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Hyphantrophaga blanda (Osten Sacken, 1887) Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Wilkinson et al. 2004 (MI). Hyphantrophaga blanda and H. virilis are, at best, uncommon parasitoids of Choristoneura species. They are included here rather than classed as accidental parasitoids of Choristoneura because a record each of H. blanda and H. virilis parasitizing different species of Choristoneura suggests that such parasitization is more opportunistic than accidental, and probably occurs occasionally. Both species are small to medium��sized tachinids (5��� 8mm long), mostly gray with four black stripes on the thorax and a lightly banded abdomen. They are widely distributed throughout North America (O���Hara & Wood 2004). Sellers (1930) examined reared specimens of H. blanda and H. virilis (both as species of Zenillia Robineau��Desvoidy) and described differences between the species in the puparium and both sexes of the adult. Thompson (1953) described and illustrated the egg, larval instars, and puparium of H. blanda. Hyphantrophaga is a member of the Goniini, producing microtype eggs that are laid on foliage and consumed by a host (see Cyzenis incrassata above; also Thompson 1953). Records from a number of hosts indicate that the mature maggot of both H. blanda and H. virilis generally emerges from the host pupa but sometimes forms a puparium within the host (Sellers 1930). Similarly, Ciesla (1964) reported that H. blanda (as Eusisyropa blanda) emerges from the pupa of Ennomos subsignaria (H��bner) (Geometridae). However, Burgess and Crossman (1927) reported the emergence of H. blanda (as Zenillia blanda) from the larva of Leucoma salicis (L.) (as Stilpnotia salicis; Lymantriidae), and Evans (1962) reported the emergence of H. virilis (as Eusisyropa virilis) from the larva of Melanolophia imitata (Walker) (Geometridae). Sellers (1930) found that both H. blanda and H. virilis overwinter as larvae in the host pupa, and noted that ���if parasitic on hosts producing adults in the same season, both parasites completed their development that season; but if parasitic on hosts that pass the winter in the pupal stage and emerge the following spring or summer, the flies likewise did not emerge until the following spring��� (p. 574). There are usually two generations per year and multiparasitism can occur in larger hosts (Schaffner & Griswold 1934; Schaffner 1959). Sellers (1930) examined the host records for H. blanda and H. virilis and found that only about one��third of the hosts known for these two species are shared. They are parasitoids of a wide variety of Lepidoptera, attacking hosts belonging to about 15 families. Hyphantrophaga blanda is a well known parasitoid of several tortricids, especially Archips species (Sellers 1930; Arnaud 1978, as Eusisyropa blanda)., Published as part of O'Hara, James E., 2005, A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 938 on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153, {"references":["Osten Sacken, C. R. (1887) Some North American Tachinae. Canadian Entomologist, 19, 161 - 166.","Wilkinson, T. K., Landis, D. A. & Gut, L. J. (2004) Parasitism of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in commercially managed Michigan apple orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 1524 - 1530.","O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp.","Sellers, W. F. (1930) The identity of Zenillia blanda O. S. and Zenillia virilis A. & W. with notes on Zenillia blandita Coq. (Diptera, Tachinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23, 569 - 576.","Thompson, W. R. (1953) The tachinid parasites of Archips cerasivorana Fitch. (2) Eusisyropa blanda O. S. (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, 85, 393 - 404.","Ciesla, W. M. (1964) Life history and habits of the elm spanworm, Ennomos sibsignarius, in the southern Appalachian Mountains (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 591 - 596.","Burgess, A. F. & Crossman, S. S. (1927) The satin moth, a recently introduced pest. United States Department of Agriculture, Department Bulletin, 1469, 1 - 22 + 1 pl.","Evans, D. (1962) Descriptions and life history of Melanolophia imitata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Canadian Entomologist, 94, 594 - 605.","Schaffner, J. V., Jr. & Griswold, C. L. (1934) Macrolepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern part of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 188, 1 - 160.","Schaffner, J. V., Jr. (1959) Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 767, iv + 97 pp.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp."]}

Lypha fumipennis Brooks, 1945, Fig. 45 Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955, as Lypha setifacies (SK, MB); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (SK, MB); ��� Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); O���Hara 2002 (AB, ���SK, MB). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Brooks 1945, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Wilkes & Anderson 1947, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (ON); Dowden et al. 1951, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes & Drooz 1952, as Lypha setifacies (NY, ME); Miller 1955, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Dowden et al. 1953, as Lypha setifacies (ME); McGugan & Blais 1959, as Lypha setifacies (ON); Blais 1960, as Lypha setifacies (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963, as Lypha setifacies (NB); ��� Miller 1963, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Blais 1965, as Lypha setifacies (QC); ��� Tilles & Woodley 1984, as Lypha setifacies (ME); H��bert et al. 1989, as Lypha setifacies (QC); Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (NB); Bourchier & Smith 1998, as Lypha setifacies (ON); Cappuccino et al. 1999, as Lypha setifacies (QC); ��� Smith et al. 2002, as Lypha setifacies (eastern Canada); O���Hara 2002 (ON, ���NB, ���QC, ���NY, ME). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Lypha dubia ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); ��� Dowden et al. 1948, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); ��� Zwolfer 1961, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (North America); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC, ON, QC, NB, ME, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: ��� Ross 1952, as Lypha setifacies ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: O���Hara 2002 (BC, ���OR). