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This paper is devoted to the investigation of synonymy in Jordanian Arabic. It has been assumed that synonymy in Jordanian Arabic has partial rather than complete synonymy. This means that the abundance of Jordanian Arabic in synonyms can be attributed to a number of explanations, namely dialectical variations, the speaker's attitude, and origin of words. The data for this study come from two main sources: written and spoken material. In accordance with the established literature on the semantics of synonymy, we have classified the corpus of the study on the basis of these parameters. The main findings reveal that total synonymy is hard to find in Jordanian Arabic, supporting the argument of many linguistic studies for the existence of partial rather than total synonymy in a language.

This study explores the "Cape Times"'s portrayal of school violence in the Western Cape (WC), South Africa, reporting on findings from a qualitative content analysis of 41 news articles retrieved from the SA Media database. The findings shed light on the victims and their victimisation, the perpetrators, as well as the context of the violence, identifying gangsterism, as well as school administrative and community factors as the reasons for violence in WC schools. It is argued that school violence and gangsterism are inextricably linked to the Cape Flats in particular, and that the interaction of forms of inequality and oppression such as racism, class privilege and gender oppression are structural root causes for school violence in this area of the WC. The study highlights the negative consequences of school violence on teaching and learning and on the economy. It is concluded that even if the "Cape Times" paints an exaggerated and atypical picture of violence in the gang-riddled parts of the WC, the detrimental effects thereof on the regions cannot be denied. The study therefore recommends a holistic approach to addressing the structural root causes of school violence where it takes place in the WC.

The purpose of this study was to explore the learning performance of sixth grade elementary school students using newspapers in science teaching. A quasi-experimental design with a single group was used in this study. Thirty-three sixth grade elementary school students participated in this study. The research instruments consisted of three questionnaires, a "Learning Attitude toward Newspapers in Education Scale" (29 items, Cronbach's a = 0.90), a "Science Reading Attitude Scale" (15 items, Cronbach's a = 0.93), and an "Attitude toward Science Scale" (27 items, Cronbach's a = 0.92). All three questionnaires have good reliabilities. Furthermore, the validity of these questionnaires has been confirmed by three science educators. The results showed that the use of newspapers in education and multiple instructional strategies can (1) effectively enhance the sixth graders' learning attitudes towards the use of newspapers in science education and enhance their reading of science articles and involvement in science experiments; (2) effectively promote the sixth graders' attitudes toward science reading and enhance their science reading understanding; and (3) enhance the sixth graders' performance in scientific attitudes and significantly strengthen their science learning and interest. The research results showed that the use of newspapers in science teaching effectively enhances the science learning performance of the sixth grade students.

The basic questions that guide this study are: (a) what percentage of vocabulary from a passage would a Spanish learner need to know to demonstrate "adequate" (a score of 70 out of 100) comprehension of it? And, (b) what type of curve would best describe the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension? Fifty-three students enrolled in two courses of Spanish as a Heritage Language (SHL) at a metropolitan university read a newspaper article, underlined the unknown vocabulary and then answered a reading comprehension test. Our findings suggest, as in previous studies for English as a Second Language (ESL), that a 98% of vocabulary coverage is needed to show adequate comprehension of an authentic passage. The curve that best describes this relationship was not linear as they concluded but was similar to a logarithmic function, which appears to suggest a relationship that obeys to a law of diminishing returns for Spanish as a Second Language (SSL) reading.

Introduction: This study characterizes self-reported functional vision goals and the use of low vision resources (for example, services and devices) in ophthalmology clinic patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and comorbid depressive symptoms. Methods: From July 2009 to February 2013, we assessed 188 consecutive patients (age 65+; mean 84.0 years; 70.2% female) with AMD (best corrected distance acuity 20/70 or worse) enrolled in a 12-month randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of a multicomponent intervention that combined low vision optometry and home-based occupational therapy to prevent depression (Low Vision Depression Prevention Trial [VITAL]). A geriatric nurse conducted in-home assessments to measure visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, self-reported functional vision, functional vision goals that were personally important yet difficult to achieve (targeted vision function goals), and the use of low vision resources (defined as services, devices and strategies utilized by low vision patients to compensate for visual deficits). This study reports on baseline data collected prior to randomization. Results: Only 9.6% of the sample had received formal low vision services. The five most common goals were newspaper reading, leisure and entertainment, computer use, personal communication, and correspondence. Participants engaged in targeted vision function goals less frequently since being diagnosed with AMD, despite using low vision resources and reporting low to moderate difficulty in using them. Discussion: Few patients with AMD seen in ophthalmology clinics received low vision rehabilitation. Patients who utilized resources engaged in goals less frequently since being diagnosed with AMD. Implications for practitioners: Patients with AMD are underutilizing low vision rehabilitation resources. Strategies for increasing low vision referrals are suggested.

