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Summary: The dichotomies of 'typical/atypical' or 'first/second generation' have been employed for several decades to classify antipsychotics, but justification for their use is not clear. In the current analysis we argue that this classification is flawed from both clinical and pharmacological perspectives. We then consider what approach should ideally be employed in both clinical and research settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Brachydora Obenberger, 1923 is revised based on comparative study of extensive material including types of all revised taxa. Brachydora monstrum Obenberger, 1923 is synonymized with B. sicardi (Théry, 1912). Lectotypes are designated for following taxa to ensure their correct application and recognition in future: Brachydora granulum (Fairmaire, 1902); B. sicardi and B. monstrum. Redescriptions of holotypes and lectotypes are added for species Brachydora crassa Théry, 1937, B. deformis, B. granulum and B. sicardi. All herein included taxa are illustrated with colour photographs of habitus and (except for B. granulum) a male aedeagus. A key to all taxa is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Új Pedagógiai Szemle is the property of University of Miskolc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etudes Romanes de Brno is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract During a taxonomic investigation of the names classified under Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum, it was necessary to replace the lectotype of S. macrogyne, as the specimen does not agree with the original description. In addition, we propose S. ramosa as a new synonym of S. macrogyne and discuss the reestablishment of S. cyperinoides as an accepted name.

Diospyros L. is a large genus of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the tropics. It comprises over 700 species globally and around 300 are believed to occur in South-East Asia. Many species are economically important and exploited for the production of ebony wood and persimmons, yet taxonomic information on the genus is incomplete and inconsistent due to its morphological and nomenclatural complexity. Revisions of Diospyros in continental and insular South-East Asia were conducted independently by different authors, occasionally with different names used for the same species, or different species being given the same name in different countries. During our ongoing study of the genus Diospyros in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam), we identified several such instances. Here, we clarify the most commonly misidentified species, including 1) D. apiculata Hiern, D. strigosa Hemsl. and D. tamiriensis Lecomte; 2) D. bejaudii Lecomte and D. retrofracta Bakh.; 3) D. dictyoneura Hiern and D. hasseltii Zoll.; 4) D. borneensis Hiern and D. fecunda H.R.Fletcher. Lectotypifications are also made for D. brachiata King & Gamble var. lanceolata H.R.Fletcher, D. fecunda, D. similis Craib and D. strigosa.

This study discusses the different types of ethnolinguistic nomenclatures before and after British colonial rule in Northeast India. Before the colonial era, every community had endonyms/autonyms and exonyms for regional ethnic groups, often with inclusive cultural terms meaning ‘our people’ for themselves, while they often used derogatory terms for their neighboring communities based on features of food choice, clothing, and other ethnic features. After the British established an administration and settled in the region, they started naming the tribes of North India based on the names provided by the plainsmen under their control, often with meanings along the lines of ‘savage’, ‘uncouth’, ‘wild’, and so on. Whilst most of the names were denounced later by speakers of the languages because of their pejorative connotations, others survived, such as ‘Naga’, and more groups have embraced ‘Naga’ as their ethnic identity despite its derogative meaning, while others, such as ‘Kuki’, have divided into various tribes with their own ethnonyms. This study also deals with other factors affecting nomenclatures, namely, ‘scheduled tribe’ recognition (a constitutional safeguard for the promotion and protection of the rights of minorities belonging to a social category of scheduled tribes) and the influence of Western education in shaping nomenclatures the way they are.

Entoloma politum is a common lowland species in northern Europe. It has been described to have two close species with a more intense smell, E. nitriolens and E. pernitrosum . To clarify the taxonomy of these three species, the types of E. nitriolens and E. pernitrosum , as well as many recent collections were examined by ITS sequences and morphologically. Entoloma nitriolens was found to be a sibling species of E. politum , whereas E. pernitrosum was confirmed as a synonym of E. politum . Entoloma nitriolens and E. politum are described based on own material. They grow in similar habitats, but E. nitriolens prefers colder climates and calcareous ground.

The type species of the lichen genus Variolaria is V. discoidea . The name is solely based on a Hoffmann (1784) illustration. To stabilize the nomenclature, we have designated a lectotype and an epitype from Germany, for which we generated molecular data. The species was formerly placed in the genus Pertusaria as P. albescens , and is presently correctly named Lepra albescens .

