Search

Your search keyword '"Nawal K"' showing total 889 results
Start Over Author "Nawal K"

Refine your results

more »

more »

more »

more »

more »
889 results on '"Nawal K"'

201. Co-designing of Patient Safety Incident Disclosure Process in Primary Healthcare System in Qatar

Author

Nawal Khattabi, Reena Francis, Reem Abdul Malik, Amal Al Ali, and Mariam Abdul Malik

Subjects
disclosure, patient safety incident, patient-centered care, patient engagement, consumer engagement, patient experience, patient satisfaction, Medicine (General), R5-920, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

The importance of disclosing a patient safety incident to the patient involved is recognized. In Qatar, there is no legal requirement for disclosure. The primary health care system in Qatar includes 30 health centers located around the country, managed by the Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC). Over 63 nationalities of staff deliver care in the health centers, many coming from countries where a disclosure policy is not implemented, and staff would be reluctant to disclose an incident to a patient for fear of reprimand. Many patients who receive care in the health centers come from countries where the health system culture is not open and transparent with patients. PHCC seeks accreditation of the health centers by Accreditation Canada, which has a required organizational practice of disclosure of patient safety incidents. To maintain accreditation, and consistent with PHCC’s strategy to deliver patient and family-centered care, PHCC needed to develop and implement a disclosure policy and process. The policy and process were co-designed by clinical staff working in the health centers and patients, through a focus group and individual interviews. The resulting policy and process focused on communicating disclosure quickly by a multidisciplinary team, providing for quick access to healthcare services by the patient, and fully documenting the disclosure, using a newly developed electronic record. Staff training, coordination with incident reporting and analysis, and ongoing evaluation were key stages of the implementation. The disclosure process has been in place for five years, with only positive feedback from patients and no legal implications.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

203. Interaction of Alpha-Crystallin with Four Major Phospholipids of Eye Lens Membranes

Author

Laxman Mainali, Raju Timsina, Nawal K. Khadka, and David Maldonado

Subjects
Phosphatidylethanolamine, Cell Membrane, Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy, Phosphatidylserine, Sensory Systems, eye diseases, Article, Hydrophobic effect, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Membrane, chemistry, Fiber cell, Phosphatidylcholine, Lens, Crystalline, Biophysics, Humans, sense organs, alpha-Crystallins, Sphingomyelin, Spin label, Phospholipids, Protein Binding
Abstract

It is well-studied that the significant factor in cataract formation is the association of α-crystallin, a major eye lens protein, with the fiber cell plasma membrane of the eye lens. The fiber cell plasma membrane of the eye lens consists of four major phospholipids (PLs), i.e., phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM). Despite several attempts to study the interaction of α-crystallin with PLs of the eye lens membrane, the role of individual PL for the binding with α-crystallin is still unclear. We recently developed the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-labeling method to study the binding of α-crystallin to the PC membrane (Mainali et al., 2020a). Here, we use the recently developed EPR method to explicitly measure the binding affinity (K(a)) of α-crystallin to the individual (PE*, PS, and SM) and two-component mixtures (SM/PE, SM/PS, and SM/PC in 70:30 and 50:50 mol%) of PL membranes as well as the physical properties (mobility parameter and maximum splitting) of these membranes upon binding with α-crystallin. One of the key findings of this study was that the K(a) of α-crystallin binding to individual PL membranes followed the trends: K(a)(PC) > K(a)(SM) > K(a)(PS) > K(a)(PE*), indicating PE* inhibits binding the most whereas PC inhibits binding the least. Also, the K(a) of α-crystallin binding to two-component mixtures of PL membranes followed the trends: K(a)(SM/PE) > K(a)(SM/PS) > K(a)(SM/PC), indicating SM/PC inhibits binding the most whereas SM/PE inhibits binding the least. Except for the PE* membrane, for which there was no binding of α-crystallin, the mobility parameter for all other membranes decreased with an increase in α-crystallin concentration. It represents that the membranes become more immobilized near the headgroup regions of the PLs when more and more α-crystallin binds to them. The maximum splitting increased only for the SM and the SM/PE (70:30 mol%) membranes, with an increase in the binding of α-crystallin. It represents that the PL headgroup regions of these membranes become more ordered after binding of α-crystallin to these membranes. Our results showed that α-crystallin binds to PL membranes in a saturable manner. Also, our data suggest that the binding of α-crystallin to PL membranes likely occurs through hydrophobic interaction between α-crystallin and the hydrophobic fatty acid core of the membranes, and such interaction is modulated by the PL headgroup’s size and charge, hydrogen bonding between headgroups, and PL curvature. Thus, this study provides an in-depth understanding of α-crystallin interaction with the PL membranes made of individual and two-component mixtures of the four major PLs of the eye lens membranes.

Published
2020

205. Strategic Airline Retailing and Solutions : From Offers to Fulfillment to Loyalty

Author

Nawal K. Taneja and Nawal K. Taneja

Subjects
Airlines--Management, Strategic planning
Abstract

While airlines have been looking into the next generation of retailing practices for several years, developments since the beginning of 2020 have accelerated the need to take retailing to a new paradigm. A singular focus now is the ever-changing demands of the current and next generation of customers and employees and managing their values. Examples of customer needs include a mobile-first approach, rich content, augmented and personalized end-to-end services with seamless, consistent, and contextualized experiences. While these concepts of retailing are not new, the challenge has been in bringing them to reality due to (a) the constraints of legacy systems and processes while transitioning to next-generation retailing systems, (b) the inaccessibility of real-time data coming from a wide variety of sources such as online shopping, social media, and operations, (c) the inability to monitor real-time behavior of customers and employees, (d) the lack of effective collaboration and cooperation within the travel ecosystem, and (e) the increasing lack of trust on the part of customers.This book provides a framework and technologies to convert retailing concepts—from shopping to fulfillment—into reality by (a) renovating an airline's core and ancillary products, (b) progressing faster on digital and organizational transformation journeys to make better data-based decisions about retailing, (c) getting better at managing customer value by knowing who the customers are, (d) empowering, supporting, and listening to employees to meet their expectations, (e) asking the right questions to solve complex retailing problems relating to customers, competitors, and stakeholders, and (f) questioning common-held beliefs about the airline business.This book is indispensable for all airline executives and senior managers, as well as airline and airport commercial managers. It will also be enormously beneficial for retailers dealing with airlines and airports.

