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Laccases are lignolytic enzymes that catalyze and cleave various environmental pollutants. In this study, we isolated a novel laccase-producing bacterium, Bacillus aerius SP3, from compost soil using ABTS as the substrate. The production of extracellular laccase was improved through the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method and response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) in submerged fermentation. Optimization of medium components, including 20 g/L starch, 10 g/L peptone, 3.36 mM CuSO4, and 72-h incubation time, resulted in a 3.46-fold increase in extracellular laccase production compared with the unoptimized medium. The extracellular laccase obtained from the culture supernatant was purified through 60% ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and ion exchange chromatography using a DEAE cellulose column. SDS-PAGE estimated the molecular weight of the isolated laccase to be approximately 60 kDa. The purified laccase also decolorized textile dyes, crystal violet and methylene blue, achieving 48% and 22% removal in the presence of ABTS as a mediator. The optimal temperature and pH for laccase activity were 35 °C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme demonstrated stability up to 40 °C for 60 min and at pH 8.0 at 4 °C for 24 h. Cu2+ and Zn2+ enhanced laccase activity by 110%, while > 50% of activity was retained in the presence of heavy metals such as Hg2+ and Cd2+. Organic solvents, including 10% ethanol and methanol, increased laccase activity by 1.5 times. These results indicate that the laccase is active at neutral/alkaline pH, tolerant to heavy metals, and organic solvents. Enhancement of laccase activity by organic solvents is advantageous for chemical reactions in solvent environments and treating wastewater from dyeing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core-shell structured magnetic wrinkled organosilica-based metal-enzyme integrated catalysts were synthesized, and their catalytic performances were studied in the chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of chiral amines in an organic solvent, as well as in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of chiral alcohols in water. Structureperformance studies revealed the important influence of their tunable structure and composition on the optimization of activity, stability, and recyclability in chemoenzymatic catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of the four-component tandem Knoevenagel—Michael reaction was discovered, which used arylaldehydes, N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid, dimedone, and morpholine or piperidine in organic solvents or in water. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions at room temperature with the formation of a new substituted unsymmetrical polycyclic ionic scaffold in 83–98% yields. The structures of the reaction products were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis on the example of two compounds. The further oxidative cyclization of the Knoevenagel—Michael reaction products led to unsymmetrical substituted dihydrofurans spiro-annulated with N,N′-dimethylbarbituric acid. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing complexity of separation systems, the application of thin film composite nanofiltration (TFN) membranes in organic solvent separation faces numerous challenges. To augment its solvent stability, an in‐situ constructed dopamine hydrogel doped with UiO‐66@CNT was developed as an intermediate layer on a polyetherimide (PEI) ultrafiltration membrane. Subsequent interfacial polymerization on this interlayer led to the formation of a solvent‐resistant nanofiltration membrane with a vast covalent bond structure, large specific surface area, and enhanced hydrophilicity. Our findings revealed that when the CNT loading in the UiO‐66@CNT composite nanoparticles was 2 wt%, the TFN‐U2C2 membrane exhibited a maximum pure water flux of 126.32 L/(m2·h) and a methanol flux of 45.45 L/(m2·h). The rejection rates for Congo red aqueous and methanol solutions were 96.88% and 92.14%, respectively. The membrane also demonstrated commendable anti‐fouling properties. Remarkably, even after 48 h of immersion in various organic solvents, the membrane retained its morphology and separation efficiency. Compared to the TFN‐U2 membrane without CNT addition, the enhancement in separation performance was considerably significant. Hence, this membrane has significant potential for application in treatment of wastewater containing organic solvents and is promising in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, cellulose was effectively separated from eucalyptus wood with ternary solvents containing organic base 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl guanidine and other organic solvents such as morpholine, N-ethyl morpholine, dimethyl formamide, glycerin, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. It was found that the combination of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl guanidine with morpholine was favorable for achieving high delignification and less loss of cellulose. The removal of lignin and hemicellulose achieved 89.8% and 81.4% after heating for 6 h at 160 °C, respectively. It was found that the combination of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl guanidine with morpholine was favorable for achieving high delignification and less loss of cellulose. The removal of lignin and hemicellulose achieved 89.8% and 81.4% after heating for 6 h at 160 °C, respectively. The addition of morpholine and water promoted the dissolution of lignin and reduced the degradation of cellulose. Subsequently, the crude cellulose was further purified through a simplified bleaching process, the final removal of lignin and hemicellulose increased to 98.7% and 97.5% respectively, and cellulose with a purity of 96.9% was achieved. The scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the diameter of cellulose bundles decreased from about 250 μm to about 20 μm after organic solvents treatment. The fiber bundle was completely separated into a single fiber with a diameter of about 5–10 μm after bleaching process. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an increase in the crystallinity of fiber from 69.4% to 83.3%, implying a reduction of lignin and hemicellulose in eucalyptus. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the high selective removal of lignin and hemicellulose. Two-dimensional 1H-13C Heteronuclear singular quantum correlation was performed to investigated the structure units and linkages of lignin and found that only the structural signal of C5-H5 in guaiacyl (G5) alone existed in the aromatic region, while the signals -OCH3, Cγ–Hγ in β-O-4' (Aγ) and β-β' (Cγ) remained in the side chain region, indicating that lignin could be effectively degraded and dissolved by the ternary solvents. In conclusion, high purity cellulose was obtained from eucalyptus wood by environmentally friendly and recyclable processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative solvents are being tested as green solvents to replace the traditional organic solvents used in both academy and industry. Some of these are already available, such as ethyl lactate, cyrene, limonene, glycerol, and others. This alternative explores eco-friendly processes for extracting secondary metabolites from nature, thus increasing the number of unconventional extraction methods with lower environmental impact over conventional methods. In this context, the Peruvian Ambrosia arborescens was our model while exploring a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) approach over maceration. The objective of this study was to perform a phytochemical study including UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antioxidant activity of Ambrosia arborescens, using sustainable strategies by mixing both microwaves and ethyl lactate as a green solvent. The results showed that ethyl lactate/MAE (15.07%) achieved a higher extraction yield than methanol/maceration (12.6%). In the case of the isolation of psilostachyin, it was similar to ethyl lactate (0.44%) when compared to methanol (0.40%). Regarding UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS studies, the results were similar. Twenty-eight compounds were identified in the ethyl lactate/MAE and methanol/maceration extracts, except for the tentative identification of two additional amino acids (peaks 4 and 6) in the MeOH extract. In relation to the antioxidant assay, the activity of the ethyl lactate extract was a little higher than the methanol extract in terms of ORAC (715.38 ± 3.2) and