In total, 63 specimens of Lycaenidae collected in high altitude of the Bamyan Province, Waras District, vicinity of Doabi, a less explored area of Afghanistan from lepidopterological point of view, are evaluated. Te material represents seven polyommatine (Afarsia hanna (Evans, 1932), Alpherakya bellona (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888), A. yakavlangi (Tshikolovets, Pljushtch, Pak et Skrylnik, 2018), Aricia agestis ([Schifermüller], 1775), Eumedonia eumedon bamiana (Tshikolovets, Pljushtch et Skrylnik, 2018), Polyommatus bilucha (Moore, 1884), P. icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)), one scolitantidine (Turanana laspura (Evans, 1932)) and one callophrydine (Satryium hazarajatica Krupitsky, Pljushtch et Pak, 2018) lycaenid butterfy species, all of them are briefy annotated. Te species Polyommatus nadirus (Moore, 1884) is discussed. Tese results the following nomenclatural actions and changes: Eumedonia eumedon bamiana comb. n.; Polyommatus muetingi (Bálint, 1993), sp. reinst. from the synonymy of Polyommatus nadira (Moore, 1865) Tshikolovets, Pljutsch et Skrylnik, 2018; lectotype is designated for Lycaena nadira Moore, 1884; Afarsia sieversi nadira (Moore, 1884), comb. n. = Polyommatus sieversi felicia Evans 1932, syn. n.

We provide an overview of the World Amphipoda Database (WAD), a global species database that is part of the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Launched in 2013, the database contains entries for over 10,500 accepted species names. Edited currently by 31 amphipod taxonomists, following WoRMS priorities, the WAD has at least one editor per major group. All accepted species are checked by the editors, as is the authorship available for all of the names. The higher classification is documented for every species and a type species is recorded for every genus name. This constitutes five of the 13 priorities for completion, set by WoRMS. In 2015, five LifeWatch grants were allocated for WAD activities. These included a general training workshop in 2016, together with data input for the superfamily Lysianassoidea and for a number of non-marine groups. Philanthropy grants in 2019 and 2021 covered more important gaps across the whole group. Further work remains to complete the linking of unaccepted names, original descriptions, and environmental information. Once these tasks are completed, the database will be considered complete for 8 of the 13 priorities, and efforts will continue to input new taxa annually and focus on the remaining priorities, particularly the input of type localities. We give an overview of the current status of the order Amphipoda, providing counts of the number of genera and species within each family belonging to the six suborders currently recognized.

Recent phylogenetic studies of Gammaridae made evident some nomenclatural issues that should be addressed. We discuss the nomenclatural problems caused by the use of the unavailable name Neogammarus Ruffo, 1937 and the designation of type species for Rhipidogammarus Stock, 1971 and Neogammarus Karaman, 1969. Since the type species of these two last names is the same, Gammarus rhipidiophorus Catta, 1878, the ICZN requires that a new objective synonymy be established: Neogammarus Karaman, 1969 = Rhipidogammarus Stock, 1971, syn. nov. This synonymy changes the current general use of these two names, generating a new nomenclatural combination, Neogammarus karamani (Stock, 1971) n. comb. We provide a synonymic list of Neogammarus to facilitate its general application.

The existing term non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has raised substantial concerns due to its inherent disadvantages of using exclusionary diagnostic criteria and the stigmatizing word ‘fatty.’ Three pan-national liver associations set out to explore a new nomenclature to replace both NAFLD and its suggested alternative, metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). They surveyed if a change in nomenclature and/or definition is favored and which nomenclature best communicates disease characteristics and increases awareness. In lieu of NAFLD/MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has been chosen, and an umbrella term, steatotic liver disease (SLD), encompassing the whole spectrum of liver disease, has been proposed. It has been suggested that cardiometabolic risk factors should be considered when categorizing SLD patients. Furthermore, a new subcategory, MASLD with increased alcohol intake (MetALD), casts light on a neglected group of patients with moderate or more alcohol consumption. The importance of metabolic dysfunction was acknowledged in this new nomenclature, but the precise contribution of metabolic dysfunction and alcohol consumption to the development and progression of SLD remains unclear. Herein, we review hepatologists’ and endocrinologists’ perspectives on the new nomenclature, along with its possible impact on clinical practice. Although it is premature to predict the settlement of the new nomenclature, this review may help build more evidence for a soft landing of it in the future.