Published
2023

206. Interleukin 1 beta and its association with the periodontal health of pregnant women

Author

Nawal K.B. El Hassan, MD and AbdelRahman M. Ramadan, PhD

Subjects
Interleukin-1 beta, Periodontal disease, Pregnancy, Sudan, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

المخلص: أهداف البحث: تم التخطيط للدراسة لقياس مستويات السيتوكين (آي إل-1) في الأمصال و ''جي سي إف'' للنساء الحوامل المصابات بإلتهاب اللثة ومقارنتها مع السيدات الحوامل المطابقات اللواتي لديهن دواعم صحية. النتائج: بالنسبة للتحليل الإحصائي، تم إجراء اختبارات ت لعينات مستقلة لتوزيع مستويات المصل و ''جي سي إف'' و آي إل-1 في مجموعات الدراسة والمراقبة. تم إجراء اختبار ارتباط بيرسون أيضا بين المعلمات اللثوية والمصل ومستويات ''جي سي إف'' آي أل-1 بيتا. تم تعيين القيمة ب عند ≤0.05 لجميع المقارنات. كانت هناك زيادة كبيرة في آي إل-1 بيتا و ''جي سي إف'' لمجموعة الدراسة. أيضا، كان هناك ارتباط إيجابي كبير بين مستويات آي أل-1 بيتا العالية ومستويات جيوب اللثة و فقدان التعلق السريري في ''جي سي إف'' لمجموعة الدراسة. الاستنتاجات: تقدم الدراسة أدلة إضافية لدعم الفرضية القائلة بأن التهاب اللثة، الذي يتم قياسه من خلال فحص جيوب اللثة وفقدان التعلق السريري، يمكن أن يؤدي إلى زيادة مستويات آي إل-1 بيتا في السائل اللثوي العنقي للنساء الحوامل المصابات بأمراض اللثة النشطة أثناء الحمل. يمكن أن يؤدي هذا إلى الانتقال العابر للكائنات الفموية إلى مركب الرحم والمشيمة، مما قد يؤدي إلى الالتهاب أو الإجهاد التأكسدي في وقت مبكر من الحمل. في نهاية المطاف، يمكن أن يتسبب ذلك في تلف المشيمة ويؤدي إلى مقدمات الارتعاج والولادة المبكرة وانخفاض الوزن عند الولادة. Abstract: Objectives: In this study, we measured and compared serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in pregnant women with periodontitis and pregnant women with a healthy periodontium. We also determined the prevalence of periodontitis among pregnant women attending Omdurman Midwifery Hospital. Materials: This was a hospital-based clinical study and laboratory investigation using ELISA tests of 80 pregnant women in the third trimester conducted at the Omdurman Midwifery Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. The study group consisted of 50 women while the control group consisted of 30 women. Results: Independent samples t-tests were used to compare serum and GCF levels of IL-1β between the study and control groups. Pearson's correlation analysis was also used to compare gingival parameters and IL-1β levels in the GCF. For each comparison, the p-value was fixed at 0.05. The GCF in the research group showed a considerable increase in IL-1β levels. There was also a strong positive association between high IL-1β levels in the research group's GCF and probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) levels. Conclusions: Our study provides further evidence that periodontitis, as measured by a PD ≥4 mm and a CAL ≥3 mm, is associated with an increased level of IL-1β in the GCF of pregnant women with active periodontal disease during pregnancy and may include the transient translocation of oral organisms to the utero-placental unit, inciting placental inflammation or oxidative stress early in pregnancy, ultimately resulting in placental damage and clinical manifestations.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

207. Clinically significant germline pathogenic variants are missed by tumor genomic sequencing

Author

Leigh Anne Stout, Cynthia Hunter, Courtney Schroeder, Nawal Kassem, and Bryan P. Schneider

Subjects
Medicine, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Abstract A germline pathogenic variant may be present even if the results of tumor genomic sequencing do not suggest one. There are key differences in the assay design and reporting of variants between germline and somatic laboratories. When appropriate, both tests should be completed to aid in therapy decisions and determining optimal screening and risk-reduction interventions.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

212. Correction: Utilization of a Pt(ii) di-yne chromophore incorporating a 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl spacer as a chelate to synthesize a green and red emitting d–f–d heterotrinuclear complex

Author

Al-Busaidi, Idris Juma, primary, Ilmi, Rashid, additional, Dutra, José D. L., additional, Oliveira, Willyan F., additional, Haque, Ashanul, additional, Al Rasbi, Nawal K., additional, Marken, Frank, additional, Raithby, Paul R., additional, and Khan, Muhammad S., additional

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

213. Utilization of a Pt(ii) di-yne chromophore incorporating a 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diyl spacer as a chelate to synthesize a green and red emitting d–f–d heterotrinuclear complex

Author

Al-Busaidi, Idris Juma, primary, Ilmi, Rashid, additional, Dutra, José D. L., additional, Oliveira, Willyan F., additional, Haque, Ashanul, additional, Al Rasbi, Nawal K., additional, Marken, Frank, additional, Raithby, Paul R., additional, and Khan, Muhammad S., additional

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

221. Dicopper(I) Complexes Incorporating Acetylide-Functionalized Pyridinyl-Based Ligands: Synthesis, Structural, and Photovoltaic Studies

Author

Paul R. Raithby, Mohammed K. Al-Suti, Nawal K. Al-Rasbi, Shahidul M. Islam, Maharaja Jayapal, Wenjun Wu, Muhammad S. Khan, Rayya A. Al-Balushi, Chenghao Xin, Frank Marken, Idris Juma Al-Busaidi, Ashanul Haque, and Wai Yeung Wong

Subjects
copper compounds, Infrared spectroscopy, Sulfonic acid, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Terthiophene, Benzenesulfonic acid, Pyridine, Polymer chemistry, x-ray crystal structure, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Triphenylphosphine, chemistry.chemical_classification, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Acetylide, 0104 chemical sciences, Pyridynyl, Photovoltaic, Phosphine
Abstract

Heteroaryl incorporated acetylide-functionalized pyridinyl ligands (L1-L6) with the general formula Py-C≡C-Ar (Py = pyridine and Ar = thiophene-2-yl, 2,2' -bithiophene]-5-yl, 2,2' :5',2″ -terthiophene]-5-yl, thieno[2,3- b]thiophen-2-yl, quinoline-5-yl, benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-5-yl) have been synthesized by Pd(0)/Cu(I)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 4-ethynylpyridine and the respective heteroaryl halide. Ligands L1-L6 were isolated in respectable yields and characterized by microanalysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and ESI-MS mass spectrometry. A series of dinuclear Cu(I) complexes 1-10 have been synthesized by reacting L1-L6 with CuI and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) (R1) or with an anchored phosphine derivative, 4-(diphenylphosphino) benzoic acid (R2)/2-(diphenylphosphino)benzenesulfonic acid (R3), in a stoichiometric ratio. The complexes are soluble in common organic solvents and have been characterized by analytical, spectroscopic, and computational methods. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis confirmed rhomboid dimeric structures for complexes 1, 2, 4, and 5, and a polymeric structure for 6. Complexes 1-6 showed oxidation potential responses close to 0.9 V vs Fc0/+, which were chemically irreversible and are likely to be associated with multiple steps and core oxidation. Preliminary photovoltaic (PV) results of these new materials indicated moderate power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the range of 0.15-1.56% in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The highest PCE was achieved with complex 10 bearing the sulfonic acid anchoring functionality.