DPPH (263.04 ± 2.8). This study on A. arborescens demonstrated that the unconventional techniques, such as MAE related to ethyl lactate, could replace maceration/MeOH for the extraction and isolation of metabolites from diverse sources. This finding showed the potential of unconventional methods with green solvents to provide eco-friendly methods based on green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food gels are viscoelastic substances used in various gelled products manufactured around the world. Polysaccharides are the most common food gelling agents. The aim of this work was the production and characterization of a gel produced in a blue corn flour fermentation process, where different proportions were used of blue corn (Zea mays L.) flour and Czapek Dox culture medium (90 mL of culture medium with 10 g of blue corn flour, 80 mL of culture medium with 20 g of blue corn flour, and 70 mL of culture medium with 30 g of blue corn flour) and were fermented for three different durations (20, 25, and 30 days) with the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus. A characterization of the gel was carried out studying the rheological properties, proximal analysis, toxicological analysis, microscopic structure, and molecular characterization, in addition to a solubility test with three different organic solvents (ethanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate, in addition to water). The results obtained showed in the rheological analysis that the gel could have resistance to high temperatures and a reversible behavior. The gel is soluble in polar solvents (ethanol and water). The main chemical components of the gel are carbohydrates, especially polysaccharides, and it was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy that the gel may be composed of pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of polymer composite materials by compositing fillers into polymer materials is an effective method of improving the properties of polymer materials, and the development of new fillers and their novel composite methods is expected to lead to the creation of new polymer composite materials. In this study, we develop a new filler material made of low-molecular-weight gelators by applying a gelation process that simultaneously performs the swelling (gelation) of crosslinked polymer materials and the self-assembly of low-molecular-weight gelators into low-dimensional crystals in organic solvents within polymer materials. The gelation process of crosslinking rubber-based polymers using alkylhydrazides/toluene as the low-molecular-weight gelator allowed us to composite self-assembled sheet-like crystals of alkylhydrazides as fillers in polymeric materials, as suggested by various microscopic observations, including infrared absorption measurements, small-angle X-ray diffraction measurements and thermal analysis, microscopy, and infrared absorption measurements. Furthermore, tensile tests of the composite materials demonstrated that the presence of fillers improved both the Young's modulus and the tensile strength, as well as the elongation at yield. Additionally, heat treatment was shown to facilitate filler dispersion and enhance the mechanical properties. The findings demonstrate the potential of self-assembled sheet-like crystals of low-molecular-weight gelators as novel filler materials for polymers. The study's composite method utilizing gelators via gelation proved effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are dialkyl or alkyl/aryl ester derivatives of phthalic acid. PAEs are colorless, odorless, and flavorless oily liquids. PAEs are the main plasticizers used in industry and households. DEHP (di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate) is the main plasticizer used in the polymer industry, whereas DMP (dimethyl phthalate) and DEP (diethyl phthalate) are used mainly as solvents or fixatives in cosmetics and personal care products. PAEs are synthetic organic compounds poorly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Into the environment, they are introduced during the production, use and degradation, packaging, and transportation of plastic products. In the environment, PAEs are degraded in three ways: by hydrolysis, photodegradation, and microbial degradation, whereas the biodegradation and hydrolysis of PAEs in the environment are very slow. PAEs are pollutants of soil, water, groundwater, river water, marine water, air, sediments, vegetables, and biota. Due to the great interest in the subject of environmental pollution by PAEs and the emergence of new information in this area, it is extremely important to systematically review the current knowledge. In the presented paper, the occurrence of PAEs in different environmental matrices was reviewed. The toxicity to plants, animals, and humans was also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Metabolomics has proven to be a sensitive tool for monitoring biochemical processes in cell culture. It enables multi-analysis, clarifying the correlation between numerous metabolic pathways. Together with other analysis, it thus provides a global view of a cell's physiological state. A comprehensive analysis of molecular changes is also required in the case of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which currently represent an essential portion of cells used in regenerative medicine. Reproducibility and correct measurement are closely connected to careful metabolite extraction, and sample preparation is always a critical point. Our study aimed to compare the efficiencies of four harvesting and six extraction methods. Several organic reagents (methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, methanol–chloroform, MTBE) and harvesting approaches (trypsinization vs. scraping) were tested. We used untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to determine the most efficient method for the extraction of metabolites from human adherent cells, specifically human dermal fibroblasts adult (HDFa) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). A comprehensive dataset of 29 identified and quantified metabolites were determined to possess statistically significant differences in the abundances of several metabolites when the cells were detached mechanically to organic solvent compared to when applying enzymes mainly in the classes of amino acids and peptides for both types of cells. Direct scraping to organic solvent is a method that yields higher abundances of determined metabolites. Extraction with the use of different polar reagents, 50% and 80% methanol, or acetonitrile, mostly showed the same quality. For both HDFa and DPSC cells, the MTBE method, methanol–chloroform, and 80% ethanol extractions showed higher extraction efficiency for the most identified and quantified metabolites Thus, preparation procedures provided a cell sample processing protocol that focuses on maximizing extraction yield. Our approach may be useful for large-scale comparative metabolomic studies of human mesenchymal stem cell samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials with high chemical stability have attracted intensive interest in membrane design for the separation of organic solvents. As a novel 2D material, polymeric fullerenes (C60)∞ with distinctive properties are very promising for the development of innovative membranes. In this work, we report the construction of a 2D (C60)∞ nanosheet membrane for organic solvent separation. The pathways of the (C60)∞ nanosheet membrane are constructed by sub‐1‐nm lateral channels and nanoscale in‐plane pores created by the depolymerization of the (C60)∞ nanosheets. Attributing to ordered and shortened transport pathways, the ultrathin porous (C60)∞ membrane is superior in organic solvent separation. The hexane, acetone, and methanol fluxes are up to 1146.3±53, 900.4±41, and 879.5±42 kg ⋅ m−2 ⋅ h−1, respectively, which are up to 130 times higher than those of the state‐of‐the‐art membranes with similar dye rejection. Our findings demonstrate the prospect of 2D (C60)∞ as a promising nanofiltration membrane in the separation of organic solvents from macromolecular compounds such as dyes, drugs, hormones, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic reactions can be modulated by the incorporation of organic solvents, leading to alterations in enzyme stability, activity, and reaction rates. These solvents create a favorable microenvironment that enables hydrophobic reactions, facilities enzyme-substrate complex formation, and reduces undesirable water-dependent side reactions. However, it is crucial to understand the impact of organic solvents on enzymatic activity, as they can also induce enzyme inactivation. In this study, the enzymatic performance of Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase (Taka-amylase) in various organic solvents both experimentally and computationally was investigated. The results demonstrated that ethanol and ether sustain Taka-amylase activity up to 20% to 25% of the organic solvents, with ether providing twice the stability of ethanol. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed that Taka-amylase has a more stable structure in ether and ethanol relative to other organic solvents. In addition, the analysis showed that the loop located near the active site in the AB-domain is a vulnerable site for enzyme destabilization when exposed to organic solvents. The ability of Taka-amylase to preserve the secondary loop structure in ether and ethanol contributed to the enzyme's activity. In addition, the solvent accessibility surface area of Taka-amylase is distributed throughout all enzyme structures, thereby contributing to the instability of Taka-amylase in the presence of most organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZIF-8-templated ZnIn 2 S 4 (ZIS) crystals with different morphologies have been synthesized solvothermally by varying the organic solvents, while thioacetamide (TAA) and L-cysteine (L‐cyst) were used as sulfur precursors. It is found that solvothermal properties, including ions coordination, dielectric constant, and atomic chain length, influence the nucleation and growth of ZIS composites. The differences in morphology and composition of the prepared ZIS crystals strongly affect their photophysical properties and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions (PHER). The hydrogen evolution rates for ZIS composites decrease in the following order: Leaf‐like (EG, TAA) > nanorods (EtOH, TAA) > nanoflowers (EG, L‐cyst) > nanosheets (Gly, TAA) > irregular particles (EDA, TAA) > plate‐like (DETA, TAA). The leaf‐like ZIS‐EG composite prepared using TAA as a sulfur precursor and ethylene glycol (EG) as a solvent shows an excellent PHER performance of 5208 μmol g−1 h−1 (44.91 μmol) with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 4.80% at 420 nm. The ZIS‐EG composites with different ZIF‐8 contents (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg) were also investigated for the PHER activity with mixed Na 2 S/Na 2 SO 3 sacrificial agent at λ ≥ 420 nm. It shows that the nature of solvents and sulfur precursors had a significant influence on the morphology, photoabsorption, electrochemical properties, and PHER performance of ZIF‐8‐templated ZIS composites, which complements the knowledge of designing efficient and perspective photocatalysts with enhanced visible‐light‐driven PHER performance. [Display omitted] • Novel morphology-dependent MOF-templated ZIS composites were prepared using a solvothermal approach. • Solvents and sulfur precursors influencing morphology and photocatalytic H 2 -evolution of ZIS composites. • The highest photocatalytic H 2 -evolution was observed for ZIS-EG composite with leaf-like morphology. • The ZIS-EG composite showed long-term cyclic stability and recyclability. • The charge transfer mechanism for enhanced photocatalytic H 2 evolution was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By treating KSiiPr3 with Sn[N(SiMe3)2]2 the distannene Sn2(TIPS)4 (TIPS=SiiPr3) is formed in a metathesis reaction. The crystal structure analysis of Sn2(TIPS)4 reveals a planar arrangement of the substituents in the solid‐state and hence the second planar alkene like distannene of its kind. Due to the TIPS substituents, Sn2(TIPS)4 is well soluble in all commonly used organic solvents, opening the door for various analytics and reactivity studies. Due to its stability in solution, various reactions can be performed such as cycloaddition reactions with 2,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐butadiene (DMBD) and TMS‐azide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a versatile bioanalytical technique for protein analysis. Since the reliability of HDX-MS analysis considerably depends on the retention of deuterium labels in the post-labeling workflow, deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) back exchange prevention strategies, including decreasing the pH, temperature, and exposure time to protic sources of the deuterated samples, are widely adopted in the conventional HDX-MS protocol. Herein, an alternative and effective back exchange prevention strategy based on the encapsulation of a millimeter droplet of a labeled peptide solution in a water-immiscible organic solvent (cyclohexane) is proposed. Cyclohexane was used to prevent the undesirable uptake of water by the droplet from the atmospheric vapor through the air–water interface. Using the pepsin digest of deuterated myoglobin, our results show that back exchange kinetics of deuterated peptides is retarded in a millimeter droplet as compared to that in the bulk solution. Performing pepsin digestion directly in a water-in-oil droplet at room temperature (18–21 °C) was found to preserve more deuterium labels than that in the bulk digestion with an ice-water bath. Based on the present findings, it is proposed that keeping deuterated peptides in the form of water-in-oil droplets during the post-labelling workflow will facilitate the preservation of deuterium labels on the peptide backbone and thereby enhance the reliability of the H/D exchange data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu complex inks are composed of Cu salts as metal precursors and complexing agents that effectively reduce the decomposition temperature of the Cu salts. The thermal decomposition of the complexed Cu salt provides the metal for the in situ formation of nanoparticles. Using Cu formate tetrahydrate as a metal precursor, the effect of the complexing agent, i.e. amino-2-propanol and hexylamine, its molar ratio compared to the Cu salt, the predrying and sintering parameters such as temperature and ramp rate, and additional organic solvents are investigated to understand the influence on the morphology of the in situ generated Cu nanoparticles. The additional solvents are used to adjust the viscosity for ink-jet printing and to control the formation of the nanoparticles. A pre-drying step with a slow ramp rate (5 °C min−1) is required before the sintering process to effectively control the evaporation of organics. However, the slow pre-drying process leads to the growth of in situ generated particles into the microscale range (2–5 μm). Adding polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG600) is observed to suppress the growth of nanoparticles and realize an ink-jet printable formulation, which is achieved even with low Cu content (<8 wt%) and dense and homogeneous traces with a bulk resistivity of 20.48 μΩ cm when sintered in a conventional oven for 5 min at 250 °C under a N2 atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of metallophthalocyanine (PcM) complexes with axial N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHC; 1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-ylidene (DIP) and 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene (DMB)) were prepared and structurally characterized. PcCoII(DIP), PcZnII(DIP), and PcZnII(DMB) are five-coordinate complexes with mild dome-type Pc-ring distortions, while PcFeII(DIP)2 is six-coordinate and has a very large ruffle-type ring-distortion with respect to typical PcM(L)2 systems. The distortion is induced by the highly steric axial DIP ligands. The distortions were quantified and classified by their bond lengths and torsion angles, and according to the normal-coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) analysis. Upon ligation of the NHC, the insoluble PcM materials were solublized in common organic solvents, with typical UV-visible Q-band maxima observable between 658 and 677 nm; the increased solubility is rationalized in terms of the reduced solid-state aggregation of the complexes, attributable to the axial ligation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different carbon‐based sorbents are widely used for the refinement of industrial as well as domestic effluent because of their availability, low cost, and excellent hydrophobicity. In this article, the activated biosorbent (ABs) material was prepared and applied to develop a membrane (ABs@Membrane) and sponge (ABs@Sponge) for effective oil and organic solvent cleanup from water mixtures. The one‐pot process was adopted to prepare ABs material by the simple carbonization of naturally available cotton and biowaste chitosan with sulphuric acid. The fabricated ABs@Membrane and ABs@Sponge showed excellent hydrophobicity with excellent