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Makedonci, ki se učijo slovenščino kot drugi in tuji jezik, zaradi svoje materinščine, ki sodi med analitične jezike, ne razumejo sistema slovenskih sklonov in sklanjatev. Prav zato je treba pri poučevanju uporabiti učni pristop, ki jim bo približal slovenske sklone in sklanjatve ter vse posebnosti, ki se pri tem pojavljajo. V prispevku je na podlagi teoretičnih izhodišč in učne prakse izpostavljen eden od možnih pristopov k poučevanju sklonov v slovenščini kot drugem in tujem jeziku.

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania spp. Leishmania infantum is the species responsible for the zoonotic form of the disease where dogs are reservoir hosts. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CanL in asymptomatic dogs in Kosovo. Blood samples were collected from 285 dogs in all seven regions in Kosovo (35-50 samples per region) from summer 2021 to spring 2022. Sera were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the presence of anti-Leishmania IgG was confirmed by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The true overall seroprevalence of CanL of asymptomatic dogs in Kosovo with ELISA was 4.21% (95% CI: 2.42-7.21) while with IFAT was 3.51% (95% CI: 1.92-6.34). The highest rates were found in the Prishtina region to be 8.0% (4/50) by ELISA and 6.0% (3/50) by IFAT, and in the Mitrovica region, the prevalence was 0% (0/40). There were no significant differences among the different regions, gender, age, health status, and breed. These findings highlight the presence of CanL in most regions of Kosovo and underline the veterinary relevance of clinically asymptomatic dogs infected with Leishmania.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of extralevator abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (ELAPE) on the circumferential resection margin (CRM) and overall survival in comparison to standard abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (APE) in patients with advanced rectal cancer. Material and Methods: This retrospective study encompasses patients with advanced rectal cancer operated on with two different methods: prone Jack-Knife position ELAPE and APE. In part of them, neoadjuvant chemoradiation was conducted. Postoperative patient, tumor, and outcome data were analyzed in terms of differences in CRM positivity and overall survival. Results: Of 67 patients treated with either APE (52) or ELAPE (15), 43 were male and 24 were female. Neoadjuvant treatment was conducted on 49 of the total patients. Complete pathological response (T0) was achieved in 3 patients. Positive CRM was reported in 7 patients (11.5 %), 3 in ELAPE and 4 in APE group (p = 0.348). The overall postoperative complication rate was 56.7%. Mean survival period was 42.2 months. Overall survival rate for both groups was 67.2 %. No statistical differences were seen between the ELAPE and APE procedure in terms of overall survival (p = 0.483). Conclusions: Differences between the use of ELAPE and APE in terms of CRM positivity and overall survival were not statistically significant. Therefore, we conclude that ELAPE is not superior to standard APE in the treatment of advanced rectal cancer.

U članku je opisan model za kratkoročnu prognozu opterećenja primjenom umjetne neuronske mreže i njegova primjena na predviđanje opterećenja jednog konkretnog distribucijskog područja. Umjetne neuronske mreže koriste se najčešće za rješavanje problema klasifikacije i predviđanja kada su odnosi između ulaznih i izlaznih varijabli vrlo složeni i egzaktno teško opisivi. S obzirom na stohastičku prirodu i veliki utjecaj vremenskih prilika (temperatura, vlažnost, vjetar i dr.) na potrošnju električne energije, primjena umjetnih neuronskih mreža prikladna je za kratkoročno predviđanje opterećenja elektroenergetskog sustava. U članku su opisani korišteni modeli umjetnih neuronskih mreža za sezonsku i višestruku dnevnu prognozu opterećenja, te su prikazani rezultati predviđanja opterećenja jednog distribucijskog područja napajanog preko sabirnica transformatorske stanice u HEP Operator distribucijskog sustava Elektroslavonija (HEP ODS)., The article describes a model for short-term load forecasting by using the artificial neural network, and its application to load forecasting for a concrete distribution area. The artificial neural networks are mostly used in solving the problems of classification and prediction when the relations between input and output variables are highly complex and hard to describe exactly. Considering the stochastic nature and the major impact of weather conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.) on electricity consumption, the application of artificial neural networks is suitable for short-term forecasting the load of an electric power system (EPS). Furthermore, the article describes the used models of artificial neural networks for seasonal and multiple daily load forecasts and presents the load forecast results for a distribution area supplied over the busbars of the substation at the HEP Elekroslavonija Distribution System Operator (HEP ODS).

