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BACKGROUND: Anemia is seen in a large proportion of the population especially in developing countries. It poses a major challenge to improving the health indices especially in the female and pediatric populations. Anemia causes increased disability, morbidity and mortality. Presence of anemia prolongs hospital stay and increases the possibility of re-admission. The diagnosis and management of anemia in hospitalized patients will improve outcomes of this population. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia, its etiology and its association with various risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Medicine, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi from May, 2016 to December, 2016. METHODOLGY: All adult patients admitted in the medical wards of Creek General Hospital were included in the study. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin of

The article considers supportive therapy in patients with head and neck tumors during radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. Special attention is given to nutritional support on every stage of patient care. The main methods of evaluation of nutritional status and risks are presented, as well as principles of clinical nutrition selection.

Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:413– 430. The Editor-in-chief and Publisher of International Journal of General Medicine wish to retract the published article. Following the conclusion of our investigation the decision has been made to retract the published article. The authors did not provide the required IRB and informed consent information relating to this study and it was determined the study did not meet the standard ethical publication requirements for studies involving human subjects in research. These requirements are based on guidelines issued by the World Medical Association and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Additionally, the authors did not provide the required study protocols, raw data and other study documents relating to this study as requested. Given our concerns about the standard of research ethics, competing interests and that the authors have not supplied the information we requested to verify and validate the reported findings, the editor has determined the article should be retracted. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.This retraction relates to this paperThis retraction relates to this Corrigendum

Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:413–430. The Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of International Journal of General Medicine wish to issue an Expression of Concern for the published article. Concerns have been raised regarding the alleged undisclosed competing interests of some of the authors, and the level of information provided on methodology, study data and process of institutional ethical approval for the published article.International Journal of General Medicine would like to alert readers of this while our investigation is still ongoing and we will provide an update following the conclusion of our investigation. The authors have been informed of these concerns and of our investigation. Read the original article

In gluten dependent conditions the gluten free diet is the cornerstone of therapy, decreasing disease activity, improving health and quality of life and treating or preventing the associated complications. Gluten withdrawal implies strict and lifelong elimination not only of wheat, barley, rye, and wheat-contaminated oats, but also of numerous non-nutritional products where components of wheat are often added. Due to multiple reasons the diet is difficult to follow and the long-term adherence is decreased with time. The present review summarizes the dark side of gluten restriction where nutritional deficiencies, toxicity, morbidity, mortality, and mental health problems are reported. The aim being to increase awareness, avoid, detect and treat the side effects and to promote a healthier nutrition, for the patient's benefits.

Background Special needs children have various health problems, and the most common problems are nutritional deficiency and malnourishment which leads to increased morbidity affecting their quality of life. This study aims to assess the nutritional status and health-seeking behaviour of special needs children. Methods The study was conducted among 46 special needs children at a special needs children's home. After collecting basic sociodemographic details, they were assessed for nutritional status and health-seeking behaviour using a semi-structured questionnaire followed by general and clinical examination. Results Out of these 46 special needs children, 69.6% were male and 30.4% were female. The mean age was 11.69±4.62 years. In this study, 65.22% were underweight; 6.52% were overweight; 10.87% were obese I; 4.35% were obese III; 13.04% were normal. Among them, 37% seek Government healthcare facilities for their healthcare needs. Referral advice was provided to all required children. Conclusion A high proportion of the special needs children were screened positive for nutritional deficiency and malnourishment which needs to be addressed. Interventions should be aimed at correcting the nutritional deficiency and malnourishment by involving the caretakers, mainly mothers of these children., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, K S et al.)