In a constantly and rapidly changing social world, students from all disciplines ought to attain a rounded education within the tradition of a "Liberal Arts and Sciences" (LAS) context. Students outside of the natural sciences must be encouraged to appreciate the place of those sciences in their lives. Conversely, students in the natural sciences must be encouraged to envision the role of other subjects in their lives. In order to accomplish this, however, we need to go beyond basic instructional approaches by applying alternatives such as using magazines and newspapers. This paper reports students' reflections on the use of newspapers as supplementary instructional materials to enhance learning. Data were collected from an introductory liberal arts physics course using a survey instrument. The survey had five descriptive measures: student perceptions; creativity based on activities learned; ability to link concepts learned in class to articles in the news journal; ability to impart knowledge acquired; and identifying lessons based on a case study of a selected news article from the newspaper. Student reflections indicate that magazines can effect a positive learning experience and stimulate curiosity to read. It is concluded that this approach can be used to enhance student motivation and persistence in introductory classes, particularly in schools where resources are limited.

The geographical proximity and socioeconomic dependence on the United States brought about a deep-rooted anglicization of the Cuban Spanish lexis and social strata, especially throughout the Neocolonial period (1902-1959). This study is based on the revision of a renowned newspaper of that time, "Diario de la Marina," and the corresponding elaboration of a corpus of English-induced loanwords. "Diario de la Marina" particularly targeted upper social class, and only "crónicas sociales" (society pages' columns) and print advertising were revised because of their fully descriptive texts, which encoded the ruling class ideology and consumerism. The findings show that there existed a high number of lexical and cultural anglicisms in the sociolect in question, and that the sociolinguistic anglicization was openly embraced by the upper socioeconomic stratum, entailing a differentiating sign of sophistication and social stratification. Likewise, a number of the anglicisms collected, particularly those related with social events, are unused in contemporary Cuban Spanish, which suggests a major semantic shifting in this sociolect after 1959.

This study investigated some linguistic errors committed by Jordanian EFL undergraduate students when translating news headlines in Jordanian newspapers from Arabic to English and vice versa. The data of the study was collected through a test composed of (30) English news headlines and (30) Arabic ones covering various areas of news occurring in a large corpus of Jordanian newspapers, i.e., two leading and prominent newspapers were selected. The test was administrated to a randomly selected sample consisting of (40 female, 20 male) third and fourth year undergraduate students in the Department of English Language and Literature in the Faculty of Educational Sciences and Arts at UNRWA University in Amman, Jordan. Results from the first analysis of the translated Arabic news headlines indicated that the EFL students had grammatical and lexical errors respectively. The second analysis of the translated Arabic news headlines showed that the EFL students had inadequate knowledge of the English headlines rules. The analysis of the translated English headlines revealed that the EFL students' main difficulties were grammatical followed by discoursal and lexical types. In light of these results, the researcher proposes a number of pedagogical recommendations related to translating news headlines and future research.

The paper studies the topic of modern American linguistic world image. It is known that any language is the most important instrument of cognition of the world by a person but there is also no doubt that any language is the way of perception and conceptualization of this knowledge about the world. In modern linguistics linguistic world image is referred to as integral global world image which is the result of all mental activity of a person and comes out of during all contacts of a person with the world itself and his ideas about the world. The paper touches upon the idea that political thinking, political activity and language are in close interaction. The paper also considers the problem of an ideologeme as a linguo-cognitive phenomenon. The authors suggest some examples of the use of "order" ideologeme as a means of ideological representation and expression of political sentiments and political hopes, and also ambitions of both an individual and the whole society in general.