Published
2018

222. Synthesis and crystal structure of an M 4 L 6 tetrahedral cage with outward-facing pockets from a substituted pyrazolyl–pyridine ligand

Author

Nawal K. Al Rasbi and Michael D. Ward

Subjects
Ligand, Supramolecular chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Crystal structure, 010402 general chemistry, 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Ring (chemistry), 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, Perchlorate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, chemistry, Pyridine, Materials Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Acetonitrile, Cobalt
Abstract

The self-assembly of metal–polydentate ligands to give supramolecular tetrahedral complexes is of considerable current interest. A new ligand, 4-benzyl-2-[1-(2-{[3-(4-benzylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl}benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]pyridine (L), with chelating pyrazolyl–pyridine units substituted on the 4-position of the pyridyl ring with benzyl units, has been synthesized and fully characterized. The self-assembly of L with cobalt(II) gave rise to a tetrahedral cage (hexakis{μ-4-benzyl-2-[1-(2-{[3-(4-benzylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl}benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]pyridine}perchloratotetracobalt(II) octakis(perchlorate) acetonitrile undecasolvate, [Co4(ClO4)(C38H32N6)6](ClO4)7·11CH3CN) with approximate T symmetry. The X-ray crystal structure of the cage, i.e. [Co4 L 6\subsetClO4](ClO4)7, shows that the substituted benzyl groups are oriented away from the centres of their respective ligands towards the CoII vertices, making small outward-facing pockets from three benzyl rings at the corners of the tetrahedron.

Published
2018

223. Specificities of acetoxy derivatives of coumarins, biscoumarins, chromones, flavones, isoflavones and xanthones for acetoxy drug: Protein transacetylase

Author

Kumar, Ajit, Singh, Brajendra K., Sharma, Nawal K., Gyanda, Kapil, Jain, Sapan K., Tyagi, Yogesh K., Baghel, Anil S., Pandey, Mukesh, Sharma, Sunil K., Prasad, Ashok K., Jain, Subhash C., Rastogi, Ramesh C., Raj, Hanumantharao G., Watterson, Arthur C., Van der Eycken, Erik, and Parmar, Virinder S.

Published
2007
Full Text
View/download PDF

224. Synthesis and coordination chemistry of boron-functionalized poly(pyrazolylpyridyl)borate with Ln(III) metals

Author

Michael D. Ward and Nawal K. Al-Rasbi

Subjects
Lanthanide, chemistry.chemical_classification, crystal structure, Chemistry, Ligand, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Crystal structure, europium(III), 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, terbium(III), 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Coordination complex, Crystallography, Excited state, emission, Isostructural, Triplet state, 0210 nano-technology, Boron, lcsh:Science (General), lcsh:Q1-390
Abstract

A new family of lanthanide/boron-based complexes have been synthesized from the novel substituted poly(pyrazolylpyridyl)borate ligand containing phenyl substituents on the boron atom Ph 2 Bp py ( L ). The complexes have been fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The single crystal X-ray structure and mass spectroscopy reveal the isostructural dinuclear complexes: [Ln 2 ( L ) 2 (NO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ] where Ln = Eu, Gd or Tb. Upon excitation of the Ln(III) complexes in DCM, their luminescence spectra display narrow f–f transitions. It is found that the ligand can efficiently sensitize the Tb(III) complex because of the better triplet state energy match to the Tb(III)– 5 D 0 excited states.

Published
2018

225. Novel synthesis of 2-naphthol Mannich bases and their NMR behaviour

Author

Jha, Amitabh, Paul, Nawal K., Trikha, Smriti, and Cameron, T. Stanley

Subjects
Nuclear magnetic resonance -- Analysis, X-ray crystallography -- Analysis, Chemistry, Analysis
Abstract

Abstract: A novel two-step procedure involving the formation of 1-arylidene-2-tetralones from 2-tetralone and subsequent Michael addition of a cyclic secondary amine on the alkenone followed by in situ aerial oxidation [...]

Published
2006

229. Airimagination : Extending the Airline Business Boundaries

Author

Nawal K. Taneja and Nawal K. Taneja

Subjects
Airlines--Management
Abstract

Unprecedented social changes, accelerated by facilitating technologies and the COVID-19 pandemic, are calling for airlines to think deeply and non-conventionally on what will be important to existing and new travelers, as they change their lifestyles. New thinking requires airlines to extend the boundaries of their businesses to go beyond their traditional domains. This need goes beyond the renovation and iteration of conventional products to the transformation of products requiring new ideas and ways to scale them. Examples include the development of cost-effective urban air mobility, intermodal passenger transportation, door-to-door travel that is sustainable, and personalized offers. Airimagination: Extending the Airline Business Boundaries raises some thought-provoking questions and provides a direction for practical solutions. For example, what if airlines developed products and services that finally meet end-to-end needs of customers seamlessly by collaborating in the value-adding open ecosystems, using platforms that facilitate effective engagement with both'digital and nondigital'customers and employees in real time and at each touch point? Ironically, the current time is an advantage for some airlines as they already have had to deal with a deep and wide disruption caused by the pandemic, leading operations to start from ground zero. This book, the latest in a long and well-regarded series by Nawal K. Taneja, explores innovative best practices within the airline business world, complemented by numerous insightful perspectives contained in multiple forewords and thought leadership pieces. This book is aimed primarily at high-level practitioners within the airline industry and related businesses.

Published
2022

233. Mechanical properties of the high cholesterol-containing membrane: An AFM study

Author

Laxman Mainali, Raju Timsina, Erica L. Rowe, Matthew O'Dell, and Nawal K. Khadka

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Lipid Bilayers, Biophysics, Microscopy, Atomic Force, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Article, High cholesterol, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Protein Domains, Phosphatidylcholine, Lens, Crystalline, polycyclic compounds, medicine, Surface roughness, Humans, Phospholipids, Chemistry, Cholesterol, Bilayer, Cell Membrane, technology, industry, and agriculture, Force spectroscopy, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, 0104 chemical sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Membrane, Fiber cell, Phosphatidylcholines, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins)
Abstract

Cholesterol (Chol) content in most cellular membranes does not exceed 50 mol%, only in the eye lens's fiber cell plasma membrane, its content surpasses 50 mol%. At this high concentration, Chol induces the formation of pure cholesterol bilayer domains (CBDs), which coexist with the surrounding phospholipid-cholesterol domain (PCD). Here, we applied atomic force microscopy to study the mechanical properties of Chol/phosphatidylcholine membranes where the Chol content was increased from 0 to 75 mol%, relevant to eye lens membranes. The surface roughness of the membrane decreases with an increase of Chol content until it reaches 60 mol%, and roughness increases with a further increment in Chol content. We propose that the increased roughness at higher Chol content results from the formation of CBDs. Force spectroscopy on the membrane with Chol content of 50 mol% or lesser exhibited single breakthrough events, whereas two distinct puncture events were observed for membranes with the Chol content greater than 50 mol%. We propose that the first puncture force corresponds to the membranes containing coexisting PCD and CBDs. In contrast, the second puncture force corresponds to the “CBD water pocket” formed due to coexisting CBDs and PCD. Membrane area compressibility modulus (KA) increases with an increase in Chol content until it reaches 60 mol%, and with further increment in Chol content, CBDs are formed, and KA starts to decrease. Our results report the increase in membrane roughness and decrease KA at very high Chol content (>60 mol%) relevant to the eye lens membrane.