Purpose: To report about two cases with bilateral multiple serous pigment epithelial detachments (sPED) following major acute weight loss. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients who presented with bilateral multiple sPED following acute major weight loss. The files were reviewed for their general and ophthalmic history, medication, ophthalmic status, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and enhanced depth imaging, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, arterial pressure, and laboratory workup. Results: Two patients, both women, aged 45 and 50 years were identified. The sPED counted 50 and 5, respectively. They were located in the mid-periphery and the macula. Multimodal imaging including optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography did not reveal an underlying ocular pathology. However, both patients had a thick choroid (455 mm and 542 mm). They both had gone through intentional major weight loss induced by protein-rich Dukan’s diet (−20 kg in 3 months) and gastric bypass with protein-enriched diet (−35 kg in less than 1 year), respectively. They were substituted with vitamins (vitamin B, C, D). Conclusion: Bilateral multiple serous PEDs may occur in the context of acute major weight loss and protein-rich diet. The precise pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. However, potential candidates include the protein-, mineral- and/or vitamin-related metabolism disturbing the pigment epithelium function. A predisposition for a central serous chorioretinopathy like response might have contributed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the gold standard in bariatric surgery. One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) has been reported to have equivalent or better weight loss, with added advantages of being technically easy, amenable to reintervention/reversal, and offering better food tolerance. This study was undertaken to compare weight loss, metabolic syndrome outcome, complications, and long-term nutritional outcomes between the 2 procedures. A high-volume, private-practice bariatric surgery center in India. This retrospective study is based on prospectively maintained data in a cohort of patients who had either RYGB or OAGB in 2012 at a single institution by a single surgeon. Patients were all eligible for 5-year follow-up. On hundred twenty-two patients had RYGB and 90 had OAGB. The mean age was 44 and 46.4 years, body mass index was 45.8 and 42, percentage of total weight loss was 36.4 and 25.9, and percentage of excess weight loss was 81.6 and 66.7 for OAGB and RYGB groups, respectively. Resolution of type 2 diabetes was 79%, hypertension 57%, dyslipidemia 56%, and sleep apnea 94.54% in OAGB patients compared with type 2 diabetes of 61%, hypertension of 43%, dyslipidemia of 53%, and sleep apnea of 90.74% in RYGB patients. OAGB patients had more nutritional deficiencies than RYGB patients: anemia 44% versus 17%, hypoalbuminemia 32% versus 15%, and hypocalcemia 19% versus 8%, and other complications 7.8% versus 1.6%, respectively. There were no deaths in this study. OAGB is associated with more weight loss and better resolution of co-morbid conditions. However, it is also associated with more nutritional deficiencies. There is a need for long-term follow-up and multicenter reports to confirm these findings. • Both bariatric procedures i.e., RYGB and OAGB, produce very good to excellent weight-loss at Intermediate to long term follow-up. • In this study, we analysed routinely collected data and compared a cohort of patients undergoing RYGB with those undergoing OAGB at a single centre, with follow-up over five years. • The OAGB yields better weight loss, weight loss maintenance and resolution of co-morbid conditions in the treatment of severe obesity at the expense of increased nutrient deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: The goal of this chapter is to educate clinicians on the neurologic manifestations of certain nutritional deficiencies in order to promptly identify and appropriately treat these patients. Recent Findings: Many vitamin and nutritional deficiencies have been described dating back to the early days of neurology and medicine. Some are very rare and thus, there are no randomized controlled studies to assess supplementation or dosage; however, there are reviews of case reports that can assist clinicians in choosing treatments. Summary: While endemic vitamin and nutritional deficiencies may be rarely encountered in many countries, vulnerable populations continue to be at risk for developing neurologic complications. These populations include those with diseases causing malabsorption, the elderly, chronic alcohol users, as well as pregnant mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum to name a few. It is important to recognize syndromes associated with these nutritional deficiencies, as prompt identification and treatment may prevent permanent neurologic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes histological findings in the liver of Lutjanus guttatus after an acute mortality event in fish cultivated by river fishermen from Colima, Mexico, who were making their first attempt to cultivate this species. During 187 days, divided into two stages, 20,000 juveniles (6 g) were randomly distributed in three floating cages (125 m³). During the first 110 days (pre-fattening), the fish were fed commercial feed. From days 111 to 180 (fattening), the fish were given a test feed, high in fat (20.4%) and low in protein (30.2%). At the end of the first stage, the fish showed good biometric parameters as well as normal behavior and healthy appearance. During the second stage, starting on day 175, a strange behavior was observed followed by an acute mortality event; this alarmed the group of fishermen, who requested our intervention. In the necropsy and the histopathological analysis, the liver of the fish showed clear evidence of hepatocellular steatosis, possibly as a result of the nutritional stress to which they were subjected during cultivation. The present work can serve as a basis for future research, given the scarce information of this pathology in this fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no consensus on the ideal small bowel length that should be bypassed in laparoscopic one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of conventional versus distal techniques of laparoscopic OAGB. Methods: This randomized controlled trial involved 60 adults with morbid obesity scheduled for laparoscopic OAGB randomly assigned to one of the two techniques; conventional technique (fixed anastomosis 200 cm from the ligament of Treitz) and distal technique (anastomosis 400 cm from the ileocecal valve). Total small bowel length (TSBL) was measured in all cases. Quality of life was assessed using the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI). Outcome measures were excess body weight loss percentage (EBWL%), resolution