This study considers the possibility of using headings in periodicals as a functional mechanism for influencing the readers, which has corresponding goals and tasks. The study offers a detailed characterization of headings not as a unit of publishing and printing design, but as a conceptual and informational element in journalistic texts. Therefore, headings are studied in close relation to publications and their influence on the recipient. The study determines the features of the headings' information load, their design and conceptual-semantic direction. The most important functions of newspaper headings were analyzed. The reasons for considering them both as an architectonic structure that predetermines and affects the information content of the entire newspaper and as an individual productive unit that forms its own conceptual load and determines the perceptional reserve of the newspaper were outlined and substantiated. The key characteristics that allow determining the level of information presented in newspaper headings were described--they play the main and secondary role in the conveyance of notions and facts that are important to the recipient. The influence of headings on the readability of the periodical and its competitiveness in the formation of the public opinion was noted.

Drawing on linguistic data retrieved from early advertisements published in British newspapers between 1788 and 1900, the study seeks to map out a set of values and account for linguistic means used to codify them in the diachronic perspective. For the purposes of the study, the corpus of advertisements from random issues of British newspapers "?aledonian Mercury", "The Times", "The Morning Post", published between late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with a span over thirty years was compiled with a total of three hundred texts under scrutiny. The axiological-oriented analysis of the early British advertising discourse shows that advertisers based their appeals on a limited number of values, namely "economy", "quality" and "assortment" that are found throughout the period under investigation. This finding demonstrates that producer/seller-oriented consumption of that period forced potential buyers to rely on the producer/seller for prices quoted, quality and variety of goods with the advertisers intending to build credibility by employing values related to seeking uncertainty avoidance in the Hofstede dimensions of culture and construing a positive image of themselves. The analysis of the values in the diachronic perspective proves to deepen our understanding of persuasion and its evolution in advertising discourse.

The formal sources of educational guidance remained no more sufficient to deal with the fast changing educational demands of the learners. Therefore, informal sources like media, especially low cost newspapers, may serve these demands. Newspapers are storehouse of current information and treasure of knowledge related to personal as well as social and local and global issues. According to a readership survey among the youth of India, conducted by NBT in 2009, a literate youth spends on an average 32 minutes on newspaper reading daily and about 63% read newspapers to gather news and information on current event and only 10% reading for entertainment. Knowing this youth demand, several dailies are bringing out educational supplements. Hence, the present study was planned to investigate educational dissemination through newspaper daily and its role in educational guidance. 28 days of circulations of the newspaper The Telegraph (Calcutta Edition), including the routine publication and all the supplements (Metro, T2, Sunday, Graphiti, Telekids and Career Graph) published during the month of February, 2013, constituted the sample for the present investigation. To collect the data content analysis method was used and a General Information Schedule (GIS) was developed for the research purpose. The data were analyzed using both Chi-Square and Percentage technique. Data analysis showed that the amount of both Non-Educational News and Non-Educational Ads were higher in percentage than Educational News and Educational Ads respectively. The amount of coverage of Educational News and Educational Ads also significantly differed and the latter was much higher in amount than the former. Further, the coverage given to different categories of educational news items also not equal or near to equal. The research concluded that The Telegraph (Calcutta Edition) is providing only a partial and unstructured educational guidance to the students which are neither comprehensive, nor regular. This research will create the scope for using newspaper as a tool of educational guidance and will help the newspaper publishers to review their existing content and to come up with necessary modifications.

Acknowledging that the external context visibly affects any organization, this investigation seeks to constitute a specific contribution to the study of the importance of public image in organizational administration. To that end, a collection and documentary analysis of news stories from the newspaper "O Fayalense on the Asylum for the Disadvantaged Children of Horta" ["Asilo de Infância Desvalida da Horta"], an institution located on Faial Island, Azores, Portugal, covering the time period of 1858 to 1895, is performed. In the presentation and discussion of the results, a comparison is made between two periods that involve a single president because they vary in the type of news stories published (at the level of sources and subjects). It is concluded that the news stories published cover three large types of references, which, given the period in question, vary substantially: factual information (on the celebrations occurring in the asylum, communications about donations received and appreciation of benefactors, or institutional information on the elections of the asylum directorate), praise (regarding the asylum's mission, operation, or administration), and censures (including responses to external criticism, criticism of previous managements, and stories regarding the asylum's precarious circumstances). The implication of the study is that the importance of a positive public image, especially a positive image that is supportive of the leadership, should not be overlooked for the organizational administration to have greater chances of success.