Published
2021

234. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan M, Barber Zulfi, qar A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel C, Casey Fiona, J Charlson, Alan Zian, Chen Matthew, M Coates, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel J, Dicker Holly, E Erskine, Alize J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad H, Forouzanfar Maya, S Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W, Gething Ellen, M Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita A, Haagsma Simon, I Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine O, Johnson Nicholas, J Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe H, Kyu Heidi, J Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali H, Mokdad Meghan, D Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory A, Roth Joshua, A Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed J, D Sorensen, Jeff rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, VanderZanden, Stein Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede, Abera Daisy, M X, Abreu Laith, J Abu-Raddad, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola Lukman, Adelekan Zanfi, na Ademi, Arsène Kouablan, Adou José, C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri Oluremi, N Ajala, Ali Shafqat, Akanda Rufus, Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris Hasan, Al Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K, M Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri Robert, William Aldridge, Miguel Angel, Alegretti Alicia, V Aleman, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu Lily, T Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’a, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid A, Altirkawi Elena, Alvarez Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T, Amare Adeladza, Kofi Amegah, Emmanuel A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock Hjalte, H Andersen, Benjamin O, Anderson Gregory, M Anderson, Carl Abelardo, T Antonio, Atsede Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina S, Arsic Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel, G Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bell Aminu, K Bello, Derrick A, Bennett Isabela, M Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem Demtsu, Betsu Addisu, Shunu Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Aref A, Bin Abdulhak, Brian J, Biroscak, Stan, Biryukov, Espen, Bjertness, Jed D, Blore Christopher, D Blosser, Megan A, Bohensky, Rohan, Borschmann, Dipan, Bose, Rupert R, A Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Carol E, G Brayne, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas J, K Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Jerry D, Brewer, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brown, Traolach S, Brugha Geoff, rey Colin, Buckle Zahid, A Butt, Bianca, Calabria, Ismael Ricardo, Campos-Nonato Julio, Cesar Campuzano, Jonathan R, Carapetis, Rosario, Cárdenas, David O, Carpenter Juan, Jesus Carrero, Carlos A, Castañeda-Orjuela Jacqueline, Castillo Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Kelly, Cercy, Jorge, Cerda, Wanqing, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chisumpa Jee-Young, Jasmine Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas, Christopher Liliana, G Ciobanu, Cirillo Massimo, Aaron J, Cohen, Valentina, Colistro, Mercedes, Colomar, Samantha M, Colquhoun, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovis, Benjamin C, Cowie John, A Crump, James, Damsere-Derry, Hadi, Danawi, Rakhi, Dandona, Farah, Daoud, Sarah C, Darby Paul, I Dargan, José das, Neves, Gail, Davey, Adrian C, Davis Dragos, V Davitoiu, E Filipa, de Castro, Pieter de, Jager Diego, De Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Robert P, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Samath D, Dharmaratne Preet, K Dhillon, Cesar, Diaz-Torné, Eric L, Ding Kadine, Priscila Bender, dos Santos, Edem, Dossou, Tim R, Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan Richard, G Ellenbogen, Christian Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Aman Yesuf, Endries Sergey, Petrovich Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Imad D, A Faghmous, Saman, Fahimi, Emerito Jose, Aquino Faraon, Talha A, Farid Carla, Sofi a, e Sa, Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam S, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery L, Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jeff erson, G Fernandes, Joao C, Fernandes, Florian, Fischer, Joseph R, A Fitchett, Abraham, Flaxman, Nataliya, Foigt, F Gerry, R Fowkes, Elisabeth Barboza, Franca Richard, C Franklin, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Neal D, Futran Seana, L Gall, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Parthasarathi, Ganguly, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gankpé, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebrehiwot Amanuel, Tesfay Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay, Gebru Johanna, M Geleijnse, Bradford D, Gessner Aloke, Gopal Ghoshal, Katherine B, Gibney Richard, F Gillum, Stuart, Gilmour, Ababi Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, Elizabeth, Glaser, William W, Godwin, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer Vali, Gopalani Richard, A Gosselin, Carolyn C, Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe N, Gouda, Felix, Greaves, Harish Chander, Gugnani, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna A, Gutiérrez, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu Gessessew, Bugssa Hailu, Yara A, Halasa Randah, Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Jamie, Hancock, Alexis J, Handal Graeme, J Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda L, Harb, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep Maria, Haro, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Susan R, Heckbert Ileana, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Pouria, Heydarpour, Henk B, M Hilderink, Hans W, Hoek Robert, S Hogg, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H Dean, Hosgood Peter, J Hotez, Damian G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung Soe, Htet Maung, Maung Than, Htike, Guoqing, Hu, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, Laetitia, Huiart, Abdullatif, Husseini, Inge, Huybrechts, Grace, Huynh, Kim Moesgaard, Iburg, Kaire, Innos, Manami, Inoue, Veena J, Iyer Troy, A Jacobs, Kathryn H, Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B, Jakovljevic, Peter, James, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha P, Jayaraman Achala, Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Paul N, Jensen, Vivekanand, Jha, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Aida, Jimenez-Corona, Jost B, Jonas Tushar, Kant Joshi, Zubair, Kabir, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Surya, Kant, André, Karch, Corine Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Dimitris, Karletsos, Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Amir, Kasaeian, Marzieh, Katibeh, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne Françoise, Kayibanda Peter, Njenga Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew Haddon, Kemp Andre, Pascal Kengne, Andre, Keren, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan Nair, Kesavachandran Yousef, Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A, Khalil Abdur, Rahman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Sahil, Khera, Tawfi k, Ahmed Muthafer, Khoja, Christian, Kieling, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim Brett, M Kissela, Niranjan, Kissoon, Luke D, Knibbs Ann, Kristin Knudsen, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz A, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Norun Hjertager, Krog Barthelemy, Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk, Bicer Andreas, A Kudom, Ernst J, Kuipers Veena, S Kulkarni, G Anil, Kumar Gene, F Kwan, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lam Sinead, M Langan, Van C, Lansingh, Anders, Larsson, Dennis Odai, Laryea Asma, Abdul Latif, Alicia Elena, Beatriz Lawrynowicz, James, Leigh, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, M Patrice, Lindsay Steven, E Lipshultz, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon-Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo A, Lotufo Robyn, M Lucas, Raimundas, Lunevicius, Ronan A, Lyons, Stefan, Ma, Vasco Manuel, Pedro Machado, Mark T, Mackay Jennifer, H MacLachlan, Hassan Magdy, Abd El, Razek Mohammed, Magdy Abd, El Razek, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Wondimu Ayele, Ayele Manamo, John, Mandisarisa, Srikanth, Mangalam, Chabila C, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcenes, David Joel, Margolis Gerard, Robert Martin, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Melvin Barrientos, Marzan, Felix, Masiye, Amanda J, Mason-Jones, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulos, Bongani M, Mayosi Stephen, Theodore McGarvey, John J, McGrath, Martin, McKee, McMahon Peter, A Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man Mohan, Mehndiratta, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu B, Mekonnen Yohannes, Adama Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja Francis, Apolinary Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted R, Miller Mojde, Mirarefi n, Awoke, Misganaw, Charles N, Mock Karzan, Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi u, Mohammed, Viswanathan, Mohan, Glen Liddell, D Mola, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio Cesar, Montañez Hernandez, Pablo, Montero, Marcella, Montico, Thomas J, Montine, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Katherine, Morgan, Rintaro, Mori, Dariush Mozaff, arian Ulrich, O Mueller, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Satyanarayana Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul Imran, Musa Jean, B Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin S, Naidoo, Nitish, Naik, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Denis, Nash, Chakib, Nejjari, Subas, Neupane, Charles R, Newton John, N Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida Namnyak, Ngalesoni Jean, de Dieu, Ngirabega Quyen, Le Nguyen, Muhammad Imran, Nisar Patrick, Martial Nkamedjie, Pete, Marika, Nomura, Ole F, Norheim Paul, E Norman, Bo, Norrving, Luke, Nyakarahuka, Felix Akpojene, Ogbo, Takayoshi, Ohkubo, Foluke Adetola, Ojelabi Pedro, R Olivares, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya Jacob, Olusegun Olusanya, John Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Majdi, Osman, Erika, Ota, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, PA, Jeyaraj D, Pandian Puspa, Raj Pant, Christina, Papachristou, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Park, Charles D, Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Angel J, Paternina Caicedo, Scott B, Patten George, C Patton, Vinod K, Paul, Neil, Pearce, João Mário, Pedro Ljiljana, Pejin Stokic, Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudovs, Max, Petzold, Michael Robert, Phillips Frédéric, B Piel, Julian David, Pillay, Dietrich, Plass, James A, Platts-Mills, Suzanne, Polinder, C Arden, Pope, Svetlana, Popova, Richie G, Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Mostafa, Qorbani, Justice, Quame-Amaglo, D Alex, Quistberg, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rahman Rajesh, Kumar Rai, Zhale, Rajavi, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Ivo, Rakovac, Saleem