Copyright of Flora Montibérica is the property of Flora Montiberica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Iris scariosa is a rhizomatous perennial whose taxonomy and distribution range still remain unclear. The results of our examination of literature, specimens, and wild plants have shown that I. glaucescens, described from Kazakhstan, and I. timofejewii, considered to be endemic to the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, are very closely related to I. scariosa. We have carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses for the first time to clarify the taxonomy of I. scariosa. For this, we sequenced six chloroplast DNA regions of an extended sampling that comprised the accepted species I. glaucescens and I. timofejewii, which has revealed their strong affinity to the accession of I. scariosa from the vicinity of Astrakhan, Russia. A thorough revision of the morphological characters has confirmed the lack of evident differences between I. scariosa and I. timofejewii. Thus, the analyses support a broad species circumscription of I. scariosa. We here reduce I. timofejewii, as well as I. curvifolia, considered to be endemic to Xinjiang, western China, to synonymy of I. scariosa. Color illustrations, updated nomenclature, and data on distribution of I. scariosa are provided. A lectotype for I. astrachanica and a neotype for I. timofejewii are designated here. Also, the phylogenetic relationships within I. subg. Iris are outlined, and an updated classification of the subgenus is proposed. We have recovered six major lineages within four major clades which we recognize as sections. Here, we propose two new nomenclatural combinations, a revised taxonomic treatment, and a new identification key to I. subg. Iris.

Abstract Background To date, there is little reliable information on the fish names used by two fishing communities of Myanmar, namely Intha (Inle Lake) and Rakhine (Bay of Bengal). Moreover, there have been no systematic studies on the distribution of fish-related traditional knowledge in these two communities. As there can be high levels of intra-community variation in traditional ecological knowledge, it is important to investigate this variation along the lines of key social variables. Methods Fieldwork was carried out in both communities and involved the presentation of visual stimuli (colour pictures of locally relevant fish species) to respondents, and asking for a name in the local language. The stimuli consisted of 43 and 218 fish species for Intha and Rakhine, respectively. The responses were analysed in terms of respondent age and occupation for both communities, plus village location for Intha and gender whenever both genders were represented in a sufficiently large number in the sample. Results Fish name lists were generated for both languages, taking into account lexical variation, as well as the number of people able to name each fish. The two communities differed markedly in the way fish knowledge was distributed. Overall, younger Intha knew fewer fish names, but there was little to no difference in fish knowledge among the Intha on the basis of occupation, location or gender. In contrast, the differences were very marked among Rakhine respondents. Conclusions The reduced fish knowledge of younger Intha may be ascribed to environmental disturbances that have caused many fish to go locally extinct. The otherwise homogenous distribution of fish knowledge in the Intha community may be due to the small number of species that people are required to learn. This idea needs to be tested with a larger sample of respondents. Among the Rakhine, a number of factors are responsible for the observed variation; these include a steep learning curve among younger fishermen, the difference in fish species encountered by fishermen and sellers, highly variable dietary preferences among the general populace and differing gender roles in the context of market visits. The authors are in full agreement with previous research that advocates a variationist approach to the study of traditional ecological knowledge.

Objective: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a risk factor for invasive breast cancer (IBC). The prognosis of DCIS is considerably better than for IBC, yet women do not distinguish between the threat. We aimed to compare the psychosocial consequences of screen-detected DCIS and IBC, and to examine this comparison over time. Methods: We surveyed a Danish mammography-screening cohort from 2004 to 2018. We assessed outcomes at six-time points: baseline, 1, 6, 18, 36 months, and 14 years after the screening. We measured psychosocial consequences with the Consequences Of Screening – Breast Cancer (COS-BC): a condition-specific questionnaire that is psychometrically validated and encompasses 14 psychosocial dimensions. We used weighted linear models with generalized estimating equations to compare responses between groups. We used a 1% level of significance. Results: 170 out of 1309 women were diagnosed with breast cancer (13.0%). 23 were diagnosed with DCIS (13.5%) and 147 with IBC (86.5%). From baseline to six months after diagnosis, there were no significant differences between women with DCIS and IBC. However, mean scores indicated that IBC generally was more affected than DCIS. After six months, we observed that women with DCIS and IBC might be affected differently in the long term; mean scores and mean differences showed that IBC were more affected on some scales, while DCIS were on others. Conclusion: Overall, the DCIS and IBC experienced similar levels of psychosocial consequences. Women might benefit from renaming DCIS to exclude cancer nomenclature.