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Coppel 1947, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (OR); ��� Coppel 1960, as Lypha setifacies ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Lypha setifacies (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Benjamin & Drooz 1954, as Lypha setifacies (MI); Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Lypha setifacies (WI); Allen et al. 1969, as Lypha setifacies (MI); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies (WI, MI); Nealis 1991, as Lypha setifacies (ON); ��� Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); ���Frankenhuyzen 2002, as Lypha setifacies (ON, prairie provinces); O���Hara 2002 (ON, ���WI, ���MI). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Brooks 1945, as Lypha setifacies ex. Archips rosaceana (QC); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Lypha setifacies (QC); ��� Huber et al. 1996, as Lypha setifacies (America north of Mexico); ��� O���Hara 2002 (QC). Lypha fumipennis is a dark coloured tachinid, 5 ���7.5mm long, that occurs throughout southern Canada and the northern United States and is also recorded from Georgia (O���Hara 2002). It was redescribed by O���Hara (2002) in his revision of the Polideini of America north of Mexico. Lypha fumipennis (as L. setifacies) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). Tilles and Woodley (1984) included L. fumipennis (as L. setifacies) among the five tachinid species treated in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine. Almost all the North American species of Lypha were combined under the name L. dubia (Fall��n), a Palearctic species, until Brooks (1945) revised the Canadian species of the genus. Brooks did not examine the type series of L. setifacies (West), however, and O���Hara (2002) showed that Brooks misapplied this name. O���Hara (2002) discovered that the species described by Brooks as L. intermedia is in fact L. setifacies, and that the L. setifacies of Brooks is conspecific with the species Brooks (1945) described from British Columbia as L. fumipennis. Hence, the valid name for this Choristoneura parasitoid is L. fumipennis. Unfortunately, the name used by Brooks (i.e., L. setifacies) became entrenched in the literature on Choristoneura parasitoids because this species has long been known as a parasitoid of the spruce budworm. Host attack by L. fumipennis has not been described but is probably similar to that of its Palearctic relative, Lypha dubia (Fall��n). Lypha dubia deposits fully incubated eggs in the vicinity of a host, the eggs hatch soon afterwards, and the first instars search for and parasitize the host (Schr��der 1969). Lypha fumipennis parasitizes fifth and sixth instar larvae of Choristoneura and the fully mature maggot emerges from the sixth instar of its host, or more rarely from the pupa (Benjamin & Drooz 1954; Carolin & Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969; H��bert et al. 1989). The maggot enters the ground, overwinters in the puparium, and emerges as an adult in spring (Brooks 1945; Coppel 1947). Adults are only seen during spring and early summer (O���Hara 2002), so there is probably only one generation per year. Females of L. dubia in Europe live for 30���50 days, have a preoviposition period of approximately a month, and develop about 150 eggs (Schr��der 1969). Lypha fumipennis is one of the most significant tachinid parasitoids of late instar Choristoneura larvae. Most studies of budworm parasitism have reported its presence (as L. setifacies) and parasitism rates are sometimes high. Benjamin and Drooz (1954) and Allen et al. (1969) reported parasitism of up to 16 % and 9 % respectively in C. pinus in Michigan, Dowden et al. (1951) reported up to 18 % parasitism of C. fumiferana in New York, Jaynes and Drooz (1952) reported up to 17 % parasitism of C. fumiferana in Maine, Nealis (1991) found greater than 20 % parasitism of C. fumiferana in northwest Ontario, and Wilkes et al. (1949) reported up to 10 % parasitism of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. In several studies L. fumipennis was the most dominant, or one of the most dominant, parasitoids of late instar budworms (Benjamin & Drooz 1954; Tilles & Woodley 1984; Nealis 1991). Lypha fumipennis (as L. setifacies) was ranked by Wilkes et al. (1949) as the fifth most important parasitoid, and third most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Jaynes and Drooz (1952), Nealis (1991), and Bourchier and Smith (1998) reported increased rates of spruce budworm parasitism prior to the collapse of an outbreak, suggesting that L. fumipennis may have played a role in budworm decline. Lypha fumipennis is almost exclusively a parasitoid of Choristoneura species (O���Hara 2002). The other known hosts are a tortricid, Pseudosciaphila duplex (Walsingham), and a pyralid, Dioryctria reniculelloides (Mutuura & Munroe) (O���Hara 2002)., Published as part of O'Hara, James E., 2005, A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 938 on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153, {"references":["Brooks, A. R. (1945) New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 77, 78 - 96.","Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp.","Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220.","O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp.","Wilkes, A. & Anderson, M. (1947) Notes on recovery of the introduced spruce budworm parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw. in eastern Canada. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 40 - 44.","Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783.","Jaynes, H. A. & Drooz, A. T. (1952) The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45, 1057 - 1061.","Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17.","Dowden, P. B., Jaynes, H. A. & Carolin, V. M. (1953) The role of birds in a spruce budworm outbreak in Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 46, 307 - 312.","McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783.","Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396.","MacDonald, D. R. & Webb, F. E. (1963) Insecticides and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 288 - 310 + figs. 39.1 - 39.6.","Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7.","Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136.","Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp.","Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391.","Bourchier, R. S. & Smith, S. M. (1998) Interactions between large-scale inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and naturally occurring spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1273 - 1279.","Cappuccino, N., Houle, M. - J. & Stein, J. (1999) The influence of understory nectar resources on parasitism of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana in the field. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 1, 33 - 36.","Smith, S. M., Frankenhuyzen, K. van, Nealis, V. G. & Bourchier, R. S. (2002) Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), eastern spruce budworm (Tortricidae). In: Mason, P. G. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.), Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981 - 2000. CABI Publishing, Wallingford and New York, pp. 58 - 68.","Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29.","Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464.","Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp.","Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112.","Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40.","Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555.","Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97.","Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102.","Benjamin, D. M. & Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591.","Dixon, J. C. & Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270.","Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. & Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475.","Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076.","Schroder, D. (1969) Lypha dubia (Fall.) (Dip.: Tachinidae) as a parasite of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lep.: Eucosmidae) in Europe. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 12, 43 - 60."]}

Actia diffidens Curran, 1933, Fig. 37 Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); O���Hara 1991 (���SK, MB); ��� Arnaud 1978 (SK, MB); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: O���Hara 1991 (ON); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). This species is an uncommonly recorded parasitoid of Choristoneura species. It is similar in size and appearance to A. interrupta except that wing vein CuA 1 is almost always bare dorsally (only rarely with one to several hairs; veins R 1 and R 4 + 5 haired as in A. interrupta; cf. Figs. 12 and 13). Actia diffidens is common and widespread throughout Canada and the northern and eastern United States, with scattered records throughout the rest of the United States and Mexico (O���Hara 1991). The first instar of A. diffidens was figured by O���Hara (1988) and the adult was redescribed by O���Hara (1991) in his revision of the Nearctic species of Actia. The three larval instars, pupa, and puparium were described and illustrated by Prebble (1935). Prebble (1935) studied parasitism of the tortricid Acleris variana (Fernald) (as Peronea variana) by A. diffidens in Nova Scotia. He found that adult A. diffidens appeared in June, parasitism of third to fifth instar A. variana occurred from late June to mid July, and fully developed maggots emerged from their hosts and formed puparia from mid July to mid August. Known hosts of A. diffidens are mostly Tortricidae but include a few species of Geometridae, Gracillariidae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae (Arnaud 1978; O���Hara 1991)., Published as part of O'Hara, James E., 2005, A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 938 on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153, {"references":["Curran, C. H. (1933) The North American species of Actia in the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum Novitates, 614, 1 - 7.","Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473.","O'Hara, J. E. (1991) Revision of Nearctic species of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 123, 745 - 776.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp.","Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220.","O'Hara, J. E. (1988) Survey of first instars of the Siphonini (Diptera: Tachinidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 18, 367 - 382.","Prebble, M. L. (1935) Actia diffidens Curran, a parasite of Peronea variana (Fernald) in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Research, 12, 216 - 227."]}

Madremyia saundersii (Williston, 1889), Fig. 46 Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); ��� Arnaud 1978 (SK, MB); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Dowden et al. 1951, ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Miller 1955 (NB); Blais 1960 (QC); ��� Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Dowden et al. 1948, ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); ��� Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, QC, NB, NY); ��� Zwolfer 1961, as Phryxe saundersii ex. C. fumiferana (North America) Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: ; ��� Ross 1952, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO); Harris & Dawson 1979 (BC); Schmid 1981 (NM); Torgersen et al., 1984 (WA, OR, ID, MT); ��� Torgersen 1985 (WA, OR, ID, MT). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (���northern Rocky Mountain region���); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, ex. C. fumiferana (OR); ��� Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991 (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Johnson 1925, ex. Cacoecia parallela (MA); Franklin 1950, ex. Archips parallela (MA); ��� Arnaud 1978 (MA); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Kulman & Hodson 1961 (MN); Dixon & Benjamin 1963 (WI); Allen et al. 1969 (MI); ��� Arnaud 1978 (MN, WI, MI); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Madremyia saundersii is a common and widespread species ranging from the Yukon and British Columbia to Newfoundland, and south to Mexico in the West and Virginia in the East (O���Hara & Wood 2004). Adults are generally 4.0���7.5mm long and mostly dark coloured with faint silvery bands on the abdomen. Madremyia saundersii was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). The egg, larval instars, and puparium were described by Coppel and Maw (1954 b). Madremyia belongs to the tribe Eryciini (in the Exoristinae) and is closely related to Phryxe, a species of which is treated below. The biology of M. saundersii was studied by Coppel and Maw (1954 b). They observed that females deposit fully incubated eggs directly on the integument of a host. Soon after oviposition, the first instar exits from the end of the egg through the underside of the chorion and burrows into the host. Females generally lay 75��� 100 eggs during a lifetime of 20���60 days. Usually only one parasitoid emerges per host but multiparasitism also occurs. Madremyia saundersii attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura species and emerges from the sixth instar or pupa (Dowden et al. 1948; Coppel & Maw 1954 b; Carolin & Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969). The fully mature maggot falls to the ground and pupariates in the soil (Coppel & Maw 1954 b). A second generation is passed in an alternate host, and perhaps a third generation as well (Schaffner & Griswold 1934; Coppel & Maw 1954 b). Coppel and Maw (1954 b) speculated that M. saundersii passes the winter as a first or second instar in an alternate host. Parasitism of conifer��feeding Choristoneura species by M. saundersii