M, Rana Chhabi, L Ranabhat, Thara, Rangaswamy, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Rao Amany, H Refaat, Jürgen, Rehm, Marissa B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge Resnikoff, Antonio L, Ribeiro, Stefano, Ricci, Maria Jesus, Rios Blancas, Bayard, Roberts, Anna, Roca, David, Rojas-Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Roy George, Mugambage Ruhago, Rajesh, Sagar, Sukanta, Saha, Ramesh, Sahathevan, Muhammad Muhammad, Saleh Juan, R Sanabria, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Niño, Lidia, Sanchez-Riera, Itamar S, Santos, Rodrigo, Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn, Sartorius, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Michael P, Schaub Maria, Inês Schmidt, Ione J, C Schneider, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta E, Schutte David, C Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf G, Sepanlou Edson, E Servan-Mori, Katya A, Shackelford, Gavin, Shaddick, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shen, Donald S, Shepard Kevin, N Sheth, Balakrishna P, Shetty, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Ivy, Shiue, Mark G, Shrime Inga, Dora Sigfusdottir, Donald H, Silberberg Diego, Augusto Santos, Silva Dayane, Gabriele Alves, Silveira Jonathan, I Silverberg, Edgar P, Simard, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh Jasvinder, A Singh, Om Prakash, Singh Prashant, Kumar Singh, Virendra, Singh, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Joan B, Soriano Luciano, A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Dan J, Stein Murray, B Stein, Saverio, Stranges, Konstantinos, Stroumpoulis, Bruno F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan L, Sykes Cassandra, E I, Szoeke, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Karen M, Tabb, Ken, Takahashi, Jukka S, Takala Roberto, Tchio Talongwa, Nikhil, Tandon, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh R, Taylor Braden, J Te, Ao Bemnet, Amare Tedla, Worku Mekonnen, Tefera Margreet, Ten Have, Abdullah Sulieman, Terkawi Fisaha, Haile Tesfay, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema Alan, J Thomson, Andrew L, Thorne-Lyman Amanda, G Thrift, George D, Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, David L, Tirschwell, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzis, Allen Towbin, Traebert Bach, Xuan Tran, Thomas, Truelsen, Ulises, Trujillo, Abera Kenay, Tura Emin, Murat Tuzcu, Uche S, Uchendu Kingsley, N Ukwaja, Eduardo A, Undurraga Olalekan, A Uthman, Rita Van, Dingenen Aaron, van Donkelaar, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana Maria, Nogales Vasconcelos, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Ramesh, Vidavalur, Lakshmi, Vijayakumar, Salvador, Villalpando, Francesco S, Violante Vasiliy, Victorovich Vlassov, Joseph A, Wagner Gregory, R Wagner, Mitchell T, Wallin, Linhong, Wang, David A, Watkins, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpass, Robert G, Weintraub, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Richard A, White, Tissa, Wijeratne, James D, Wilkinson Hywel, C Williams, Charles Shey, Wiysonge Solomon, Meseret Woldeyohannes, A Wolfe, Sungho, Won, John Q, Wong Anthony, D Woolf, Denis, Xavier, Qingyang, Xiao, Gelin, Xu, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yalew Lijing, L Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Henock Gebremedhin, Yebyo, Paul, Yip, Biruck Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Mustafa Z, Younis, Shicheng, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa El, Sayed Zaki, Faiez, Zannad, Diego E, Zavala, Hajo, Zeeb, Berihun M, Zeleke, Hao, Zhang, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonies, Liesl Joanna, Zuhlke, Theo, Vos, Alan D, Lopez Christopher, J L, Murray., Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan, M, Barber, Zulfi, Qar, A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel, C, Casey, Fiona, J, Charlson, Alan, Zian, Chen, Matthew, M, Coate, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel, J, Dicker, Holly, E, Erskine, Alize, J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad, H, Forouzanfar, Maya, S, Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter, W, Gething, Ellen, M, Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita, A, Haagsma, Simon, I, Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine, O, Johnson, Nichola, J, Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie, Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe, H, Kyu, Heidi, J, Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen, S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George, A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali, H, Mokdad, Meghan, D, Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David, M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory, A, Roth, Joshua, A, Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed, J, D, Sorensen, Jeff, Rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette, A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, Vanderzanden, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey, A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan, Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Daisy, M, X, Abreu, Laith, J, Abu-Raddad, Gebre, Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola, Lukman, Adelekan, Zanfi, Na, Ademi, Arsène, Kouablan, Adou, José, C, Adsuar, Kossivi, Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie, Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Oluremi, N, Ajala, Ali, Shafqat, Akanda, Rufu, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris, Hasan, Al, Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, K, M, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh, Fahed, Aldhahri, Robert, William, Aldridge, Miguel, Angel, Alegretti, Alicia, V, Aleman, Zewdie, Aderaw, Alemu, Lily, T, Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Elena, Alvarez, Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Adeladza, Kofi, Amegah, Emmanuel, A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen, Marc, Amrock, Hjalte, H, Andersen, Benjamin, O, Anderson, Gregory, M, Anderson, Carl, Abelardo, T, Antonio, Atsede, Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina, S, Arsic, Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana, Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide, Frinel, G, Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria, C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne, L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope, H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal, Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus, Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle, L, Bell, Aminu, K, Bello, Derrick, A, Bennett, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem, Demtsu, Betsu, Addisu, Shunu, Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Aref, A, Bin, Abdulhak, Brian, J, Biroscak, Stan, Biryukov, Espen, Bjertne, Jed, D, Blore, Christopher, D, Blosser, Megan, A, Bohensky, Rohan, Borschmann, Dipan, Bose, Rupert, R, A, Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Carol, E, G, Brayne, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, J, K, Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Jerry, D, Brewer, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brown, Traolach, S, Brugha, Geoff, Rey, Colin, Buckle, Zahid, A, Butt, Bianca, Calabria, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos-Nonato, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Jonathan, R, Carapetis, Rosario, Cárdena, David, O, Carpenter, Juan, Jesus, Carrero, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Riva, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Kelly, Cercy, Jorge, Cerda, Wanqing, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Peggy, Pei-Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma, Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed-Ochir, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee-Young, Jasmine, Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesuda, Christopher, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Aaron, J, Cohen, Valentina, Colistro, Mercedes, Colomar, Samantha, M, Colquhoun, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie, Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovi, Benjamin, C, Cowie, John, A, Crump, James, Damsere-Derry, Hadi, Danawi, Rakhi, Dandona, Farah, Daoud, Sarah, C, Darby, Paul, I, Dargan, José, Da, Neves, Gail, Davey, Adrian, C, Davis, Drago, V, Davitoiu, E, Filipa, De, Castro, Pieter, De, Jager, Diego, De, Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Robert, P, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Preet, K, Dhillon, Cesar, Diaz-Torné, Eric, L, Ding, Kadine, Priscila, Bender, Dos, Santo, Edem, Dossou, Tim, R, Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce, Bartholow, Duncan, Richard, G, Ellenbogen, Christian, Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Aman, Yesuf, Endries, Sergey, Petrovich, Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Imad, D, A, Faghmou, Saman, Fahimi, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, Talha, A, Farid, Carla, Sofi, A, E, Sa, Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam, S, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery, L, Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jeff, Erson, G, Fernande, Joao, C, Fernandes, Florian, Fischer, Joseph, R, A, Fitchett, Abraham, Flaxman, Nataliya, Foigt, F, Gerry, R, Fowke, Elisabeth, Barboza, Franca, Richard, C, Franklin, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Neal, D, Futran, Seana, L, Gall, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Parthasarathi, Ganguly, Fortuné, Gbètoho, Gankpé, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye, Tsewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Alemseged, Aregay, Gebru, Johanna, M, Geleijnse, Bradford, D, Gessner, Aloke, Gopal, Ghoshal, Katherine, B, Gibney, Richard, F, Gillum, Stuart, Gilmour, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, Elizabeth, Glaser, William, W, Godwin, Hector, Gomez-Dante, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Richard, A, Gosselin, Carolyn, C, Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe, N, Gouda, Felix, Greave, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna, A, Gutiérrez, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu, Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Yara, A, Halasa, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Jamie, Hancock, Alexis, J, Handal, Graeme, J, Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda, L, Harb, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep, Maria, Haro, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Susan, R, Heckbert, Ileana, Beatriz, Heredia-Pi, Pouria, Heydarpour, Henk, B, M, Hilderink, Hans, W, Hoek, Robert, S, Hogg, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H, Dean, Hosgood, Peter, J, Hotez, Damian, G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung, Soe, Htet, Maung, Maung, Than, Htike, Guoqing, Hu, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, Laetitia, Huiart, Abdullatif, Husseini, Inge, Huybrecht, Grace, Huynh, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Kaire, Inno, Manami, Inoue, Veena, J, Iyer, Troy, A, Jacob, Kathryn, H, Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo, B, Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha, P, Jayaraman, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Paul, N, Jensen, Vivekanand, Jha, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Aida, Jimenez-Corona, Jost, B, Jonas, Tushar, Kant, Joshi, Zubair, Kabir, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Surya, Kant, André, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Dimitris, Karletso, Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Amir, Kasaeian, Marzieh, Katibeh, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne, Françoise, Kayibanda, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew, Haddon, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Andre, Keren, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan, Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Ibrahim, A, Khalil, Abdur, Rahman, Khan, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Sahil, Khera, Tawfi, K, Ahmed, Muthafer, Khoja, Christian, Kieling, Daniel, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Brett, M, Kissela, Niranjan, Kissoon, Luke, D, Knibbs, Ann, Kristin, Knudsen, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek, A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, A, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Norun, Hjertager, Krog, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Andrea, A, Kudom, Ernst, J, Kuipers, Veena, S, Kulkarni, G, Anil, Kumar, Gene, F, Kwan, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer, O, Lam, Sinead, M, Langan, Van, C, Lansingh, Anders, Larsson, Dennis, Odai, Laryea, Asma, Abdul, Latif, Alicia, Elena, Beatriz, Lawrynowicz, James, Leigh, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, M, Patrice, Lindsay, Steven, E, Lipshultz, Patrick, Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon-Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo, A, Lotufo, Robyn, M, Luca, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Ronan, A, Lyons, Stefan, Ma, Vasco, Manuel, Pedro, Machado, Mark, T, Mackay, Jennifer, H, Maclachlan, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Wondimu, Ayele, Ayele, Manamo, John, Mandisarisa, Srikanth, Mangalam, Chabila, C, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcene, David, Joel, Margolis, Gerard, Robert, Martin, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Melvin, Barriento, Marzan, Felix, Masiye, Amanda, J, Mason-Jones, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulo, Bongani, M, Mayosi, Stephen, Theodore, Mcgarvey, John, J, Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Mcmahon, Peter, A, Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man, Mohan, Mehndiratta, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu, B, Mekonnen, Yohanne, Adama, Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad, A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, J, Meretoja, Franci, Apolinary, Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted, R, Miller, Mojde, Mirarefi, N, Awoke, Misganaw, Charles, N, Mock, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi, U, Mohammed, Viswanathan, Mohan, Glen, Liddell, D, Mola, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio, Cesar, Montañez, Hernandez, Pablo, Montero, Marcella, Montico, Thomas, J, Montine, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Katherine, Morgan, Rintaro, Mori, Dariush, Mozaff, Arian, Ulrich, O, Mueller, Gudlavalleti, Venkata, Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Jean, B, Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin, S, Naidoo, Nitish, Naik, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Denis, Nash, Chakib, Nejjari, Subas, Neupane, Charles, R, Newton, John, N, Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida, Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Jean, De, Dieu, Ngirabega, Quyen, Le, Nguyen, Muhammad, Imran, Nisar, Patrick, Martial, Nkamedjie, Pete, Marika, Nomura, Ole, F, Norheim, Paul, E, Norman, Bo, Norrving, Luke, Nyakarahuka, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, Takayoshi, Ohkubo, Foluke, Adetola, Ojelabi, Pedro, R, Olivare, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Majdi, Osman, Erika, Ota, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, Pa, Jeyaraj, D, Pandian, Puspa, Raj, Pant, Christina, Papachristou, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Park, Charles, D, Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Angel, J, Paternina, Caicedo, Scott, B, Patten, George, C, Patton, Vinod, K, Paul, Neil, Pearce, João, Mário, Pedro, Ljiljana, Pejin, Stokic, Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael, Robert, Phillips, Frédéric, B, Piel, Julian, David, Pillay, Dietrich, Pla, James, A, Platts-Mills, Suzanne, Polinder, C, Arden, Pope, Svetlana, Popova, Richie, G, Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Mostafa, Qorbani, Justice, Quame-Amaglo, D, Alex, Quistberg, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad, Hifz, Ur, Rahman, Sajjad, Ur, Rahman, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Zhale, Rajavi, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Ivo, Rakovac, Saleem, M, Rana, Chhabi, L, Ranabhat, Thara, Rangaswamy, Puja, Rao, Sowmya, R, Rao, Amany, H, Refaat, Jürgen, Rehm, Marissa, B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge, Resnikoff, Antonio, L, Ribeiro, Stefano, Ricci, Maria, Jesu, Rios, Blanca, Bayard, Robert, Anna, Roca, David, Rojas-Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal, K, Roy, George, Mugambage, Ruhago, Rajesh, Sagar, Sukanta, Saha, Ramesh, Sahathevan, Muhammad, Muhammad, Saleh, Juan, R, Sanabria, Maria, Dolore, Sanchez-Niño, Lidia, Sanchez-Riera, Itamar, S, Santos, Rodrigo, Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Michael, P, Schaub, Maria, Inês, Schmidt, Ione, J, C, Schneider, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta, E, Schutte, David, C, Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf, G, Sepanlou, Edson, E, Servan-Mori, Katya, A, Shackelford, Gavin, Shaddick, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shen, Donald, S, Shepard, Kevin, N, Sheth, Balakrishna, P, Shetty, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Ivy, Shiue, Mark, G, Shrime, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Donald, H, Silberberg, Diego, Augusto, Santo, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alve, Silveira, Jonathan, I, Silverberg, Edgar, P, Simard, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali, M, Singh, Jasvinder, A, Singh, Om, Prakash, Singh, Prashant, Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Joan, B, Soriano, Luciano, A, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, T, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Dan, J, Stein, Murray, B, Stein, Saverio, Strange, Konstantinos, Stroumpouli, Bruno, F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan, L, Sykes, Cassandra, E, I, Szoeke, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedo, Karen, M, Tabb, Ken, Takahashi, Jukka, S, Takala, Roberto, Tchio, Talongwa, Nikhil, Tandon, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh, R, Taylor, Braden, J, Te, Ao, Bemnet, Amare, Tedla, Worku, Mekonnen, Tefera, Margreet, Ten, Have, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Fisaha, Haile, Tesfay, Gizachew, Assefa, Tessema, Alan, J, Thomson, Andrew, L, Thorne-Lyman, Amanda, G, Thrift, George, D, Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, David, L, Tirschwell, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzi, Allen, Towbin, Traebert, Bach, Xuan, Tran, Thomas, Truelsen, Ulises, Trujillo, Abera, Kenay, Tura, Emin, Murat, Tuzcu, Uche, S, Uchendu, Kingsley, N, Ukwaja, Eduardo, A, Undurraga, Olalekan, A, Uthman, Rita, Van, Dingenen, Aaron, Van, Donkelaar, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana, Maria, Nogales, Vasconcelo, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Ramesh, Vidavalur, Lakshmi, Vijayakumar, Salvador, Villalpando, Francesco, S, Violante, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Joseph, A, Wagner, Gregory, R, Wagner, Mitchell, T, Wallin, Linhong, Wang, David, A, Watkins, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert, G, Weintraub, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Richard, A, White, Tissa, Wijeratne, James, D, Wilkinson, Hywel, C, William, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Solomon, Meseret, Woldeyohanne, A, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, John, Q, Wong, Anthony, D, Woolf, Denis, Xavier, Qingyang, Xiao, Gelin, Xu, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh, Zemene, Yalew, Lijing, L, Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Henock, Gebremedhin, Yebyo, Paul, Yip, Biruck, Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Mustafa, Z, Younis, Shicheng, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa, El, Sayed, Zaki, Faiez, Zannad, Diego, E, Zavala, Hajo, Zeeb, Berihun, M, Zeleke, Hao, Zhang, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonie, Liesl, Joanna, Zuhlke, Theo, Vo, Alan, D, Lopez, Christopher, J, L, Murra, Y., Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fraser, Maya S, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nichola, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Nari, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Vanderzanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M X, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Biroscak, Brian J, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Bohensky, Megan A, Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E G, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D, Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cohen, Aaron J, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damsere-Derry, Jame, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Davitoiu, Dragos V, de Castro, E Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gall, Seana L, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heckbert, Susan R, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B M, Hoek, Hans W, Hogg, Robert S, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Grace, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jonas, Jost B, Joshi, Tushar Kant, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kant, Surya, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karletsos, Dimitri, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissela, Brett M, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krog, Norun Hjertager, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leigh, Jame, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mackay, Mark T, Maclachlan, Jennifer H, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgarvey, Stephen Theodore, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mcmahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Paul E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pedro, João Mário, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi L, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shetty, Balakrishna P, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Have, Margreet Ten, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uthman, Olalekan A, Dingenen, Rita Van, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Xavier, Deni, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M, Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L

