50,718 results on '"Newman, P. A."'
Search Results
202. The structure of the TH/INS locus and the parental allele expressed are not conserved between mammals
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Newman, Trent, Ishihara, Teruhito, Shaw, Geoff, and Renfree, Marilyn B.
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- 2024
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203. Intrafocal injection of tranexamic acid decreases early return to hospital after high tibial osteotomy
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Edward, Julia, Al-Shakfa, Fidaa, Newman, Nicholas, and Lavoie, Frédéric
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- 2024
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204. Racial disparities in outcomes of patients with stage I-III triple-negative breast cancer after adjuvant chemotherapy: a post-hoc analysis of the E5103 randomized trial
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Leonard, Saskia, Jones, Alyssa N., Newman, Lisa, Chavez-MacGregor, Mariana, Freedman, Rachel A., Mayer, Erica L., Mittendorf, Elizabeth A., King, Tari A., and Kantor, Olga
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- 2024
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205. Applying the 2022 optic neuritis criteria to noninflammatory optic neuropathies with optic nerve T2-hyperintensity: an observational study
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Labella Álvarez, Fernando, Biousse, Valérie, Mosleh, Rasha, Saindane, Amit M., and Newman, Nancy J.
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- 2024
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206. Matroid-based TSP rounding for half-integral solutions
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Gupta, Anupam, Lee, Euiwoong, Li, Jason, Mucha, Marcin, Newman, Heather, and Sarkar, Sherry
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- 2024
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207. Plea Bargaining with Wrong Reasons: Coercive Plea-Offers and Responding to the Wrong Kind of Reason
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Newman, Benjamin
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- 2024
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208. Directed conservation of the world’s reef sharks and rays
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Goetze, Jordan S., Heithaus, Michael R., MacNeil, M. Aaron, Harvey, Euan, Simpfendorfer, Colin A., Heupel, Michelle R., Meekan, Mark, Wilson, Shaun, Bond, Mark E., Speed, Conrad W., Currey-Randall, Leanne M., Fisher, Rebecca, Sherman, C. Samantha, Kiszka, Jeremy J., Rees, Matthew J., Udyawer, Vinay, Flowers, Kathryn I., Clementi, Gina M., Asher, Jacob, Beaufort, Océane, Bernard, Anthony T. F., Berumen, Michael L., Bierwagen, Stacy L., Boslogo, Tracey, Brooks, Edward J., Brown, J. Jed, Buddo, Dayne, Cáceres, Camila, Casareto, Sara, Charloo, Venkatesh, Cinner, Joshua E., Clua, Eric E. G., Cochran, Jesse E. M., Cook, Neil, D’Alberto, Brooke M., de Graaf, Martin, Dornhege-Lazaroff, Mareike C., Fanovich, Lanya, Farabaugh, Naomi F., Fernando, Daniel, Ferreira, Carlos Eduardo Leite, Fields, Candace Y. A., Flam, Anna L., Floros, Camilla, Fourqurean, Virginia, Barcia, Laura García, Garla, Ricardo, Gastrich, Kirk, George, Lachlan, Graham, Rory, Hagan, Valerie, Hardenstine, Royale S., Heck, Stephen M., Heithaus, Patricia, Henderson, Aaron C., Hertler, Heidi, Hueter, Robert E., Johnson, Mohini, Jupiter, Stacy D., Kaimuddin, Muslimin, Kasana, Devanshi, Kelley, Megan, Kessel, Steven T., Kiilu, Benedict, Kyne, Fabian, Langlois, Tim, Lawe, Jaedon, Lédée, Elodie J. I., Lindfield, Steve, Maggs, Jade Q., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, Marshall, Andrea, Matich, Philip, McCombs, Erin, McLean, Dianne, Meggs, Llewelyn, Moore, Stephen, Mukherji, Sushmita, Murray, Ryan, Newman, Stephen J., O’Shea, Owen R., Osuka, Kennedy E., Papastamatiou, Yannis P., Perera, Nishan, Peterson, Bradley J., Pina-Amargós, Fabián, Ponzo, Alessandro, Prasetyo, Andhika, Quamar, L. M. Sjamsul, Quinlan, Jessica R., Razafindrakoto, Christelle F., Rolim, Fernanda A., Ruiz-Abierno, Alexei, Ruiz, Hector, Samoilys, Melita A., Sala, Enric, Sample, William R., Schärer-Umpierre, Michelle, Schoen, Sara N., Schlaff, Audrey M., Smith, Adam N. H., Sparks, Lauren, Stoffers, Twan, Tanna, Akshay, Torres, Rubén, Travers, Michael J., Valentin-Albanese, Jasmine, Warren, Joseph D., Watts, Alexandra M., Wen, Colin K., Whitman, Elizabeth R., Wirsing, Aaron J., Zarza-González, Esteban, and Chapman, Demian D.
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- 2024
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209. Transkingdom Network Analysis (TkNA): a systems framework for inferring causal factors underlying host–microbiota and other multi-omic interactions
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Newman, Nolan K., Macovsky, Matthew S., Rodrigues, Richard R., Bruce, Amanda M., Pederson, Jacob W., Padiadpu, Jyothi, Shan, Jigui, Williams, Joshua, Patil, Sankalp S., Dzutsev, Amiran K., Shulzhenko, Natalia, Trinchieri, Giorgio, Brown, Kevin, and Morgun, Andrey
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- 2024
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210. Glaucoma as a cause of optic nerve abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging
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Mosleh, Rasha, Labella Álvarez, Fernando, Bouthour, Walid, Saindane, Amit M., Dattilo, Michael, Bruce, Beau B., Newman, Nancy J., and Biousse, Valerie
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- 2024
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211. Chronic Health Conditions in the Workplace: Work Stressors and Supportive Supervision, Work Design, and Programs
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McGonagle, Alyssa K., Chosewood, L. Casey, Hartley, Tara A., Newman, Lee S., Ray, Tapas, and Rosemberg, Marie-Anne
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- 2024
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212. Comparative Effectiveness of Valoctocogene Roxaparvovec and Prophylactic Factor VIII Replacement in Severe Hemophilia A
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Oldenburg, Johannes, Chambost, Herve, Liu, Hai, Hawes, Charles, You, Xiaojun, Yang, Xinqun, Newman, Vanessa, Robinson, Tara M., Hatswell, Anthony J., Hinds, David, Santos, Sandra, and Ozelo, Margareth
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- 2024
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213. Percutaneous biopsies of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in individuals older than 70: methods and outcomes in the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
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Zamora, Zeke, Lui, Li-Yung, Sparks, Lauren M., Justice, Jamie, Lyles, Mary, Gentle, Landon, Gregory, Heather, Yeo, Reichelle X., Kershaw, Erin E., Stefanovic-Racic, Maja, Newman, Anne B., Kritchevsky, Stephen, and Toledo, Frederico G. S.
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- 2024
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214. Urban versus rural disparities in amenity proximity and housing price: the case of integrated urban–rural city, Sejong, South Korea
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Shin, Jiyeon, Newman, Galen D., and Park, Yunmi
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- 2024
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215. The BabyView camera: Designing a new head-mounted camera to capture children’s early social and visual environments
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Long, Bria, Goodin, Sarah, Kachergis, George, Marchman, Virginia A., Radwan, Samaher F., Sparks, Robert Z., Xiang, Violet, Zhuang, Chengxu, Hsu, Oliver, Newman, Brett, Yamins, Daniel L. K., and Frank, Michael C.