No abstract available.

The recognized biogenic production corresponds to corporal materials, and ethological structures (ichnofossils). Ethological structures include bioturbation, bioerosion, and biogenic granule-classification structures. Biogenic materials and structures traditionally include biogenic aggregates (such as fecal pellets or castings and coprolite grapstones); bioturbation structures or ichno-structures (burrows, tracks, trails, and root penetration structures); biogenic granulo-classification or biostratification structures (algal and bacterial stromatolites of graded bedding of biogenic origin); bioerosion structures (borings, scrapings, and bitings); and biolitites (e.g., reef structures). This paper presents a new classification system for biogenic materials applicable to the fossil record. It summarizes our efforts to standardize terminology, use new and existing terms, correct any contradictions in some terms, and facilitate teaching and learning processes related to this subject. In our proposal, biogenic production is used for any materials or structures produced, built, modified, or used by living organisms. Biogenic production includes the following five groups: direct production (corporal, biodeposition, bioexhudation, and bioclaustration materials and structures); bio-modified materials and structures (predation, bioerosion, and bioturbation); bio-built materials and structures (biofoodcaches, bioconstructions, and biostratification structures); microbial induced materials and structures; and biotools. All types of biogenic production have examples in the sedimentary record.

Standardizing and translating species names from different databases is key to the successful integration of data sources in biodiversity research. There are numerous taxonomic name-resolution applications that implement increasingly powerful name-cleaning and matching approaches, allowing the user to resolve species relative to multiple backbones simultaneously. Yet there remains no principled approach for combining information across these underlying taxonomic backbones, complicating efforts to combine and merge species lists with inconsistent and conflicting taxonomic information. Here, we present Treemendous, an open-source software package for the R programming environment that integrates taxonomic relationships across four publicly available backbones to improve the name resolution of tree species. By mapping relationships across the backbones, this package can be used to resolve datasets with conflicting and inconsistent taxonomic origins, while ensuring the resulting species are accepted and consistent with a single reference backbone. The user can chain together different functionalities ranging from simple matching to a single backbone, to graph-based iterative matching using synonym-accepted relations across all backbones in the database. In addition, the package allows users to ‘translate’ one tree species list into another, streamlining the assimilation of new data into preexisting datasets or models. The package provides a flexible workflow depending on the use case, and can either be used as a stand-alone name-resolution package or in conjunction with existing packages as a final step in the name-resolution pipeline. The Treemendous package is fast and easy to use, allowing users to quickly merge different data sources by standardizing their species names according to the regularly updated database. By combining taxonomic information across multiple backbones, the package increases matching rates and minimizes data loss, allowing for more efficient translation of tree species datasets to aid research into forest biodiversity and tree ecology.

A species catalogue of the little-known genus Micranops Cameron, 1913 is presented. Based on the examination of primary types, 21 species are transferred to Micranops as new combinations: Micranops aborensis (Fagel, 1973), M. brachyceroides (Fagel, 1973), M. brachycerus (Fauvel, 1900), M. caelebs (Fagel, 1973), M. chloroticus (Sharp, 1876), M. hoyoensis (Fagel, 1973), M. hustachei (Coiffait, 1987), M. lacustris (Bernhauer, 1937), M. longiceps (Casey, 1886), M. lwiroensis (Fagel, 1973), M. mabalianus (Fagel, 1973), M. mediicollis (Lea, 1923), M. myrmecophilus (Bernhauer, 1921), M. pallidulus (Kraatz, 1859), M. obscurellus (Cameron, 1932), M. planiusculus (Kraatz, 1859), M. pokharensis (Coiffait, 1981), M. ruwenzoricus (Fagel, 1973), M. subapterus (Cameron, 1951), M. upembanus (Fagel, 1973), and M. zambezianus (Fagel, 1973). Micranops bartolozzii sp. n., a microphthalmous, flightless species, is described from the Udzungwa Mountains in southern Tanzania, and both its primary and secondary sexual characters are figured. Consequently, 32 species are currently assigned to Micranops.

