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201. An essential pentatricopeptide repeat protein in the apicomplexan remnant chloroplast

Author

Hicks, Joanna L, Lassadi, Imen, Carpenter, Emma F, Eno, Madeleine, Vardakis, Alexandros, Waller, Ross F, Howe, Christopher J, and Nisbet, R Ellen R

Subjects
Plasmodium, apicoplast, Chloroplasts, RNA processing, apicomplexa, parasitic diseases, Plasmodium falciparum, food and beverages, Apicoplasts, plastid, Toxoplasma, Phylogeny, 3. Good health
Abstract

The malaria parasite Plasmodium and other apicomplexans such as Toxoplasma evolved from photosynthetic organisms and contain an essential, remnant plastid termed the apicoplast. Transcription of the apicoplast genome is polycistronic with extensive RNA processing. Yet little is known about the mechanism of apicoplast RNA processing. In plants, chloroplast RNA processing is controlled by multiple pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. Here, we identify the single apicoplast PPR protein, PPR1. We show that the protein is essential and that it binds to RNA motifs corresponding with previously characterized processing sites. Additionally, PPR1 shields RNA transcripts from ribonuclease degradation. This is the first characterization of a PPR protein from a nonphotosynthetic plastid.

204. Transcripts in the Plasmodium Apicoplast Undergo Cleavage at tRNAs and Editing, and Include Antisense Sequences

Author

Nisbet, R Ellen R, Kurniawan, Davy P, Bowers, Harrison D, and Howe, Christopher J

Subjects
Plasmodium, RNA processing, chloroplast, RNA, Transfer, Apicoplast, parasitic diseases, RNA editing, RNA, Antisense, RNA Editing, Apicoplasts, RNA, Protozoan, 3. Good health, antisense RNA
Abstract

The apicoplast, an organelle found in Plasmodium and many other parasitic apicomplexan species, is a remnant chloroplast that is no longer able to carry out photosynthesis. Very little is known about primary transcripts and RNA processing in the Plasmodium apicoplast, although processing in chloroplasts of some related organisms (chromerids and dinoflagellate algae) shows a number of unusual features, including RNA editing and the addition of 3' poly(U) tails. Here, we show that many apicoplast transcripts are polycistronic and that there is extensive RNA processing, often involving the excision of tRNA molecules. We have identified major RNA processing sites, and have shown that these are associated with a conserved sequence motif. We provide the first evidence for the presence of RNA editing in the Plasmodium apicoplast, which has evolved independently from editing in dinoflagellates. We also present evidence for long, polycistronic antisense transcripts, and show that in some cases these are processed at the same sites as sense transcripts. Together, this research has significantly enhanced our understanding of the evolution of chloroplast RNA processing in the Apicomplexa and dinoflagellate algae.

205. Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology

Author

Faktorová, Drahomíra, Nisbet, R Ellen R, Fernández Robledo, José A, Casacuberta, Elena, Sudek, Lisa, Allen, Andrew E, Ares, Manuel, Aresté, Cristina, Balestreri, Cecilia, Barbrook, Adrian C, Beardslee, Patrick, Bender, Sara, Booth, David S, Bouget, François-Yves, Bowler, Chris, Breglia, Susana A, Brownlee, Colin, Burger, Gertraud, Cerutti, Heriberto, Cesaroni, Rachele, Chiurillo, Miguel A, Clemente, Thomas, Coles, Duncan B, Collier, Jackie L, Cooney, Elizabeth C, Coyne, Kathryn, Docampo, Roberto, Dupont, Christopher L, Edgcomb, Virginia, Einarsson, Elin, Elustondo, Pía A, Federici, Fernan, Freire-Beneitez, Veronica, Freyria, Nastasia J, Fukuda, Kodai, García, Paulo A, Girguis, Peter R, Gomaa, Fatma, Gornik, Sebastian G, Guo, Jian, Hampl, Vladimír, Hanawa, Yutaka, Haro-Contreras, Esteban R, Hehenberger, Elisabeth, Highfield, Andrea, Hirakawa, Yoshihisa, Hopes, Amanda, Howe, Christopher J, Hu, Ian, Ibañez, Jorge, Irwin, Nicholas AT, Ishii, Yuu, Janowicz, Natalia Ewa, Jones, Adam C, Kachale, Ambar, Fujimura-Kamada, Konomi, Kaur, Binnypreet, Kaye, Jonathan Z, Kazana, Eleanna, Keeling, Patrick J, King, Nicole, Klobutcher, Lawrence A, Lander, Noelia, Lassadi, Imen, Li, Zhuhong, Lin, Senjie, Lozano, Jean-Claude, Luan, Fulei, Maruyama, Shinichiro, Matute, Tamara, Miceli, Cristina, Minagawa, Jun, Moosburner, Mark, Najle, Sebastián R, Nanjappa, Deepak, Nimmo, Isabel C, Noble, Luke, Novák Vanclová, Anna MG, Nowacki, Mariusz, Nuñez, Isaac, Pain, Arnab, Piersanti, Angela, Pucciarelli, Sandra, Pyrih, Jan, Rest, Joshua S, Rius, Mariana, Robertson, Deborah, Ruaud, Albane, Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki, Sigg, Monika A, Silver, Pamela A, Slamovits, Claudio H, Jason Smith, G, Sprecher, Brittany N, Stern, Rowena, Swart, Estienne C, Tsaousis, Anastasios D, Tsypin, Lev, Turkewitz, Aaron, Turnšek, Jernej, Valach, Matus, Vergé, Valérie, Von Dassow, Peter, Von Der Haar, Tobias, Waller, Ross F, Wang, Lu, Wen, Xiaoxue, Wheeler, Glen, Woods, April, Zhang, Huan, Mock, Thomas, Worden, Alexandra Z, and Lukeš, Julius