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- 2024
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216. Relative Leader-Member Exchange and Unethical Pro-leader Behavior: The Role of Envy and Distributive Justice Climate
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Li, Han, Zhang, Shimin, Mo, Shenjiang, and Newman, Alexander
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- 2024
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217. “People Gather Here for Open Conversations, and Health Should Be in Our Open Conversations”: Promoters of Black Men’s Engagement in Diabetes Screenings at Local Barbershops
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Wade, Jeannette M., Dillon, Hannah, Robinson, Kayliah, Ongeri, Elimelda Moige, Rivas, Kenia Thais, Cook, Marc, and Newman, Robert
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- 2024
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218. Muscle Mass, Strength, Power and Physical Performance and Their Association with Quality of Life in Older Adults, the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
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Petnehazy, Nora, Barnes, H. N., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Cummings, S. R., Hepple, R. T., and Cawthon, P. M.
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- 2024
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219. Differential Evaluation of Straight and Gay Men for Nonverbal Effeminate Behavior
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Marsden, Art D. and Newman, Leonard S.
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- 2024
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220. How is Software Reuse Discussed in Stack Overflow?
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AlOmara, Eman Abdullah, Peruma, Anthony, Mkaouer, Mohamed Wiem, Newman, Christian, and Ouni, Ali
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Computer Science - Software Engineering - Abstract
Software reuse is a crucial external quality attribute targeted by open-source and commercial projects. Despite that software reuse has experienced an increased adoption throughout the years, little is known about what aspects of code reuse developers discuss. In this paper, we present an empirical study of 1,409 posts to better understand the challenges developers face when reusing code. Our findings show that 'visual studio' is the top occurring bigrams for question posts, and there are frequent design patterns utilized by developers for the purpose of reuse. We envision our findings enabling researchers to develop guidelines to be utilized to foster software reuse., Comment: 2023 Conference on Systems Engineering Research
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- 2023
221. LATIS: Constraints on the Galaxy-halo Connection at $z \sim 2.5$ from Galaxy-galaxy and Galaxy-Ly$\alpha$ Clustering
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Newman, Andrew B., Qezlou, Mahdi, Chartab, Nima, Rudie, Gwen C., Blanc, Guillermo A., Bird, Simeon, Benson, Andrew J., Kelson, Daniel D., and Lemaux, Brian C.
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Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
The connection between galaxies and dark matter halos is often quantified using the stellar mass-halo mass (SMHM) relation. Optical and near-infrared imaging surveys have led to a broadly consistent picture of the evolving SMHM relation based on measurements of galaxy abundances and angular correlation functions. Spectroscopic surveys at $z \gtrsim 2$ can also constrain the SMHM relation via the galaxy autocorrelation function and through the cross-correlation between galaxies and Ly$\alpha$ absorption measured in transverse sightlines; however, such studies are very few and have produced some unexpected or inconclusive results. We use $\sim$3000 spectra of $z\sim2.5$ galaxies from the Lyman-alpha Tomography IMACS Survey (LATIS) to measure the galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-Ly$\alpha$ correlation functions in four bins of stellar mass spanning $10^{9.2} \lesssim M_* / M_{\odot} \lesssim 10^{10.5}$. Parallel analyses of the MultiDark N-body and ASTRID hydrodynamic cosmological simulations allow us to model the correlation functions, estimate covariance matrices, and infer halo masses. We find that results of the two methods are mutually consistent and are broadly in accord with standard SMHM relations. This consistency demonstrates that we are able to accurately measure and model Ly$\alpha$ transmission fluctuations $\delta_F$ in LATIS. We also show that the galaxy-Ly$\alpha$ cross-correlation, a free byproduct of optical spectroscopic galaxy surveys at these redshifts, can constrain halo masses with similar precision to galaxy-galaxy clustering., Comment: Accepted to ApJ
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- 2023
222. The Generative AI Paradox: 'What It Can Create, It May Not Understand'
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West, Peter, Lu, Ximing, Dziri, Nouha, Brahman, Faeze, Li, Linjie, Hwang, Jena D., Jiang, Liwei, Fisher, Jillian, Ravichander, Abhilasha, Chandu, Khyathi, Newman, Benjamin, Koh, Pang Wei, Ettinger, Allyson, and Choi, Yejin
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
The recent wave of generative AI has sparked unprecedented global attention, with both excitement and concern over potentially superhuman levels of artificial intelligence: models now take only seconds to produce outputs that would challenge or exceed the capabilities even of expert humans. At the same time, models still show basic errors in understanding that would not be expected even in non-expert humans. This presents us with an apparent paradox: how do we reconcile seemingly superhuman capabilities with the persistence of errors that few humans would make? In this work, we posit that this tension reflects a divergence in the configuration of intelligence in today's generative models relative to intelligence in humans. Specifically, we propose and test the Generative AI Paradox hypothesis: generative models, having been trained directly to reproduce expert-like outputs, acquire generative capabilities that are not contingent upon -- and can therefore exceed -- their ability to understand those same types of outputs. This contrasts with humans, for whom basic understanding almost always precedes the ability to generate expert-level outputs. We test this hypothesis through controlled experiments analyzing generation vs. understanding in generative models, across both language and image modalities. Our results show that although models can outperform humans in generation, they consistently fall short of human capabilities in measures of understanding, as well as weaker correlation between generation and understanding performance, and more brittleness to adversarial inputs. Our findings support the hypothesis that models' generative capability may not be contingent upon understanding capability, and call for caution in interpreting artificial intelligence by analogy to human intelligence.
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- 2023
223. Confirmation of a Substantial Discrepancy between Radio and UV--IR Measures of the Star Formation Rate Density at 0.2 < z < 1.3
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Matthews, A. M, Kelson, D. D., Newman, A. B., Camilo, F., Condon, J. J., Cotton, W. D., Dickinson, M., Jarrett, T. H., and Lacy, M.
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We present the initial sample of redshifts for 3,839 galaxies in the MeerKAT DEEP2 field -- the deepest $\sim$1.4\,GHz radio field yet observed. Using a spectrophotometric technique combining coarse optical spectra with broadband photometry, we obtain redshifts with $\sigma_z \leq 0.01(1+z)$. The resulting radio luminosity functions between $0.2
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- 2023
224. Robot-Relay : Building-Wide, Calibration-Less Visual Servoing with Learned Sensor Handover Network
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Robinson, Luke, Gadd, Matthew, Newman, Paul, and De Martini, Daniele
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Computer Science - Robotics - Abstract
We present a system which grows and manages a network of remote viewpoints during the natural installation cycle for a newly installed camera network or a newly deployed robot fleet. No explicit notion of camera position or orientation is required, neither global - i.e. relative to a building plan - nor local - i.e. relative to an interesting point in a room. Furthermore, no metric relationship between viewpoints is required. Instead, we leverage our prior work in effective remote control without extrinsic or intrinsic calibration and extend it to the multi-camera setting. In this, we memorise, from simultaneous robot detections in the tracker thread, soft pixel-wise topological connections between viewpoints. We demonstrate our system with repeated autonomous traversals of workspaces connected by a network of six cameras across a productive office environment., Comment: Paper accepted to the 18th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (ISER 2023)
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- 2023
225. Form, function, mind: what doesn't compute (and what might)
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Newman, Stuart A.
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Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition ,Quantitative Biology - Subcellular Processes ,Quantitative Biology - Tissues and Organs - Abstract
The applicability of computational and dynamical systems models to organisms is scrutinized, using examples from developmental biology and cognition. Developmental morphogenesis is dependent on the inherent material properties of developing tissues, a non-computational modality, but cell differentiation, which utilizes chromatin-based revisable memory banks and program-like function-calling, via the developmental gene co-expression system unique to metazoans, has a quasi-computational basis. Multi-attractor dynamical models are argued to be misapplied to global properties of development, and it is suggested that along with computationalism, dynamicism is similarly unsuitable to accounting for cognitive phenomena. Proposals are made for treating brains and other nervous tissues as novel forms of excitable matter with inherent properties which enable the intensification of cell-based basal cognition capabilities present throughout the tree of life.
