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219 results on '"NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)"'

201. Long-range transport of Saharan dust to northern Europe: The 11-16 October 2001 outbreak observed with EARLINET

Author: Ansmann, A., Bösenberg, J., Chiakovsky, A., Comerón, A., Eckhardt, S., Eixmann, R., Freudenthaler, V., Ginoux, P., Komguem, L., Linné, H., Lopez Marquez, M. Á, Volker Matthias, Mattis, I., Mitev, V., Müller, D., Music, S., Nickovic, S., Pelon, J., Sauvage, L., Sobolewsky, P., Srivastava, M. K., Stohl, A., Torres, O., Vaughan, G., Wandinger, U., Wiegner, M., Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics [Minsk], National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NASB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Leibniz-Institut für Atmosphärenphysik (IAP), Universität Rostock-Leibniz Association, Meteorologisches Institut München (MIM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Physics [Aberystwyth], Aberystwyth University, Observatoire Cantonal de Neuchâtel (OCN), Mathematisches Seminar [Kiel], Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (ICoD), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: mineral dust, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lidar network
Abstract: International audience; The spread of mineral particles over southwestern, western, and central Europe resulting from a strong Saharan dust outbreak in October 2001 was observed at 10 stations of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET). For the first time, an optically dense desert dust plume over Europe was characterized coherently with high vertical resolution on a continental scale. The main layer was located above the boundary layer (above 1-km height above sea level (asl)) up to 3–5-km height, and traces of dust particles reached heights of 7–8 km. The particle optical depth typically ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 above 1-km height asl at the wavelength of 532 nm, and maximum values close to 0.8 were found over northern Germany. The lidar observations are in qualitative agreement with values of optical depth derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data. Ten-day backward trajectories clearly indicated the Sahara as the source region of the particles and revealed that the dust layer observed, e.g., over Belsk, Poland, crossed the EARLINET site Aberystwyth, UK, and southern Scandinavia 24–48 hours before. Lidar-derived particle depolarization ratios, backscatter- and extinction-related Ångström exponents, and extinction-to-backscatter ratios mainly ranged from 15 to 25%, −0.5 to 0.5, and 40–80 sr, respectively, within the lofted dust plumes. A few atmospheric model calculations are presented showing the dust concentration over Europe. The simulations were found to be consistent with the network observations.
Published: 2003

202. TransCom 3 CO$_2$ inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information

Author: Lori Bruhwiler, Bernard Pak, Philippe Bousquet, Manuel Gloor, Philippe Ciais, Takashi Maki, Taro Takahashi, Eva Kowalczyk, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Peter Rayner, S. Taguchi, David Baker, A. Scott Denning, Inez Fung, Michael J. Prather, Kaz Higuchi, Yu Han Chen, Philippe Peylin, Song-Miao Fan, Martin Heimann, Kevin R. Gurney, Jasmin John, Shamil Maksyutov, Rachel M. Law, Chiu Wai Yuen, Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Department of Physics [Tokyo], Gakushuin University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of California [Irvine] (UCI)
Subjects: Convection, atmospheric chemistry, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, atmospheric transport, Cumulus Parameterization, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Sinks, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Flux (metallurgy), Tracer, TRACER, Boundary-Layer, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Atmospheric Co2, 14. Life underwater, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General-Circulation Model, source-sink dynamics, carbon dioxide, Biosphere, Inversion (meteorology), Scale, Surface, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Maxima, Simulation
Abstract: Spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations contain information about surface sources and sinks, which can be quantitatively interpreted through tracer transport inversion. Previous CO2 inversion calculations obtained differing results due to different data, methods and transport models used. To isolate the sources of uncertainty, we have conducted a set of annual mean inversion experiments in which 17 different transport models or model variants were used to calculate regional carbon sources and sinks from the same data with a standardized method. Simulated transport is a significant source of uncertainty in these calculations, particularly in the response to prescribed “background” fluxes due to fossil fuel combustion, a balanced terrestrial biosphere, and air–sea gas exchange. Individual model-estimated fluxes are often a direct reflection of their response to these background fluxes. Models that generate strong surface maxima near background exchange locations tend to require larger uptake near those locations. Models with weak surface maxima tend to have less uptake in those same regions but may infer small sources downwind. In some cases, individual model flux estimates cannot be analyzed through simple relationships to background flux responses but are likely due to local transport differences or particular responses at individual CO2 observing locations. The response to the background biosphere exchange generates the greatest variation in the estimated fluxes, particularly over land in the Northern Hemisphere. More observational data in the tropical regions may help in both lowering the uncertain tropical land flux uncertainties and constraining the northern land estimates because of compensation between these two broad regions in the inversion. More optimistically, examination of the model-mean retrieved fluxes indicates a general insensitivity to the prior fluxes and the prior flux uncertainties. Less uptake in the Southern Ocean than implied by oceanographic observations, and an evenly distributed northern land sink, remain in spite of changes in this aspect of the inversion setup.]DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00049.x
Published: 2003