Among the stories on individual examples of charismatic fauna, there are also extinction stories that evoke databases and their aesthetics in how they list endangered species. At the same time, these different stories grapple with a legacy of taxonomy that, while necessary in conservation, also carries a history of exclusion. This paper turns to the poetry of Claire Wahmanholm and Juliana Spahr to consider some of the ways extinction stories can be told outside of the relatively narrow scope of charismatic species. To begin, I reflect on extinction storytelling and the classificatory impulse in some of these stories, including poetry. Then, I consider scientific practices of naming before I turn back to Wahmanholm and Spahr and explore practices of naming and classification in their poetry. Following that, I dwell on the influence of scientific classification on the ways people including poets can engage with extinction. The poems in this paper are not merely an object for analysis; they should be considered an invitation to come to terms with and move beyond complicated histories and practices of naming and classification in storytelling.

Type specimens of Oedionychina Chapuis, 1875 described by Fabricius from the Kiel collection are examined and illustrated. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Chrysomela albicollis Fabricius, 1787; Chrysomela nobilitata Fabricius, 1787; Chrysomela quadrifasciata Fabricius, 1787; Chrysomela quadriguttata Fabricius, 1781; Galleruca atomaria Fabricius, 1801; Galleruca decemguttata Fabricius, 1801; Galleruca fasciata Fabricius, 1798; Galleruca humeralis Fabricius, 1801; Galleruca lunata Fabricius, 1801; Galleruca nitida Fabricius, 1801; Galleruca obsoleta Fabricius, 1801; Galleruca petaurista Fabricius, 1801; Galleruca quadrinotata Fabricius, 1798; Galleruca sellata Fabricius, 1801. The species status is restored for Chrysomela quadriguttata Fabricius, 1781 and Alagoasa areata (Germar, 1824) comb. nov. The following new combinations are proposed: Phenrica quadriguttata (Fabricius, 1781), Asphaera nitida (Fabricius, 1801), Phenrica obsoleta (Fabricius, 1801), Alagoasa areata areata (Germar, 1824), Alagoasa areata decempunctata (Latreille, 1833), Alagoasa areata escuintla Bechyné, 1955, Alagoasa areata macromela Bechyné, 1958, Alagoasa areata praecessa Bechyné, 1959, Alagoasa areata recuperata Bechyné, 1959; all comb. nov. New placement: Galleruca avicenniae Fabricius, 1792 is removed from Alticini and placed in Galerucini incertae sedis; Galleruca trifasciata Fabricius, 1801 is removed from Chrysomelidae and placed in genus Ora Clark, 1865 (Scirtidae Fleming, 1821).