The ways in which a new university, the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), was represented in local, regional, and national newspapers highlight the difficulties of identity creation for organizations. Drawing on theories of organizational identity and supplemented by interviews with UOIT's founding members, a qualitative analysis of newspaper articles about UOIT published between 2001 and 2004 demonstrates that the words and phrases used in these articles played an important role in establishing an image of UOIT that continues to impact its identity. These news reports also illustrate the complex relationships that existed between UOIT and its geographical, educational, and political contexts. Although UOIT was founded as a four-year baccalaureate degree-granting university, it was linked with its well-established neighbour, Durham College, with which it shared land and services. As a result, UOIT was viewed by some as no more than a "community college with ivory tower pretensions."

This paper highlights the results of a research conducted in Bungoma County of Kenya between 2008-2009. The objective of the study was to investigate the attitudes of teachers and students towards the impact of availability and use of daily newspapers on students' speaking competence in English language. The study was based on the Communicative Language Teaching Approach and the theory underlying this approach is Krashen's Second Language Acquisition, the monitor model. The study used the mixed methods research approach adopting a correlation research design. Stratified, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to get the sample. The sample involved 16 teachers of English language and 135 form three students. The questionnaire, students' focused group discussions, and interview guide were used to collect data from the students and teachers respectively. The data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The hypotheses were tested using non-parametric inferential statistics--Mann-Whitney U-test. From the analysis and interpretation of data, it was deduced that students who used daily newspapers showed better speaking competence in English language than those who did not use them. Consequently, it is recommended that the use of the daily newspapers as an instructional resource in teaching speaking skills in English language should be encouraged and improved in secondary schools in Kenya.

This paper disseminates some results of an international research on the social risk manifestations published in eight periodicals in Rio de Janeiro from July 2013 to December 2014. A sample of the research coincides with the population: 541 news, which constitutes 1255 analytical units. The methodology consisted of a content analysis of the news, using the Software Atlas. The quantitative results were presented from each one of the emerging categories. The results of the qualitative study were obtained by analysis of the most frequent categories of the social risks found. The press has been taken as the setting for the study for considering it as an important tool for analysis and discussion of the issue of social risk. The analysis of the news designed educational campaigns for prevention of social risk, targeting both the general public as well as the educational institution in charge of nurturing future Brazilian teachers, as they will be responsible for the education of newer generations in the prevention of social risk.

The main goal of this study is to verify the effects of cultural capital on students' performance in an official test applied by the Brazilian government, as part of the National Assessment of Basic Education (Saeb). The data set used is from 2003 and involves 52,434 students. The standard test is applied every two years in the fields of mathematics and languages. A questionnaire is applied along with the test in order to measure the student's characteristics as well as their families' profile. The question of this research is: what is the impact of cultural capital on student's performance in the Saeb test? The theoretical approach is based on the work of Pierre Bourdieu. As contributions of Brazilian scholars the study includes the ideas of Nelson Silva and Carlos Hasenbalg and Carlos Ribeiro. The model of study considered the students' grades in the Saeb test as the dependent variable and the cultural capital as the main independent variable. The descriptive analysis was used as well as regression models in order to obtain the effect of the independent variables over the dependent one. The preliminary and main results show that there is significant association between levels of cultural capital and student's performance in the Saeb test. Specifically, there is a significant and positive correlation between parents' education, computer ownership, access to internet and newspaper reading with the performance in the Saeb test.