water contact angle, i. e., 138.06° and 135.58°, respectively. Moreover, the synthesized ABs@Sponge showed excellent oil/organic solvent absorption capacity in the presence of water, i. e., 40 gm of machine oil and 62 gm of chloroform. Whereas the synthesized ABs@Membrane material showed excellent oil‐water separation efficiency (>90 %) and water flux (219.29 Lm−2 h−1) with a good oil rejection ratio (>91 %). The synthesized ABs@Membrane and ABs@Sponge material showed excellent recyclability performance up to 5th no of consecutive cycles. The straightforward synthesis and fabrication of ABs@Membrane and ABs@Sponge materials with excellent oil rejection ratio and oil/organic solvent separation performance open a new window in the effluent water treatment application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater adhesives with injectable, organic solvent‐free, strong, fast adhesion, and hemostatic properties have become an urgent need in biomedical field. Herein, a novel polyurethane underwater adhesive (PUWA) inspired by mussels is developed utilizing the rapid post‐cure reaction of isocyanate esterification without organic solvents. The PUWA is created through the injectable two component curing process of component A (biocompatible polyurethane prepolymer) and component B (dopamine modified lysine derivatives: chain extender‐LDA and crosslinker‐L3DA). The two‐component adhesive cures quickly and firmly underwater, with an impressive bonding strength of 40 kPa on pork skin and excellent burst pressure of 394 mmHg. Moreover, the PUWA exhibits robust adhesion strength in hostile environments with acid, alkali and saline solutions. Combined with excellent biocompatibility and hemostatic performance, the PUWA demonstrates effectively sealing wounds and promoting healing. With the ability to bond diverse substrates rapidly and strongly, the PUWA holds significant potential for application in both biomedical and industrial fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the reversible structural transformation of stimuli‐responsive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) through single‐crystal diffraction and establishing a structure–property relationship pose a significant challenge. Herein, the controllable synthesis of Co‐MOF‐1 and Co‐MOF‐2 by incorporating water into the solvothermal synthesis process is presented. In comparison to the trinuclear [Co3(COO)8]2− clusters found in Co‐MOF‐1, Co‐MOF‐2 presents a variable dinuclear [Co2(COO)4(H2O)5] cluster. Single crystal diffraction studies, utilizing synchrotron radiation, confirm the reversible two‐step transformation. The presence of various organic solvents induces the single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SC‐to‐SC) transformation of Co‐MOF‐2. This transformation is initiated by the cleavage of three coordinated water molecules and subsequent coordination of carboxylates in the ligand, resulting in solvatochromic behavior. Further, the reversible stimuli‐responsive behavior can also be rapidly induced under the stimuli of heat, vacuum, and X‐rays. This study successfully demonstrates the crystallographic and spectroscopic snapshots of dynamic coordination bonds in MOFs and contributes to a deeper understanding of the structure–property relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A catalyst free oxone mediated synthesizing N-alkyl 1, 4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione has been developed by oxidation of the N-alkyl quinoxalin-2(1H)-one. The developed method is a novel, safest, cost-effective, industrially viable method and applicable for N-substituted and without substitution of 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. Consequently, the process is applicable to a broad spectrum of functionality. The reaction can be performed in all organic solvents without any further heating with an extended time and without generating side products. This novel synthetic methodology using Oxone is believed to be the shortest and most efficient to prepare various key intermediates which can be used for further derivatization to make the different biologically active molecules, the key feature of this methodology is not solvent specific, all organic solvents giving the optimum purity and quality using the same reaction condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of fast non-equilibrium solvent relaxation in organic chromophores is still challenging for molecular modeling and simulation approaches, and is often overlooked, even in the case of non-adiabatic dynamics simulations. Yet, especially in the case of photoswitches, the interaction with the environment can strongly modulate the photophysical outcomes. To unravel such a delicate interplay, in the present contribution we resorted to a mixed quantum–classical approach, based on quantum mechanically derived force fields. The main task is to rationalize the solvent reorganization pathways in chromophores derived from cyclocurcumin, which are suitable for light-activated chemotherapy to destabilize cellular lipid membranes. The accurate and reliable decryption delivered by the quantum-derived force fields points to important differences in the solvent's reorganization, in terms of both structure and time scale evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green solvent CyreneTM has emerged as a valuable substitute for conventional polar aprotic organic solvents such as DMF, DMSO and NMP (renowned for their toxicity and environmental concerns). However, in the presence of bases, Cyrene is prone to polymerization, thus potentially incompatible with reactions where a base is needed to generate reactive nucleophiles. In this study, we developed an efficient synthetic strategy for nucleophilic aromatic substitutions of nicotinic esters in Cyrene. The success of this protocol relies on a very short reaction time (only 15 minutes) which prevents polymerization from occurring. Indeed, Cyrene not only outperformed typical solvents such as DMF and DMSO, but also, being highly soluble in water, allowed an easy purification of the desired products by simple precipitation upon the addition of ice‐water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is research dedicated to the search for new bactericidal systems for use in cosmetic formulations, dermocosmetics, or the production of wound dressings. Over the last two decades, chitosan, due to its special biological activity, has become a highly indispensable biopolymer with very wide application possibilities. Reports in the literature on the antibacterial effects of chitosan are very diverse, but our research has shown that they can be successfully improved through chemical modification. Therefore, in this study, results on the synthesis of new chitosan-based Schiff bases, dCsSB-SFD and dCsSB-PCA, are obtained using two aldehydes: sodium 4-formylbenzene-1,3-disulfonate (SFD) and 2-pyridine carboxaldehyde (PCA), respectively. Chitosan derivatives synthesized in this way demonstrate stronger antimicrobial activity. Carrying out the procedure of grafting chitosan with a caproyl chain allowed obtaining compatible blends of chitosan derivatives with κ-carrageenan, which are stable hydrogels with a high swelling coefficient. Furthermore, the covalently bounded poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) chain improved the solubility of obtained polymers in organic solvents. In this respect, the Schiff base-containing polymers obtained in this study, with special hydrogel and antimicrobial properties, are very promising materials for potential use as a controlled-release formulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in cosmetic products for skin health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases are versatile biocatalysts for various biological reactions. In the detergent industry, lipases must exhibit high activity in environments with high temperature, high pH values, metal ions, and organic solvents. Therefore, researchers are intensively searching for more stable and efficient lipases. A new thermophilic lipase, LipGt6, was identified in Geobacillus thermoleovorans H9, a new thermophilic strain isolated from ultrahigh-temperature compost. A structural model of LipGt6 was constructed using an esterase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans as a template, and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the predicted active site residues. LipGt6 exhibited the highest activity towards medium- and long-chain fatty acids (C8–C14), and the optimum temperature and pH were 50 °C and 9.0, respectively. LipGt6 was found to be thermostable up to 70 °C. In the presence of 1% H2O2 and sodium deoxycholate, LipGt6 