203. Fresh air in the 21st century?

Author: Prather, M., Gauss, M., Berntsen, T., Isaksen, I., Sundet, J., Bey, I., Brasseur, G., Dentener, F., Derwent, R., Stevenson, D., Grenfell, L., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L., Jacob, D., Mickley, L., Mark Lawrence, Kuhlmann, R., Muller, J. -F, Pitari, G., Rogers, H., Johnson, M., Pyle, J., Law, K., Weele, M., Wild, O., Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department Geophysics [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Cambridge, USA] (EPS), Harvard University, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Dipartimento di Fisica [L'Aquila], Università degli Studi dell'Aquila = University of L'Aquila (UNIVAQ), Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Frontier Research System for Global Change (FRSGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Harvard University [Cambridge], and Università degli Studi dell'Aquila (UNIVAQ)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Ozone is an air quality problem today for much of the world's population. Regions can exceed the ozone air quality standards (AQS) through a combination of local emissions, meteorology favoring pollution episodes, and the clean-air baseline levels of ozone upon which pollution builds. The IPCC 2001 assessment studied a range of global emission scenarios and found that all but one projects increases in global tropospheric ozone during the 21st century. By 2030, near-surface increases over much of the northern hemisphere are estimated to be about 5 ppb (+2 to +7 ppb over the range of scenarios). By 2100 the two more extreme scenarios project baseline ozone increases of >20 ppb, while the other four scenarios give changes of -4 to +10 ppb. Even modest increases in the background abundance of tropospheric ozone might defeat current AQS strategies. The larger increases, however, would gravely threaten both urban and rural air quality over most of the northern hemisphere.
Published: 2003

204. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models

Author: A. S. Denning, James T. Randerson, Michael J. Prather, Philippe Peylin, Bernard Pak, Kenneth A. Masarie, Philippe Ciais, Yu-Hsin Chen, Lori Bruhwiler, Manuel Gloor, C.-W. Yuen, S. Taguchi, Takashi Maki, Song-Miao Fan, Peter Rayner, Martin Heimann, Kevin R. Gurney, Kaz Higuchi, Philippe Bousquet, Jasmin John, Rachel M. Law, Inez Fung, Shamil Maksyutov, Taro Takahashi, Jorge L. Sarmiento, David Baker, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, University of Washington [Seattle], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, School of Geography [Leeds], University of Leeds, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), and University of California (UC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Northern Hemisphere, Climate change, Carbon sink, chemistry.chemical_element, Inversion (meteorology), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Extratropical cyclone, Environmental science, Total Carbon Column Observing Network, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Carbon, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Information about regional carbon sources and sinks can be derived from variations in observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations via inverse modelling with atmospheric tracer transport models. A consensus has not yet been reached regarding the size and distribution of regional carbon fluxes obtained using this approach, partly owing to the use of several different atmospheric transport models1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Here we report estimates of surface–atmosphere CO2 fluxes from an intercomparison of atmospheric CO2 inversion models (the TransCom 3 project), which includes 16 transport models and model variants. We find an uptake of CO2 in the southern extratropical ocean less than that estimated from ocean measurements, a result that is not sensitive to transport models or methodological approaches. We also find a northern land carbon sink that is distributed relatively evenly among the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, but these results show some sensitivity to transport differences among models, especially in how they respond to seasonal terrestrial exchange of CO2. Overall, carbon fluxes integrated over latitudinal zones are strongly constrained by observations in the middle to high latitudes. Further significant constraints to our understanding of regional carbon fluxes will therefore require improvements in transport models and expansion of the CO2 observation network within the tropics.
Published: 2002

205. Developments in ocean climate modelling

Author: Anne-Marie Tréguier, David J. Webb, Claus W. Böning, Frank O. Bryan, Stephen M. Griffies, Anthony C. Hirst, Hiroyasu Hasumi, Eric P. Chassignet, Rüdiger Gerdes, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Division of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography [Miami] (MPO/RSMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables]-University of Miami [Coral Gables], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Center for Climate System Research [Kashiwa] (CCSR), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, 010505 oceanography, Oceanic climate, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics::Geophysics, Component (UML), Climatology, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Climate model, 14. Life underwater, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downscaling
Abstract: International audience; This paper presents some research developments in primitive equation ocean models which could impact the ocean component of realistic global coupled climate models aimed at large-scale, low frequency climate simulations and predictions. It is written primarily to an audience of modellers concerned with the ocean component of climate models, although not necessarily experts in the design and implementation of ocean model algorithms.
Published: 2001

206. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models

Author: James C. Orr, Nicholas K. Taylor, Corinne Le Quéré, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Patrick Monfray, Jacqueline Boutin, Nicolas Gruber, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Christopher L. Sabine, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Robert M. Key, Jonathan Palmer, J. R. Toggweiler, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University of Bern, Princeton University, Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Carbon uptake, Ocean current, Sampling (statistics), Flux, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, World Ocean Circulation Experiment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: We have compared simulations of anthropogenic CO2 in the four three-dimensional ocean models that participated in the first phase of the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP), as a means to identify their major differences. Simulated global uptake agrees to within +/- 19%, giving a range of 1.85 +/-0.35 Pg C yr(-1) for the 1980-1989 average, Regionally, the Southern Ocean dominates the present-day air-sea flux of anthropogenic CO2 in all models, with one third to one half of the global uptake occurring south of 30 degreesS. The highest simulated total uptake in the Southern Ocean was 70% larger than the lowest. Comparison with recent data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 suggest that most of the models substantially overestimate storage in the Southern Ocean; elsewhere they generally underestimate storage by less than 20%. Globally, the OCMIP models appear to bracket the real ocean's present uptake, based on comparison of regional data-based estimates of anthropogenic CO2 and bomb C-14. Column inventories of bomb C-14 have become more similar to those for anthropogenic CO2 with the time that has elapsed between the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (1970s) and World Ocean Circulation Experiment (1990s) global sampling campaigns. Our ability to evaluate simulated anthropogenic CO2 would improve if systematic errors associated with the data-based estimates could be provided regionally. [References: 64]
Published: 2001