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- 2023
226. What you see is what you get: Experience ranking with deep neural dataset-to-dataset similarity for topological localisation
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Gadd, Matthew, Ramtoula, Benjamin, De Martini, Daniele, and Newman, Paul
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Robotics - Abstract
Recalling the most relevant visual memories for localisation or understanding a priori the likely outcome of localisation effort against a particular visual memory is useful for efficient and robust visual navigation. Solutions to this problem should be divorced from performance appraisal against ground truth - as this is not available at run-time - and should ideally be based on generalisable environmental observations. For this, we propose applying the recently developed Visual DNA as a highly scalable tool for comparing datasets of images - in this work, sequences of map and live experiences. In the case of localisation, important dataset differences impacting performance are modes of appearance change, including weather, lighting, and season. Specifically, for any deep architecture which is used for place recognition by matching feature volumes at a particular layer, we use distribution measures to compare neuron-wise activation statistics between live images and multiple previously recorded past experiences, with a potentially large seasonal (winter/summer) or time of day (day/night) shift. We find that differences in these statistics correlate to performance when localising using a past experience with the same appearance gap. We validate our approach over the Nordland cross-season dataset as well as data from Oxford's University Parks with lighting and mild seasonal change, showing excellent ability of our system to rank actual localisation performance across candidate experiences., Comment: 18th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (ISER 2023)
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- 2023
227. LATIS: The Stellar Mass-Metallicity Relation of Star-forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2.5$
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Chartab, Nima, Newman, Andrew B., Rudie, Gwen C., Blanc, Guillermo A., and Kelson, Daniel D.
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We present the stellar mass - stellar metallicity relation for 3491 star-forming galaxies at $2 \lesssim z \lesssim 3$ using rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra from the Ly$\alpha$ Tomography IMACS Survey (LATIS). We fit stellar population synthesis models from the Binary Population And Spectral Synthesis code (BPASS v$2.2.1$) to medium resolution (R $\sim 1000$) and high signal-to-noise ($>30$ per 100 km/s over a wavelength range of 1221 - 1800 \r{A}) composite spectra of galaxies in bins of stellar mass to determine their stellar metallicity, primarily tracing $\rm Fe/H$. We find a strong correlation between stellar mass and stellar metallicity, with stellar metallicity monotonically increasing with stellar mass at low masses and flattening at high masses ($M_* \gtrsim 10^{10.3} M_\odot$). Additionally, we compare our stellar metallicity measurements with the gas-phase oxygen abundance of galaxies at similar redshift and estimate the average $\rm [\alpha/Fe] \sim 0.6$. Such high $\alpha$-enhancement indicates that high-redshift galaxies have not yet undergone significant iron enrichment through Type Ia supernovae. Moreover, we utilize an analytic chemical evolution model to constrain the mass loading parameter of galactic winds as a function of stellar mass. We find that as the stellar mass increases, the mass loading parameter decreases. The parameter then flattens or reaches a turning point at around $M_* \sim 10^{10.5} M_\odot$. Our findings may signal the onset of black hole-driven outflows at $z \sim 2.5$ for galaxies with $M_* \gtrsim 10^{10.5} M_\odot$., Comment: 21 pages, 17 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ
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- 2023
228. Scaling slowly rotating asteroids by stellar occultations
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Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Choukroun, A., Hanuš, J., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Frappa, E., Beisker, W., Pavlov, H., Moore, J., Adomavičienė, R., Aikawa, R., Andersson, S., Antonini, P., Argentin, Y., Asai, A., Assoignon, P., Barton, J., Baruffetti, P., Bath, K. L., Behrend, R., Benedyktowicz, L., Bernasconi, L., Biguet, G., Billiani, M., Błażewicz, D., Boninsegna, R., Borkowski, M., Bosch, J., Brazill, S., Bronikowska, M., Bruno, A., Bąk, M. Butkiewicz, Caron, J., Casalnuovo, G., Castellani, J. J., Ceravolo, P., Conjat, M., Delincak, P., Delpau, J., Demeautis, C., Demirkol, A., Dróżdż, M., Duffard, R., Durandet, C., Eisfeldt, D., Evangelista, M., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Filipek, M., Fini, P., Fukui, K., Gährken, B., Geier, S., George, T., Goffin, B., Golonka, J., Goto, T., Grice, J., Guhl, K., Halíř, K., Hanna, W., Harman, M., Hashimoto, A., Hasubick, W., Higgins, D., Higuchi, M., Hirose, T., Hirsch, R., Hofschulz, O., Horaguchi, T., Horbowicz, J., Ida, M., Ignácz, B., Ishida, M., Isobe, K., Jehin, E., Joachimczyk, B., Jones, A., Juan, J., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kasebe, H., Kattentidt, B., Kim, D. -H., Kim, M. -J., Kitazaki, K., Klotz, A., Komraus, M., Konstanciak, I., Tóth, R. Könyves, Kouno, K., Kowald, E., Krajewski, J., Krannich, G., Kreutzer, A., Kryszczyńska, A., Kubánek, J., Kudak, V., Kugel, F., Kukita, R., Kulczak, P., Lazzaro, D., Licandro, J., Livet, F., Maley, P., Manago, N., Mánek, J., Manna, A., Matsushita, H., Meister, S., Mesquita, W., Messner, S., Michelet, J., Michimani, J., Mieczkowska, I., Morales, N., Motyliński, M., Murawiecka, M., Newman, J., Nikitin, V., Nishimura, M., Oey, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Owada, M., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Pereira, W., Perig, V., Perła, J., Pilcher, F., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polák, J., Polakis, T., Polińska, M., Popowicz, A., Richard, F., Rives, J. J., Rodrigues, T., Rogiński, Ł., Rondón, E., Rottenborn, M., Schäfer, R., Schnabel, C., Schreurs, O., Selva, A., Simon, M., Skiff, B., Skrutskie, M., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Sposetti, S., Stuart, P., Szyszka, K., Terakubo, K., Thomas, W., Trela, P., Uchiyama, S., Urbanik, M., Vaudescal, G., Venable, R., Watanabe, Ha., Watanabe, Hi., Winiarski, M., Wróblewski, R., Yamamura, H., Yamashita, M., Yoshihara, H., Zawilski, M., Zelený, P., Żejmo, M., Żukowski, K., and Żywica, S.