The present study explored the influence of short vowelization in Arabic orthography on reading comprehension of different texts, different genres and on different levels, among students of different ages. It explored the influence of short vowelization in Arabic orthography on reading comprehension of texts from the Koran, informative texts, newspaper articles and poetry, by examining the influence of short vowelization on different levels of understanding among students from three cities and three Arab villages in the northern district of Israel. The results from the mixed design indicated that short vowelization improved the level of reading comprehension among the readers in each level of understanding and for each kind of text. The results indicated a greater improvement in reading comprehension among the young readers as compared to the older readers. The findings also showed that short vowelization improved the performance of the fifth graders, more so than for ninth graders. Furthermore, short vowelization did not influence the performance of the seventh graders.

Intrigued by the wide range of pupils' responses to a sourcebased essay question, Jonathan Sellin decided to investigate why pupils were using sources in such different ways. Probing his own philosophical assumptions about history, and how they have changed over time, prompted Sellin to explore pupils' assumptions about how historians use sources to make claims about the past. By asking pupils to create drawings about the methods used by historians to analyse sources, Sellin arrived at tentative conclusions about why his pupils were approaching the same essay question in different ways. This investigation led him to reconsider how and where he uses sources in the classroom, and the language that he uses to discuss sources and evidence. His reflections on pupils' drawings and essays have made him more determined to tackle pupils' misconceptions more directly, and to model how historians use sources in their scholarship more regularly.

Background: Primary school children engage in a wide range of reading activities, yet we lack insights into why children choose to read different text types. Furthermore, recent studies of reading motivation have been dominated by quantitative research; however, qualitative research is necessary to ensure that children's voices are represented when we study their motivations to read. Methods: Thirty-three children (aged 9-11) from a single school in Scotland participated in individual interviews that focused on understanding their breadth of reading activities and why they chose to read different text types. Interviews were transcribed in full, and a data-driven inductive thematic analysis approach was used to ensure that the full complexity of the data was realised. Results: Children's reading motivation varied considerably across the different text types. For example, children read books to feel happy, relaxed, excited or to become immersed in the story. They also read books to develop their reading skills, because they felt reading was important, or because it was a habit or familiar. On the other hand, children read newspapers to stay informed, comics as they were fun and easy to read, interactive games as they could direct the narrative and audio books when they were tired. Overall, children reported a wide and diverse range of reading motivations, these being closely linked to the different text types they read. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into why children choose to read different text types and provides a strong foundation for further qualitative research aimed at gaining a detailed and comprehensive account of children's motivation for reading.

Previous studies on media coverage of health issues hardly recognize the role of time in moderating media contents. Instead, scholars most often examine how news media report health issues. In this study, we recognized the role of time by taking into account how media report differs based on when a global outbreak is confirmed in a country and when it is not. We focused on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and examined six media--two TV stations, two newspapers and two radio stations. We content-analysed 537 stories and found that there were few stories about the virus before it was confirmed in Nigeria. But as soon as Nigeria recorded a confirmed case, the number of stories tripled. We also noticed that story format and recommendation on health behaviour were also closely linked to the COVID-19 status of Nigeria. However, we did not find an association between Nigeria's COVID-19 status and policy recommendation among the media studied. Therefore, this study concludes that Nigerian media did not provide sufficient health warning messages on COVID-19 before its spread to the country.

This study examined media coverage of COVID-19 in Nigeria with attention to the frequency and depth of coverage, story format, news sources, media tone and themes. Four widely read newspapers were content analysed between February 2020 and April 2020. Focus was on "Daily Sun," "Vanguard," "Daily Trust" and "Leadership." Results indicated that the Nigerian media performed well in terms of covering the pandemic, which in turn created awareness. However, the coverage was not in-depth as most of the reported stories were short and were predominantly straight news. It was also observed that the media cited more of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and government officials. Further findings disclosed that most of the stories were alarming and induced panic. Most common topics were coverage of cases in Nigeria, death rates and concerns about Nigeria's preparedness. Public sensitization and education were sparingly covered. Ethics healthcare workers could adhere to received minimal attention. The media should focus more on sensitizing and educating the public on the necessary steps to take in curbing the virus. They should refrain from over usage of alarming and panic tone in presenting the stories of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria.