207. Seasonal characteristics of tropospheric ozone production and mixing ratios over East Asia: A global three-dimensional chemical transport model analysis

Author: Stacy Walters, Denise L. Mauzerall, Larry W. Horowitz, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Daiju Narita, Hajime Akimoto, Guy Brasseur, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (WWSPIL), Princeton University, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology [Tokyo] (RCAST), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemical transport model, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Dry season, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, Mixing ratio, East Asia, Tropospheric ozone, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Paleontology, Tropics, Forestry, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract: We examine seasonal and geographical distributions of tropospheric ozone production and mixing ratios over East Asia with a global three-dimensional chemical transport model called Model of Ozone and Related Tracers, version 1 (MOZART 1). Net ozone production within the East Asian boundary layer exhibits three distinct seasonal cycles depending on region (north of 20 degrees N, 5-20 degrees N and south of 5 degrees N). North of 20 degrees N, net ozone production over East Asia from spring through autumn is found to have a maximum extending from 25 degrees N-40 degrees N and from central eastern China to Japan, resulting from the strong emission and transport of anthropogenic O-3 precursors. In winter, maximum O-3 production in this region occurs between 20 degrees N and 30 degrees N, This is a region of long-range transport. Over the Indochina peninsula, between 5 degrees N and 20 degrees N, net O-3 production is controlled by the seasonal cycle between wet and dry seasons and has a maximum at the end of the dry season due to emissions from biomass burning. South of 5 degrees N, in the true tropics, O-3 mixing ratios are relatively constant throughout the year and do not exhibit a seasonal cycle. A spring-summer maximum of net O-3 production is found throughout the troposphere in East Asia. We estimate an annual net O-3 production in East Asia of 117 Tg/yr, Both model results and analysis of measurements of O-3/CO correlations over East Asia and Japan show strong variability as a function of both photochemical activity and seasonal meteorology, and indicate ozone export off the coast of East Asia in spring. An upper estimate of O-3 export from East Asia to the Pacific Ocean in the mid-1980s of 3.3 Gmol/d (58 Tg/yr) is obtained.
Published: 2000

208. A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995

Author: Prasad S. Kasibhatla, David Stevenson, Leonard A. Barrie, Mark Lawrence, Christophe Genthon, Mark A. Kritz, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Christos Giannakopoulos, Erik Kjellström, Stephen E. Schwartz, Jos Lelieveld, David L. Roberts, Kevin J. Noone, Takashi Maki, Natalie M. Mahowald, Yves Balkanski, Philip J. Rasch, Hiram Levy, Robert B. Chatfield, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Michael J. Prather, Dennis D. Baldocchi, David L. Williamson, Chris J. Walcek, Peter H. McMurry, John H. Seinfeld, H. N. Lee, S. Taguchi, Johann Feichter, Z. Stockwell, K. S. Law, Dorothy Koch, Joyce E. Penner, Carmen M. Benkovitz, Geert-Jan Roelofs, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California-University of California, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University [Durham], NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Biometeorology lab [Berkeley], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California-University of California [Berkeley], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany [SUNY], University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], atmospheric chemistry, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Chemistry, atmospheric circulation, atmospheric deposition, atmospheric modeling, scavenging, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Deposition (aerosol physics), troposphere, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Scavenging, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We report on results from a World Climate Research Program workshop on representations ofscavenging and deposition processes in global transport models of the atmosphere. 15 modelswere evaluated by comparing simulations of radon, lead, sulfur dioxide, and sulfate against eachother, and against observations of these constituents. This paper provides a survey on the simulationdifferences between models. It identifies circumstances where models are consistent withobservations or with each other, and where they differ from observations or with each other. Thecomparison shows that most models are able to simulate seasonal species concentrations nearthe surface over continental sites to within a factor of 2 over many regions of the globe. Modelstend to agree more closely over source (continental ) regions than for remote (polar and oceanic)regions. Model simulations differ most strongly in the upper troposphere for species undergoingwet scavenging processes. There are not a sufficient number of observations to characterize theclimatology ( long-term average) of species undergoing wet scavenging in the upper troposphere.This highlights the need for either a different strategy for model evaluation (e.g., comparisons onan event by event basis) or many more observations of a few carefully chosen constituents.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00980.x
Published: 2000

209. Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions During Cyclone Nargis