Background. Nowadays in searching ideological foundations of society and ap-peals in this regard to Soviet ideology, the study of the party vocabulary of the of the CPSU fanile stage history is of undoubted scientific interest and is an urgent topic that allows a critical approach to the phenomena of the past and creatively rework everything that was created important and valuable. Materials and methods. The research uses elements of dis-course analysis, semiotic methods necessary to identify texts of behavior, as well as theoret-ical developments of the “history of everyday life” concerning the identification of tactics and strategies of everyday life of actors of the historical process. The discourse of the Soviet party functionary of the late Soviet era is analyzed on the basis of party documentation. In the relatively prosperous Brezhnev era in terms of foreign policy factors and internal devel-opment, the process of forming the Soviet nomenclature reaches its apogee. The factors of vivid empathic emotions of the generation of the first Bolsheviks, the creators of the eco-nomic power of the Soviet country of the 20s–30s of the twentieth century, the heroic era of the Great Patriotic War, the post-war restoration of the economic potential of the USSR are disappearing. The final period of the Soviet Union development (1960–1980s) is character-ized by such features as the creative activity of the people in the economic sphere, and a kind of “stagnation” in the upper echelons of power structures and ideology. In the same years, the formation of the “cultural code” of the Soviet nomenclature was completed. In this regard, the study of the content of the reports of a provincial party functionary, preserved in the party and Soviet records management, is of undoubted interest and is an urgent topic in the light of modern attempts to revive some structural social elements of that era and nostalgia for the ideology cementing society, which was broadcast by regional leaders of the Communist Party. Results. The biography of a provincial party functionary provides an opportunity to show this process of “stagnation” illuminated by domestic historiography from the inside, “trepanning” the biographical trace of a person in his daily activities of a Soviet and party official. Attention is drawn to the complete devaluation of the sincerity of impulses, that is, the “emotional burnout” of party functionaries who exclusively live in the “semiotic lan-guage” of the party elite, who have mastered this language with its pathos and ideological constants. Conclusion. Any epoch of the “maturity” of the phenomenon is just interesting for its completeness. This, in our opinion, hides two opposite vectors: stagnation, stagnation, which at the same time mean calm, peace, silence. But also the maturation of new dynamic forces in the bowels of the old, which inevitably lead to the death of one socio-economic system and its replacement by another. The space of lexical everyday life is always micropractices that are detected “under the microscope”. But the authors of the article are con-vinced that these micro-movements of historical actors, speech strategies, are also important for reconstructing the picture of the “beautiful” past, as well as large-scale research projects of global historical events.

Abstract We present here new discoveries in Blechnaceae (Polypodiopsida). There are new records in Austroblechnum, Blechnum, Cranfillia, and Parablechnum for different political units and areas of the Neotropics. These (and other) records are reported here, alongside with two new necessary combinations in Parablechnum and an updated key to the Brazilian species of the genus. Also, an update of Blechnum description was made.