retained 70 to 75% relative activity. These findings reveal that LipGt6 is potentially useful for the industrial production of detergent. Based on comparison of the amino acid sequences, the enzyme belongs to a new subfamily called lipolytic enzyme family II. The catalytic residues Ser and His were more critical than Asp, and the Asp221 catalytic residue is not likely critical for the lipolytic reaction of LipGt6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bioinspired chitinous manufacturing is leveraged to artificially reproduce iridescent gratings found in the cuticles of beetles living in concealed environments. Combining this with a melanin‐like background achieves a vibrant iridescence, similar to that produced by the multilayer reflectors in leaf beetles. In this process, the controlled production of optical structures is allowed using chitinous polymers, the same components that produce color in arthropod cuticles. This not only aids in understanding the functionality and evolutionary advantages of these structures without being limited to the existing solutions in animals—which entangle the solutions for several problems with the rubble of past functionalities—but also enables the creation of color with the second most abundant organic material on Earth, only surpassed in its ubiquity by cellulose. However, unlike cellulose‐based materials, the chitinous optical structures are produced by avoiding the use of strong organic solvents, representing a simplified approach to producing vibrant, iridescent, fully biodegradable, and ecologically integrated colors. Herein, the production of hundreds of square centimeters of iridescent chitinous surfaces, a scale suitable for imparting biodegradable color to large 3D objects, is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates our effort to develop stimuli responsive cellulose films for the detection of dimethyl amines, a biogenic amine, released during food decomposition. Herein, we demonstrate that thin layer deposition of polydiacetylene‐zinc oxide nanosheets (PDA‐ZnO) on cellulose (CE) paper yields a stimuli responsive strip exhibiting strong thermochromism and solvatochromism against dimethyl amine. The incorporation of Zn nanoclusters within the composite plays an essential role in achieving reversible thermochromism while strong intermolecular interactions promote adsorption of PDA‐ZnO on cellulose paper. X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy reveal that the Zn2+ ions intercalate with PDA bilayer and strongly interact with the carboxylate headgroup of PDA. Furthermore, the reversible thermochromism persist when the nanosheets are deposited on cellulose (CE) paper when assembling PDA‐ZnO−CE paper. In addition, PDA‐ZnO−CE displayed selective solvatochromism allowing the utilization of the paper in the detection of dimethyl amine as it displayed a distinct and remarkable purple to orange colour transition. In particular, the response of the PDA‐ZnO−CE paper in several other organic solvents was poor as no transitions were observed hence its selectivity towards dimethylamine. In conclusion, the incorporation of PDA‐ZnO on cellulose paper is a step forward towards designing of a stimuli responsive packaging material that can detect biogenic amines released during food decomposition thereby preventing food poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensing of organic solvents and the determination of their water content are necessary conditions for ensuring environmental safety and organic solvent use. Herein, we selected a water-stable Cd-MOF, possessing 2D layers and amine groups, and optimized the synthesis conditions. The intensity of emission peaks gradually weakens with the increase in excitation wavelength in the range of 290–350 nm. The luminescent emission peaks exhibits a significant red shift with an increase in excitation wavelength at 355–400 nm. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) can significantly enhance the luminescent intensity of Cd-MOF compared to the others. Even in the presence of 5% volume fraction of other solvents, THF still shows a strong enhancement effect. These results confirm that this Cd-MOF can quickly and selectively detect THF through luminescent "turn on". Furthermore, the emission intensity of the Cd-MOF in THF gradually recedes with the increase in water, indicating its potential for the determination of water content of THF. The corresponding limit of detection is 0.14%, lower than that of some reported compounds. The interaction of THF and the amine groups of the ligand may lead to this specific enhancement of luminescence. In addition, the mixed matrix membrane with the functionality of MOF materials and the processability of polymers was synthesized, which can detect Fe3+, CrO42−, and Cr2O72− in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpretability and accuracy of deep-learning-based predictive models play a pivotal role in accelerating computer-aided green product design considering environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) impacts. Recently, molecular graph-based hybrid representation methods have demonstrated comparable or superior abilities to other molecular representations. However, existing molecular graph-based hybrid representation methods incorporate only 2D-based atom-level, bond-level, or molecule-level features while neglecting the molecular geometry, also known as 3D spatial structure information, which is crucial for determining molecular properties. Moreover, existing molecular graph-based hybrid representations lack consideration of knowledge in the chemistry domain, which can improve the interpretability of the predictive models. To this end, a 3D multi-hierarchical representation-based deep neural network (3D-MrDNN) architecture, simultaneously integrating directed message passing neural network learned representation, chemically synthesizable fragment features, and molecular 3D spatial information, is established for the prediction of EH&S properties. The results of predictive performance and ablation studies indicate that the proposed model exhibits decent predictive ability for EH&S properties. Chemically synthesizable fragments are utilized to integrate chemical knowledge into the proposed 3D-MrDNN architecture, the interpretability of which enables chemists to find the key molecular fragments for designing target products with better EH&S performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aldoxime dehydratases (Oxds) have received considerable attention recently due to their application in the asymmetric synthesis of nitriles without cyanide by catalyzing the dehydration of aldoxime. However, the low stability of Oxds remains a huge obstacle to achieving high conversions and productivities of hydrophobic substrates. OxdPsp was immobilized on a macroporous adsorption resin (IOP) via an ATPS coupled with in situ immobilization. IOP-catalyzed dehydration of 2-phenylpropanal oxime (1) to prepare (S)-2-phenylpropanenitrile ((S)-2) was successfully performed with 95.7% yield, 94.1% ee and 98.6% conversion. The enriched (S)-nitrile (ee 94.1%) was obtained by using (E)-enriched aldoximes (E/Z = 97/3) as the substrate, which is consistent with the Gröger enantiopreference rule. A kinetic model to predict the dehydration catalyzed by IOP was established with an average deviation of 7.6%. The IOP-catalyzed dehydration reaction follows a sequential mechanism including substrate and product inhibition. Developing a kinetic model is a key step in the application of artificial intelligence in chemical engineering. After three recycling steps of IOP, the yield of (S)-2 still reached 83.6%, indicating that the stability of IOP was greatly enhanced, which was attributed to employing an organic solvent with a higher lg P value as the working medium and the immobilization protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With allyl compounds being a valuable chemical commodity, it is important to understand the sustainability aspects of the Tsuji-Trost reaction in terms of productivity (reactivity-coupled utility), environmental impact (including health hazards), and economic burden and benefits of commercially available allylic precursors under varying conditions. However, comprehensive literature searches reveal that no such study is publicly accessible; the majority of the literature focuses only on the synthetic utility of a few allylic precursors. In this context, we undertook a study for sustainability assessment of 26 allyl precursors (with diverse ionisable partners) by simulating an allylic amination reaction in an alternative reaction medium, water (vs. an organic