this book offers valuable insights into the multifaceted world of functional genomics and its applications in diverse domains
- Published
- 2022
242. Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders
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Mario U. Manto, Donna L. Gruol, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Noriyuki Koibuchi, Roy V. Sillitoe, Mario U. Manto, Donna L. Gruol, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Noriyuki Koibuchi, and Roy V. Sillitoe
- Subjects
- Cerebellum--Diseases--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Cerebellum--Handbooks, manuals, etc
- Abstract
Our knowledge of cerebellar functions and cerebellar disorders, called ataxias, is increasing considerably. Studies of the cerebellum are now a central focus in neuroscience. During the last four decades, many laboratories worldwide have dedicated their research activities to understanding the roles of the cerebellum in motor control, cognitive processes and biology of mental processes, behavioral symptoms, and emotion. It is now accepted that the cerebellum acts as a cognitive operator in learning, perception, and attention. Moreover, major improvements in our assessment of in vivo cerebellar architecture using imaging techniques have occurred. A typical example is the accurate description of cerebellar anatomy during fetal development with MRI, a progress which has direct impacts on patient care. These advances have been associated with discoveries of new clinical disorders, in particular in the field of genetic ataxias. More than 20 new genes have been identified these last 10 years. Only for dominant ataxias, more than 30 diseases have now been unravelled. The number of ataxic disorders will increase with aging, the cerebellum being the structure of the brain with the most important loss of neurons with age. More than 300 different cerebellar disorders are encountered during daily practice, but we are missing a single source of information explaining their pathogenesis. Despite the immense amount of knowledge acquired about the cerebellar circuitry these last years, a large book covering the neuroscience of the cerebellum is missing. The goal of this endeavour is to bring up to date information relevant for basic science and also for clinical activities. To reach this goal, the most renowned authors are gathered in a unique and in-depth book with a format of a handbook. We emphasize the connections between molecular findings, imaging features, behavioural/neuropsychological aspects, and clinical implications.
- Published
- 2022
243. Strategies and Tools for Pollutant Mitigation : Avenues to a Cleaner Environment
- Author
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J. Aravind, M. Kamaraj, M. Prashanthi Devi, S. Rajakumar, J. Aravind, M. Kamaraj, M. Prashanthi Devi, and S. Rajakumar
- Subjects
- Pollution, Refuse and refuse disposal, Environmental chemistry, Agriculture
- Abstract
This volume explores recent research trends and achievements in environmental pollution remediation (e.g. water, air, soil), and compiles critical and constructive papers and reviews with a focus on advances in bioremediation and green technology solutions for waste minimization, waste management and pollution control. The book is timely, as the need for researchers and engineers to develop sustainable and green eco-friendly remediation technologies is increasing with a growing global population, stressed agricultural systems, and an environment impacted by climate change. A key focus of the book is on the efficient use of agricultural waste residues as viable substrates for creating materials for environmental clean-up, and the possible conversion of these pollutants to sustainable bioresources. The volume will be of interest to sustainability researchers, environmental engineers, industry managers and agricultural scientists.
- Published
- 2021
244. Sheep, Goat, and Cervid Medicine - E-Book
- Author
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David G. Pugh, Aubrey N. (Nickie) Baird, Misty A. Edmondson, Thomas Passler, David G. Pugh, Aubrey N. (Nickie) Baird, Misty A. Edmondson, and Thomas Passler
- Subjects
- Veterinary medicine, Goats--Diseases, Sheep--Diseases
- Abstract
••Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Veterinary Medicine•• Get practical answers from the only guide on the care of sheep, goats, and cervids! Authoritative yet easy to read, Sheep, Goat and Cervid Medicine, 3rd Edition covers all the latest advances in the field, including diseases and medical treatment, surgery, pain management, theriogenology, and nutrition. Clear instructions and hundreds of full-color photographs guide you step by step through common procedures including restraint for examination, administration of drugs, blood collection, and grooming. New to this edition is coverage of deer and elk medicine, reflecting the growing interest in these ruminants. Written by an expert team led by Dr. D.G. Pugh, this comprehensive reference is ideal for veterinarians and also for owners of sheep and goats. - Clear writing style and consistent organization makes the book easy to understand and use, with disease chapters including pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. - Coverage of both surgery and medicine in each body systems chapter makes it easier to choose between treatment options for specific disorders. - Superbly illustrated surgical procedures clearly demonstrate the steps to follow in performing medical and reproductive surgery. - Diverse, expert contributors include the most experienced authorities, each providing current information on the care of valuable breeding stock as well as pets. - Useful appendixes, now including veterinary feed directives, offer convenient access to information on drugs and drug dosages, fluid therapy, and normal values and conversions. - Consistent, logical format in each body systems chapter makes information easy to find by beginning with physical examination and diagnostic procedures, followed by discussions of common diseases that involve the system. - Comprehensive Feeding and Nutrition chapter covers diet evaluation, method of balancing rations, total parenteral nutrition, and examples of nutritious diets. - Explanation of the differences in normal behavior between sheep and goats shows how they are not the same, and require different methods of treatment. - NEW! Coverage of cervids has been added to chapters throughout the book, reflecting the growing popularity of deer and elk. - NEW! Thorough content updates are made throughout the book and reflect the latest research evidence. - NEW! 170 new clinical photos have been added. - NEW! Anesthesia and Pain Management chapter includes a new section on pain management strategies, reflecting the emphasis on controlling pain in small ruminants. - NEW! Expert Consult website offers an online version of the book, making it easy to search the entire book electronically. - NEW! Two new authors are respected and well-known veterinary medicine experts and educators: Dr. Misty Edmondson and Dr. Thomas Passler.