Subjects
VITAL-STATISTICS, INTEGRATED APPROACH, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, UNITED-STATES, Global Health, Communicable Disease, Communicable Diseases, cause of death, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Mortality, Medicine(all), Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, Medicine (all), EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, VERBAL AUTOPSY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2016

244. Airlines in a Post-Pandemic World : Preparing for Constant Turbulence Ahead

Author

Nawal K. Taneja and Nawal K. Taneja

Subjects
Aeronautics, Commercial, Airlines--Management, Disasters--Economic aspects, COVID-19 (Disease)--Economic aspects
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic represents an extraordinary inflection point that caught airlines worldwide unprepared, causing CEOs to recalibrate their business models. This book explains why this unprecedented pandemic is different from the past disruptions experienced by the airline industry during the past 50 years, and what airlines and related businesses now can do to adapt to the dramatically changed marketplace.This book presents two future scenarios: continuous improvements and elastic supply. These are considered in three specific contexts for the rebuilding of the airline business. These contexts, in the order of urgency with respect to change from the status quo, are the following. The first context is for airlines to become better prepared to deal with frequent and deeper disruptions that could be localized or globalized relating to such areas as climate change, geopolitics, and cybersecurity. The second context is to collaborate and integrate within the much broader travel ecosystem, possibly using platforms to innovate on new value systems. The third context, which has always been the case and drives the first two, is for airlines to offer real solutions to people's travel needs, solutions developed with imagination and turbocharged innovation, even as we contemplate new technology airplanes and mobility as a service solutions.This book is recommended reading for all senior-level practitioners of airlines and related businesses, as well as aviation policy makers worldwide.