of associated comorbidities, frequency of nutritional deficiencies, and quality of life. Results: No patients were lost to follow-up. The two groups were comparable in TSBL, EBWL%, and complete resolution of comorbidities up to 12 months. The percentage of afferent loop length to TSBL was significantly higher in the distal group (p < 0.001) but was not correlated with EBWL%. The levels of hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, iron, and albumin were significantly lower and parathormone hormone was higher in the distal group. The GIQLI score was significantly higher in the conventional group during follow-up. Conclusion: OAGB achieves optimum results when the afferent loop length is 200 cm; bypassing more than 200 cm does not improve weight loss or comorbidity resolution. Measuring TSBL is recommended to avoid excessive small bowel shortening that increases the risk of nutritional consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective role of taurine on anxiety-like behavior, brain electrical activity and glial cell immunoreactivity in well-nourished and malnourished rats that were treated with a subconvulsing dose of pilocarpine. Newborn Wistar rats were subjected to normal or unfavorable lactation conditions, represented by the suckling of litters with 9 or 15 pups, resulting in well-nourished and malnourished animals, respectively. Each nutritional group was split into five subgroups that were treated from postnatal day (PND) 35 to 55 with 300 mg/kg/day of taurine + 45 mg/kg/day of pilocarpine (group T + P), taurine only (group T), pilocarpine only (group P), vehicle control (group V), or not treated control (group naïve; Nv). At PND56-58, the groups were subjected to the elevated plus-maze behavioral tests. Glycemia was measured on PND59. Between PND60 and PND65, the cortical spreading depression (CSD) was recorded in the cerebral cortex, and the levels of malondialdehyde and microglial and astrocyte immunoreactivity were evaluated in the cortex and hippocampus. Our data indicate that treatment with taurine and pilocarpine resulted in anxiolytic-like and anxiogenic behavior, respectively, and that nutritional deficiency modulated these effects. Both treatments decelerated CSD propagation and modulated GFAP- and Iba1-containing glial cells. Pilocarpine reduced body weight and glycemia, and administration of taurine was not able to attenuate the effects of pilocarpine. The molecular mechanisms underlying taurine action on behavioral and electrophysiological parameters in the normal and altered brain remain to be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide and usually leads to impaired neurodevelopment. Appropriate introduction of complementary foods is mandatory for all infants to prevent iron insufficiency. We aimed to demonstrate feeding behaviors in relation to infant iron status and also identify potential concomitant nutrient inadequacies.Methods and Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study of infants 6-12 months old was performed at the Well Baby Clinic at Thammasat University Hospital, Pathumthani. Demographic data, feeding practices and nutritional status were obtained. Dietary intake was evaluated using general and food frequency questionnaires. Blood samples for complete blood count and iron studies were investigated.Results: We enrolled 206 infants (mean age 8.552.1 months). Prevalence of ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 34.0% and 25.7%, respectively. In multivariable ordinal continuation ratio logistic regression analysis for risk of iron depletion severity among the 3 groups (normal, ID and IDA infants), we found a stepwise increase in odds ratios for iron depletion with lower family income, longer duration of breastfeeding, delayed introduction of meat, and lower dietary iron intake. IDA infants had significantly lower intakes of energy, protein, fat and various micronutrients, compared to those with normal iron status.Conclusions: Infants with ID may have low intakes of other nutrients due to reduced complementary food intake. Nutritional education for appropriate feeding practices should be provided to prevent ID and other possible micronutrient deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Analyze the hypothesis that swimming exercise, in rats suckled under distinct litter sizes, alters behavioral parameters suggestive of anxiety and recognition memory, and the electrocorticogram potentiation that occurs after the excitability-related phenomenon that is known as cortical spreading depression (CSD). Methods: Male Wistar rats were suckled in litters with six or 12 pups (L6 and L12 groups). Animals swam at postnatal days (P) 8–23, or P60–P75 (early-exercised or late-exercised groups, respectively), or remained no-exercised. Behavioral tests (open field – OF and object recognition – OR) were conducted between P77 and P80. Between P90 and P120, ECoG was recorded for 2 hours. After this 'baseline' recording, CSD was elicited every 30 minutes over the course of 2 hours. Results: Early swimming enhanced the number of entries and the percentage of time in the OF-center (P < 0.05). In animals that swam later, this effect occurred in the L6 group only. Compared to the corresponding sedentary groups, OR-test showed a better memory in the L6 early exercised rats, and a worse memory in all other groups (P < 0.05). In comparison to baseline values, ECoG amplitudes after CSD increased 14–43% for all groups (P < 0.05). In the L6 condition, early swimming and late swimming, respectively, reduced and enhanced the magnitude of the post-CSD ECoG potentiation in comparison with the corresponding L6 no-exercised groups (P < 0.05). Discussion: Our data suggest a differential effect of early- and late-exercise on the behavioral and electrophysiological parameters, suggesting an interaction between the age of exercise and the nutritional status during lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., cause great losses to coffee crops in Brazil and worldwide. However, little is known about the physiological changes that these pathogens induce in coffee plants. The present work aimed to compare the physiological variables of coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica 'Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144') infected with Meloidogyne paranaensis or M. exigua with healthy coffee plants. Nematode-infected plants showed reductions in height and starch content in roots compared to healthy plants. In addition, the infected plants had a reduction in transpiration, stomatal conductance and CO2 concentration. However, only the coffee seedlings infected with M. paranaensis showed reduction in the rate of photosynthesis. Nematode-infected plants had lower leaf contents of P, K, Mn and Fe when compared to healthy plants. However, only coffee seedlings parasitised by M. paranaensis exhibited lower levels of Ca in the leaves. Therefore, M. paranaensis and M. exigua , with emphasis