Subjects
Transformation, Genetic, Species Specificity, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Eukaryota, Marine Biology, 14. Life underwater, Biodiversity, DNA, Environment, Models, Biological, Ecosystem
Abstract

Diverse microbial ecosystems underpin life in the sea. Among these microbes are many unicellular eukaryotes that span the diversity of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genetic tractability has been limited to a few species, which do not represent eukaryotic diversity or environmentally relevant taxa. Here, we report on the development of genetic tools in a range of protists primarily from marine environments. We present evidence for foreign DNA delivery and expression in 13 species never before transformed and for advancement of tools for eight other species, as well as potential reasons for why transformation of yet another 17 species tested was not achieved. Our resource in genetic manipulation will provide insights into the ancestral eukaryotic lifeforms, general eukaryote cell biology, protein diversification and the evolution of cellular pathways.

206. Genetic tool development in marine protists: emerging model organisms for experimental cell biology

Author

Faktorová, Drahomíra, Nisbet, R. Ellen R., Fernández Robledo, José A., Casacuberta, Elena, Sudek, Lisa, Allen, Andrew E., Ares, Manuel, Aresté, Cristina, Balestreri, Cecilia, Barbrook, Adrian C., Beardslee, Patrick, Bender, Sara, Booth, David S., Bouget, François-Yves, Bowler, Chris, Breglia, Susana A., Brownlee, Colin, Burger, Gertraud, Cerutti, Heriberto, Cesaroni, Rachele, Chiurillo, Miguel A., Clemente, Thomas, Coles, Duncan B., Collier, Jackie L., Cooney, Elizabeth C., Coyne, Kathryn, Docampo, Roberto, Dupont, Christopher L., Edgcomb, Virginia, Einarsson, Elin, Elustondo, Pía A., Federici, Fernan, Freire-Beneitez, Veronica, Freyria, Nastasia J., Fukuda, Kodai, García, Paulo A., Girguis, Peter R., Gomaa, Fatma, Gornik, Sebastian G., Guo, Jian, Hampl, Vladimír, Hanawa, Yutaka, Haro-Contreras, Esteban R., Hehenberger, Elisabeth, Highfield, Andrea, Hirakawa, Yoshihisa, Hopes, Amanda, Howe, Christopher J., Hu, Ian, Ibañez, Jorge, Irwin, Nicholas A. T., Ishii, Yuu, Janowicz, Natalia Ewa, Jones, Adam C., Kachale, Ambar, Fujimura-Kamada, Konomi, Kaur, Binnypreet, Kaye, Jonathan Z., Kazana, Eleanna, Keeling, Patrick J., King, Nicole, Klobutcher, Lawrence A., Lander, Noelia, Lassadi, Imen, Li, Zhuhong, Lin, Senjie, Lozano, Jean-Claude, Luan, Fulei, Maruyama, Shinichiro, Matute, Tamara, Miceli, Cristina, Minagawa, Jun, Moosburner, Mark, Najle, Sebastián R., Nanjappa, Deepak, Nimmo, Isabel C., Noble, Luke, Novák Vanclová, Anna M. G., Nowacki, Mariusz, Nuñez, Isaac, Pain, Arnab, Piersanti, Angela, Pucciarelli, Sandra, Pyrih, Jan, Rest, Joshua S., Rius, Mariana, Robertson, Deborah, Ruaud, Albane, Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki, Sigg, Monika A., Silver, Pamela A., Slamovits, Claudio H., Jason Smith, G., Sprecher, Brittany N., Stern, Rowena, Swart, Estienne C., Tsaousis, Anastasios D., Tsypin, Lev, Turkewitz, Aaron, Turnšek, Jernej, Valach, Matus, Vergé, Valérie, Von Dassow, Peter, Von Der Haar, Tobias, Waller, Ross F., Wang, Lu, Wen, Xiaoxue, Wheeler, Glen, Woods, April, Zhang, Huan, Mock, Thomas, Worden, Alexandra Z., and Lukeš, Julius

Subjects
Resource, 631/1647/767/722, 14. Life underwater, 631/337
Abstract

Diverse microbial ecosystems underpin life in the sea. Among these microbes are many unicellular eukaryotes that span the diversity of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, genetic tractability has been limited to a few species, which do not represent eukaryotic diversity or environmentally relevant taxa. Here, we report on the development of genetic tools in a range of protists primarily from marine environments. We present evidence for foreign DNA delivery and expression in 13 species never before transformed and for advancement of tools for eight other species, as well as potential reasons for why transformation of yet another 17 species tested was not achieved. Our resource in genetic manipulation will provide insights into the ancestral eukaryotic lifeforms, general eukaryote cell biology, protein diversification and the evolution of cellular pathways.

243. Vergil, Eclogues. ed. and comm. R. Coleman (Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics). Cambridge: University Press, 1977. Pp. viii + 303. £10·50 (bound), £3·95 (paper). - A. J. Boyle (ed.), Ancient Pastoral: Ramus Essays on Greek and Roman Pastoral Poetry. Berwick, Victoria: Aureal Publications, 1975. Pp. 148. $A.8.50. - Virgil, The Eclogues of Virgil. Translated with introduction, notes and Latin text by A. J. Boyle. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press, 1976. Pp. ii + 142. $A.6.95.

Author

Nisbet, R. G. M., primary

Published
1978
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