solvent, OS), under Earth-abundant nickel (vs. traditional palladium) catalysis. The study was accomplished through: (1) conducting reactivity-utility profiling of allylic precursors; (2) identifying the major side reactions occurring with allylic precursors (water vs. OS); and (3) determining green metrics (E-factor, atom economy, atom efficiency, RME, and EcoScale) of the amination process linked with allylic precursors. The key highlights of the study include the following: (a) water is as diverse as an organic solvent in facilitating the Tsuji-Trost allylic amination; (b) diverse allylic precursors could be employed in water as well as in an organic solvent to realize allylic amination; (c) nickel catalysis is a viable alternative to palladium for allylic amination with distinct superiority in the water medium while using an allyl alcohol and allyl amine (trans-N-allylation). Further advancing sustainability and catalysis, we demonstrated for the first time a fully catalytic 'in-water' allylic amination reaction using an allylic alcohol and a Ni(II)-catalyst with features like scale-up synthesis (up to 10 g), catalytic usage of a reductant, etc. The authors propose this work as a sustainability guide to steer further research and developments in academia and industry related to allylation chemistries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponentially increasing use of hazardous traditional organic solvents and catalysts for more accessible synthesis of important heterocycles useful for humankind in various fields, such as medicine, materials science, and agrochemicals, is having devastating impacts on the environment, are directly or indirectly affecting the structure and productivity of ecosystems. This has shifted the focus of the scientific community towards using eco-friendly and greener solvents, catalysts, materials, and methods for sustainable growth. As a result, there is a drive to change traditional techniques to environmentally sustainable processes by following the principle's of green chemistry. In this connection, the use of hazardous organic solvents and catalysts for synthesizing 1,2,3-triazoles is a global concern. Thus, newer methodologies were designed using eco-friendly catalysts and benign solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs) or water. The use of ILs in organic synthesis as a solvent and catalyst has attracted tremendous attention in recent years owing to their superior physiochemical properties, such as low vapor pressure, non-volatility, non-flammability, excellent conductivity, and electrochemical and thermal stability, thereby, increasing the reactivity, selectivity, catalyst recyclability, and other properties. In this review, authors have critically screened, divided, and summarized research articles into two significant sections: firstly, the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from alkynes using ILs and secondly, the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles from substrate molecules other than alkynes using ILs. It is hoped that this review will stimulate scientists to adopt environmentally sustainable ILs as green solvents and catalysts for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-based compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are capped with a novel, well‐defined double hydrophilic block copolymer, poly (ethylene glycols)‐block‐poly(mono‐2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl succinate) (PEG‐b‐PSEMA). The PEG‐b‐PSEMA, with long side chains and relatively narrow dispersity index, is successfully prepared by aqueous electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization using a PEG‐Br macroinitiator (Mn≈2000 g mol−1). By simply mixing PEG‐b‐PSEMA and Au precursor before adding reductants, coulombic interactions occur between the Au precursor and the carboxylate group of the PSEMA, as a result dense Au NPs are formed. This enables the Au NPs to remain dispersed even in the presence of temperature variations, pH adjustments, and incubation in organic solvents. Au NPs were endowed by PEG‐b‐PSEMA with more remarkable catalytic activity in organic solvents of 4‐nitrophenol into 4‐aminophenol than by sodium citrate (Au@citrate) and MeO‐PEG‐OH (Au@PEG). In addition, PEG‐b‐PSEMA‐stabilized Au NPs (Au@PEG‐b‐PSEMA) were also tested for the dye degradation property against Rhodamine‐B in only pH 10 basic solution, and over 99% of dye degradation can be achieved in 9 min. PEG‐b‐PSEMA induces coulombic interactions with Au NPs, providing outstanding stability for catalytic applications in organic or specific acidic‐base environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disulfides in peptides and proteins are essential for maintaining a properly folded structure. Their oxidative folding is invariably performed in an aqueous‐buffered solution. However, this process is often slow and can lead to misfolded products. Here, we report a novel concept and strategy that is bio‐inspired to mimic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) by accelerating disulfide exchange rates many thousand‐fold. The proposed strategy termed organic oxidative folding is performed under organic solvents to yield correctly folded cysteine‐rich microproteins instantaneously without observable misfolded or dead‐end products. Compared to conventional aqueous oxidative folding strategies, enormously large rate accelerations up to 113,200‐fold were observed. The feasibility and generality of the organic oxidative folding strategy was successfully demonstrated on 15 cysteine‐rich microproteins of different hydrophobicity, lengths (14 to 58 residues), and numbers of disulfides (2 to 5 disulfides), producing the native products in a second and in high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of natural compounds generally uses organic solvents, which have a high risk to human health. Green solvents based on the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been used for the extraction of active compounds from coffee cherry waste. This research has formulated eight NADES based on choline chloride by combining fructose, citric acid, glycerol, proline, glucose, xylose, propylene glycol, and lactic acid with a mole ratio of 1:2. The FTIR analysis of NADES showed that there was a hydrogen bond interaction with OH group peaks in the wave number range 3012-3357 cm-1. NADES application was used for phenolic and tannin extraction from coffee cherry waste. The extraction efficiency of phenolic was combined of choline chloride with HBD of proline>xylose>glucose>glycerol>lactic acid >fructose>propylene glycol>citric acid. The maximum phenolic content in the extract using choline chloride-proline was 11.81 mg GAE/g. The ability of NADES to extract tannins using choline chloride with the combination of glucose>proline>lactic acid>propylene glycol>glycerol>citric acid> fructose. The maximum tannin content was obtained at 1.58% using NADES based on choline chloride with glucose. NADES has been successfully used as an environmentally friendly to replace organic solvents to extract phenolic and tannin in coffee cherry waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spectroscopic method of chemical analysis is used to determine the mole fraction solubilities of 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid dissolved in propanenitrile, in eleven additional alkanol solvents (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, cyclopentanol) and in three additional alkyl alkanoate solvents (isopropyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, methyl butyrate) at 298.15 K. Results from our experimental measurements, combined with published partition coefficient and solubility data, are used to calculate the Abraham model solute descriptors of the monomeric form of 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid. In total 62 experimental data points were used in the computation. The calculated solute descriptors describe the experimental solubility and partition coefficient data to within an overall standard deviation of 0.064 log units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gu-Sui-Bu, the dried rhizome of Davallia mariesii, is a traditional Chinese herbal remedy with a significant history of treating osteoporosis and inflammatory conditions. However, its potential as an anti-influenza agent and its underlying mechanisms of action remain unexplored. To obtain a more potent extract from D. mariesii and gain insights into its mechanism of action against influenza A virus (IAV), we utilized a partitioning process involving organic solvents and water, resulting in the isolation of butanolic subfractions of the D. mariesii extract (DMBE). DMBE exhibited a broad anti-viral spectrum, effectively inhibiting IAV, with an EC50 of 24.32 ± 6.19 µg/mL and a selectivity index of 6.05. We subsequently conducted a series of in vitro assays to evaluate the antiviral effects of DMBE and to uncover its mechanisms of action. DMBE was found to inhibit IAV during the early stages of infection by hindering the attachment of the virus onto and its penetration into host cells. Importantly, DMBE was observed to hinder IAV-mediated cell–cell fusion. It also inhibited neuraminidase activity, plaque size, and the expression levels of phospho-AKT. In summary, this study provides evidence for the effectiveness of D. mariesii as a complementary and alternative herbal remedy against IAV. Specifically, our data highlight DMBE's capabilities in inhibiting viral entry and the release of virions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to compare the antioxidant activity and bacteriostasis of ethanol extracts from Zizyphus jujuba leaves in main producing areas of Shanxi Province. The samples of Zizyphus jujuba leaves from main producing areas such as northern Shanxi, central Shanxi, southeastern Shanxi and southern Shanxi were collected, and the antioxidant active sites of Zizyphus jujuba leaves were screened by organic solvent extraction of ethanol extract method, and the antioxidant activity of different polar parts of Zizyphus jujuba leaves from different main producing areas were compared, and the bacteriostasis of ethanol extract aqueous solution of Zizyphus jujuba leaves was tested. The results showed that the total flavonoids content in the ethyl acetate phase of ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves was the highest. Ethyl acetate phase has the strongest scavenging ability against ABTS radical and DPPH radical, which indicates that ethyl acetate phase was the strongest site of antioxidant activity. In different producing areas, the antioxidant activity of different polar parts of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in central Shanxi was the strongest, while that in southern Shanxi was the weakest. The aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in Taigu District and Pingyao County has the strongest bacteriostatic effect. The study indicates that the ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in central Shanxi has higher antioxidant activity, and the ethyl acetate phase has higher antioxidant activity than other polar parts, and the aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves in central Shanxi has the strongest antibacterial and bactericidal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a Taguchi experimental design was used for optimzing the immobilization of the lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 (EVS) onto a hybrid support consisting of chitosan (CHI) and agarose (AGA), with glutaraldehyde (GLU) used as the support activator. The biocatalyst obtained was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry (TGA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optimized reaction conditions (60 min, 5 mM ionic strength, 1% GLU concentration, and 5 mg protein load per g of support) resulted in a highly active biocatalyst (74.39 ± 0.48 U/g) and delivered an immobilization yield of 74.20 ± 0.28%. The biocatalyst produced was observed to lose only 15.3% of its activity after 61 days of storage. The activity was also observed to increase by 96.70% ± 0.76, 27.34% ± 2.34, and 84.35% ± 1.68 in the presence of the organic solvents hexane, cyclohexane, and methanol, respectively. Additionally, the byocatalist showed more pronounced activity at temperatures above 50 °C and was still able to retain approximately 30% of it at 70 °C. These values were found to be higher at alkaline pHs, as the activity of Eversa® 2.0 Transform saw an increase of up to 140% at pH 9. The desorption tests performed did not reveal any enzymatic detachment from the support. The novel biocatalyst also showed promising ester-lubricating properties. Furthermore, the in silico study revealed a binding affinity of −5.1 kcal/mol between oleic acid and the enzyme, suggesting that the combination of the substrate and the lipase was more stable and therefore, suitable for esterification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) analysis has been performed on the chromatography parameters of lipophilicity of selected spirohydantoins. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to construct the QSRR models. The chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity were determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. Chromatographic analyses were performed on C-18 modified silica gel with a two-component mobile phase consisting of water and protic organic solvent (ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, or t-butanol) in different ratios. QSRR models were also created for additional four aqueous mobile phases: acetone-water, acetonitrile-water, tetrahydrofuran-water, and 1,4-dioxane-water (results published before). In total, chromatographic lipophilicity parameters obtained for two types of organic solvents were subject of the QSRR. The predictive ability of each model was evaluated using internal and external validation. The best QSRR model for predicting the chromatographic parameter of lipophilicity was obtained for tetrahydrofuran as an organic solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an attractive candidate for sustainable pest management due to its abundance of bioactive compounds with potential pesticidal properties. Solvent choice has a significant impact on the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are gaining popularity in extraction because they are safe and environmentally friendly, making them viable alternatives to organic solvents (OSs). This research first compared the extraction efficiency of OSs in the extraction of phytochemicals from the infloresences of two hemp varieties, Citrus and Cherry Dwarf. Inflorescences were extracted using three OSs, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The highest level of cannabidiol (CBD; 0.69%) was extracted from Cherry Dwarf using ethanol, while the level of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol THC (0.19%) was essentially the same in both. Therefore, Cherry Dwarf was selected to compare the extraction efficiency of DESs with OSs. The DESs were choline chloride/ethylene glycol, citric acid/ethylene glycol, menthol/lauric acid, choline chloride/urea, and choline chloride/glycerol. In the targeted analysis, choline chloride/ethylene glycol extracted the highest amount of CBD (0.87%) followed by choline chloride/urea (0.78%). As some DESs outperformed ethanol, the popular solvent for extracting cannabinoids, DESs are viable candidates for replacement of organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational design of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with hydrochromic properties is of significant value because of the facile and rapid detection of water in diverse fields. In this report, we present a thiazole-linked COF (TZ-COF-6) sensor with a large surface area, ultrahigh stability, and excellent crystallinity. The sensor was synthesized through a simple three-component reaction involving amine, aldehyde, and sulfur. The thiazole and methoxy groups confer strong basicity to TZ-COF-6 at the nitrogen sites, making them easily protonated reversibly by water. Therefore, TZ-COF-6 displayed color change visible to the naked eye from yellow to red when protonated, along with a red shift in absorption in the ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) when exposed to water. Importantly, the water-sensing process was not affected by polar organic solvents, demonstrating greater selectivity and sensitivity compared to other COF sensors. Therefore, TZ-COF-6 was used to detect trace amounts of water in organic solvents. In strong polar solvents, such as N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and ethanol (EtOH), the limit of detection (LOD) for water was as low as 0.06% and 0.53%, respectively. Even after 8 months of storage and 15 cycles, TZ-COF-6 retained its original crystallinity and detection efficiency, displaying high stability and excellent cycle performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly and sustainable approach was adopted to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) via electropolymerization, with remarkable electrochemical sensing properties, tested in tyrosine (tyr) detection. The 2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bithianaphtene (BT2-T4) was chosen as functional monomer and MIP electrosynthesis was carried out via