A 60-year-old woman presented with intermittent abdominal pain, an elevated serum CA-125 level, and an abnormal CT examination and was ultimately diagnosed with advanced-stage high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Key tumor locations on CT scans that should be highlighted by the radiologist to guide treatment selection are discussed.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) misses a proportion of "clinically significant" prostate cancers (csPC) as defined by histopathology criteria. The aim of this study was to analyze whether long-term oncologic outcomes differ between MRI-detectable and MRI-occult csPC.Retrospective analysis of 1449 patients with pre-prostatectomy MRI and csPC on prostatectomy specimens (ie, Grade group ≥2 or extraprostatic spread) between 2001-2006. T2-weighted MRIs were classified according to the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System into MRI-occult (categories 1, 2), MRI-equivocal (category 3), and MRI-detectable (categories 4, 5). Cumulative incidence of biochemical recurrence (BCR), metastatic disease, and cancer-specific mortality, estimated with competing risk models. The median follow-up in survivors was 11.0 years (IQR: 8.9-13.1).In 188 (13%) cases, csPC was MRI-occult, 435 (30%) MRIs were equivocal, and 826 (57%) csPC were MRI-detectable. The 15-year cumulative incidence [95% CI] of BCR was 8.3% [2.2, 19.5] for MRI-occult cases, 17.4% [11.1, 24.8] for MRI-equivocal cases, and 43.3% [38.7, 47.8] for MRI-detectable cases (P.001). The cumulative incidences of metastases were 0.61% [0.06, 3.1], 3.5% [1.5, 6.9], and 19.6% [15.4, 24.2] for MRI-occult, MRI-equivocal, and MRI-detectable cases, respectively (P.001). There were no deaths from prostate cancer observed in patients with MRI-occult csPC, compared to an estimated 1.9% [0.54, 4.9], and 7.1 % [4.5, 10.6] for patients with MRI-equivocal and MRI-detectable cancer, respectively (P.001).Oncologic outcomes after prostatectomy for csPC differ between MRI-occult and MRI-detectable lesions. Judging the clinical significance of a negative prostate MRI based on histopathologic surrogates alone might be misleading.Among 1449 patients with pre-prostatectomy MRI and clinically significant prostate cancer on prostatectomy histopathology, MRI-occult cancers (n = 188, 13%) were less likely to recur biochemically (8% vs. 43%, P.001), metastasize (0.6% vs. 20%, P.001), or lead to prostate cancer mortality (0% vs. 7%, P.001) than MRI-detectable cancers (n = 826, 57%). MRI-occult cancers constitute a prognostically distinct subgroup among higher-grade prostate cancers.

Amaç: Kolorektal kanserlerde yeterli onkolojik cerrahiyi yapabilmek için, rezeke edilen spesmenin yeterli cerrahi sağlam marjinle çıkarılması ve komplet mezokolik eksizyon yapılması gerekiyor ki posteperatif doğru patolojik evreleme yapılabilsin. Günümüzde en az 12 lenf nodu çıakrılması önerilmektedir. Acil kolorektal cerrahide çıkarılan lenf nodu sayıları üzerine sorular yükselmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, acil kolorektal kanser cerrahisinin lenf nodu sayısı alımı üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir.Metod: 1 yıllık periyodda kolorektal kanser tanısıyla ameliyat edilmiş olan 102 hasta retrospektif olarak incelendi. İki grup (acil ve elektif) oluşturuldu. Ameliyatlar altı cerrah (üçü yüksek volüm, üçü düşük volüm) tarafından gerçekleştirildi.Bulgular: 20 hasta acil olarak ameliyat edilmişti ve 66 hasta elektif ameliyat edilmişti. Evre IV 16 hasta çalışma dışında tutuldu. Acil ameliyat edilen grupta çıkarılan ortalama lenf nodu sayısı 11.1 [5-20] ve elektif grupta 14.7 [4-34] dir (p = 0.004). Acil ameliyat edilen grupta 7 hastada, elektif ameliyat edilen grupta 48 hastada yeterli sayıda lenf nodu (≥12) çıkarılmıştır. (p = 0.003)Sonuç:Acil kolon cerrahisinin çıkarılan lenf nodu sayısı üzerine etkisi vardır. Yeterli kolorektal cerrahi eğitimi cerrahi tekniği geliştirerek güvenilir TNM sınıflaması sonuçlarını etki edecektir., Aim: Adequate oncologic surgery for colorectal cancer implies proper resection margin of the resected specimen and complete mesocolic excision in order to achieve objective postoperative pathologic staging. Current recommendations require a minimum of 12 lymph nodes retrieval. In emergency colon cancer surgery, questions are raised about its impact on the lymph node number harvest. Aim of this study is to determine the impact of emergency colorectal cancer surgery on the lymph node number retrieval.Methods: Retrospective analysis of 102 patients operated for colorectal cancer in the period of 1 year was conducted. Two groups (emergency and elective) were formed. Six surgeons performed all of the operations (three high-volume and three low-volume surgeons).Results: Twenty patients presented as surgical emergencies and the rest 66 were elective cases. Sixteen patients with stage IV were excluded. Mean number of lymph nodes retrieved in the emergency group was 11.1 [5 - 20], and 14.7 [4 – 34] in the elective one, respectively (p = 0.004). Sufficient number of lymph nodes (≥ 12) extraction was achieved in 7 patients in the emergency group and in 48 patients in the elective one (p = 0.003).Conclusions: Emergency colon cancer surgery did have impact on the lymph node number harvest. Adequate colorectal training is expected to improve the surgical technique in order to achieve reliable TNM staging.