A nomenclatural revision of the names published under the genus Santolina (Anthemideae) from Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa is presented. The nomenclature of 34 names is discussed. Previous typifications are critically revised, and ten types are designated in this study: six of them fix the application of currently accepted names (Santolina ascensionis Sennen ex Maire, S. africana Jord. & Fourr., S. canescens Lag., S. elegans Boiss. ex DC., S. pectinata Lag., and S. viscosa Lag.), whereas the remaining four are synonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional knowledge, much like scientific knowledge, is the product of observation and reflection from the relationship between people and their habitat. This paper documents the first inventory of native names and ethnozoological information of snakes in the language of the Shiwiar-Chicham (SC) and Kichwa (KW), for those territories located in the Pastaza and Napo basins, Amazonia of Ecuador. Additionally, we analyzed the diversity of native names with the Shannon-Wiener index (D). A total of 50 snake species are inventoried, where 36 species (80%) and 49 (100%) snakes possessed a name in the SC and KW languages, respectively. The KW language (D = 4.02) presented a greater diversity of names assigned to snakes, in comparison to the SC language (D = 3.04). The great cultural and linguistic diversity demonstrates that there is still a need to document and safeguard the ethnozoological knowledge related to snakes in the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal limitations of the terms NAFLD and NASH are the reliance on exclusionary confounder terms and the use of potentially stigmatising language. This study set out to determine if content experts and patient advocates were in favour of a change in nomenclature and/or definition. A modified Delphi process was led by three large pan-national liver associations. The consensus was defined a priori as a supermajority (67%) vote. An independent committee of experts external to the nomenclature process made the final recommendation on the acronym and its diagnostic criteria. A total of 236 panellists from 56 countries participated in 4 online surveys and 2 hybrid meetings. Response rates across the 4 survey rounds were 87%, 83%, 83%, and 78%, respectively. Seventy-four percent of respondents felt that the current nomenclature was sufficiently flawed to consider a name change. The terms "nonalcoholic" and "fatty" were felt to be stigmatising by 61% and 66% of respondents, respectively. Steatotic liver disease was chosen as an overarching term to encompass the various aetiologies of steatosis. The term steatohepatitis was felt to be an important pathophysiological concept that should be retained. The name chosen to replace NAFLD was metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). There was consensus to change the definition to include the presence of at least 1 of 5 cardiometabolic risk factors. Those with no metabolic parameters and no known cause were deemed to have cryptogenic steatotic liver disease. A new category, outside pure metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, termed metabolic and alcohol related/associated liver disease (MetALD), was selected to describe those with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, who consume greater amounts of alcohol per week (140–350 g/wk and 210–420 g/wk for females and males, respectively). The new nomenclature and diagnostic criteria are widely supported and non-stigmatising, and can improve awareness and patient identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of botany following European expansion and the consequent increase of plants necessitated significant development in classification methodology, during the key decades spanning the late 17th to the mid-18th century, leading to the emergence of a "natural method." Much of this development was driven by the need to accurately identify medicinal plants, and was founded on the principle of analogy, used particularly in relation to properties. Analogical reasoning established correlations (affinities) between plants, moreover between their external and internal characteristics (here, medicinal properties). The diversity of plants, names, and botanical information gathered worldwide amplified confusion. This triggered the systematisation of the collection and referencing of data, prioritizing the meticulous observation of plant characteristics and the recording of medicinal properties as established by tradition: it resulted in principled methods of natural classification and nomenclature, represented by the genus, to enhance reliability of plant knowledge, which was crucial in medical contexts. The scope of botany increased dramatically, with new methods broadening studies beyond traditional medicinal plants. The failure of chemical methods to predict properties, particularly of unknown flora, amplified the reliance on analogy and on natural affinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The class Myxomycetes consists of free-living protists characterised by their complex life cycle, which includes both microscopic (amoebae, flagellates and cists) and macroscopic stages (spore-bearing fruiting bodies, sclerotia, and plasmodia). Within it, the order Physarales, with more than 450 recognised species, constitutes the largest group. Although previous studies have shown the polyphyly of some of the traditionally accepted genera, its internal phylogenetic relationships have remained uncertain so far, and together with the lack of data for some key species, it prevented any taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. We have compiled a substantially expanded dataset in terms of both taxon sampling and molecular data, including most of the genera described to date and four unlinked DNA regions, for which we provide partial sequences: nSSU, EF-1a, a-Tub, and mtSSU, analysed through maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results confirm that the family Didymiaceae is paraphyletic to the rest of Physarales. Within Didymiaceae s.lat., the recent reinstatement of the genus Polyschismium for most species traditionally ascribed to Lepidoderma, except for the type (Ronikier et al. 2022), is further supported here, as well as the definite inclusion of the genus Mucilago in Didymium and Lepidoderma s.str. (L. tigrinum) in Diderma (Prikhodko et al. 2023). Additionally, the genus Diachea is redefined to include some species pre viously treated in Physaraceae (Craterium spp. with true columella). Within the monophyletic family Physaraceae, most genera are recovered