Published
2021

245. Circulating Microrna-22 As a Biomarker Related to Oxidative Stress in Hyperthyroid Women Patient

Author

Zahraa Mohammed Ali Abd and Nawal Khinteel Jabbar

Subjects
hyperthyroid, oxidative stress, mirna-22, Medicine
Abstract

Background Recent studies have connected microribonucleic acid (miRNA) to several illnesses as a stimulant or inhibitor. Oxidative stress and thyroid diseases are connected to miRNA-22. The underlying pro- cesses remain unknown. In this study, hyperthyroid women’s miRNA-22 expression is linked to oxidative stress. Materials and Methods 40 women suffering from hyperthyroidism and 40 in this study, healthy volunteers who served as controls were in- cluded. The levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were mea- sured by sandwich assay, While the competitive binding immunoenzymatic assay was used to determine the levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (T4). To assess lipid profiles, an automated analyzer was em- ployed. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), (MDA) malondialdehyde, and levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) assessed using a colorimetric tech- nique. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of serum miRNA-22. Results Non-significantly increase SOD and significantly increase CAT activity were identified in patient groups than in the control group (P

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

247. Cholesterol and cholesterol bilayer domains inhibit binding of alpha-crystallin to the membranes made of the major phospholipids of eye lens fiber cell plasma membranes

Author

Raju Timsina, Geraline Trossi-Torres, Laxman Mainali, Nawal K. Khadka, and Matthew O'Dell

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Lipid Bilayers, Article, Cataract, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Phosphatidylcholine, Lens, Crystalline, polycyclic compounds, Humans, alpha-Crystallins, Phospholipids, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Cholesterol, Phosphatidylethanolamines, Bilayer, Cell Membrane, Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy, technology, industry, and agriculture, Phosphatidylserine, eye diseases, Sensory Systems, Ophthalmology, 030104 developmental biology, Membrane, chemistry, Fiber cell, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Biophysics, Spin Labels, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), sense organs, Sphingomyelin, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Abstract

The concentration of α-crystallin decreases in the eye lens cytoplasm, with a corresponding increase in membrane-bound α-crystallin during cataract formation. The eye lens's fiber cell plasma membrane consists of extremely high cholesterol (Chol) content, forming cholesterol bilayer domains (CBDs) within the membrane. The role of high Chol content in the lens membrane is unclear. Here, we applied the continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spin-labeling method to probe the role of Chol and CBDs on α-crystallin binding to membranes made of four major phospholipids (PLs) of the eye lens, i.e., phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) of PC, SM*, and PS with 0, 23, 33, 50, and 60 mol% Chol and PE* with 0, 9, and 33 mol% Chol were prepared using the rapid solvent exchange method followed by probe-tip sonication. The 1 mol% CSL spin-labels used during SUVs preparation distribute uniformly within the Chol/PL membrane, enabling the investigation of Chol and CBDs' role on α-crystallin binding to the membrane. For PC, SM*, and PS membranes, the binding affinity (Ka) and the maximum percentage of membrane surface occupied (MMSO) by α-crystallin decreased with an increase in Chol concentration. The Ka and MMSO became zero at 50 mol% Chol for PC and 60 mol% Chol for SM* membranes, representing that complete inhibition of α-crystallin binding was possible before the formation of CBDs within the PC membrane but only after the formation of CBDs within the SM* membrane. The Ka and MMSO did not reach zero even at 60 mol% Chol in the PS membrane, representing CBDs at this Chol concentration were not sufficient for complete inhibition of α-crystallin binding to the PS membrane. Both the Ka and MMSO were zero at 0, 9, and 33 mol% Chol in the PE* membrane, representing no binding of α-crystallin to the PE* membrane with and without Chol. The mobility parameter profiles decreased with an increase in α-crystallin binding to the membranes; however, the decrease was more pronounced for the membrane with lower Chol concentration. These results imply that the membranes become more immobilized near the headgroup regions with an increase in α-crystallin binding; however, the Chol antagonizes the capacity of α-crystallin to decrease the mobility near the headgroup regions of the membranes. The maximum splitting profiles remained the same with an increase in α-crystallin concentration, but there was an increase in the maximum splitting with an increase in the Chol concentration in the membranes. It implies that membrane order near the headgroup regions does not change with an increase in α-crystallin concentration but increases with an increase in Chol concentration in the membrane. Based on our data, we hypothesize that the Chol and CBDs decrease hydrophobicity (increase polarity) near the membrane surface, inhibiting the hydrophobic binding of α-crystallin to the membranes. Thus, our data suggest that Chol and CBDs play a positive physiological role by preventing α-crystallin binding to lens membranes and possibly protecting against cataract formation and progression.

Published
2021

248. A Comparison of Orthometric Heights Calculated from (GPS/Leveling) and (EGM08) Methods Based–GIS

Author

Neran Saleh leaby Saray and Nawal K. Ghazal

Subjects
History, Levelling, business.industry, Elevation, Geodetic datum, Geodesy, Computer Science Applications, Education, Gravitational field, Geoid, Orthometric height, Global Positioning System, Satellite, business, Geology
Abstract

Interest in the study of global gravitational models has increased recently all over the world because it is necessary for height datum transformations. Today the International Center for Global Earth Models (ICGEM) provides the largest collection in the world produced through gravitational data from the gravitational satellite’s missions CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE … Etc. To allow easy access through the internet with its more intelligent technologies, it is one of the International Gravity Organization’s services. While the Global Positioning System (GPS) has become one of the most preferred technologies in engineering surveying, a major dilemma in GPS survey lies in oval-based elevations. At the same time, orthometric heights are commonly used in the engineering field. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the measured heights by satellites assigned to the elliptical surface into orthometric heights and supported to the geoid surface (mean sea level) through an accurate geodetic model. The differences between orthometric measurement heights from DGPS/leveling data (obtained from 57 points in the study area) are increasingly used by professionals geographical information systems(GIS). However, the local determination of Geoid is necessary for better accuracy of the orthometric height from DGPS. This paper aims to introduce a modern technique for determining elevation, avoiding cumbersome and time-consuming spirit leveling operations. Fast vertical positioning can be obtained using DGPS with geoid models. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is ± 0.19 m with high precision of DGPS derived with EGM08; thus, the more it describes the Earth’s gravitational field in more detail.

Published
2021

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results