The National Assessment Program -- Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) has been a key tenet of Australian education policy since its launch over a decade ago. Print media coverage of NAPLAN and myschool.edu.au, which displays and compares NAPLAN results across Australia, has played a role in both reporting and shaping this aspect of education policy. This paper uses a corpus-assisted approach to map print media representations of NAPLAN over the first decade of the Program, from 2008 to 2018. Building on previous work on NAPLAN and the print media (Mockler, 2013, 2016), it draws on a corpus of almost 6,000 articles from the Australian national and capital city daily newspapers published between 2008 and 2018. It charts the discursive shifts that have taken place over this period as NAPLAN has transitioned in the public space from a diagnostic tool seen to be useful to educators, to a comparative tool seen to be useful to parents and the general public, and more recently to a contested tool seen to have narrow or limited utility.

Extensive feminist critique of lad culture has raised serious concerns about its role in the sexualisation and objectification of women; its association with 'pack-like' boisterous behaviour and pressured heavy drinking of alcohol; and its use of banter, irony and infantile humour to provide a protective shield for sexist and homophobic practices. These concerns have culminated in the National Union of Students calling for lad culture to be tackled on university campuses in the UK. This article analyses how the call to tackle lad culture was represented in a student newspaper and made sense of by groups of male students at one university in Southern England. The findings identify three interpretative repertoires, one aligned with feminist critiques, with lad culture constructed as a series of harmful and unacceptable social practices; the other two, critical of feminist-aligned critiques, deployed rhetorical strategies to distinguish a 'light' side of lad culture from a 'dark' side, and disavow the 'dark' side by claiming it was performed by individual 'bad people'. This article recommends future campaigns address these multiple repertoires together in one, non-judgemental debate space. This will include the acknowledgement of broader definitions of lad culture, and the facilitation of ongoing student debate about the 'light' and 'dark' sides of lad culture, and the 'grey areas' in between.

This article provides an assessment of French media coverage of intelligence research. The analysis is based on articles published between 1992 and 2020 in French nationwide newspapers, local newspapers and science magazines. Two themes regularly appear in nationwide newspapers and science magazines: environmental effects on IQ and animal intelligence. High-IQ children are often covered in local newspapers. A substantial proportion of articles on the genetics of intelligence, IQ in general and behavioural genetics in general contain statements contradicting the conclusions of mainstream intelligence research; the tendency is even more pronounced in science magazines than in nationwide newspapers. Implications for relationships between scientists and journalists are discussed.

Newspaper coverage of the Canudos War dehumanized the "sertanejos," portraying them in such a way that empathy or grief for their suffering was inaccessible to the Brazilian readership. Euclides da Cunha, a war correspondent for the newspaper "O Estado de São Paulo," was amongst those who contributed to the state's war narrative that represented the "sertanejos" as an inhuman mass and glorified the republican soldiers as heroes. However, in retrospect to the war, Euclides writes his "Os sertões," undermining much of the journalistic rhetoric established during the war by exposing the republican soldiers' cruel acts of violence and condemning the war as illegal. In effect, he inadvertently elevates the sertanejo to the level of a perceivable individual whose death can be mourned. This article juxtaposes a reading of newspaper coverage of the Canudos conflict with Euclides' account in "Os sertões." In doing so, this article elucidates the relationship between life and suspended law, ultimately providing a biopolitical reading of these texts.

Victorian fiction can provide a valuable source of information about society by virtue of its topicality and realistic techniques, influenced by contemporary journalism. In particular, the novels of Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy throw light on literacy practices, including reading aloud. The higher the literacy levels of the novels' characters, the less reading aloud is reported; and as literacy becomes more widespread through the 19th century, it is commented on increasingly less. Significantly, when instances of reading aloud are depicted, they fulfil purposes that seem to correspond with recognisable present-day scenarios, in which the power of the spoken word resonates.