cyclic voltammetry on low-volume (20 μL) screen-printed carbon electrodes (C-SPE) in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((BMIM) TFSI). An easy and rapid washing treatment allowed us to obtain the resulting MIP film, directly used for tyr electrochemical detection, carried out amperometrically. The sensor showed a linear response in the concentration range of 15–200 μM, with LOD of 1.04 µM, LOQ of 3.17 μM and good performance in selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Tyrosine amperometric detection was also carried out in human plasma, resulting in a satisfactory recovery estimation. The work represents the first use of BT2-T4 as a functional monomer for the production of a molecularly imprinted polymer, with a green approach afforded by using a few microliters of a room temperature ionic liquid as an alternative to common organic solvents on screen-printed carbon electrodes, resulting in a valuable system that meets the green chemistry guidelines, which is today an essential criterion in both research and application field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the numerous polymers synthesised to date, polyurethane is one of the most promising polymers in terms of diversity and scale of practical application. Polymers of this class are characterised by unique physico-mechanical and dielectric properties and have universal application in various fields of mechanical engineering and agriculture. Their scope of application is limited by the limited range of monomers necessary for their synthesis, relatively low thermal and heat resistance and poor solubility in organic solvents, which makes it difficult to process them from solutions. Therefore, polyurethanes, which are characterised by both good solubility in conventional organic solvents and high heat and heat resistance, are of particular importance. In the presented work, the synthesis of new types of primary diols containing card groups with different structures and a new linear homogeneous card polyurethane based on them was processed and implemented for the first time, their properties and the basic laws of the polymer formation reaction were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternized zinc phthalocyanine (QZnPc) which is water soluable is a promising candidate for photo dynamic therapy (PDT) applications. The physicochemical properties like the stability, activity, particle size, surface charge of tetrakis-(4-[(1E)-3-iminoprop-1-en-1-yl]- N,N,N-trimethylphenylammonium) phthalocyaninato zinc(II)] tetraiodide (II) quaternized zinc phthalocyanine (fused extended conjugation, QZnPc-FE) were investigated. The Zeta Potential Analyzer was used for this purpose. QZnPc-FE is freshly synthesized, water soluble quaternized zinc phthalocyanine and used as potential photosensitizer for PDT application. The stability and activity behavior of QZnPc-FE was determined in vitro conditions such as different pHs and in simulated body fluids as function of time via Zetasizer measurements and UV/VIS absorbances, respectively. Morphology of the QZnPc-FE was determined via XRD and the organic solvent effect with different polarity on QZnPc-FE was checked by UV/VIS. The optimum stability and activity conditions of QZnPc-FE in vitro conditions were determined, and the obtained results showed that the studied compound can be used for medical (PDT) and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) are versatile drug nanocarriers with a wide spectrum of applications owing to their extensive advantages, including biodegradability, non-toxic side effects, and low immunogenicity. Among the numerous nanoparticle preparation methods available for PLGA NPs (the hydrophobic polymer), one of the most extensively utilized preparations is the sonicated-emulsified solvent evaporation method, owing to its simplicity, speed, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, several factors can influence the outcomes, such as the types of concentration of the surfactants and organic solvents, as well as the volume of the aqueous phase. The objective of this article is to explore the influence of these factors on the properties of PLGA NPs and their drug release behavior following encapsulation. Herein, PLGA NPs were fabricated using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a surfactant to investigate the impact of influencing factors, including different water-soluble organic solvents such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl acetate (PA), and dichloromethane (DCM). Notably, the size of PLGA NPs was smaller in the EA group compared to that in the DCM group. Moreover, PLGA NPs showed excellent stability, ascribed to the presence of the BSA surfactant. Furthermore, PLGA NPs were co-loaded with varying concentrations of hydrophilic drugs (doxorubicin hydrochloride) and hydrophobic drugs (celecoxib), and exhibited pH-sensitive drug release behavior in PBS with pH 7.4 and pH 5.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a coated graphite polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane electrode was fabricated for the potentiometric determination of lithium based on 13-(3-nitrophenyl)-12H,14H-benzo[g]chromeno[2,3-b]chromene-7,12,14(13H)-trione (L) as the ionophore. The best Nernstian response was observed from the membrane composition of 31% PVC, 7% L, 2% NaTPB, and 60% dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as the plasticizer. The designed sensor showed a wide linearity over the concentration range of 1 x 10-8-1 x 10-3 M with a slope of 60.2 ± 0.3 mV decade-1, and the limit of detection (LOD) of 7.5 x 10-9 M. The selectivity of the designed sensor was investigated by the matched potential method and no serious interference was observed. The response time and life span of the electrode were 5 s and 16 weeks, respectively. The potential response of the electrode was independent of solution pH in the pH range of 3.0-12.0. The influence of the presence of organic solvents on the potential response of the electrode was also scrutinized, and the results showed that the designed sensor keeps its Nernstian behavior in solutions with 20% non-aqueous content. In the end, the electrode was successfully applied to determine lithium carbonate in tablet, urine, and serum samples with recovery% values of 96.0 to 106.33 and RSD% 1.99-4.45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is widely used as an intermediate and solvent in the organic chemical industry. In recent years, compared with the traditional DMC production methods (phosgene method, transesterification method), methanol oxidation carbonylation method, gas-phase methyl nitrite method, and the direct synthesis of CO2 and methanol method have made much progress in the synthesis process and development of catalysts. The key to the industrial application of DMC synthesis technology is the design and development of high-performance catalysts. Therefore, this paper reviews the research status of the methanol oxidative carbonylation method, gas-phase methyl nitrite method, and direct synthesis method of CO2 and methanol in the aspects of new catalyst design, catalyst preparation, and catalytic mechanism, and puts forward the problems to be solved and the future development direction of DMC catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different methods were used to extract C-phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis, alone or in synergy (freezing, incubation, ultrasounds, deep eutectic solvents). Freezing or Freeze-drying spirulina allows a highly facilitated rupture of the cell membranes. Incubation in water allows then a quick release of C-PC and other phycobiliproteins at 45 °C (2 h) while it takes less than 8 h at 35 °C and 25–30 h at ambient temperature. In addition to microscopic observation, the evolution of solutes concentration with incubation time confirms that hydrosoluble pigments are first preferentially released relatively to chlorophyll which requires deeper collapse of the spirulina cells. Use of ultrasounds allows an extraction of the spirulina content in 15 min of treatment with a high C-PC extraction yield (> 200 mg/g) and good protein purity (around 0.7). Ethyl acetate, ethanol and a mixture of these solvents give good extraction yields of chlorophyll (around 21 mg/g). C-PC extraction yield is yet then decreased due to a denaturation of the hydrated pigment. Fructose can be used to prevent denaturation by both organic solvent and freezing/freeze-drying. The use of deep-eutectic solvents is not recommended here as no better yield or selectivity are achieved compared to extraction in buffered water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]