has been reported as higher in western than eastern North America. Dowden et al. (1948) recorded emergence of M. saundersii from up to 6 % of larvae and up to 14 % of pupae in Colorado. Coppel and Maw (1954 b) reported up to 7.5% parasitism in British Columbia. In Oregon, Carolin and Coulter (1959) reported parasitism approaching 10 % and Schaupp et al. (1991) recorded parasitism as high as 13 %; in both these studies there was an increase in parasitism as budworm outbreaks progressed. Wilkes et al. (1949) ranked M. saundersii as the twelfth most important parasitoid, and sixth most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Dowden et al. (1951) and Blais (1960) reported very low parasitism of C. fumiferana in New York and Qu��bec, respectively. In northwestern Ontario, McGugan and Blais (1959) did not rear M. saundersii from C. fumiferana and Nealis (1991) did not rear it from C. pinus. Tilles and Woodley (1984) excluded M. saundersii from their treatment of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine, presumably because of its rarity as a parasitoid of C. fumiferana in that state. Madremyia saundersii has a broad host range of over 30 known species, including members of the Danaidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Pyralidae, and Tortricidae (Arnaud 1978)., Published as part of O'Hara, James E., 2005, A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 938 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153, {"references":["Williston, S. W. (1889) The dipterous parasites of North American butterflies. In: Scudder, S. H., The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with special reference to New England. Published by the author, Cambridge. Vol. 3, pp. 1912 - 1924 + pl. 89.","Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp.","Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220.","Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783.","Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17.","Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396.","Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7.","Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136.","Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464.","Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp.","Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112.","McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187.","Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38.","Schmid, J. M. (1981) Distribution of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) insect parasites in the crowns of host trees. Canadian Entomologist, 113, 1101 - 1106.","Torgersen, T. R., Campbell, R. W., Srivastava, N. & Beckwith, R. C. (1984) Role of parasites in the population dynamics of the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 13, 568 - 573.","Torgersen, T. R. (1985) Parasitoids and western budworm dynamics. In Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. & Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, pp. 104 - 105.","Bedard, W. D. (1938) An annotated list of the insect fauna of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata rafinesque) in the northern Rocky Mountain region. Canadian Entomologist, 70, 188 - 197.","Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555.","Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97.","Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102.","Johnson, C. W. (1925) Fauna of New England. 15. List of the Diptera or two-winged flies. Occasional papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7, 1 - 326.","Franklin, H. J. (1950) Cranberry insects in Massachusetts. Part V. Insects and other animals beneficial in cranberry growing. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 445, 55 - 76.","Kulman, H. M. & Hodson, A. C. (1961) Parasites of the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus, with special reference to parasitism at particular stand locations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 54, 221 - 224.","Dixon, J. C. & Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270.","Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. & Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475.","O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp.","Coppel, H. C. & Maw, M. G. (1954 b) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). IV. Madremyia saundersii (Will.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 32, 314 - 323.","Schaffner, J. V., Jr. & Griswold, C. L. (1934) Macrolepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern part of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 188, 1 - 160.","McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783.","Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076.","Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp."]}

Nemorilla pyste (Walker, 1849), Fig. 47 Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Tothill 1913, as Exorista pyste ex. Tortrix fumiferana (QC); Richmond 1941 b, as Nemorilla [= N. maculosa] ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on spruce (SK, MB, ON); Daviault 1946, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. Archips fumiferana (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Raizenne 1952 (ON); McGugan & Blais 1959 (ON); Schaffner 1959, as Nemorilla floralis (northeastern United States); Blais 1960 (QC); Blais 1965 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Brown 1941, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); ��� Dowden et al. 1948, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); ��� Zwolfer 1961, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. C. fumiferana (North America); ��� Arnaud 1978, ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, SK, MB, ON, QC, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: ��� Ross 1952, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974 (CO). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Bedard 1938, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Cacoecia fumiferana on Douglas fir (���northern Rocky Mountain region���); Wilkes et al. 1949, ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Nemorilla floralis ex. C. fumiferana (OR); ��� Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Franklin 1943, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Cacoecia parallela (MA); ��� Arnaud 1978 (MA); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Richmond 1938, as ���Hemorilla��� maculosa ex. spruce budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana, on jack pine (MB, ON); Richmond 1940, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. jack pine budworm, Cacoecia fumiferana, on jack pine (SK, MB, ON); Richmond 1941 a, as Nemorilla maculosa ex. jack pine budworm, Archips fumiferana, on jack pine (SK); Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Nemorilla floralis (WI); ��� Arnaud 1978 (WI); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: Davis 1912, as Exorista pyste ex. Archips rosaceana (IL); Schaffner 1959, as Nemorilla floralis ex. Archips rosaceana (northeastern United States); ��� Arnaud 1978 (IL, northeastern United States); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana and/or Pandemis limitata: Pfannenstiel & Unruh 2003 (WA); Cossentine et al. 2004 (BC). Nemorilla pyste is a common species that is widespread throughout Canada, the United States, and Mexico (O���Hara & Wood 2004). It is a dark coloured tachinid, generally 4.0��� 7.5mm long, with three black stripes on the thorax (median stripe quite broad) and a mottled abdomen. It was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). The mode of oviposition has not been described for Nemorilla pyste, but is probably similar to that in other members of the tribe Winthemiini (including Hemisturmia parva and Smidtia fumiferanae of the species treated here). The female uses a telescopic ovipositor to attach eggs to the body of a host. The eggs hatch after several days and the first instar immediately burrows into the host. Nemorilla pyste attacks late instar larvae of Choristoneura species and emerges from the pupa (Davis 1912; Dowden et al. 1948; Carolin & Coulter 1959; McKnight 1974). It is likely, based on specimens of N. pyste in the Canadian National Collection of Insects reared from various hosts, that the tachinid either pupariates in the host pupa or emerges as a mature maggot and pupariates elsewhere. The parasitoid has two or more generations per year and overwinters as a larva in various hosts (Schaffner 1959). Nemorilla pyste has been reported frequently as a parasitoid of Choristoneura species, but the level of parasitism was generally very low (Dixon & Benjamin 1963; Dowden et al. 1951; Carolin & Coulter 1959; McGugan & Blais 1959; Blais 1960; McKnight 1974). It was not ranked among the top 15 hymenopterous and dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia in a study by Wilkes et al. (1949), nor included among the parasitoids of spruce budworm in Maine by Tilles and Woodley (1984). However, during outbreaks of C. pinus in Saskatchewan in 1939 and 1940, N. pyste (as N. maculosa) was considered one of the most important parasitoids of the budworm (Richmond 1940; Richmond 1941 a). Nemorilla pyste has a broad host range. It is recorded from about 30 species in each of the Pyralidae and Tortricidae and has one to several hosts in each of the Gelechiidae, Glyphipterygidae, Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Oecophoridae, and Yponomeutidae (Arnaud 1978)., Published as part of O'Hara, James E., 2005, A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 938 on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153, {"references":["Walker, F. (1849) List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. London, Vol. 4, pp. 689 - 1172.","Tothill, J. D. (1913) Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist, 45, 69 - 75.","Richmond, H. A. (1941 b) [Untitled.] Canadian Insect Pest Review, 19, 209.","Daviault, L. (1946) Forest entomology. Report of the Minister of Lands and Forests of the province of Quebec for the year ending March 31 st, 1945, 113 - 122.","Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783.","Raizenne, H. (1952) Forest Lepidoptera of southern Ontario and their parasites received and reared at the Ottawa Forest Insect Survey Laboratory from 1937 to 1948. Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Division of Forest Biology, Ottawa, v + 277 pp.","McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783.","Schaffner, J. V., Jr. (1959) Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 767, iv + 97 pp.","Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396.","Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136.","Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220.","Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29.","Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464.","Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp.","Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112.","McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187.","Bedard, W. D. (1938) An annotated list of the insect fauna of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata rafinesque) in the northern Rocky Mountain region. Canadian Entomologist, 70, 188 - 197.","Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555.","Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97.","Franklin, H. J. (1943) Injurious and beneficial insects affecting the cranberry. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 398, 26 - 28.","Richmond, H. A. (1938) Forest insects of the season 1937 in Manitoba and northern Ontario. Canadian Insect Pest Review, 16, 45 - 46.","Richmond, H. A. (1940) Review of forest insects of the season 1939 from the Winnipeg laboratory. Canadian Insect Pest Review, 18, 49 - 54.","Richmond, H. A. (1941 a) Forest insects of the season 1940 in central Canada. Canadian Insect Pest Review, 19, 57 - 60.","Dixon, J. C. & Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270.","Davis, J. J. (1912) Report on insects injurious to flowering and ornamental greenhouse plants in Illinois. Report of the State Entomologist on the noxious and beneficial insects of the state of Illinois, 27, 83 - 143.","Pfannenstiel, R. S. & Unruh, T. R. (2003) Conservation of leafroller parasitoids through provision of alternate hosts in near-orchard habitats. In: Van Driesche, R. G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods. Honolulu, Hawaii, 14 - 18 January 2002. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV. FHTET- 2003 - 05, pp. 256 - 262.","Cossentine, J., Jensen, L., Deglow, E., Bennett, A., Goulet, H., Huber, J. & O'Hara, J. (2004) The parasitoid complex affecting Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis limitata in organically managed apple orchards. BioControl, 49, 359 - 372.","O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp.","Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp."]}