In this paper, we report on our investigation of news coverage of accountability reform in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal during the implementation and assessment of New York's Race to the Top-inspired teacher evaluation system. In systemically analyzing how these prominent media outlets narrated this contentious moment in educational history, this study seeks to identify major narrative features pertinent to the ideological and representational dimensions of teachers in the era of consequential accountability. Specifically, we examine character prevalence, the characterization of prevalent characters, and the valuations ascribed to prevalent characters. This analysis, thus, aims to account for the mediatization of accountability reform. Our findings suggest that both periodicals constructed a one-dimensional conflict between education reformers and resisters of the newly implemented accountability policies while narrating those most affected by the policies as passive bystanders to the ideological conflict being waged by those with more power and influence. This reductionist narrative gives voice to reformers' audit-based notion of accountability while omitting the relational responsibility of educators -- the form of accountability long associated with teachers' work. In accounting for ideological and representational features of journalists' narrative construction, we illuminate how prominent media outlets mediatize accountability policy.

Background: The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes an estimated 11,600 males to contract HPV-associated cancers in the U.S. every year. Purpose: We describe the generalized results of a social media marketing campaign. The aim was to identify predictors of self-reported HPV vaccine uptake and target these predictors in a health education campaign for males on a large college campus. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study that recorded surveys from 90 college males then analyzed these results to inform the implementation of a campus-wide social media campaign. The survey had good internal consistency (a = 0.83) and assessed the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. Results: The campaign reached an estimated 2,200 students with in-person presentations, 12,000 students with two student newspaper articles, and over 17,000 views of its three-part social media video series, which was shared 197 times by students and organizations at the university. After the campaign, our cohort survey demonstrated three of five health beliefs targeted had significantly improved: perceived susceptibility (p < 0.01), perceived severity (p < 0.05), and self-efficacy (p < 0.01). Discussion: Our study reports the generalized findings of an evidence-based, reproducible approach to implementing an educational campaign on a college campus. Translation to Health: Education Practice: This model for social media marketing and student engagement can be replicated by other university health centers for education of males about vaccines and other chronic diseases.

The Leaving Certificate programme in Ireland is a two year programme for upper second-level students and culminates in them sitting externally-set high stakes State examinations. Students' experiences of the programme are dominated by these assessment demands and the level of media coverage of these examinations has been deemed 'extraordinary' by external observers. Drawing on 790 articles from two national newspapers across a four year time period (July 2013--July 2017), this paper provides, for the first time, an overview on the nature of the media coverage offered in this mode. Thematic analysis of the articles reveals a heavy emphasis on technical and instrumental aspects of the programme. Priority is placed on providing practical advice regarding the application process for a college place along with study skills and examination tips. Overall, a consensualist view of Irish students is reflected in the assumption that all wish to progress to higher education. Higher-level examinations are afforded more importance than 'ordinary' level papers and there is a focus on high-achieving academic students. There are also indicative silences that relate to less 'distinguished' aspects of the Leaving Certificate. The paper concludes by raising a number of related concerns.

The paper provides an example of how immigration is constructed by receiving societies as a comprehension or language problem that requires special solutions. It focuses on the application of Easy-to-Read, a simplified register currently in expansion which addresses different groups of people with intellectual disabilities, to immigrants in Spain. Following a general introduction on the glottopolitical approach to migration processes and a historical overview of tendencies of discursive simplification in Europe and the Americas, the co-text of the term 'immigrants' in a corpus including drafting guides of Easy-to-Read, newspapers and websites of the supporters of this variety is analysed in the empirical part. Methods of semantic discourse analysis (semantic relations and prototype theory) allow to identify new meanings and categories that are constructed in the selected texts ('immigrant' as a co-hyponym of 'person with a disability').

Understanding history involves being able to construct knowledge about the past from historical traces left behind. In this article, the author describes a five-step strategy using historical obituaries to recreate the social landscapes of the past and raise critical consciousness regarding power relations in different contexts. The strategy is designed to assist teachers in guiding students through the process of analyzing the language in an obituary, comparing and contrasting multiple obituaries, and then participating in a classwide discussion to critically assess the dominant norms, values, and expectations structuring the historical period under investigation. In the final step, students consider their present-day context and their future in light of their newly constructed knowledge about the past. The sample inquiry presented in this article centers around uncovering how gender and race are socially constructed in the late-nineteenth century. This strategy can be implemented in either middle or high school social studies classrooms.