- Published
- 2021
245. Large Animal Internal Medicine
- Author
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Bradford P. Smith, Nicola Pusterla, Bradford P. Smith, and Nicola Pusterla
- Subjects
- Animals--Diseases, Veterinary internal medicine, Diagnosis, Differential
- Abstract
••Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 with'Essential Purchase'designation in Veterinary Medicine•• Utilize a problem-oriented approach to the diagnosis of diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition covers the diagnosis and management of disease in both ruminant and equine internal medicine. As the first veterinary internal medicine text to use a problem-based approach, it offers discussions of over 150 clinical signs and manifestations, as well as comprehensive coverage of laboratory and diagnostic testing. New to this edition is a versatile online reference platform and coverage of conditions that exist in Europe, Central and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. In addition, thoroughly revised and updated content includes new vaccines and vaccination protocols; the most current laboratories for DNA, genetic, and PCR testing; and colostrum supplements and replacers. It's everything you need to stay up to date with the latest information on preventing and treating disease in large animals.Discussions of over 150 clinical signs or manifestations of disease provide you with a problem-based approach to diagnosis based on what you've observed and what laboratory tests reveal.Causes of Presenting Signs boxes offer quick access to the common, less common, and uncommon diseases associated with manifestations or signs of disease.Causes of Abnormal Laboratory Values boxes highlight the possible interpretations of abnormalities in clinical chemistry, hematology, blood proteins, and clotting tests. More than 200 expert authors contribute information in their areas of expertise for the most current, authoritative information on each topic. NEW! Expert Consult platform provides a versatile digital resource including bonus content, useful references, and videos to meet the needs of practicing equine and large animal veterinarians. NEW! Global conditions of importance are covered, including those previously not discussed, that exist in Europe, Central and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. NEW! Coverage of emerging and re-emerging diseases includes the new pathogen discovery. NEW! Assessment of vaccination status and susceptibility to infection discusses how antibody titers can predict protection for some pathogens. NEW! Description of epigenetics and metagenomics provides detailed coverage of these emerging areas of interest. NEW! Table of zoonoses obtained from large animals includes symptoms and disinfection needs. NEW! Videos demonstrate how to perform ultrasound imaging on an equine and cow abdomen clearly showing where to position the probe, and what depth to use for scans of the kidneys, liver, and bowel. NEW! Coverage of genetic disorders, Hydrocephalus in Fresians and Pulmonary hypoplasia with Anasarca in Dexter cattle help you to treat these disorders. NEW! Extensively updated content clarifies the latest research and clinical findings on the West Nile Virus, therapeutic drug monitoring, muscle disorders, GI microbiota, the genetic basis for Immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horses, discoveries in antimicrobial drugs, anthelmintic, and vaccines, and more!