Author: Jérôme Vialard, Michael J. McPhaden, Lisan Yu, V. S. N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, Tony Lee, Gregory R. Foltz, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Jerry D. Wiggert, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), CSIR National Institute of Oceanography [India] (NIO), Indian National Center for Ocean information services, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Southern Mississippi (USM), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Oceanography: General: Ocean observing systems, Atmospheric Processes: Tropical meteorology, Storm surge, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Maximum sustained wind, Cyclone Nargis, Bay of Bengal, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Natural disaster, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Atmospheric Processes: Ocean/atmosphere interactions, geography, River delta, geography.geographical_feature_category, Storm, Geographic Location: Indian Ocean, Indian ocean, 13. Climate action, Climatology, IndOOS, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Cyclone Nargis (Figure 1a) made landfall in Myanmar (formerly Burma) on 2 May 2008 with sustained winds of approximately 210 kilometers per hour, equivalent to a category 3-4 hurricane. In addition, Nargis brought approximately 600 millimeters of rain and a storm surge of 3-4 meters to the low-lying and densely populated Irrawaddy River delta. In its wake, the storm left an estimated 130,000 dead or missing and more than $10 billion in economic losses. It was the worst natural disaster to strike the Indian Ocean region since the 26 December 2004 tsunami and the worst recorded natural disaster ever to affect Myanmar.
Published: 2009

210. Parameterization of quasigeostrophic eddies in primitive equation ocean models

Author: Anne-Marie Tréguier, Vitaly D. Larichev, Isaac M. Held, Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University
Subjects: Physics, Buoyancy, Mesoscale meteorology, Mechanics, engineering.material, Oceanography, Vortex, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Classical mechanics, Eddy, Potential vorticity, engineering, 14. Life underwater, Boundary value problem, Adiabatic process, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Mixing (physics), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract: International audience; A parameterization of mesoscale eddy fluxes in the ocean should be consistent with the fact that the ocean interior is nearly adiabatic. Gent and McWilliams have described a framework in which this can be approximated in z-coordinate primitive equation models by incorporating the effects of eddies on the buoyancy field through an eddy-induced velocity. It is also natural to base a parameterization on the simple picture of the mixing of potential vorticity in the interior and the mixing of buoyancy at the surface. The authors discuss the various constraints imposed by these two requirements and attempt to clarify the appropriate boundary conditions on the eddy-induced velocities at the surface. Quasigeostrophic theory is used as a guide to the simplest way of satisfying these constraints.
Published: 1997

211. Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere : Tropics and global trends

Author: W. Tian, Juan A. Añel, John Scinocca, Stefanie Kremser, Steven Pawson, Patrick Jöckel, Giovanni Pitari, Kiyotaka Shibata, Slimane Bekki, Masatomo Fujiwara, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ch. Brühl, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Olaf Morgenstern, Martine Michou, Dan Smale, Andrew Gettelman, H. Teyssèdre, Thomas Birner, Steven C. Hardiman, John A. Pyle, Michaela I. Hegglin, Eva Mancini, Sandip Dhomse, Theodore G. Shepherd, P. Braesike, Martin Dameris, Seok-Woo Son, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Markus Rex, Marion Marchand, Douglas E. Kinnison, Hideharu Akiyoshi, D. A. Plummer, N. Butchart, Eugene Rozanov, John Austin, Hella Garny, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Freie Universität Berlin, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Universidade de Vigo, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tropopause, Climate, TTL, 0207 environmental engineering, Soil Science, chemistry-climate models, 02 engineering and technology, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Extratropical cyclone, 020701 environmental engineering, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Cloud fraction, Paleontology, Humidity, Forestry, Chemistry, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Climate model, CCMVal, Water vapor
Abstract: International audience; The performance of 18 coupled Chemistry Climate Models (CCMs) in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) is evaluated using qualitative and quantitative diagnostics. Trends in tropopause quantities in the tropics and the extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) are analyzed. A quantitative grading methodology for evaluating CCMs is extended to include variability and used to develop four different grades for tropical tropopause temperature and pressure, water vapor and ozone. Four of the 18 models and the multi‐model mean meet quantitative and qualitative standards for reproducing key processes in the TTL. Several diagnostics are performed on a subset of the models analyzing the Tropopause Inversion Layer (TIL), Lagrangian cold point and TTL transit time. Historical decreases in tropical tropopause pressure and decreases in water vapor are simulated, lending confidence to future projections. The models simulate continued decreases in tropopause pressure in the 21st century, along with ∼1K increases per century in cold point tropopause temperature and 0.5–1 ppmv per century increases in water vapor above the tropical tropopause. TTL water vapor increases below the cold point. In two models, these trends are associated with 35% increases in TTL cloud fraction. These changes indicate significant perturbations to TTL processes, specifically to deep convective heating and humidity transport. Ozone in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere has significant and hemispheric asymmetric trends. O3 is projected to increase by nearly 30% due to ozone recovery in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and due to enhancements in the stratospheric circulation. These UTLS ozone trends may have significant effects in the TTL and the troposphere.
Published: 2010

212. Bomb 14C in the Indian Ocean Measured by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Oceanographic Implications