on M. paranaensis , alter the normal coffee seedling physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Scurvy is a rare entity in developed countries and the diagnosis may often be delayed resulting in unnecessary investigations and/or potentially severe complications. A recent increase in the number of patients diagnosed with scurvy in our hematology clinics indicated the need to review the literature on the diagnosis and optimal management of similar patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients referred to hematology at our tertiary care centre between 2010 and 2018, who were ultimately diagnosed with scurvy. Data collected from electronic medical records included baseline characteristics, clinical features on presentation, bloodwork results from initial consultation, treatment plan as well as response to treatment. Findings Twenty-two adults patient had a diagnosis of scurvy with a mean vitamin C level of 6 μmol/L. Iron deficiency anemia (54%) and gastrointestinal disorders (54%) were the most common comorbidities noted in our cohort. Proton-pump inhibitors use was noted in 54% of patients. Bleeding (45%) and bruising (45%) were the most commonly reported clinical features. Eleven patients received oral supplementation, five had intravenous (IV) vitamin C and six were not treated. Two patients required a transition from oral to IV supplementation. Vitamin C dosing ranged between 250 and 2000 mg and the frequency varied from daily for oral therapy to every few weeks or months for IV. Interpretation Awareness of scurvy and its associated risk factors and clinical presentation is important in the evaluation of a patient with bleeding tendency. Treatment plan should be individualized, and a careful review of patients' diet, medial history and medications is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acmella oleracea occurs in the Amazon forest and is widely consumed in regional cuisine and folk medicine. Many studies concerning its active principles are available, but few studies have been carried out regarding mineral nutrition. The aim of this study was to characterize deficiencies symptoms and nutritional content in Acmella oleracea. The experimental design applied was a randomized block with four replications. After blooming, following treatments were applied: complete solution, absence of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur, and Boron. After harvesting, growth and nutrient content of inflorescences, new leaves, old leaves, and stems were assessed. The absence of aforementioned nutrients allowed for characterization of visual deficiency symptoms. The first observed symptom was absence of Nitrogen. The accumulation of macronutrients in inflorescences followed the order N > K > Ca > P > S > Mg, in new leaves, N > K > Ca > S>Mg > P, in old leaves, K > N > Ca > Mg > S > P, and in stems K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. The greatest growth restrictions were observed in nitrogen and calcium absence treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus is one of the two octopuses' species of great commercial importance in Chile. At the present time, the life cycle of this species in captivity has been closed at experimental level; however, high mortalities at the early paralarvae stage are a limiting factor for attaining sustainable production. Cannibalism has been identified as one of the main mortality causes at the early paralarvae rearing. Stress has been proposed as an important cause of cannibalism in cephalopods. Likewise, nutritional deficiency has been suggested as a potential cause to onset cannibalism. However, neither of both factors has been directly assessed in cephalopod paralarvae. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate if physiological stress due to a food shortage and/or to a high rearing density of paralarvae trigger cannibalism in E. megalocyathus. An experiment was carried out with newly hatched paralarvae, under conditions that trigger cannibalism with densities of 10 and 15 paralarvae L−1 combined with two measures of prey availability: 0 and 2 prey paralarva−1 day−1. Paralarvae alone in the aquarium fed ad libitum was used as a control to avoid cannibalism. Nutritional status was assessed as the total protein and energy content per paralarvae; and the 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP70) transcript level was used as a bioindicator of physiological stress, documented as a suitable stress biomarker for cephalopods. No differences were observed between the treatments and control in the absolute protein levels and energy content. There was a strong induction in HSP70 transcriptional level when high density and prey availability where combined, proving that there are only a few paralarvae rearing combinations that cause critical stress and trigger HSP70 transcription. In experimental conditions, nutritional status indicators showed that early paralarvae, with similar reserves of protein and energy, exhibited cannibalism. Results suggest that mortality as well as cannibalism is associated with competition for prey and with nutritional and energy imbalance due to food shortage that determines the expression of the related stress gene. Highlights • Nutritional deficiency would not be a factor that start cannibalism. • The onset of cannibalism would be related to stress at high density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on iodine nutrition among pregnant and lactating women in Australia. Topics discussed include iodine as an integral part of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3); the supply of iodine to the maternal thyroid and mammary glands during breastfeeding; and assessment of breastmilk iodine concentrations (BMIC) in Western Australia.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are one of the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide. They are the mainstay for treatment of most gastric acid-related disorders. PPIs are often used for inappropriate indications and unnecessarily prolonged durations. Initially thought to be a very safe class of drugs, concerns have been raised with regard to an increased risk of adverse events thought to be related to the long-term use of PPIs. PPIs are now known to be associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures, nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, magnesium, and iron), myocardial infarction, Clostridium difficile infection, community-acquired pneumonia, and gastric neoplasia. More recent evidence has shown that PPI use is also associated with renal impairment and dementia. Although these associations do not necessarily imply a causal link, PPIs should be used for the correct indications and for an appropriate duration. Prolonged use should be discouraged unless the benefits of treatment clearly outweigh the associated risks. More studies are needed to further explore these associations and to establish causality if present.