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
As evidenced by recent survey results, majority of asteroids are slow rotators (P>12 h), but lack spin and shape models due to selection bias. This bias is skewing our overall understanding of the spins, shapes, and sizes of asteroids, as well as of their other properties. Also, diameter determinations for large (>60km) and medium-sized asteroids (between 30 and 60 km) often vary by over 30% for multiple reasons. Our long-term project is focused on a few tens of slow rotators with periods of up to 60 hours. We aim to obtain their full light curves and reconstruct their spins and shapes. We also precisely scale the models, typically with an accuracy of a few percent. We used wide sets of dense light curves for spin and shape reconstructions via light-curve inversion. Precisely scaling them with thermal data was not possible here because of poor infrared data: large bodies are too bright for WISE mission. Therefore, we recently launched a campaign among stellar occultation observers, to scale these models and to verify the shape solutions, often allowing us to break the mirror pole ambiguity. The presented scheme resulted in shape models for 16 slow rotators, most of them for the first time. Fitting them to stellar occultations resolved previous inconsistencies in size determinations. For around half of the targets, this fitting also allowed us to identify a clearly preferred pole solution, thus removing the ambiguity inherent to light-curve inversion. We also address the influence of the uncertainty of the shape models on the derived diameters. Overall, our project has already provided reliable models for around 50 slow rotators. Such well-determined and scaled asteroid shapes will, e.g. constitute a solid basis for density determinations when coupled with mass information. Spin and shape models continue to fill the gaps caused by various biases., Comment: Accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics. 12 pages + appendices
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- 2023
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229. Learning to Decode the Surface Code with a Recurrent, Transformer-Based Neural Network
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Bausch, Johannes, Senior, Andrew W, Heras, Francisco J H, Edlich, Thomas, Davies, Alex, Newman, Michael, Jones, Cody, Satzinger, Kevin, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Blackwell, Sam, Holland, George, Kafri, Dvir, Atalaya, Juan, Gidney, Craig, Hassabis, Demis, Boixo, Sergio, Neven, Hartmut, and Kohli, Pushmeet
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Quantum Physics ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,81P73, 68T07 ,I.2.0 ,J.2 - Abstract
Quantum error-correction is a prerequisite for reliable quantum computation. Towards this goal, we present a recurrent, transformer-based neural network which learns to decode the surface code, the leading quantum error-correction code. Our decoder outperforms state-of-the-art algorithmic decoders on real-world data from Google's Sycamore quantum processor for distance 3 and 5 surface codes. On distances up to 11, the decoder maintains its advantage on simulated data with realistic noise including cross-talk, leakage, and analog readout signals, and sustains its accuracy far beyond the 25 cycles it was trained on. Our work illustrates the ability of machine learning to go beyond human-designed algorithms by learning from data directly, highlighting machine learning as a strong contender for decoding in quantum computers.
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- 2023
230. The Effect of Quadratic Base Change on Torsion
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Balçık, Irmak and Newman, Burton
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Mathematics - Number Theory - Abstract
Let $K$ be a quadratic field and $E$ an elliptic curve defined over $K$ such that $E(K)[2]\simeq C_2.$ In this paper, we study the effect of quadratic base change on $E(K)_{\text{tor}}.$ In particular, we examine the growth of $E(K)_{\text{tor}}$ upon quadratic base change when $K$ is any quadratic cyclotomic field. In addition, for a given elliptic curve $E/K$ with prescribed torsion group over $K,$ (no restriction on its $2$-torsion part) we describe an algorithm to find all quadratic extensions $L/K$ in which $E(K)_{\text{tor}} \subsetneq E(L)_{\text{tor}}$ and describe $E(L)_{\text{tor}}$ in each such case., Comment: 14 pages, comments welcome!
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- 2023
231. Decentralization Cheapens Corruptive Majority Attacks
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Newman, Stephen H.
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Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory ,Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science - Abstract
Corruptive majority attacks, in which mining power is distributed among miners and an attacker attempts to bribe a majority of miners into participation in a majority attack, pose a threat to blockchains. Budish bounded the cost of bribing miners to participate in an attack by their expected loss as a result of attack success. We show that this bound is loose. In particular, an attack may be structured so that under equilibrium play by most miners, a miner's choice to participate only slightly affects the attack success chance. Combined with the fact that most of the cost of attack success is externalized by any given small miner, this implies that if most mining power is controlled by small miners, bribing miners to participate in such an attack is much cheaper than the Budish bound. We provide a scheme for a cheap corruptive majority attack and discuss practical concerns and consequences.
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- 2023
232. Handling Correlated Rounding Error via Preclustering: A 1.73-approximation for Correlation Clustering
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Cohen-Addad, Vincent, Lee, Euiwoong, Li, Shi, and Newman, Alantha
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Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms - Abstract
We consider the classic Correlation Clustering problem: Given a complete graph where edges are labelled either $+$ or $-$, the goal is to find a partition of the vertices that minimizes the number of the \pedges across parts plus the number of the \medges within parts. Recently, Cohen-Addad, Lee and Newman [CLN22] presented a 1.994-approximation algorithm for the problem using the Sherali-Adams hierarchy, hence breaking through the integrality gap of 2 for the classic linear program and improving upon the 2.06-approximation of Chawla, Makarychev, Schramm and Yaroslavtsev [CMSY15]. We significantly improve the state-of-the-art by providing a 1.73-approximation for the problem. Our approach introduces a preclustering of Correlation Clustering instances that allows us to essentially ignore the error arising from the {\em correlated rounding} used by [CLN22]. This additional power simplifies the previous algorithm and analysis. More importantly, it enables a new {\em set-based rounding} that complements the previous roundings. A combination of these two rounding algorithms yields the improved bound.
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- 2023
233. DESI Complete Calibration of the Color-Redshift Relation (DC3R2): Results from early DESI data
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McCullough, J., Gruen, D., Amon, A., Roodman, A., Masters, D., Raichoor, A., Schlegel, D., Canning, R., Castander, F. J., DeRose, J., Miquel, R., Myles, J., Newman, J. A., Slosar, A., Speagle, J., Wilson, M. J., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Bailey, S., Brooks, D., Claybaugh, T., Cole, S., Dawson, K., de la Macorra, A., Doel, P., Forero-Romero, J. E., Gontcho, S. Gontcho A, Guy, J., Kehoe, R., Kremin, A., Landriau, M., Guillou, L. Le, Levi, M., Manera, M., Martini, P., Meisner, A., Moustakas, J., Nie, J., Percival, W. J., Poppett, C., Prada, F., Rezaie, M., Rossi, G., Sanchez, E., Seo, H., Tarlé, G., Weaver, B. A., Zhou, Z., and Zou, H.
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Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We present initial results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Complete Calibration of the Color-Redshift Relation (DC3R2) secondary target survey. Our analysis uses 230k galaxies that overlap with KiDS-VIKING $ugriZYJHK_s$ photometry to calibrate the color-redshift relation and to inform photometric redshift (photo-z) inference methods of future weak lensing surveys. Together with Emission Line Galaxies (ELGs), Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs), and the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) that provide samples of complementary color, the DC3R2 targets help DESI to span 56% of the color space visible to Euclid and LSST with high confidence spectroscopic redshifts. The effects of spectroscopic completeness and quality are explored, as well as systematic uncertainties introduced with the use of common Self Organizing Maps trained on different photometry than the analysis sample. We further examine the dependence of redshift on magnitude at fixed color, important for the use of bright galaxy spectra to calibrate redshifts in a fainter photometric galaxy sample. We find that noise in the KiDS-VIKING photometry introduces a dominant, apparent magnitude dependence of redshift at fixed color, which indicates a need for carefully chosen deep drilling fields, and survey simulation to model this effect for future weak lensing surveys., Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures, published in MNRAS, interactive visualizations at https://jmccull.github.io/DC3R2_Overview
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- 2023
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234. Impact of Inclusive Electron Ion Collider Data on Collinear Parton Distributions
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Armesto, Néstor, Cridge, Thomas, Giuli, Francesco, Harland-Lang, Lucian, Newman, Paul, Schmookler, Barak, Thorne, Robert, and Wichmann, Katarzyna
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High Energy Physics - Phenomenology - Abstract
A study is presented of the impact of simulated inclusive Electron Ion Collider Deep Inelastic Scattering data on the determination of the proton and nuclear parton distribution functions (PDFs) at next-to-next-to-leading and next-to-leading order in QCD, respectively. The influence on the proton PDFs is evaluated relative to the HERAPDF2.0 set, which uses inclusive HERA data only, and also relative to the global fitting approach of the MSHT20 PDFs. The impact on nuclear PDFs is assessed relative to the EPPS21 global fit and is presented in terms of nuclear modification ratios. For all cases studied, significant improvements in the PDF uncertainties are observed for several parton species. The most striking impact occurs for the nuclear PDFs in general and for the region of high Bjorken $x$ in the proton PDFs, particularly for the valence quark distributions., Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, 1 Table
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- 2023
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235. The DESI One-Percent Survey: Evidence for Assembly Bias from Low-Redshift Counts-in-Cylinders Measurements
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Pearl, Alan N., Zentner, Andrew R., Newman, Jeffrey A., Bezanson, Rachel, Wang, Kuan, Moustakas, John, Aguilar, Jessica N., Ahlen, Steven, Brooks, David, Claybaugh, Todd, Cole, Shaun, Dawson, Kyle, de la Macorra, Axel, Doel, Peter, Forero-Romero, Jamie E., Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A, Honscheid, Klaus, Landriau, Martin, Manera, Marc, Meisner, Paul Martini Aaron, Miquel, Ramon, Nie, Jundan, Percival, Will, Prada, Francisco, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rossi, Graziano, Sanchez, Eusebio, Schubnell, Michael, Tarle, Gregory, Weaver, Benjamin A., and Zhou, Zhimin
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Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We explore the galaxy-halo connection information that is available in low-redshift samples from the early data release of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We model the halo occupation distribution (HOD) from z=0.1-0.3 using Survey Validation 3 (SV3; a.k.a., the One-Percent Survey) data of the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS). In addition to more commonly used metrics, we incorporate counts-in-cylinders (CiC) measurements, which drastically tighten HOD constraints. Our analysis is aided by the Python package, galtab, which enables the rapid, precise prediction of CiC for any HOD model available in halotools. This methodology allows our Markov chains to converge with much fewer trial points, and enables even more drastic speedups due to its GPU portability. Our HOD fits constrain characteristic halo masses tightly and provide statistical evidence for assembly bias, especially at lower luminosity thresholds: the HOD of central galaxies in $z\sim0.15$ samples with limiting absolute magnitude $M_r < -20.0$ and $M_r < -20.5$ samples is positively correlated with halo concentration with a significance of 99.9% and 99.5%, respectively. Our models also favor positive central assembly bias for the brighter $M_r < -21.0$ sample at $z\sim0.25$ (94.8% significance), but there is no significant evidence for assembly bias with the same luminosity threshold at $z\sim0.15$. We provide our constraints for each threshold sample's characteristic halo masses, assembly bias, and other HOD parameters. These constraints are expected to be significantly tightened with future DESI data, which will span an area 100 times larger than that of SV3.