Waxes, phospholipids, free fatty acids, peroxides, aldehydes, soap, trace metals and moisture present in crude sunflower oil have a negative effect on the oil quality and are, therefore, removed during the refining process. Waxes crystallizing at low temperatures are removed during winterization by cooling and filtration. Waxes have poor filtration characteristics and an industrial filtration process must be enhanced by the use of filtration aids, which improve filter cake structure and properties, and consequently prolong the filtration cycle. Today, traditional filtration aids (diatomite, perlite, etc.) being used in the industry are frequently replaced by cellulose-based aids. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of oil filtration assisted by two cellulose-based filtration aids on the chemical parameters (wax, moisture, phospholipids, soaps, and fatty acids), oil transparency, carotenoids, and Fe and Cu content of sunflower oil obtained in an industrial horizontal pressure leaf filter. In order to investigate the mentioned parameters, the following techniques were used: gravimetric (waxes and moisture content), spectrophotometric (phospholipids and carotenoid content and oil transparency), volumetric (soaps and free fatty acids content) as well as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Fe and Cu content. An artificial neural network model (ANN) was employed for the prediction of removal efficiency based on the chemical quality, oil transparency, Fe and Cu content in oils before filtration, as well as filtration aid quantity and filtration time. Cellulose-based filtration aids had multiple beneficial effects; on average, 99.20% of waxes, 74.88% of phospholipids, 100% of soap, 7.99% of carotenoids, 16.39% of Fe and 18.33% of Cu were removed.

V prispevku obravnavamo strategije učenja besedišča, ki jih uporabljajo učeči se slovenščine kot drugega in tujega jezika. Cilji prispevka so: 1) definirati strategije za usvajanje besedišča, 2) ugotoviti, katere strategije učeči se najpogosteje uporabljajo, in 3) odgovoriti na raziskovalno vprašanje, ali obstajajo razlike v uporabi strategij učenja besedišča glede na stopnjo znanja slovenščine. Izhodiščna hipoteza je, da anketiranci razmeroma pogosto uporabljajo strategije učenja besedišča, katerih pogostost uporabe se stopnjuje v smeri strategije formalnega učenja besedišča → strategije samospodbudnega učenja besedišča → strategije spontanega učenja besedišča, in sicer skladno z napredovanjem v znanju jezika v smeri A1 → A2–B1 → B2 → C1–C2. This article discusses vocabulary learning strategies used by students of Slovenian as a second and foreign language when learning vocabulary. Its aims are 1) to define the vocabulary learning strategies, 2) to identify which strategies are most frequently used, and 3) to determine whether there are differences in the use of the vocabulary learning strategies depending on the level of Slovenian proficiency. The initial hypothesis is that the respondents use vocabulary learning strategies relatively often, and that the frequency of use increases in the direction of formal vocabulary learning strategies → self-motivated vocabulary learning strategies → spontaneous vocabulary learning strategies, in accordance with progress in language proficiency in the direction of A1 → A2–B1 → B2 → C1–C2.

Introduction: Dental crowding is the most common form of malocclusion. It is more pronounced in the mandible than in the maxilla and tends to increase with age. Depending on the degree of space deficiency and the age of the children the prevalence of dental crowding can be as high as 50%. Schwartz appliance and lip bumper have been widely used as an early treatment for increasing lower dental arch dimensions. Aim: The aim of this review is to evaluate the scientific research about the efficacy of Schwartz appliance and lip bumper and compare the changes caused by the two appliances in addressing mandibular crowding in the mixed dentition. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search on the electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar was performed. Also, a search of the reference lists of included studies was conducted, to ensure comprehensive coverage of the literature. Search terms included "Schwartz appliance" OR "removable appliance" AND "lip bumper" OR "fixed appliance" AND "mandibular crowding" AND "mixed dentition" OR "early dentition". The search resulted in identifying several studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results: Results show that both Schwartz appliance and lip bumper can effectively improve mandibular crowding in mixed dentition, although the extent and type of changes produced by these appliances may vary. Schwartz appliance is more effective in increasing inter canine width, while the lip bumper has more effect on increasing the arch length. Patient compliance as well as treatment duration are important factors that can have an effect on the success of orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: Schwartz appliance and lip bumper are effective in alleviating mandibular crowding, thus providing cost-effective and simple treatment in mixed dentition. The choice of the appliance should be based on the individual patient’s needs and treatment goals. Further research is needed to evaluate and compare the stability and long-term effects of these two appliances as well as the need for further fixed orthodontic treatment. Keywords: Schwartz appliance, lip bumper, mandibular crowding, mixed dentition

The paper presents the glass weights discovered during the excavation between 2009 and 2012, contextually belonging to the last stage of organized and urban life in Stobi. There are three circular glass weights used for measuring golden coins. The glass weights were discovered in similar contexts chronologically: one was discovered in one of the dwellings constructed between the radial and circular walls of the summa cavea of the Theater after it went out of use, the second one in a storage unit that was part of the shops and workshops behind the Semicircular Court, and the third in the Residential and Commercial quarter.