- Published
- 2020
246. Probiotics in Poultry Production : Concepts and Applications
- Author
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Wael H.A. Abdelrahman, Michaela Mohnl, Wael H.A. Abdelrahman, and Michaela Mohnl
- Abstract
Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. The microorganisms come from a whole range of defined strains of probiotics belonging to the groups of lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus spores, and yeasts. Research in nutritional physiology demonstrates the critical importance of a balanced gut microflorain in animal and human physiology. The probiotic concept is concerned with optimizing nutritional intake and digestion by promoting the gut flora perspective. Probiotics act by reducing the feed conversion, resulting in an increase of the daily live weight gain. The improvement of the growth of an animal is achieved through a natural, physiological way: improving digestion by balancing the gut flora, helping the animal to fulfill its genetic potential. This book discusses probiotics'mode of action and probiotics'practical application in poultry production, while explaining the use of probiotics in preventing and fighting poultry diseases, such as Salmonellosis, Necrotic Enteritis, Coccidiosis, bacterial lameness, etc. It will be essential reading for a wide group of readers, including university staff, feed mill companies, poultry producers, veterinarians, and researchers in the field. [Subject: Animal Science, Veterinary Science, Poultry Farming, Agriculture]
- Published
- 2020
247. Taurine 11
- Author
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Jianmin Hu, Fengyuan Piao, Stephen W. Schaffer, Abdeslem El Idrissi, Jang-Yen Wu, Jianmin Hu, Fengyuan Piao, Stephen W. Schaffer, Abdeslem El Idrissi, and Jang-Yen Wu
- Subjects
- Proteins, Clinical biochemistry, Human physiology, Medical genetics
- Abstract
This book gathers a selection of original articles and critical reviews presented at the 21st International Taurine Meeting, held in Shenyang, China in May 2018, which discussed and disseminated the latest findings on taurine, especially in human life. The book is divided into eight parts, which respectively address: Taurine and Metabolism, Taurine and Nutrition, Taurine and Organ Dysfunction, Taurine and Heart Health, Taurine and Anti-cancer, Taurine and Anti-oxidation / Anti-microbial, Taurine and Neuroprotection, and Taurine and Anti-inflammatory. These latest discoveries concerning the functions and advantageous effects of taurine on the health of various human body systems will not only advance the treatment of human diseases and the quality of human life, but also promote further research into the applications of taurine in human health.
- Published
- 2019
248. Animal Nutrition : From Theory to Practice
- Author
-
Philip I. Hynd and Philip I. Hynd
- Subjects
- Animal nutrition
- Abstract
Nutrition is the key driver of animal health, welfare and production. In agriculture, nutrition is crucial to meet increasing global demands for animal protein and consumer demands for cheaper meat, milk and eggs and higher standards of animal welfare. For companion animals, good nutrition is essential for quality and length of life. Animal Nutrition examines the science behind the nutrition and feeding of the major domesticated animal species: sheep, beef cattle, dairy cattle, deer, goats, pigs, poultry, camelids, horses, dogs and cats. It includes introductory chapters on digestion and feeding standards, followed by chapters on each animal, containing information on digestive anatomy and physiology, evidence-based nutrition and feeding requirements, and common nutritional and metabolic diseases. Clear diagrams, tables and breakout boxes make this text readily understandable and it will be of value to tertiary students and to practising veterinarians, livestock consultants, producers and nutritionists.
- Published
- 2019
249. Nutrition and Immunity
- Author
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Maryam Mahmoudi, Nima Rezaei, Maryam Mahmoudi, and Nima Rezaei
- Subjects
- Immunity--Nutritional aspects
- Abstract
This volume provides readers with a systematic assessment of current literature on the link between nutrition and immunity. Chapters cover immunonutrition topics such as child development, cancer, aging, allergic asthma, food intolerance, obesity, and chronic critical illness. It also presents a thorough review of microflora of the gut and the essential role it plays in regulating the balance between immune tolerance and inflammation. Written by experts in the field, Nutrition and Immunity helps readers to further understand the importance of healthy dietary patterns in relation to providing immunity against disorders and offering readily available immunonutritional programming in clinical care. It will be a valuable resource for dietitians, immunologists, endocrinologists and other healthcare professionals.
- Published
- 2019
250. Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status
- Author
-
Dominic J. Harrington and Dominic J. Harrington
- Subjects
- Vitamins--Research, Vitamins--Evaluation
- Abstract
Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status provides a comprehensive understanding of the limitations of commonly used approaches used for the evaluation of vitamin status, reducing harm in the general health setting. It outlines the application of'Best Practice'approaches to the evaluation of vitamin status, giving physicians and other healthcare professionals the opportunity to make evidence-based interventions. Nearly every metabolic and developmental pathway in the human body has a dependency on at least one micronutrient. Currently, the clinical utility of approaches taken by laboratories for the assessment of vitamin status is generally poorly understood, missing the opportunity to diagnosis vitamin deficiencies. This essential reference gives clinical and biomedical scientists an understanding of the limitations of commonly used approaches to the evaluation of vitamin status in the general health setting through change in practice. Nutritionists and dietitians gain an understanding of more sophisticated markers of vitamin status. - Describes specialist assays in sufficient detail to enable laboratories to replicate what is being performed by expert groups - Provides detailed information that supports laboratories in the setting up of methods for the evaluation of vitamin status - Informs laboratories looking for third party providers of specialist investigations - Provides an essential overview of reference ranges for each vitamin
- Published
- 2019
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