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- 2023
236. DESI luminous red galaxy samples for cross-correlations
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Zhou, Rongpu, Ferraro, Simone, White, Martin, DeRose, Joseph, Sailer, Noah, Aguilar, Jessica, Ahlen, Steven, Bailey, Stephen, Brooks, David, Claybaugh, Todd, Dawson, Kyle, de la Macorra, Axel, Dey, Biprateep, Doel, Peter, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A, Guy, Julien, Kremin, Anthony, Lambert, Andrew, Guillou, Laurent Le, Levi, Michael, Magneville, Christophe, Manera, Marc, Meisner, Aaron, Miquel, Ramon, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam D., Newman, Jeffrey A., Nie, Jundan, Percival, Will, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rossi, Graziano, Sanchez, Eusebio, Schlegel, David, Schubnell, Michael, Seo, Hee-Jong, Tarlé, Gregory, and Zhou, Zhimin
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Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We present two galaxy samples, selected from DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (LS) DR9, with approximately 20,000 square degrees of coverage and spectroscopic redshift distributions designed for cross-correlations such as with CMB lensing, galaxy lensing, and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. The first sample is identical to the DESI Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) sample, and the second sample is an extended LRG sample with 2-3 times the DESI LRG density. We present the improved photometric redshifts, tomographic binning and their spectroscopic redshift distributions and imaging systematics weights, and magnification bias coefficients. The catalogs and related data products will be made publicly available. The cosmological constraints using this sample and Planck lensing maps are presented in a companion paper. We also make public the new set of general-purpose photometric redshifts trained using DESI spectroscopic redshifts, which are used in this work, for all galaxies in LS DR9., Comment: Matches the journal version. Associated data files: https://data.desi.lbl.gov/public/papers/c3/lrg_xcorr_2023/. General-purpose photo-z catalogs: https://www.legacysurvey.org/dr9/files/#photo-z-sweeps-9-1-photo-z-sweep-brickmin-brickmax-pz-fits
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- 2023
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237. Anneal-free ultra-low loss silicon nitride integrated photonics
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Bose, Debapam, Harrington, Mark W., Isichenko, Andrei, Liu, Kaikai, Wang, Jiawei, Newman, Zachary L., and Blumenthal, Daniel J.
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Physics - Optics ,Physics - Applied Physics - Abstract
Heterogeneous and monolithic integration of the versatile low loss silicon nitride platform with low temperature materials such as silicon electronics and photonics, III-V compound semiconductors, lithium niobate, organics, and glasses, has been inhibited by the need for high temperature annealing as well as the need for different process flows for thin and thick waveguides. New techniques are needed to maintain the state-of-the-art losses, nonlinear properties, and CMOS compatible processes while enabling this next generation of 3D silicon nitride integration. We report a significant advance in silicon nitride integrated photonics, demonstrating the lowest losses to date for an anneal-free process at a maximum temperature of 250 C, with the same deuterated silane based fabrication flow, for nitride and oxide, for an order of magnitude range in nitride thickness without requiring stress mitigation or polishing. We report record low losses for anneal-free nitride core and oxide cladding, enabling 1.77 dB/m loss and 14.9 million Q for 80 nm nitride core waveguides, more than half an order magnitude lower loss than previously reported 270 C processes, and 8.66 dB/m loss and 4.03 million Q for 800 nm thick nitride. We demonstrate laser stabilization with over 4 orders of magnitude frequency noise reduction using a thin nitride reference cavity. And using a thick nitride micro-resonator, we demonstrate parametric gain and Optical Parametric Oscillation (OPO) with the lowest reported OPO threshold per unit resonator length for low temperature fabricated nitride, and supercontinuum generation over two octaves. These results represent a significant step towards a uniform ultra-low loss silicon nitride homogeneous and heterogeneous platform for both thin and thick waveguides capable of linear and nonlinear photonic circuits and integration with low temperature materials and processes., Comment: 33 pages, 20 figures; V3 - Added explanation of loss/thickness regimes (Fig 2) and thin resonator PDH locking experiment (Fig 4c,d)
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- 2023
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238. Ground-based and JWST Observations of SN 2022pul: I. Unusual Signatures of Carbon, Oxygen, and Circumstellar Interaction in a Peculiar Type Ia Supernova
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Siebert, Matthew R., Kwok, Lindsey A., Johansson, Joel, Jha, Saurabh W., Blondin, Stéphane, Dessart, Luc, Foley, Ryan J., Hillier, D. John, Larison, Conor, Pakmor, Rüdiger, Temim, Tea, Andrews, Jennifer E., Auchettl, Katie, Badenes, Carles, Barna, Barnabas, Bostroem, K. Azalee, Newman, Max J. Brenner, Brink, Thomas G., Bustamante-Rosell, María José, Camacho-Neves, Yssavo, Clocchiatti, Alejandro, Coulter, David A., Davis, Kyle W., Deckers, Maxime, Dimitriadis, Georgios, Dong, Yize, Farah, Joseph, Filippenko, Alexei V., Flörs, Andreas, Fox, Ori D., Garnavich, Peter, Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla, Graur, Or, Hambsch, Franz-Josef, Hosseinzadeh, Griffin, Howell, D. Andrew, Hughes, John P., Kerzendorf, Wolfgang E., Saux, Xavier K. Le, Maeda, Keiichi, Maguire, Kate, McCully, Curtis, Mihalenko, Cassidy, Newsome, Megan, O'Brien, John T., Pearson, Jeniveve, Pellegrino, Craig, Pierel, Justin D. R., Polin, Abigail, Rest, Armin, Rojas-Bravo, César, Sand, David J., Schwab, Michaela, Shahbandeh, Melissa, Shrestha, Manisha, Smith, Nathan, Strolger, Louis-Gregory, Szalai, Tamás, Taggart, Kirsty, Terreran, Giacomo, Terwel, Jacco H., Tinyanont, Samaporn, Valenti, Stefano, Vinkó, József, Wheeler, J. Craig, Yang, Yi, Zheng, Weikang, Ashall, Chris, Derkacy, James M., Galbany, Lluís, Hoeflich, Peter, Hsiao, Eric, De Jaeger, Thomas, Lu, Jing, Maund, Justyn, Medler, Kyle, Morrell, Nidia, Shappee, Benjamin J., Stritzinger, Maximilian, Suntzeff, Nicholas, Tucker, Michael, and Wang, Lifan
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Nebular-phase observations of peculiar Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) provide important constraints on progenitor scenarios and explosion dynamics for both these rare SNe and the more common, cosmologically useful SNe Ia. We present observations from an extensive ground-based and space-based follow-up campaign to characterize SN 2022pul, a "super-Chandrasekhar" mass SN Ia (alternatively "03fg-like" SN), from before peak brightness to well into the nebular phase across optical to mid-infrared (MIR) wavelengths. The early rise of the light curve is atypical, exhibiting two distinct components, consistent with SN Ia ejecta interacting with dense carbon-oxygen rich circumstellar material (CSM). In the optical, SN 2022pul is most similar to SN 2012dn, having a low estimated peak luminosity ($M_{B}=-18.9$ mag) and high photospheric velocity relative to other 03fg-like SNe. In the nebular phase, SN 2022pul adds to the increasing diversity of the 03fg-like subclass. From 168 to 336 days after peak $B$-band brightness, SN 2022pul exhibits asymmetric and narrow emission from [O I] $\lambda\lambda 6300,\ 6364$ (${\rm FWHM} \approx 2{,}000$ km s$^{-1}$), strong, broad emission from [Ca II] $\lambda\lambda 7291,\ 7323$ (${\rm FWHM} \approx 7{,}300$ km s$^{-1}$), and a rapid Fe III to Fe II ionization change. Finally, we present the first-ever optical-to-mid-infrared (MIR) nebular spectrum of an 03fg-like SN Ia using data from JWST. In the MIR, strong lines of neon and argon, weak emission from stable nickel, and strong thermal dust emission (with $T \approx 500$ K), combined with prominent [O I] in the optical, suggest that SN 2022pul was produced by a white dwarf merger within carbon/oxygen-rich CSM., Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, submitted to ApJ