Eumea caesar (Aldrich, 1916), Fig. 42 Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955 (SK, MB); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (SK, MB); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura fractivittana: ��� Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips ���practivittana��� (North America); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (North America); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Wilkes & Anderson 1947, as Zenillia caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Daviault 1950, as Aplomyia caesar (QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Jaynes & Drooz 1952, as Aplomya caesar (NY, ME); Raizenne 1952, as Epimasicera caesar (ON); Dowden et al. 1953, as Aplomya caesar (ME); Miller 1955, as Aplomya caesar (NB); McGugan & Blais 1959 (ON); Blais 1960 (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963, as Aplomya caesar (NB); ��� Miller 1963 (NB); Blais 1965 (QC); ��� Tilles & Woodley 1984, as Aplomya caesar (ME); H��bert et al. 1989 (QC); Huber et al. 1996 (NB). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1913, as Exorista nigripalpis ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Brown 1941, as Zenillia caesar ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Sellers 1943, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); ��� Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); Dowden et al. 1948, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); ��� Zwolfer 1961, ex. C. fumiferana (North America); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, NY, ME). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: ��� Ross 1952, as Aplomya caesar ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974, as Aplomya caesar (CO); Harris & Dawson 1979, as Aplomya caesar (BC). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Wilkes et al. 1949, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Zenillia caesar ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Aplomya caesar ex. C. fumiferana (OR); ��� Coppel 1960, ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura retiniana: Schaupp et al. 1991, as Aplomya caesar (OR). Host records ex. Choristoneura parallela: Sellers 1943, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips parallela (North America); ��� Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips parallela (North America); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (North America); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Drooz & Benjamin 1956, as Aplomya caesar (Michigan); Kulman & Hodson 1961, as Aplomya caesar (Minnesota); Dixon & Benjamin 1963, as Aplomya caesar (Wisconsin); Allen et al. 1969, as Aplomya caesar (Michigan); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan); Nealis 1991 (ON); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura rosaceana: ��� Wishart 1945, as Aplomya caesar ex. Archips rosaceana (North America); Raizenne 1952, as Epimasicera caesar ex. Archips rosaceana (ON); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar (ON); ��� Huber et al. 1996 (America north of Mexico). Eumea caesar is a common tachinid found throughout temperate and boreal Canada, and south to California and Texas in the West and Virginia in the East (O���Hara & Wood 2004). Adults are generally 7���8mm long and mostly black with a black��and��gray banded abdomen. It was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952, as Aplomya caesar) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). Wishart (1945) described and illustrated the immature stages of E. caesar (as Aplomya caesar) and provided a detailed account of larval development in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis (H��bner)). Tilles and Woodley (1984) included E. caesar (as Aplomya caesar) among the five tachinids treated in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine. Eumea caesar belongs to the Goniini, and like other members of that tribe produces microtype eggs that are laid on foliage and ingested by the host (see Cyzenis incrassata above for further information on goniine biology). It parasitizes fifth or sixth instar budworms, and the fully developed maggot emerges from the sixth instar or pupa and pupariates away from the host (Dowden et al. 1951; Carolin & Coulter 1959; Allen et al. 1969; H��bert et al. 1989). Eumea caesar has more than one generation per year and occasionally two maggots emerge from a single Choristoneura host (Dowden et al. 1951). Dowden et al. (1951) reported that E. caesar overwinters in an alternate host, whereas Tilles and Woodley (1984) stated that it overwinters as a pupa in the soil. Eumea caesar is recorded from a number of Tortricidae and six other families of Microlepidopera (Arnaud 1978, as Aplomya caesar). Parasitism of Choristoneura species in western North America is reportedly low (Carolin & Coulter 1959; McKnight 1974; Harris & Dawson 1979; Schaupp et al. 1991) and E. caesar (as Aplomya caesar) was not included by Wilkes et al. (1949) in the top 15 hymenopterous and dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Parasitism of budworms in the East is also usually low but there are several reports of rates in excess of 25 % (Dowden et al. 1948; Jaynes & Drooz 1952; Blais 1965). Parasitism of C. pinus was reported as low by Drooz and Benjamin (1956) in Michigan, by Dixon and Benjamin (1963) in Wisconsin, and by Nealis (1991) in Ontario, but as high as 13 % in a study by Allen et al. (1969) in Michigan., Published as part of O'Hara, James E., 2005, A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 938 on pages 22-24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153, {"references":["Aldrich, J. M. (1916) Two new Canadian Diptera. Canadian Entomologist, 48, 20 - 22.","Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp.","Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220.","Wishart, G. (1945) Aplomya caesar (Aldrich), a tachinid parasite of the European corn borer. Canadian Entomologist, 77, 157 - 167.","Wilkes, A. & Anderson, M. (1947) Notes on recovery of the introduced spruce budworm parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw. in eastern Canada. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 40 - 44.","Daviault, L. (1950) Les parasites de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'epinette (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) dans la province de Quebec. Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, 31, 41 - 45.","Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783.","Jaynes, H. A. & Drooz, A. T. (1952) The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45, 1057 - 1061.","Raizenne, H. (1952) Forest Lepidoptera of southern Ontario and their parasites received and reared at the Ottawa Forest Insect Survey Laboratory from 1937 to 1948. Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Division of Forest Biology, Ottawa, v + 277 pp.","Dowden, P. B., Jaynes, H. A. & Carolin, V. M. (1953) The role of birds in a spruce budworm outbreak in Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 46, 307 - 312.","Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17.","McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783.","Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396.","MacDonald, D. R. & Webb, F. E. (1963) Insecticides and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 288 - 310 + figs. 39.1 - 39.6.","Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7.","Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136.","Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp.","Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391.","Tothill, J. D. (1913) Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist, 45, 69 - 75.","Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29.","Sellers, W. F. (1943) The Nearctic species of parasitic flies belonging to Zenillia and allied genera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 93 [= No. 3157], 1 - 108.","Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464.","Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp.","Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112.","McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187.","Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38.","Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555.","Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97.","Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. & Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102.","Drooz, A. T. & Benjamin, D. M. (1956) Parasites from two jack-pine budworm outbreaks on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49, 412 - 413.","Kulman, H. M. & Hodson, A. C. (1961) Parasites of the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus, with special reference to parasitism at particular stand locations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 54, 221 - 224.","Dixon, J. C. & Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270.","Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. & Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475.","Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076.","O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp."]}

Smidtia fumiferanae (Tothill, 1912), Fig. 50 Host records ex. Choristoneura conflictana: Prentice 1955, as Omotoma fumiferanae (SK, MB); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Omotoma fumiferanae (SK, MB); ��� Huber et al. 1996, as Winthemia fumiferanae (America north of Mexico). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana: Wilkes & Anderson 1947, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (ON, QC); Dowden et al. 1951, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (NY); Raizenne 1952, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ON); Miller 1955, as Omotoma fumiferanae (NB); McGugan & Blais 1959, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ON); Blais 1960, as Omotoma fumiferanae (QC); MacDonald & Webb 1963, as Omotoma fumiferanae (NB); ��� Miller 1963, as Winthemia amoena (NB); Blais 1965, as Winthemia amoena (QC); ��� Tilles & Woodley 1984, as Omotoma fumiferanae (ME); H��bert et al. 1989, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); H��bert & Cloutier 1990 a, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); H��bert & Cloutier 1990 b, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); H��bert et al. 1990, as Winthemia fumiferanae (QC); Huber et al. 1996, as Winthemia fumiferanae (NB); Bourchier & Smith 1998, as Winthemia fumiferanae (ON); ��� Smith et al. 2002, as Winthemia fumiferanae (eastern Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana and/or Choristoneura occidentalis: Tothill 1912, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Hewitt 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); Tothill 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (BC, QC); ��� Johannsen 1913, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Tortrix fumiferana (Canada); Tothill 1923, as Winthemia ex. spruce budworm (BC, NB); Brown 1941, as Winthemia fumiferanae ex. Cacoecia fumiferana (Canada); Dowden et al. 1948, as Omotoma (Winthemia) fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (North America); ��� Zwolfer 1961, as Winthemia amoena ex. C. fumiferana (North America); ��� Arnaud 1978, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NH, NY). Host records ex. Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis and/or Choristoneura pinus: ��� Ross 1952, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (Canada). Host records ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: McKnight 1974, as Omotoma fumiferanae (CO); Doganlar & Beirne 1978, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); Harris & Dawson 1979, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); Schmid 1981, as Timnavia [= Timavia] fumiferanae (NM); Torgersen et al. 1984, as Timavia fumiferanae (WA, OR, ID, MT); ��� Harris & Dawson 1985, as Winthemia fumiferanae (BC); ��� Torgersen 1985, as Timavia fumiferanae (WA, OR, ID, MT). Host records probably ex. Choristoneura occidentalis: Coppel 1947, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. Archips fumiferana (BC); Wilkes et al. 1949, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Coppel 1953, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC); Carolin & Coulter 1959, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (OR); ��� Coppel 1960, as Omotoma fumiferanae ex. C. fumiferana (BC). Host records ex. Choristoneura pinus: Nealis 1991 (ON). This distinctive and common species is found throughout most of America north of Mexico (O���Hara & Wood 2004). For many years it was variously assigned to Omotoma Lioy, Winthemia Robineau��Desvoidy, or Timavia Robineau��Desvoidy, but was recently moved to Smidtia Robineau��Desvoidy by Shima (1996), who also placed Omotoma and Timavia as generic synonyms of Smidtia. Smidtia fumiferanae can be distinguished from the other tachinids treated here by the presence of hairs on the mid portion of the parafacial (Fig. 3); it differs from Winthemia species in having the hairs on the dorsum of the abdomen mostly erect (hairs recumbent in Winthemia). Adults are mostly 5���9mm long. The egg, larval instars, and puparium were described by Coppel and Smith (1957). Smidtia fumiferanae (as Omotoma fumiferanae) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of Choristoneura species by Ross (1952) and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia by Coppel (1960). Females of S. fumiferanae lay unincubated eggs directly on their hosts, as is typical of members of the Winthemiini. Eggs are laid primarily on sixth instar budworms and the first instar maggot is capable of parasitizing its host after about three days of development (Coppel & Smith 1957; H��bert & Cloutier 1990 a). However, the first instar maggot generally waits in the egg for the host to begin pupation before entering it (Coppel & Smith 1957; H��bert & Cloutier 1990 a). Hence, parasitoid development usually takes place entirely within the host pupa. Less frequently, fourth or fifth instar hosts are attacked (Doganlar & Beirne 1978), and emergence from sixth instar hosts has been reported (Harris & Dawson 1979). Once the maggot has completed development, it leaves the host pupa and pupariates in the soil (Coppel & Smith 1957; H��bert et al. 1989). The parasitoid overwinters in the puparium and there is typically one generation per year (Schaffner & Griswold 1934; Coppel & Smith 1957; H��bert et al. 1989). Smidtia fumiferanae is arguably the most important tachinid parasitoid of Choristoneura species in Canada. It was ranked by Wilkes et al. (1949, as Omotoma fumiferanae) as the third most important parasitoid, and single most important dipterous parasitoid, of C. occidentalis (as C. fumiferana) in British Columbia. Harris and Dawson (1979) reported parasitism of late instar C. occidentalis larvae by S. fumiferanae (as Winthemia fumiferanae) as high as 18 % in British Columbia. Smidtia fumiferanae (as Omotoma fumiferanae) was considered a major parasitoid of budworms in Colorado by Dowden et al. (1948) and in Oregon by Carolin and Coulter (1959). In the East, budworm parasitism by S. fumiferanae has not matched the levels reported in the West, but the species is common and parasitism can be locally significant (Coppel and Smith 1957, Blais 1960; H��bert et al. 1989). The species was included among the five tachinids treated by Tilles and Woodley (1984) in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine. The hosts of S. fumiferanae include two species of Geometridae and a few species of Noctuidae (Arnaud 1978, as Omotoma fumiferanae), in addition to the Choristoneura species indicated in Table 1., Published as part of O'Hara, James E., 2005, A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 938 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.171153, {"references":["Tothill, J. D. (1912) Systematic notes on North American Tachinidae. Canadian Entomologist, 44, 1 - 5.","Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473.","Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp.","Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220.","Wilkes, A. & Anderson, M. (1947) Notes on recovery of the introduced spruce budworm parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw. in eastern Canada. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 40 - 44.","Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783.","Raizenne, H. (1952) Forest Lepidoptera of southern Ontario and their parasites received and reared at the Ottawa Forest Insect Survey Laboratory from 1937 to 1948. Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Division of Forest Biology, Ottawa, v + 277 pp.","Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17.","McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783.","Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396.","MacDonald, D. R. & Webb, F. E. (1963) Insecticides and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 288 - 310 + figs. 39.1 - 39.6.","Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7.","Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136.","Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp.","Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391.","Hebert, C. & Cloutier, C. (1990 a) Temperature-dependent development of eggs and larvae of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 122, 329 - 341.","Hebert, C. & Cloutier, C. (1990 b) Host instar as a determinant of preference and suitability for two parasitoids attacking late instars of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 83, 734 - 741.","Bourchier, R. S. & Smith, S. M. (1998) Interactions between large-scale inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and naturally occurring spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1273 - 1279.","Smith, S. M., Frankenhuyzen, K. van, Nealis, V. G. & Bourchier, R. S. (2002) Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), eastern spruce budworm (Tortricidae). In: Mason, P. G. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.), Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981 - 2000. CABI Publishing, Wallingford and New York, pp. 58 - 68.","Hewitt, C. G. (1913) Report of the Dominion Entomologist for the year ending March 31 1912. Canada Department of Agriculture, Annual Report on Experimental Farms for the year 1911 - 12, 173 - 189.","Tothill, J. D. (1913) Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist, 45, 69 - 75.","Johannsen, O. A. (1913) Spruce bud worm and spruce leaf miners. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin, 210, 13 - 36 + 3 pls.","Tothill, J. D. (1923) Notes on the outbreaks of spruce budworm, forest tent caterpillar and larch sawfly in New Brunswick. Proceedings of the Acadian Entomological Society [for] 1922, 8, 172 - 182.","Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29.","Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464.","Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp.","Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112.","McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187.","Doganlar, M. & Beirne, B. P. (1978) Natural enemies of budworms, Choristoneura spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on Douglas fir near Yale, British Columbia, in 1977. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 75, 25 - 26.","Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38.","Schmid, J. M. (1981) Distribution of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) insect parasites in the crowns of host trees. Canadian Entomologist, 113, 1101 - 1106.","Torgersen, T. R., Campbell, R. W., Srivastava, N. & Beckwith, R. C. (1984) Role of parasites in the population dynamics of the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 13, 568 - 573.","Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1985) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in British Columbia. In: Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. & Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, p. 102.","Torgersen, T. R. (1985) Parasitoids and western budworm dynamics. In Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. & Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, pp. 104 - 105.","Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40.","Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555.","Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97.","Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076.","O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp.","Shima, H. (1996) A systematic study of the tribe Winthemiini from Japan (Diptera, Tachinidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 46, 169 - 235.","Coppel, H. C. & Smith, B. C. (1957) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). V. Omotoma fumiferanae (Tot.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 581 - 592.","Schaffner, J. V., Jr. & Griswold, C. L. (1934) Macrolepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern part of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 188, 1 - 160."]}