Iron deficiency is defined as a condition in which there is not an adequate iron level necessary to maintain the normal physiologic functions. Having the magnitude of epidemics, anemia is a global public health problem, which affects both the emerging countries and the developed ones, with major consequences for human health and for social and economic development. Nowadays, iron deficiency and especially iron-deficiency anemia, remains one of the most severe and important nutritional deficiencies. Each group of age is vulnerable. Infants, small children, pre-school children and teenagers show a higher risk of iron deficiency. Accordingly, the World Health Organization developed an ample package of public health measures that approaches all the aspects related to iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Trying to diminish the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) has synthesized in 2014 the recommendations used also at present for martial prophylaxis.

Lulo (Solanum quitoense), species used in food and natural medicine, has potential for expansion in Brazilian climatic conditions. However, more research should be conducted in order to provide informations to producers for the best crop management. In this sense, it is aimed to evaluate the effect of nutrients omission N, P and K on the growth, development and nutritional status of Lulo seedlings aimed the nutritional management of seedlings. The seedlings grown from seeds in plastic bags in greenhouse, at Federal University of Viçosa. After four months were transferred to complete nutrient solution and solutions prepared with the removal of N, P and K. The design was completely randomized, with four replications and two plants per plot. The solutions were renewed every two weeks and the volume completed daily with deionized water, with pH maintained around 5.5 ± 0.5. The contents of N, P and K in the shoot at complete treatment and nutrient omission were, respectively, N = 32.20 and 18.24; P = 3.27 and 1.05; K = 56.88 and 16.91 g kg-1 . The initial plant growth was affected by the omission of all nutrients, and symptoms consistent with the pattern shown by most cultures. The most intense and immediate damages were observed in the absence of N, causing also causing deterioration of secondary roots and paralysis the issue of new roots.

