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In the present paper we prove that for any 0

The main aim of this paper is to prove that the Nörlund logarithmic means tnkf of one-dimensional Walsh-Kaczmarz-Fourier series is weak type (1,1), and this fact implies that tnkf converges in measure on I for every function f ∈ L(I) and tn,mkf converges in measure on I2 for every function f ∈ Lln+ L(I2): Moreover, the maximal Orlich space such that Nörlund logarithmic means of two-dimensional Walsh-Kaczmarz-Fourier series for the functions from this space converge in two-dimensional measure is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An Agreement of Cooperation was concluded in 2008 on the setting up of an Energy Security Centre amongst the Hungarian Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Economy and Transport, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Office for Research and Technology and the Prime Minister''s Office. This paper summarizes the findings for the setting up of the Centre and creating the necessary conditions required for its operation. The main idea is that qualitatively new conditions to facilitate effective problem solving to meet the demands of mankind for energy are needed. The key part of this work is the creation of the structures of a global problem solving network. It will function as a network of energy security knowledge centres (KC). A number of KC with different specialisation will be built on these structures, resulting in a global network with new synergies, which will in return foster the development of new capabilities and the emergence of new way of thinking. The paper discusses the results related to the application of a global approach to energy security and points out the necessity of regarding energy security and environmental protection as integral parts of the system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the misrepresentation of the 1956 Revolution's history that was presented in the school textbooks published in Hungary from 1950s to 1980s. It relates that during the Janos Kádár communists dictatorship, an all-out brainwashing campaign was initiated on the lies that the Revolution was a counterrevolution and that the restored dictatorship and police state was a legitimate government representing the will of the people's democracy. It mentions that during the regime vast numbers of pamphlets, books and articles were published detailing the propaganda for decades, while complete censorship enforced an absolute prohibition of any public reference to factual alternative interpretation, definition, question or idea about the Revolution.

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii are important nosocomial pathogens with wide intrinsic resistance. However, due to the dissemination of the acquired resistance mechanisms, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) production, multidrug resistant strains have been isolated more often. Case presentation: We report a case of a Hungarian tourist, who was initially hospitalized in Egypt and later transferred to Hungary. On the day of admission PER-1-producing P. aeruginosa, PER-1 producing A. baumannii, SHV-5-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and VIM-2-producing P. aeruginosa isolates were subcultured from the patient's samples in Hungary. Comparing the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of the P. aeruginosa strains from the patient to the P. aeruginosa strains occurring in this hospital, we can state that the PER-1 -producing P. aeruginosa and VIM-2-producing P. aeruginosa had external origin. Conclusion: This is the first report of PER-1-producing P. aeruginosa,and PER-1 -producing A. baumanii strains in Hungary. This case highlights the importance of spreading of the beta-lactamase-mediated resistance mechanisms between countries and continents, showing the importance of careful screening and the isolation of patients arriving from a different country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let $G_p$ be the $p$-series field. In this paper we prove the a.e. convergence $\sigma_n f\to f$ $(n\to \infty)$ for an integrable function $f\in L^1(G_p)$, where $\sigma_nf$ is the $n$th $(C,1)$ mean of $f$ with respect to the character system in the Kaczmarz rearrangement. We define the maximal operator $\sigma^* $ by $\sigma^*f := \sup_n|\sigma_nf|$. We prove that $\sigma^*$ is of type $(q,q)$ for all $1

Transient elementary currents, bumps, stimulated by short dim light flashes were measured in ventral nerve photoreceptors of Limulus. It is demonstrated that light activates two types of bumps, which form two distinct components of the receptor current at higher light intensities. The two bump types, which are both assumed to be activated by single absorbed photons, differ in current amplitude and kinetic parameters. The current amplitude of one bump type is smaller than 0.3 nA and that of the other type is in the usual current range of up to several nanoamperes. The average latency of small bumps measured from the short stimulus flash is shorter than that of the large bumps. The small bumps have slower activation kinetics than the large bumps. It is demonstrated that with increasing flash intensity the small bumps overlap first and form a macroscopic current, on top of which the large bumps are superimposed. Results indicate that a single absorbed photon selectively activates only one kind of the enzyme cascades evoking one bump type. We conclude that the active meta conformation of a rhodopsin molecule selectively binds a specific type of G-protein, which is involved in the stimulation of one of the transduction cascades. The two bump types, which are the elements of two macroscopic current components support the previous assumption that light activates different transduction mechanisms in Limulus photoreceptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which examines the determination of a blaVIM-4 gene in the Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 clone and in a Klebsiella oxytoca strain in Hungary. The VIM-type metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) have been seen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. worldwide. In Hungry, a CTX-M-15-producing epidemic clone was found. The author emphasizes the importance of epidemiology to the study of the dynamics of VIM-producing strains.