as polyphyletic, suggesting that they should be no longer accepted as currently defined. However, the lack of resolution of some relationships within Physaraceae prevents us from resuscitating or creating several new genera to mitigate polyphyly. Among the well-defined groups with clear molecular signatures, we propose two taxonomic and nomenclatural changes at generic level: 1) a new genus, Nannengaella, is proposed for a major clade containing Physarum globuliferum and other species with heavily calcified sporophores and, often, a true calcareous columella; 2) Lignydium is resurrected for the clade containing Fuligo muscorum. Additionally, Trichamphora is suggested as the correct name for the clade containing Physarum pezizoideum. The taxonomy and nomenclature of some provisional genera, currently synonymous with Fuligo and Physarum, are disentangled, and we provide a comprehensive and updated nomenclatural conspectus that can be used when better resolved phylogenies are obtained. In total, 22 new combinations are proposed in different genera. A provisional key to the genera of the order is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carex vulpina and C. otrubae are closely related and morphologically similar species that hybridize with C. remota. The spontaneous appearance of hybrids can cause difficulties in the taxonomic treatment of this group. Morphological separation of the examined species and hybrids had been tested using discriminant function analysis (DFA). We have also analysed the effect of DNA barcoding on hybrid identification from the perspective of machine learning approach (MLA). Hybrids were investigated in terms of three barcodes sequence (ITS , matK , rbcL) by means of the BLOG and WEKA (MLA). Our results provide the first insights into the morphological and genetic relationships between the studied species and their hybrids. Morphological analysis showed traits useful in the identification of hybrids, i.e. dark brown usually fibrous basal sheaths and a dorsally split beak in Carex remota  ×  C. vulpina (inherited from C. vulpina), distinctly separated spikes, and a long bract in C. otrubae  ×  C. remota (inherited from C. remota). Phylogenetic analysis also indicated a close relationship of Carex remota  ×  C. vulpina with C. vulpina and C. otrubae  ×  C. remota with C. remota. Moreover, we have presented here nomenclatural notes on the hybrids and typified the names Carex × crepinii [ C. otrubae  ×  C. remota ] and Carex × kernii [ Carex remota  ×  C. vulpina ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus numidicus Poir. (Lamiaceae) is a species endemic to an extended area of the northern African coast, in Algeria and Tunisia, named "Kabylia‐Numidia‐Kroumiria." This taxon was formerly regarded as restricted to siliceous substrata until the finding of a population on marly limestone from the "Mejarda Valley's region" in north‐western Tunisia. Due to the differentiation of several morphological characters including mainly leaf color, shape and size, calyx, and corolla color and size, the collected material is illustrated and a subspecies new to science is here presented, Thymus numidicus subsp. vagaensis El Mokni & Domina. Discrimination of the new subspecies with T. numidicus subsp. numidicus is discussed; the ranges of variation in size and color of leaves, calyx, and corolla of the two subspecies are illustrated. Habitat, ecology, chromatographic profiles, and conservation issues are also considered. The lectotypes of the names Thymus numidicus Poir. and T. lanceolatus subsp. kabylicus Batt. are here designated and T. lanceolatus subsp. kabylicus is included among the synonyms of T. numidicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kākāpō was named Strigops habroptilus by G.R. Gray in 1845. However, in recent decades authorities have begun to recommend habroptila as the correct species name through mistaken interpretation of gender agreement rules. Here, we explain that habroptilus remains the valid species name through correct application of the articles in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature received an application to conserve the subjective junior synonym Helix dibothrionBielz, 1860 (originally spelled H. dibotrion) by suppressing its senior subjective synonym Helix diodonRossmässler, 1835, with the additional proposal that the prevailing spelling dibothrion (currently as Perforatella dibothrion) be deemed the correct original spelling of the specific name originally spelled dibotrion. This Case was not approved by the Commission, who acted under Art. 83 of the Code by setting aside the application of Art. 11.6.1 for the names Helix diodonRossmässler, 1835 and Helix dibotrionBielz, 1860, which thereby were not made available under Art. 11.6.1 but were made available as Helix bidens var. diodonTryon, 1887 and Helix dibothrionKimakowicz, 1884, in keeping with the traditionally applied precedence of dibothrion over diodon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has used its plenary power to emend the spelling of the family-group name CepheidaeBerlese, 1896 (Acariformes) to remove homonymy with CepheidaeAgassiz, 1862 (Cnidaria). The stem of the acariform generic name CepheusKoch, 1835 has been emended to Cepheus- to give CepheusidaeBerlese, 1896, while the stem of the cnidarian generic name CepheaPéron & Lesueur, 1810 remains unaltered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has used its plenary power to conserve the usage of the name AllosaurusMarsh, 1877, by designating specimen USNM 4734 as the neotype to replace the nondiagnostic holotype (YPM 1930) of Allosaurus fragilisMarsh, 1877. In their comment supporting Case 3506, Loewen & Chure (2010) specified the skeletal elements (attributable to a single individual) that should constitute the neotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this application, under Article 75.6 of the Code, is to conserve the current usage of the combination Gymnocheta viridis (Fallén, 1810) for a species of Palaearctic tachinid fly by setting aside the existing holotype of Tachina viridisFallén, 1810 and designating a neotype in its place. The holotype is not in taxonomic accord with the current usage of the name Gymnocheta viridis and is instead conspecific with the lectotype of Gymnocheta magnaZimin, 1958. Stability and universality will be threatened if the existing holotype of Gymnocheta viridis is not replaced by a neotype, because Gymnocheta viridis will become the valid name for Gymnocheta magna and a replacement name will be needed for the current Gymnocheta viridis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]