A study of the effectiveness of the vitamin-mineral complex (VMC) Ciklovita in the complex treatment of menstrual irregularities was carried out on the basis of the SBIPH MR MRRIOG. Complex therapy was used in patients with dysmenorrhea (n=40), amenorrhea (n=40) and oligomenorrhea (n=40); there were no significant abnormalities in the patients' hormonal status. Patients underwent pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy for 3 months with subsequent connection of VMC Ciklovita®. The general course of treatment was 6 months. The positive dynamics in relation to the symptoms of the diseases was most pronounced by the 6 month of therapy, with a complex approach with the use of the VMC Ciklovita®. The obtained results once again confirm the important role of nutritional status in the genesis of functional disorders of the menstrual cycle and provide a basis for widespread introduction of VMC Ciklovita® in to the routine practice of obstetrician-gynecologists.

Epilepsy and malnutrition constitute two worldwide health problems affecting behavior and brain function. The cholinergic agonist pilocarpine (300–380 mg/kg; single administration) reproduces the human type of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in rodents has been associated with glycemia, learning and memory and anxiety disturbances. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a neural response that has been linked to brain excitability disorders and its diseases, and has been shown to be antagonized by acute pilocarpine. This study aimed to further investigate the effect of chronic pilocarpine at a sub-convulsing dose on weight gain, blood glucose levels, anxiety-like behavior and CSD. In addition, we tested whether unfavorable lactation-induced malnutrition could modulate the pilocarpine effects. Wistar rats were suckled under normal size and large size litters (litters with 9 and 15 pups; groups L9 and L15, respectively). From postnatal days (PND) 35–55, these young animals received a daily intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (45 mg/kg/day), or vehicle (saline), or no treatment (naïve). On PND58, the animals were behaviorally tested in an open field apparatus. This was immediately followed by 6 h fasting and blood glucose measurement. At PND60–65, CSD was recorded, and its parameters (velocity of propagation, amplitude, and duration) were calculated. Compared to the control groups, pilocarpine-treated animals presented with reduced weight gain and lower glycemia, increased anxiety-like behavior and decelerated CSD propagation. CSD velocity was higher (p < 0.001) in the L15 groups in comparison to the corresponding groups in the L9 condition. The results demonstrate an influence of chronic (21-day) administration of a sub-convulsing, very low dose (45 mg/kg) of pilocarpine on CSD propagation, anxiety-like behavior, glycemia and body weight. Furthermore, data reinforce the hypothesis of a relationship between CSD and brain excitability. The lactation condition seems to differentially modulate these effects.

Pandu roga the word itself describe as the disease in which there is presence of altered skin color like yellowish white discoloration of skin. Pandu widely described in various vedas and ayurvedic texts as an independent disease or associated symptoms of other disease. In modern it can be closely related with iron deficiency anemia on the basis of symptoms and causative factors. In a recent estimate, about 8.8% of global population is affected includes all age groups. It is most common form of anemia in India with root cause of nutritional deficiency. Due to high vegetarian diet and less dairy or poultry intake prevalence rate increases per year. Generally conditions arise when in race of fulfillment of livelihood people neglect their health issue by neglecting their nutritional values, which are low. Our challenge is to maintain the diet regime in order to aware the people about adverse effect of IDA (Iron deficiency anemia).

Initially discovered for its role in blood coagulation, there is now convincing evidence that vitamin K (VK) has important actions in the nervous system. In brain, VK is present in the form of menaquinone-4 (MK-4), a byproduct of the main dietary source, phylloquinone. It contributes to the biological activation of various proteins (i.e., Gas6), and participates in the synthesis of sphingolipids, a class of lipids widely present in brain cell membranes with important cell signaling functions. In a previous study, we reported that lifetime consumption of a low VK diet resulted in mild cognitive impairment in aged rats, a finding associated with an alteration of the sphingolipid profile. To confirm the role of VK as it relates to sphingolipids, cognition, and behavior outside the context of aging, we conducted a study of acute VK deficiency using a pharmacological model of VK deficiency in brain. In this procedure, rats (8 weeks) are maintained on a ratio of warfarin (a VK antagonist) to VK whereby coagulation is maintained while inducing VK deficiency in extrahepatic tissues. After 10 weeks of treatment, rats who were subjected to the warfarin plus phylloquinone protocol (WVK) exhibited longer latencies in the Morris water maze test as well as lower locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in the open field test, when compared to control rats. The WVK treatment resulted in a dramatic decrease in MK-4 level in all brain regions despite the presence of high local concentrations of phylloquinone, which suggests an inhibition of the biosynthetic MK-4 pathway in the presence of warfarin. Additionally, WVK treatment affected sphingolipid concentrations in key brain regions, notably those of the ganglioside family. Finally, brain MK-4 was correlated with performances in the open field test. This study confirms the modulatory role of VK in cognition and behavior and the implication of sphingolipids, notably those of the ganglioside family.