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- 2023
239. Ground-based and JWST Observations of SN 2022pul: II. Evidence from Nebular Spectroscopy for a Violent Merger in a Peculiar Type-Ia Supernova
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Kwok, Lindsey A., Siebert, Matthew R., Johansson, Joel, Jha, Saurabh W., Blondin, Stephane, Dessart, Luc, Foley, Ryan J., Hillier, D. John, Larison, Conor, Pakmor, Ruediger, Temim, Tea, Andrews, Jennifer E., Auchettl, Katie, Badenes, Carles, Barna, Barnabas, Bostroem, K. Azalee, Newman, Max J. Brenner, Brink, Thomas G., Bustamante-Rosell, Maria Jose, Camacho-Neves, Yssavo, Clocchiatti, Alejandro, Coulter, David A., Davis, Kyle W., Deckers, Maxime, Dimitriadis, Georgios, Dong, Yize, Farah, Joseph, Filippenko, Alexei V., Flors, Andreas, Fox, Ori D., Garnavich, Peter, Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla, Graur, Or, Hambsch, Franz-Josef, Hosseinzadeh, Griffin, Howell, D. Andrew, Hughes, John P., Kerzendorf, Wolfgang E., Saux, Xavier K. Le, Maeda, Keiichi, Maguire, Kate, McCully, Curtis, Mihalenko, Cassidy, Newsome, Megan, O'Brien, John T., Pearson, Jeniveve, Pellegrino, Craig, Pierel, Justin D. R., Polin, Abigail, Rest, Armin, Rojas-Bravo, Cesar, Sand, David J., Schwab, Michaela, Shahbandeh, Melissa, Shrestha, Manisha, Smith, Nathan, Strolger, Louis-Gregory, Szalai, Tamas, Taggart, Kirsty, Terreran, Giacomo, Terwel, Jacco H., Tinyanont, Samaporn, Valenti, Stefano, Vinko, Jozsef, Wheeler, J. Craig, Yang, Yi, Zheng, WeiKang, Ashall, Chris, DerKacy, James M., Galbany, Lluis, Hoeflich, Peter, de Jaeger, Thomas, Lu, Jing, Maund, Justyn, Medler, Kyle, Morrell, Nidia, Shappee, Benjamin J., Stritzinger, Maximilian, Suntzeff, Nicholas, Tucker, Michael, and Wang, Lifan
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
We present an analysis of ground-based and JWST observations of SN~2022pul, a peculiar "03fg-like" (or "super-Chandrasekhar") Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), in the nebular phase at 338d post explosion. Our combined spectrum continuously covers 0.4--14 $\mu$m and includes the first mid-infrared spectrum of an 03fg-like SN Ia. Compared to normal SN Ia 2021aefx, SN 2022pul exhibits a lower mean ionization state, asymmetric emission-line profiles, stronger emission from the intermediate-mass elements (IMEs) argon and calcium, weaker emission from iron-group elements (IGEs), and the first unambiguous detection of neon in a SN Ia. Strong, broad, centrally peaked [Ne II] line at 12.81 $\mu$m was previously predicted as a hallmark of "violent merger'' SN Ia models, where dynamical interaction between two sub-$M_{ch}$ white dwarfs (WDs) causes disruption of the lower mass WD and detonation of the other. The violent merger scenario was already a leading hypothesis for 03fg-like SNe Ia; in SN 2022pul it can explain the large-scale ejecta asymmetries seen between the IMEs and IGEs and the central location of narrow oxygen and broad neon. We modify extant models to add clumping of the ejecta to better reproduce the optical iron emission, and add mass in the innermost region ($< 2000$ km s$^{-1}$) to account for the observed narrow [O I]~$\lambda\lambda6300$, 6364 emission. A violent WD-WD merger explains many of the observations of SN 2022pul, and our results favor this model interpretation for the subclass of 03fg-like SN Ia., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, published in ApJ
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- 2023
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240. Doppler-aware Odometry from FMCW Scanning Radar
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Rennie, Fraser, Williams, David, Newman, Paul, and De Martini, Daniele
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Computer Science - Robotics - Abstract
This work explores Doppler information from a millimetre-Wave (mm-W) Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) scanning radar to make odometry estimation more robust and accurate. Firstly, doppler information is added to the scan masking process to enhance correlative scan matching. Secondly, we train a Neural Network (NN) for regressing forward velocity directly from a single radar scan; we fuse this estimate with the correlative scan matching estimate and show improved robustness to bad estimates caused by challenging environment geometries, e.g. narrow tunnels. We test our method with a novel custom dataset which is released with this work at https://ori.ox.ac.uk/publications/datasets., Comment: Accepted to ITSC 2023
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- 2023
241. Problems with the Standard Model of particle physics
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Newman, Douglas
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Physics - General Physics - Abstract
The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is in such good agreement with experiment that it is currently accepted as providing an accurate model of reality, with the role of chiral symmetry breaking in electro-weak unification regarded as one of its major achievements. This work focusses on weaknesses in the algebraic formulation of the SM, especially the introduction of chirality, which is shown to be inconsistent with neutrinos being fermions, and conflicts with the experimental evidence that they have finite mass. The SM description of parity is also shown to be erroneous. It is argued that these errors in its algebraic formulation have had the effect of making theoretical extensions of the SM impossible, as well as wasting considerable experimental effort in trying to understand erroneous predictions of the theory., Comment: 7 pages. The paper was retitled to make it more explicit. Some typos were corrected
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- 2023
242. Simultaneously Approximating All $\ell_p$-norms in Correlation Clustering
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Davies, Sami, Moseley, Benjamin, and Newman, Heather
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Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ,Computer Science - Discrete Mathematics - Abstract
This paper considers correlation clustering on unweighted complete graphs. We give a combinatorial algorithm that returns a single clustering solution that is simultaneously $O(1)$-approximate for all $\ell_p$-norms of the disagreement vector; in other words, a combinatorial $O(1)$-approximation of the all-norms objective for correlation clustering. This is the first proof that minimal sacrifice is needed in order to optimize different norms of the disagreement vector. In addition, our algorithm is the first combinatorial approximation algorithm for the $\ell_2$-norm objective, and more generally the first combinatorial algorithm for the $\ell_p$-norm objective when $1 < p < \infty$. It is also faster than all previous algorithms that minimize the $\ell_p$-norm of the disagreement vector, with run-time $O(n^\omega)$, where $O(n^\omega)$ is the time for matrix multiplication on $n \times n$ matrices. When the maximum positive degree in the graph is at most $\Delta$, this can be improved to a run-time of $O(n\Delta^2 \log n)$., Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures
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- 2023
243. Regional brain aging: premature aging of the domain general system predicts aphasia severity
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Busby, Natalie, Newman-Norlund, Sarah, Sayers, Sara, Rorden, Chris, Newman-Norlund, Roger, Wilmskoetter, Janina, Roth, Rebecca, Wilson, Sarah, Schwen-Blackett, Deena, Kristinsson, Sigfus, Teghipco, Alex, Fridriksson, Julius, and Bonilha, Leonardo
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- 2024
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244. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally.