Author: Edouard Bard, Maurice Arnold, J R Toggweiler, Pierre Maurice, Jean-Claude Duplessy, Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 060102 archaeology, Indonesian archipelago, Advection, 06 humanities and the arts, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Indian ocean, Oceanography, law, Ocean gyre, General Circulation Model, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Mode water, 0601 history and archaeology, Radiocarbon dating, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Accelerator mass spectrometry
Abstract: AMS 14C measurements on samples collected in the tropical-equatorial Indian Ocean during the INDIGO program (leg II, 1986) are presented and compared with β-counting results obtained under both INDIGO program and GEOSECS expedition in the Indian Ocean (1978). The most significant observation is a doubling of the bomb-14C inventory and mean penetration depth in the equatorial zone. Based on hydrologic considerations, two hypotheses can be proposed: 1) direct influx of Pacific mid-latitude waters through the Indonesian archipelago and 2) advection and/or mixing with Mode Water from the southern gyre of the Indian Ocean. Results obtained with a general circulation model of the ocean suggest that the influx from the Pacific is important in the upper 300m and that below 500m the bomb-14C budget is dominated by Mode Water advection.
Published: 1989

213. The Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigating the causes and consequences of polar amplification

Author: Doug Smith, Xiangdong Zhang, Michael Sigmond, John C. Fyfe, Jin-Ho Yoon, Yannick Peings, Jinro Ukita, Vladimir M. Kattsov, Judah Cohen, Clara Deser, Javier García-Serrano, Rym Msadek, Thomas Jung, Daniela Matei, James A. Screen, Department of Chemistry [Bath], University of Bath [Bath], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), Institut Català de Ciènces del Clima (IC3), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Niigata University, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
Subjects: Coupled model intercomparison project, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Global warming, Polar Amplification, Climate change, Antarctic sea ice, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Arctic ice pack, PAMIP, lcsh:Geology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Sea ice, Polar amplification, Environmental science, Climate model, CMIP6, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Polar amplification – the phenomenon where ex- ternal radiative forcing produces a larger change in surface temperature at high latitudes than the global average – is a key aspect of anthropogenic climate change, but its causes and consequences are not fully understood. The Polar Am- plification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contri- bution to the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6; Eyring et al., 2016) seeks to improve our under- standing of this phenomenon through a coordinated set of numerical model experiments documented here. In partic- ular, PAMIP will address the following primary questions: (1) what are the relative roles of local sea ice and remote sea surface temperature changes in driving polar amplification? (2) How does the global climate system respond to changes in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice? These issues will be addressed with multi-model simulations that are forced with different combinations of sea ice and/or sea surface tempera- tures representing present-day, pre-industrial and future con- ditions. The use of three time periods allows the signals of interest to be diagnosed in multiple ways. Lower-priority tier experiments are proposed to investigate additional aspects and provide further understanding of the physical processes. These experiments will address the following specific ques- tions: what role does ocean–atmosphere coupling play in the response to sea ice? How and why does the atmospheric re- sponse to Arctic sea ice depend on the pattern of sea ice forcing? How and why does the atmospheric response to Arctic sea ice depend on the model background state? What have been the roles of local sea ice and remote sea surface temper- ature in polar amplification, and the response to sea ice, over the recent period since 1979? How does the response to sea ice evolve on decadal and longer timescales? A key goal of PAMIP is to determine the real-world sit- uation using imperfect climate models. Although the exper- iments proposed here form a coordinated set, we anticipate a large spread across models. However, this spread will be exploited by seeking “emergent constraints” in which model uncertainty may be reduced by using an observable quantity that physically explains the intermodel spread. In summary, PAMIP will improve our understanding of the physical pro- cesses that drive polar amplification and its global climate impacts, thereby reducing the uncertainties in future projec- tions and predictions of climate change and variability.
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214. Multimodel ensemble simulations of tropospheric NO2 compared with GOME retrievals for the year 2000