Introduction: Diarrhoea remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. Zinc has been recommended by the WHO for the prophylaxis and treatment of acute diarrhoea. However, data on zinc levels in children remains scarce. Aim: To assess serum zinc levels in children admitted with acute diarrhoea to the paediatric unit of Srinakharinwirot University Hospital, Thailand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children admitted to hospital with the diagnosis of acute diarrhoea, between July 2016 and February 2017. Children < 60 months, with watery and/or mucous stool >3 times within previous 24 hours were included. Anthropometric parameters were recorded. Serum electrolytes, Complete Blood Count (CBC) and serum zinc levels were measured. Children with serum zinc level lower than thresholds as recommended by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultation Group criteria and time of collection were defined as zinc deficient. The results were descriptively presented as mean and standard deviation, median and Interquartile Range (IQR), or frequency and percentage. Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher-exact test was used to compare proportions between groups, whereas, Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test was used to verify the differences of continuous variables. Results: Fifty children with acute diarrhoea were included in the study (50% female). The median duration of diarrhoea prior to admission was 24.0 hours (IQR, 12.0-72.0 hours) and the frequency of diarrhoeal episodes in preceding 24 hours was 4 times (IQR, 3-6 times). Mean serum zinc concentration at admission was 69.2±18.5µg/dL. A total of 22 (44%) children had zinc deficiency. There were no significant differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between patients with normal zinc levels and those with zinc deficiency. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of low zinc levels in Thai children with acute diarrhoea. More efforts are needed towards improved coverage of zinc supplementation.

ABSTRACT Background The gastric bypass has nutritional and electrolyte disturbances rate of approximately 17%. The most common deficits are protein malnutrition, ferric and zinc, in addition to the vitamin. Although rare, some malnutrition stages reach such severity that ends up being necessary hospitalization and sometimes revisional or reversal surgical procedures. Aim: To present a proposal of surgical revision for treatment of severe malnutrition after bariatric surgery. Methods: The procedure is to reconstitute the food transit through the duodenum and proximal jejunum, keeping the gastric bypass restrictive component. As an additional strategy, the gastric fundus resection is performed, aiming to intensify the suppression of the greline and avoiding excessive weight regain. Results: After initial stabilization, nutritional and electrolytic support, the procedure was performed in two patients as definitive treatment of malnutrition status. Good results were observed at one year follow up. Conclusion: As improvement option and/or resolution of the nutritional alterations, surgical therapy is one of the alternatives. There is still no consensus on the surgical technique to be performed. This procedure is based on pathophysiological factors for the treatment of this condition, with good initial results, without significant clinical alterations. Longer follow-up will determine its effectiveness.

Introduction: The risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) increases with concurrent nutritional deficiency, of the specific nutrients, social and environmental conditions. PTB, on the other hand, gives rise to both muscle andfat wasting due to loss of appetite and increased catabolic activity. It is also associated with an increased risk of relapse and secondary Multidrug Resistant (MDR) TR Indoor air pollution, smoking and alcohol are well known strong predictors and surprisingly still quite prevalent in rural and urban areas. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out over a period of 06 months in PTB cases, above 15 years of age, attending the DOTS centres in an urban area. Extra PTB cases were excludedfrom the study. The sample size was worked out to be 118. Results: Overcrowding was present in 76 (64.4%) of the respondents, 91 (77.1%) had kitchen within the living rooms and 52 (44.1%) of them used cylinders (LPG) and kerosene oil as the cooking fuel Current smoking was reported by 70 (59.3%) patients, and 44 (37.2%) reported alcohol consumption. Of the 118 respondents, 10 (8.2%) had HIV/AIDS and 31 (26.2%) had Diabetes as co morbidities. Around, 69 (58.5%) of them had low BMI (Thinness), PBFwas low in 83 (70.3%) cases andSMM was low in 80 (72%) cases. Conclusion: Proper dietetic advice, taking into consideration local dietary preferences, may be required to be included in the TB management protocol at the DOTS centre. Indoor air pollution needs to be curbed in our society both in the rural as well in the urban area by empowering the community with better fuel.

This case report describes an 18-month-old male presenting with hemolytic anemia and lethargy, who was ultimately diagnosed with severe vitamin B12 deficiency. The child exhibited global developmental delays, including a lack of speech and walking skills. Initially suspected as intravascular hemolytic anemia, the normal reticulocyte count led to further investigation, which revealed low cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels. The patient received vitamin B12 injections, resulting in normalized cobalamin levels. Additional evaluations ruled out metabolic disorders and other etiologies for his anemia. Follow-up laboratory testing showed improved hemoglobin levels, and the patient was discharged with plans for close monitoring. The case emphasizes the importance of considering vitamin B12 deficiency in children, particularly those with developmental delays and anemia. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing long-term neurological consequences associated with severe and prolonged cobalamin deficiency. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the impact of nutrient deficiencies on growth, development, and brain maturation in pediatric populations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Abdul Hadi et al.)