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Maestre, Fernando, Power, Sally, Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew, Munson, Seth, Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción, Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen, Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana, Borer, Elizabeth, Bork, Edward, Bruschetti, Carlos, Byrne, Kerry, Cahill, James, Calvo, Dianela, Carbognani, Michele, Cardoni, Augusto, Carlyle, Cameron, Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, Chang, Scott, Chieppa, Jeff, Cianciaruso, Marcus, Cohen, Ofer, Cordeiro, Amanda, Cusack, Daniela, Dahlke, Sven, Daleo, Pedro, Dietterich, Lee, S Doherty, Tim, Dubbert, Maren, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fischer, Felícia, Forte, Tai, Gebauer, Tobias, Gozalo, Beatriz, Greenville, Aaron, Guidoni-Martins, Karlo, Hannusch, Heather, Vatsø Haugum, Siri, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Henry, Hugh, Hoss, Daniela, Ingrisch, Johannes, Iribarne, Oscar, Isbell, Forest, Johnson, Yari, Jordan, Samuel, Kelly, Eugene, Kimmel, Kaitlin, Kreyling, Juergen, Kröel-Dulay, György, Kröpfl, Alicia, Kübert, Angelika, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Lamb, Eric, Larsen, Klaus, Larson, Julie, Lawson, Jason, Leder, Cintia, Linstädter, Anja, Liu, Jielin, Liu, Shirong, Lodge, Alexandra, Longo, Grisel, Loydi, Alejandro, Luan, Junwei, Curtis Lubbe, Frederick, Macfarlane, Craig, Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, Malyshev, Andrey, Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, Merchant, Thomas, Metcalfe, Daniel, Mori, Akira, Mudongo, Edwin, Newman, Gregory, Nielsen, Uffe, Nimmo, Dale, Niu, Yujie, Nobre, Paola, and OConnor, Rory
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Drought-Net ,International Drought Experiment ,climate extreme ,productivity ,Droughts ,Ecosystem ,Grassland ,Carbon Cycle ,Climate Change ,Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases - Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events-the most common duration of drought-globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function-aboveground net primary production (ANPP)-was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.
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- 2024
245. Quantifying Induced Nystagmus Using a Smartphone Eye Tracking Application (EyePhone).
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Bastani, Pouya, Rieiro, Hector, Badihian, Shervin, Farrell, Nathan, Parker, Max, Newman-Toker, David, Zhu, Yuxin, Saber Tehrani, Ali, and Otero-Millan, Jorge
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HINTS ,eye movements ,health technology ,nystagmus ,vestibular strokes ,Male ,Humans ,Young Adult ,Adult ,Female ,Eye-Tracking Technology ,Dizziness ,Smartphone ,Nystagmus ,Pathologic ,Eye Movements ,Stroke - Abstract
BACKGROUND: There are ≈5 million annual dizziness visits to US emergency departments, of which vestibular strokes account for over 250 000. The head impulse, nystagmus, and test of skew eye examination can accurately distinguish vestibular strokes from peripheral dizziness. However, the eye-movement signs are subtle, and lack of familiarity and difficulty with recognition of abnormal eye movements are significant barriers to widespread emergency department use. To break this barrier, we sought to assess the accuracy of EyePhone, our smartphone eye-tracking application, for quantifying nystagmus. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively enrolled healthy volunteers and recorded the velocity of induced nystagmus using a smartphone eye-tracking application (EyePhone) and then compared the results with video oculography (VOG). Following a calibration protocol, the participants viewed optokinetic stimuli with incremental velocities (2-12 degrees/s) in 4 directions. We extracted slow phase velocities from EyePhone data in each direction and compared them with the corresponding slow phase velocities obtained by the VOG. Furthermore, we calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for nystagmus detection by EyePhone. We enrolled 10 volunteers (90% men) with an average age of 30.2±6 years. EyePhone-recorded slow phase velocities highly correlated with the VOG recordings (r=0.98 for horizontal and r=0.94 for vertical). The calibration significantly increased the slope of linear regression for horizontal and vertical slow phase velocities. Evaluating the EyePhones performance using VOG data with a 2 degrees/s threshold showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 for horizontal and vertical nystagmus detection. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that EyePhone could accurately detect and quantify optokinetic nystagmus, similar to the VOG goggles.
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- 2024
246. The association of skeletal muscle energetics with recurrent falls in older adults within the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
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Kramer, Philip A, Zamora, Ezequiel, Barnes, Haley N, Strotmeyer, Elsa S, Glynn, Nancy W, Lane, Nancy E, Coen, Paul M, Cawthon, Peggy M, Goodpaster, Bret H, Newman, Anne B, Kritchevsky, Stephen B, and Cummings, Steven R
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Health Sciences ,Sports Science and Exercise ,Aging ,Clinical Research ,Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects ,Prevention ,Injuries and accidents ,Musculoskeletal ,Frailty ,Mitochondria ,Mobility ,Clinical Sciences ,Gerontology ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundFalls in the older population are a major public health concern. While many physiological and environmental factors have been associated with fall risk, muscle mitochondrial energetics has not yet been investigated.MethodsIn this analysis, 835 Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA) participants aged 70-94 were surveyed for number of falls (total), recurrent falls (2+), and fall-related injuries over the past 12 months at baseline and again after one year. Skeletal muscle energetics were assessed at baseline in vivo using 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) after an acute bout of exercise (ATPmax) and ex vivo by High Resolution Respirometry (HRR) of permeabilized muscle fibers from the vastus lateralis (MaxOXPHOS).ResultsAt least one fall was reported in 28.7% of SOMMA participants in the first year of the study, with 12% of older adults reporting recurrent falls (2+). Individuals who experienced recurrent falls had a slower 400m walk gait speed (1.0 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2, p
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- 2024
247. Chorioamnionitis accelerates granule cell and oligodendrocyte maturation in the cerebellum of preterm nonhuman primates.