Author: Noije, T. P. C., Eskes, H. J., Dentener, F. J., Stevenson, D. S., Ellingsen, K., Schultz, M. G., Wild, O., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Boersma, K. F., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Drevet, J., Fiore, A. M., Gauss, M., Didier Hauglustaine, Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Krol, M. C., Lamarque, J. -F, Lawrence, M. G., Martin, R. V., Montanaro, V., Mueller, J. -F, Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Richter, A., Rodriguez, J. M., Savage, N. H., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., Roozendael, M., Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), University of Edinburgh, University of Oslo (UiO), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science [Halifax], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Smithsonian Institution, University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center (GEST), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Joint Research Centre, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: biomass burning, timescale, Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Meteorology and Air Quality, anthropogenic source, nonmethane hydrocarbons, global distributions, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, satellite-observations, chemical-transport model, comparative study, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, WIMEK, ERS-2, nitrous oxide, radiative-transfer model, ozone monitoring experiment, 3-dimensional model, sampling bias, Multimodel, troposphere, nitrogen-dioxide, GOME, surface reflectivity, aircraft mozaic data, Tropospheric NO2
Abstract: International audience; We present a systematic comparison of tropospheric NO2 from 17 global atmospheric chemistry models with three state-of-the-art retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) for the year 2000. The models used constant anthropogenic emissions from IIASA/EDGAR3.2 and monthly emissions from biomass burning based on the 1997–2002 average carbon emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). Model output is analyzed at 10:30 local time, close to the overpass time of the ERS-2 satellite, and collocated with the measurements to account for sampling biases due to incomplete spatiotemporal coverage of the instrument. We assessed the importance of different contributions to the sampling bias: correlations on seasonal time scale give rise to a positive bias of 30–50% in the retrieved annual means over regions dominated by emissions from biomass burning. Over the industrial regions of the eastern United States, Europe and eastern China the retrieved annual means have a negative bias with significant contributions (between –25% and +10% of the NO2 column) resulting from correlations on time scales from a day to a month. We present global maps of modeled and retrieved annual mean NO2 column densities, together with the corresponding ensemble means and standard deviations for models and retrievals. The spatial correlation between the individual models and retrievals are high, typically in the range 0.81–0.93 after smoothing the data to a common resolution. On average the models underestimate the retrievals in industrial regions, especially over eastern China and over the Highveld region of South Africa, and overestimate the retrievals in regions dominated by biomass burning during the dry season. The discrepancy over South America south of the Amazon disappears when we use the GFED emissions specific to the year 2000. The seasonal cycle is analyzed in detail for eight different continental regions. Over regions dominated by biomass burning, the timing of the seasonal cycle is generally well reproduced by the models. However, over Central Africa south of the Equator the models peak one to two months earlier than the retrievals. We further evaluate a recent proposal to reduce the NOx emission factors for savanna fires by 40% and find that this leads to an improvement of the amplitude of the seasonal cycle over the biomass burning regions of Northern and Central Africa. In these regions the models tend to underestimate the retrievals during the wet season, suggesting that the soil emissions are higher than assumed in the models. In general, the discrepancies between models and retrievals cannot be explained by a priori profile assumptions made in the retrievals, neither by diurnal variations in anthropogenic emissions, which lead to a marginal reduction of the NO2 abundance at 10:30 local time (by 2.5–4.1% over Europe). Overall, there are significant differences among the various models and, in particular, among the three retrievals. The discrepancies among the retrievals (10–50% in the annual mean over polluted regions) indicate that the previously estimated retrieval uncertainties have a large systematic component. Our findings imply that top-down estimations of NOx emissions from satellite retrievals of tropospheric NO2 are strongly dependent on the choice of model and retrieval.

215. The simulation of the Antarctic ozone hole by chemistry-climate models

Author: M. Schraner, Slimane Bekki, Frank Lefevre, Elisa Manzini, Marco Giorgetta, Eugene Rozanov, Hamish Struthers, Greg Bodeker, John Austin, Thomas Peter, Volker Grewe, Martin Dameris, I. Cionni, François Lott, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DLR Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Field (physics), Zonal and meridional, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polar vortex, mixing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, CCM, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Dobson unit, Ozone depletion, lcsh:QC1-999, Vortex, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, stratosphere, Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Climate model, lcsh:Physics, vortex barrier
Abstract: While chemistry-climate models are able to reproduce many characteristics of the global total column ozone field and its long-term evolution, they have fared less well in simulating the commonly used diagnostic of the area of the Antarctic ozone hole i.e. the area within the 220 Dobson Unit (DU) contour. Two possible reasons for this are: (1) the underlying Global Climate Model (GCM) does not correctly simulate the size of the polar vortex, and (2) the stratospheric chemistry scheme incorporated into the GCM, and/or the model dynamics, results in systematic biases in the total column ozone fields such that the 220 DU contour is no longer appropriate for delineating the edge of the ozone hole. Both causes are examined here with a view to developing ozone hole area diagnostics that better suit measurement-model inter-comparisons. The interplay between the shape of the meridional mixing barrier at the edge of the vortex and the meridional gradients in total column ozone across the vortex edge is investigated in measurements and in 5 chemistry-climate models (CCMs). Analysis of the simulation of the polar vortex in the CCMs shows that the first of the two possible causes does play a role in some models. This in turn affects the ability of the models to simulate the large observed meridional gradients in total column ozone. The second of the two causes also strongly affects the ability of the CCMs to track the observed size of the ozone hole. It is shown that by applying a common algorithm to the CCMs for selecting a delineating threshold unique to each model, a more appropriate diagnostic of ozone hole area can be generated that shows better agreement with that derived from observations. ISSN:1680-7375 ISSN:1680-7367

216. Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite

Author: Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Katja Dzepina, Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Huffman, J. A., Decarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Mortimer, P., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Marr, L. C., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Cardenas, B., Bernabe, R. M., Marquez, C., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Brune, W., Lesher, R., Shirley, T., Jimenez, J. L., EGU, Publication, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Molina Center on Energy and Environment, Centro Nacional de Investigación Capacitación Ambiental, Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract: International audience; An Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) was deployed at the CENICA Supersite, during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field study (MCMA-2003) from 31 March-4 May 2003 to investigate particle concentrations, sources, and processes. The AMS provides real time information on mass concentration and composition of the non-refractory species in particulate matter less than 1 µm (NR-PM1) with high time and size-resolution. In order to account for the refractory material in the aerosol, we also present estimates of Black Carbon (BC) using an aethalometer and an estimate of the aerosol soil component obtained from Proton-Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) analysis of impactor substrates. Comparisons of AMS + BC + soil mass concentration with other collocated particle instruments (a LASAIR Optical Particle Counter, a PM2.5 Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM), and a PM2.5 DustTrak Aerosol Monitor) show that the AMS + BC + soil mass concentration is consistent with the total PM2.5 mass concentration during MCMA-2003 within the combined uncertainties. In Mexico City, the organic fraction of the estimated PM2.5 at CENICA represents, on average, 54.6% (standard deviation ?=10%) of the mass, with the rest consisting of inorganic compounds (mainly ammonium nitrate and sulfate/ammonium salts), BC, and soil. Inorganic compounds represent 27.5% of PM2.5 (?=10%); BC mass concentration is about 11% (?=4%); while soil represents about 6.9% (?=4%). Size distributions are presented for the AMS species; they show an accumulation mode that contains mainly oxygenated organic and secondary inorganic compounds. The organic size distributions also contain a small organic particle mode that is likely indicative of fresh traffic emissions; small particle modes exist for the inorganic species as well. Evidence suggests that the organic and inorganic species are not always internally mixed, especially in the small modes. The aerosol seems to be neutralized most of the time; however, there were some periods when there was not enough ammonium to completely neutralize the nitrate, chloride and sulfate present. The diurnal cycle and size distributions of nitrate suggest local photochemical production. On the other hand, sulfate appears to be produced on a regional scale. There are indications of new particle formation and growth events when concentrations of SO2 were high. Although the sources of chloride are not clear, this species seems to condense as ammonium chloride early in the morning and to evaporate as the temperature increases and RH decreases. The total and speciated mass concentrations and diurnal cycles measured during MCMA-2003 are similar to measurements during a previous field campaign at a nearby location.

217. Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation

Author: Michael B. McElroy, Stephen A. Montzka, C. M. Spivakovsky, Jennifer A. Logan, Michael J. Prather, Steven C. Wofsy, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Larry W. Horowitz, Dylan B. A. Jones, Yves Balkanski, Andrew C. Fusco, M. Foreman-Fowler, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard University [Cambridge], NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Harvard University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Sink (geography), Latitude, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, atmospheric chemistry, hydroxyl radical, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Northern Hemisphere, Paleontology, Tropics, Forestry, Annual cycle, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, Environmental science, Nitrogen oxide
Abstract: International audience; A global climatological distribution of tropospheric OH is computed using observed distributions of 03, H20, NOt (NO2+NO+2N2Os+NO3 +HNO2+HNO4), CO, hydrocarbons, temperature, and cloud optical depth. Globa.1 annual mean OH is 1.16 x 10 • molecules crn-3 (integrated with respect to mass of air up to 100 hPa within 4-32 ø latitude and up to 200 hPa outside that region). Mean hemispheric concentrations of OH are nearly equal. While global mean OH increased by 33% compared to that from Spivakovsky et al. [1990], mean loss frequencies of CH3CCi3 and CH4 increased by only 23% because a lower fraction of total OH resides in the lower troposphere in the present distribution. The value for temperature used for determining lifetimes of hydrochlorofiuorocarbons (HCFCs) by scaling r•te constants [Prather and Spivakovsky, 1990] is revised from 277 K to 272 K. The present distribution of OH is consistent within a few percent with the current budgets of CH3CC13 and HCFC-22. For CH3CC13, it results in a lifetime of 4.6 years, including stratospheric and ocean sinks with atmospheric lifetimes of 43 and 80 years, respectively. For HCFC-22, the lifetime is 11.4 years, allowing for the stratospheric sink with an atmospheric lifetime of 229 years. Corrections suggested by observed levels of CH2C12 (•nnu•l means) depend strongly on the rate of interhemispheric mixing in the model. An increase in OH in the Northern Hemisphere by 20% combined with a decrease in the southern tropics by 25% is suggested if this rate is at its upper limit consistent with observations of CFCs •nd SSKr. For the lower limit, observations of CH2C12 imply •n increase in OH in the Northern Hemisphere by 35% combi'ned with a decrease in OH in the southern tropics by 60%. However, such large corrections are inconsistent with observations for 14CO in the tropics and for the interhemispheric gradient of CH3CC13. Industrial sources of CH2C12 are sufficient for balancing its budget. The available tests do not establish significant errors in OH except for a possible underestimate in winter in the northern and southern tropics by 15-20% and 10-15%, respectively, and an overestimate in southern extratropics by ,-•25%. Observations of seasonal variations of CH3CC13, CH2C12, 14CO, and C2H6 offer no evidence for higher levels of OH in the southern than in the northern extratropics. It is expected that in the next few years the latitudinal distribution and •nnu•l cycle of CH3CC13 will be determined primarily by its loss frequency, allowing for additional constraints for OH on scales smaller than global.