Background: To assess the state and trends of global nutrition, our best tools are nationally representative assessments using human biomarker assays, yet these are expensive and logistically challenging. We instead often rely on more easily produced global nutrient datasets-measures of nutrients provided by the diet-as a proxy for nutritional intake and deficiency, due to their greater geographic and temporal coverage. However, the accuracy of global nutrient datasets is questionable., Objective: We aimed to test whether estimates of inadequate dietary intake derived from existing global nutrient datasets reliably associate with biophysical deficiency., Design: We performed linear regressions of estimates of inadequate dietary nutrient intake derived from three global nutrient datasets-Global Dietary Database, Global Nutrient Database, and Global Expanded Nutrient Supply (GENuS) model-against the existing suite of nationally representative biomarker survey data for three key nutrients of global concern in two vulnerable demographic groups: zinc, folate, and vitamin A in females of childbearing age; and zinc and vitamin A in children younger than 5 y., Results: We found significant associations (P < 0.1) for only 3 of 22 regressions between global nutrition datasets and biophysical deficiency: zinc for females of childbearing age from GENuS and Global Dietary Database, and zinc for children under 5 y from GENuS. Folate and vitamin A show no reliable relationship between nutrient datasets and independent biomarker surveys. Applying the successful models for zinc to the accompanying full datasets yield estimates of global zinc deficiency of 31%-37% for these demographic groups., Conclusions: We found that few estimates of nutritional inadequacy from global dietary datasets are associated with more direct measures of biophysical deficiency from biomarker studies. Researchers and policymakers must be cautious when applying global nutrient datasets to questions of global health and use them for limited applications., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A 69-year-old man with irritable bowel syndrome on a restricted diet presented with fatigue, myalgias, extensive bilateral lower-extremity petechiae and ecchymoses, transfusion-refractory anemia, and elevated inflammatory markers. A low serum vitamin C level led to the diagnosis of scurvy. This is the first reported case of vitamin C deficiency and clinical scurvy related to voluntary dietary restriction from irritable bowel syndrome in an adult patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the study was to compare the trace element status in children with infantile tremor syndrome (ITS) with healthy controls. Blood counts, serum vitamin B12, plasma homocysteine, plasma ferritin and trace elements - magnesium, zinc and selenium were compared. Twenty-six children (11 with tremors, 14 boys, mean age 11.5 ± 3.5 mo) and 19 controls were enrolled for this study. Low vitamin B12 levels (67% vs. 5%) and elevated plasma homocysteine 96% vs. 26%) was significantly more (P < 0.001) in cases. Eight controls had hypoferritinemia, while none with ITS had it (p < 0.001). None of the children in either group had low serum levels of zinc or magnesium. Low levels of selenium were seen in six cases and five controls. This study did not show any association between the studied nutrients/ trace elements and ITS while, it showed a strong association of ITS with vitamin B12 deficiency supporting that it is a Neurocutaneous Infantile B-12 deficiency (NIB) syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Autism spectrum disorder is a heterogenous neurodevelopmental condition accompanied by a variety of associated features. Case reports suggest one such associated feature, food selectivity, increases risk for nutritional deficiencies; however, little attention has been given to prevent and treat nutritional deficiencies in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Method Single case report. Results This single case report presents a child with autism spectrum disorder and food selectivity difficulties that resulted in severe vitamin C deficiency. Although eventually corrected, the nutritional deficiency was debilitating, required invasive interventions, and resulted in significant social/emotional and economic costs. Conclusions We review the course of treatment and highlight strategies to prevent and more effectively treat nutritional deficiencies in youth with autism spectrum disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of macronutrient omission on the growth and volatile chemical composition of Lippia gracilis was evaluated. The "minus one element" technique was employed by using a complete (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950) nutrient solution and solutions with macronutrient omission for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S. Macronutrient deficiency significantly influenced L. gracilis growth and volatile chemical composition. Leaf dry weight decreased in order of importance of the macronutrients as follows: Ca = K = N > P > Mg > S. The amount and composition of volatile compounds varied according to macronutrient omission. The major constituents were characterized by p-cymene (ranging from not detected to 43.41%), thymol (3.86% to 7.95%), carvacrol (44.09% to 76.69%), and caryophyllene (0.52% to 6.00%), the contents of which were dependent on the omitted macronutrient. Lack of Ca, Mg, and S increased the contents of cymene and decreased the thymol and carvacrol compared with control. Complete solution and N, P, and K omission retained the same thymol and carvacrol content. In summary, macronutrient availability effectively controlled plant growth and volatile chemical composition of L. gracilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]