The globally threatened Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca has been one of the flagship species of Hungarian bird conservation efforts since the 1980s. Due to these conservation activities and positive land-use changes during the last 2 decades, the Hungarian Imperial Eagle population increased from as few as approximately 20 pairs in the early 1980s to 81 pairs by 2006. Between 2002 and 2005 as part of a LIFE-Nature project, MME/Birdlife Hungary carried out particularly intensive monitoring, conservation, research, and public awareness actions. The main goal of the project was to secure the long-term sustainable increase in the Imperial Eagle population after Hungary's European Union accession in 2004. New methods were developed and applied to census and monitor the breeding and wintering population sizes. Standardized baseline land-use mapping and surveys were introduced to detect long-term land-use and prey density changes in priority areas for Imperial Eagles and to monitor the effects of key mortality factors, such as electrocution. Historical information and data gathered before and during the project period were assimilated using a Geographic Information System and incorporated into a comprehensive set of Imperial Eagle Management Guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline of farmland and grassland biodiversity is one the major conservation concerns nowadays. The European roller is a secondary cavity nester species typically inhabiting grasslands and farmlands. It has suffered large declines both in size and range of the population since the 1960s, but this negative trend has been reversed in several countries by applying direct conservation actions. As part of this study we aimed to evaluate the current habitat suitability of the historical breeding area of the species within Hungary, to promote the recolonization and the enlargement of the breeding range in the Carpathian Basin, and to evaluate the potential significance of the Natura 2000 network in this process. We applied species distribution modelling (SDM) based on nest-box occupancy data to map potential areas for nest-box supplementation. Grasslands, broad-leaved forests and agricultural sites with significant areas of natural vegetation were found to be the most important predictors. The majority (71%) of the predicted area has no occupied nest-boxes. A significantly larger proportion of grid cells with archive data still preserve suitable land cover composition for rollers, than cells where former breeding was not confirmed, and only a small proportion of former breeding area has become completely unsuitable for the species. Our results indicate large overlaps between the Natura 2000 network and the predicted area, of which 28.3% overlaps with Special Protection Area (SPA) sites and 23.8% with Special Area of Conservation (SAC/SCI) sites. Our study highlights the importance of promoting the recolonization of the European roller in the Transdanubian region of Hungary and provides a useful tool for direct conservation planning for the species. Our results also suggest that a coordinated network of protected areas such as Natura 2000 can potentially serve as core areas in the recolonization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations on the impact of genetic factors on the development of obesity have been limited regarding the Roma population—the largest and most vulnerable ethnic minority in Europe of Asian origin. Genetic variants identified from genetic association studies are primarily from European populations. With that in mind, we investigated the applicability of data on selected obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), obtained from the Hungarian general (HG) population of European origin, on the Hungarian Roma (HR) population. Twenty preselected SNPs in susceptible alleles, known to be significantly associated with obesity-related phenotypes, were used to estimate the effect of these SNPs on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in HG (N = 1783) and HR (N = 1225) populations. Single SNP associations were tested using linear and logistic regression models, adjusted for known covariates. Out of 20 SNPs, four located in FTO (rs1121980, rs1558902, rs9939609, and rs9941349) showed strong association with BMI and WC as continuous variables in both samples. Computations based on Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation's (IDF) European and Asian criteria showed rs9941349 in FTO to be associated only with WC among both populations, and two SNPs (rs2867125, rs6548238) in TMEM18 associated with WC only in HG population. A substantial difference (both in direction and effect size) was observed only in the case of rs1801282 in PPARγ on WC as a continuous outcome. Findings suggest that genetic risk scores based on counting SNPs with relatively high effect sizes, defined based on populations with European ancestry, can sufficiently allow estimation of genetic susceptibility for Roma. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of SNP(s) with protective effect(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are exposed to complex chemical mixtures, such as pesticides. Although the need for the assessment of health and environmental hazards deriving from the interactions between various substances found in commercial pesticide formulations is becoming increasingly recognized, the approval of pesticide products is still mostly limited to determining the toxicity of the individual ingredients ignoring the possible combined effects in mixtures. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature of in vitro and in vivo studies that simultaneously examine the toxicity of pesticide product formulations and their declared active ingredients to compare their toxicity to human health and to the environment. Two electronic databases were searched for studies that assessed the health effects of active pesticide ingredients and their product formulations. The literature search was performed with a combination of the following terms: "pesticide", "formulation", "commercial product", "commercial pesticide" and "health". After screening by predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality and reliability assessment of eligible publications was conducted by use of the ToxRTool. Two investigators independently screened the identified publications and extracted results from eligible studies. Our search yielded 36 toxicity studies; 23 studies investigated herbicides, 15 examined insecticides and 4 focused on fungicides. Twenty-four studies reported increased toxicity of the product formulations versus their active ingredients, which, in most cases, were attributed to the presence of adjuvants in the formulations. A significant number (n = 10) of studies focused on the comparative testing of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides, and six of them concluded that Roundup, the dominant product formulation of glyphosate, is more toxic than the active ingredient alone. We identified only 8 studies demonstrating reduced toxicity of product formulations in relation to the active ingredient that might be due to a potential antagonistic effect between the constituents. The results of this review demonstrate the inadequacy of current EU testing requirements for assessing the health hazards of pesticide product formulations based mainly on the evaluation of the individual ingredients and of at least one representative use and formulation. Ignoring the possible risks deriving from the interaction between the active and other ingredients of various commercial pesticide product formulations might result in the misinterpretation of its toxicological profile. At EU level efforts are currently made to address this issue. In this context, we recommend that all product formulations should be fully assessed during the authorization process. • Several pesticide product formulations have different toxicities than their active ingredients. • Interactions of ingredients in pesticide product formulations should not be ignored. • Formulations should be fully assessed in the pesticide pre-market evaluation process. • Post-market vigilance systems should be used to monitor real-life impacts of pesticide product formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate is the most heavily applied active compound of agricultural pesticides. It is solely used in more than 750 different glyphosate-based herbicide formulations (GBHs) that also contain other substances, mostly presumed as inert by regulatory agencies. The toxicity of formulations is currently assessed substance by substance, neglecting possible combined effects in mixtures and many of the findings regarding the toxic effects of glyphosate and GBHs to human cells are inconsistent. This is the first study to investigate and compare the cyto- and genotoxic potential of the active ingredient glyphosate and GBHs in human mononuclear white blood (HMWB) cells. HMWB cells were treated for 4 h at 37 °C with increasing concentrations (1–1000 μM) of glyphosate alone and in three GBHs (Roundup Mega, Fozat 480 and Glyfos) to test cytotoxic effect with fluorescent colabelling and genotoxic effect with comet assay. In addition, each concentration was tested with and without metabolic activation using human liver S9 fraction. We found that glyphosate alone does not induce significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity over the tested concentration range. Contrarily, GBHs induced statistically significant cell death from 250 μM (Roundup Mega and Glyfos) and 500 μM (Fozat 480), as well as statistically significant increase of DNA damage from 500 μM (Roundup Mega and Glyfos) and 750 μM (Fozat 480); however, the latter observation may not be explained by direct DNA injuries, rather due to the high level of cell death (>70%) exerted by the formulations. Metabolic activation significantly increased the DNA damage levels induced by Glyfos, but not of the other GBHs and of glyphosate. The differences observed in the toxic pattern of formulations and the active principle may be attributed to the higher cytotoxic activity of other ingredients in the formulations or to the interaction of them with the active ingredient glyphosate. Hence, further investigation of formulations is crucial for assessing the true health risks of occupational and environmental exposures. • Glyphosate alone did not induce significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. • Glyphosate based herbicide formulations substantially decreased cell viability and induced DNA damage. • The observed DNA damage can be due to the cell death exerted by the formulations. • Metabolic activation increased the genotoxicity of the Glyfos formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]