218. An observationally constrained evaluation of the oxidative capacity in the tropical western Pacific troposphere

Author: Mathew J. Evans, Louisa K. Emmons, Daniel C. Anderson, Lisa Kaser, James F. Bresch, Laura L. Pan, Vincent Huijnen, Bryan N. Duncan, Eric C. Apel, Ross J. Salawitch, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Denise D. Montzka, Steve R. Arnold, Simone Tilmes, Johannes Flemming, Samuel R. Hall, Daniel D. Riemer, Timothy P. Canty, Glenn M. Wolfe, Russell R. Dickerson, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Stephen D. Steenrod, Rafael P. Fernandez, Teresa Campos, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Julie M. Nicely, Douglas E. Kinnison, Shawn B. Honomichl, Nicola J. Blake, Thomas F. Hanisco, M. H. Stell, Solène Turquety, S. A. Monks, Kirk Ullmann, Elliot Atlas, Jingqiu Mao, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), Earth Science System Interdisciplinary Center [College Park] (ESSIC), College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland [College Park], Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology [Baltimore] (JCET), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)-University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Chemistry [Irvine], University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [York] (NCAS), University of York [York, UK], Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Princeton University, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Metropolitan State University of Denver, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Convection, Atmospheric Science, Daytime, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, CONTRAST, oxidizing capacity, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), NOx, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sampling bias, hydroxyl radical, OH, tropospheric chemistry, Geophysics, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, Hydroxyl radical, methane lifetime
Abstract: Hydroxyl radical (OH) is the main daytime oxidant in the troposphere and determines the atmospheric lifetimes of many compounds. We use aircraft measurements of O, HO, NO, and other species from the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) field campaign, which occurred in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) during January–February 2014, to constrain a photochemical box model and estimate concentrations of OH throughout the troposphere. We find that tropospheric column OH (OH) inferred from CONTRAST observations is 12 to 40% higher than found in chemical transport models (CTMs), including CAM-chem-SD run with 2014 meteorology as well as eight models that participated in POLMIP (2008 meteorology). Part of this discrepancy is due to a clear-sky sampling bias that affects CONTRAST observations; accounting for this bias and also for a small difference in chemical mechanism results in our empirically based value of OH being 0 to 20% larger than found within global models. While these global models simulate observed O reasonably well, they underestimate NO (NO + NO) by a factor of 2, resulting in OH ~30% lower than box model simulations constrained by observed NO. Underestimations by CTMs of observed CHCHO throughout the troposphere and of HCHO in the upper troposphere further contribute to differences between our constrained estimates of OH and those calculated by CTMs. Finally, our calculations do not support the prior suggestion of the existence of a tropospheric OH minimum in the TWP, because during January–February 2014 observed levels of O and NO were considerably larger than previously reported values in the TWP.

219. Model sensitivity studies regarding the role of the retention coefficient for the scavenging and redistribution of highly soluble trace gases by deep convective cloud systems

Author: Salzmann, M., Lawrence, M. G., Vaughan Phillips, Donner, L. J., Atmospheric Chemistry Department [MPIC], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and EGU, Publication
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract: International audience; The role of the retention coefficient (i.e. the fraction of a dissolved trace gas which is retained in hydrometeors during freezing) for the scavenging and redistribution of highly soluble trace gases by deep convective cloud systems is investigated using a modified version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results from cloud system resolving model runs (in which deep convection is initiated by small random perturbations in association with so-called "large scale forcings (LSF)") for a tropical oceanic (TOGA COARE) and a mid-latitude continental case (ARM) are compared to two runs in which bubbles are used to initiate deep convection (STERAO, ARM). In the LSF runs, scavenging is found to almost entirely prevent a highly soluble tracer initially located in the lowest 1.5 km of the troposphere from reaching the upper troposphere, independent of the retention coefficient. The release of gases from freezing hydrometeors leads to mixing ratio increases in the upper troposphere comparable to those calculated for insoluble trace gases only in the two runs in which bubbles are used to initiate deep convection. A comparison of the two ARM runs indicates that using bubbles to initiate deep convection may result in an overestimate of the influence of the retention coefficient on the vertical transport of highly soluble tracers. It is, however, found that the retention coefficient plays an important role for the scavenging and redistribution of highly soluble trace gases with a (chemical) source in the free troposphere and also for trace gases for which even relatively inefficient transport may be important. The large difference between LSF and bubble runs is attributed to differences in dynamics and microphysics in the inflow regions of the storms. The dependence of the results on the model setup indicates the need for additional model studies with a more realistic initiation of deep convection, e.g., considering effects of orography in a nested model setup.

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219 results on '"NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)"'

201. Long-range transport of Saharan dust to northern Europe: The 11-16 October 2001 outbreak observed with EARLINET

202. TransCom 3 CO$_2$ inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information

203. Fresh air in the 21st century?

204. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models

205. Developments in ocean climate modelling

206. Estimates of anthropogenic carbon uptake from four three-dimensional global ocean models

207. Seasonal characteristics of tropospheric ozone production and mixing ratios over East Asia: A global three-dimensional chemical transport model analysis

208. A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995

209. Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions During Cyclone Nargis

210. Parameterization of quasigeostrophic eddies in primitive equation ocean models

211. Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere : Tropics and global trends

212. Bomb 14C in the Indian Ocean Measured by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Oceanographic Implications

213. The Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigating the causes and consequences of polar amplification

214. Multimodel ensemble simulations of tropospheric NO2 compared with GOME retrievals for the year 2000

215. The simulation of the Antarctic ozone hole by chemistry-climate models

216. Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite

217. Three-dimensional climatological distribution of tropospheric OH: Update and evaluation

218. An observationally constrained evaluation of the oxidative capacity in the tropical western Pacific troposphere

219. Model sensitivity studies regarding the role of the retention coefficient for the scavenging and redistribution of highly soluble trace gases by deep convective cloud systems

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219 results on '"NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)"'

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