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Newman, Josef, Tong, Xiaoying, Tan, April, Yeasky, Toni, De Paiva, Vanessa, Presicce, Pietro, Kannan, Paranthaman, Williams, Kevin, Damianos, Andreas, Tamase Newsam, Marione, Benny, Merline, Wu, Shu, Young, Karen, Miller, Lisa, Kallapur, Suhas, Chougnet, Claire, Jobe, Alan, Brambilla, Roberta, and Schmidt, Augusto
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Cerebellum ,Chorioamnionitis ,Granule cell ,Maturation ,Oligodendrocyte ,Purkinje cell ,Infant ,Newborn ,Female ,Infant ,Animals ,Humans ,Pregnancy ,Hedgehog Proteins ,Macaca mulatta ,Chorioamnionitis ,Premature Birth ,Escherichia coli ,Infant ,Premature ,Cerebellum ,RNA ,Small Nuclear - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is often associated with chorioamnionitis and leads to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism. Preterm birth can lead to cerebellar underdevelopment, but the mechanisms of disrupted cerebellar development in preterm infants are not well understood. The cerebellum is consistently affected in people with autism spectrum disorders, showing reduction of Purkinje cells, decreased cerebellar grey matter, and altered connectivity. METHODS: Preterm rhesus macaque fetuses were exposed to intra-amniotic LPS (1 mg, E. coli O55:B5) at 127 days (80%) gestation and delivered by c-section 5 days after injections. Maternal and fetal plasma were sampled for cytokine measurements. Chorio-decidua was analyzed for immune cell populations by flow cytometry. Fetal cerebellum was sampled for histology and molecular analysis by single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) on a 10× chromium platform. snRNA-seq data were analyzed for differences in cell populations, cell-type specific gene expression, and inferred cellular communications. RESULTS: We leveraged snRNA-seq of the cerebellum in a clinically relevant rhesus macaque model of chorioamnionitis and preterm birth, to show that chorioamnionitis leads to Purkinje cell loss and disrupted maturation of granule cells and oligodendrocytes in the fetal cerebellum at late gestation. Purkinje cell loss is accompanied by decreased sonic hedgehog signaling from Purkinje cells to granule cells, which show an accelerated maturation, and to oligodendrocytes, which show accelerated maturation from pre-oligodendrocytes into myelinating oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a role of chorioamnionitis on disrupted cerebellar maturation associated with preterm birth and on the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders among preterm infants.
- Published
- 2024
248. Peripheral inflammation is associated with brain atrophy and cognitive decline linked to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
- Author
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Liang, Nuanyi, Nho, Kwangsik, Newman, John W, Arnold, Matthias, Huynh, Kevin, Meikle, Peter J, Borkowski, Kamil, and Kaddurah-Daouk, Rima
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Biological Psychology ,Cognitive and Computational Psychology ,Psychology ,Neurosciences ,Alzheimer's Disease ,Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) ,Brain Disorders ,Aging ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Acquired Cognitive Impairment ,Dementia ,Prevention ,Neurodegenerative ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Mental health ,Neurological ,Humans ,Alzheimer Disease ,Female ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Male ,Aged ,Brain ,Atrophy ,Inflammation ,Aged ,80 and over ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Biomarkers ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Glycoproteins ,Alzheimer's disease ,Mild cognitive impairment ,GlycA ,Inflammatory biomarker ,Metabolomics ,Peripheral-central connection ,Brain atrophy ,Population heterogeneity ,Sex differences ,Alzheimer’s Disease Metabolomics Consortium ,Alzheimer’s disease - Abstract
Inflammation is an important factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). An NMR measurement in plasma, glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), captures the overall level of protein production and glycosylation implicated in systemic inflammation. With its additional advantage of reducing biological variability, GlycA might be useful in monitoring the relationship between peripheral inflammation and brain changes relevant to AD. However, the associations between GlycA and these brain changes have not been fully evaluated. Here, we performed Spearman's correlation analyses to evaluate these associations cross-sectionally and determined whether GlycA can inform AD-relevant longitudinal measurements among participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 1506), with additional linear models and stratification analyses to evaluate the influences of sex or diagnosis status and confirm findings from Spearman's correlation analyses. We found that GlycA was elevated in AD patients compared to cognitively normal participants. GlycA correlated negatively with multiple concurrent regional brain volumes in females diagnosed with late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI) or AD. Baseline GlycA level was associated with executive function decline at 3-9 year follow-up in participants diagnosed with LMCI at baseline, with similar but not identical trends observed in the future decline of memory and entorhinal cortex volume. Results here indicated that GlycA is an inflammatory biomarker relevant to AD pathogenesis and that the stage of LMCI might be relevant to inflammation-related intervention.
- Published
- 2024
249. Unveiling the hidden quality of the walnut pellicle: a precious source of bioactive lipids.
- Author
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Abbattista, Ramona, Feinberg, Noah, Snodgrass, Isabel, Newman, John, and Dandekar, Abhaya
- Subjects
bioactive lipids ,metabolomics ,pellicle ,seed coat ,tree nuts ,walnut ,waste by-products - Abstract
Tree nut consumption has been widely associated with various health benefits, with walnuts, in particular, being linked with improved cardiovascular and neurological health. These benefits have been attributed to walnuts vast array of phenolic antioxidants and abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, recent studies have revealed unexpected clinical outcomes related to walnut consumption, which cannot be explained simply with the aforementioned molecular hallmarks. With the goal of discovering potential molecular sources of these unexplained clinical outcomes, an exploratory untargeted metabolomics analysis of the isolated walnut pellicle was conducted. This analysis revealed a myriad of unusual lipids, including oxylipins and endocannabinoids. These lipid classes, which are likely present in the pellicle to enhance the seeds defenses due to their antimicrobial properties, also have known potent bioactivities as mammalian signaling molecules and homeostatic regulators. Given the potential value of this tissue for human health, with respect to its bioactive lipid fraction, we sought to quantify the amounts of these compounds in pellicle-enriched waste by-products of mechanized walnut processing in California. An impressive repertoire of these compounds was revealed in these matrices, and in notably significant concentrations. This discovery establishes these low-value agriculture wastes promising candidates for valorization and translation into high-value, health-promoting products; as these molecules represent a potential explanation for the unexpected clinical outcomes of walnut consumption. This hidden quality of the walnut pellicle may encourage further consumption of walnuts, and walnut industries may benefit from a revaluation of abundant pellicle-enriched waste streams, leading to increased sustainability and profitability through waste upcycling.
- Published
- 2024
250. Predicting Resource Utilization Trends with Southern California Petabyte Scale Cache
- Author
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Sim, Caitlin, Wu, Kesheng, Sim, Alex, Monga, Inder, Guok, Chin, Hazen, Damian, Würthwein, Frank, Davila, Diego, Newman, Harvey, and Balcas, Justas
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Particle and High Energy Physics ,Synchrotrons and Accelerators ,Physical Sciences ,Particle and high energy physics ,Synchrotrons and accelerators - Abstract
Large community of high-energy physicists share their data all around world making it necessary to ship a large number of files over wide- area networks. Regional disk caches such as the Southern California Petabyte Scale Cache have been deployed to reduce the data access latency. We observe that about 94% of the requested data volume were served from this cache, without remote transfers, between Sep. 2022 and July 2023. In this paper, we show the predictability of the resource utilization by exploring the trends of recent cache usage. The time series based prediction is made with a machine learning approach and the prediction errors are small relative to the variation in the input data. This work would help understanding the characteristics of the resource utilization and plan for additional deployments of caches in the future.
- Published
- 2024
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