Recent studies have brought attention to the potential of translation as a symbolic activity to improve students' translingual competence. This study contributes to this growing field of study by examining students' voices in class discussions in translation classrooms. Five translation sessions were implemented with beginner and intermediate learners of Japanese at a UK university. Based on thematic analysis of students' learning journals and post-session interviews, this study highlights how class discussion provides a site for sharing multiple perspectives and meaning-making processes that each student brings to the same text. It also enables students to reflect on these interpretations and find and refine their own translations. This study suggests the potential benefits of class discussion in reframing translation activities from those that require students to seek the 'correct' answer to those that prompt reflection on the symbolic value of the text, which is often overlooked in communicative language teaching (CLT).

While "born digital" artefacts such as video games and e-books have been part of secondary school English in Anglophone countries for over two decades, databases of mass-digitised (hence "re-mediated") literary texts are yet to have a significant presence in, or influence on, literary work in subject English. The authors contend that engagement with these digitised texts requires a postdigital "literary literacy". They explore how "distant reading" -- applying digital tools to large-scale data to identify patterns beyond the scale of human perception -- offers a form of postdigital literary literacy that can be enacted alongside others, including productive reading and code switching. Using the example of the To be continued… database of fiction originally published in 19th and 20th century Australian newspapers, the article argues that postdigital literary objects offer new literary knowledge and new ways of thinking about literary study and teacher expertise in English in the 21st century.

This article discusses the role of the media and academic experts in the configuration of educational policy in a neoliberal context. The analysis is based on the discourse on the public/private divide in higher education scrutinising the opinion columns of "El Mercurio," a major Chilean newspaper. The authors identify the discursive disappearance of the public university and the reappearance of the 'public' dimension connected to the private sector. The discourse of a 'diverse and mixed' system is accomplished by two discursive devices: (a) Reference to (selected) global trends and (b) Scientific expertise in higher education. The economic and discursive power of "El Mercurio" enhances the discourses of opinion columnists on the public/private divide. As a result, the concept of the public takes a hybrid turn, detaching itself from the State as its exclusive owner and connecting it to the market.

Discourses of 'teacher quality' have been on the rise in Australia since at least the standards-focused policy reforms of the 1990s. This paper uses a corpus-assisted analysis to explore recent deployments of 'teacher quality' and 'teaching quality' in the Australian print media, drawing on 432 articles collected from the 12 Australian national and capital city daily newspapers over the four-year period from January 2014 to December 2017. The analysis highlights that 'teacher quality' and 'teaching quality' are deployed differently in respect to school teachers and teachers in higher/vocational education contexts, and examines the nature of these differences. It demonstrates that the print media plays a key role in shaping and/or reflecting the links between discourses of teacher quality and notions of standards and accountability in education; and also in reflecting the highly politicised and political nature of teacher quality discussions and debates in Australia at this time.

Since 2007, 'Closing the Gap' between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people has been an ambition of Australian state and federal governments in areas including education, employment, and health. This paper examines media responses to government policies aimed at closing the achievement gap in schools. The paper analyses print and online newspaper articles in national and capital city/state-based newspapers that reported on the implementation and success of Closing the Gap policies in Australia's schools. The paper argues that media narratives are often based on NAPLAN results, data sourced from the "MySchool" website, or newspaper-created metrics that support their own narrative. This paper highlights the narratives being purported to readers via the selective nature of newspaper data, and subsequently how these narratives attempt to influence the public discourse.

In many countries stakeholders take initiatives to stimulate students' media literacy, such as (free) distribution of newspapers to teachers, the so-called Newspapers in Education (NiE) programmes. The aim of these initiatives is to promote reading, stimulate interactive ways of teaching and create a generation of critical thinkers and informed citizens. The success and effectiveness of initiatives of this kind depend on how teachers use newspapers as teaching tools in class. In this study we examine the use of a local NiE programme and shed light on its determining factors. 454 Flemish teachers (Belgium) in primary and secondary education and 219 student teachers (Bachelors and Masters) participated in the study, which followed a mixed-methods approach. The results show that if newspapers are (freely) distributed, teachers use them as teaching tools quite intensively as teaching tools. One of the most determining factors is the extent to which teachers use media themselves and work on media creation in their classrooms. This finding indicates that school board members, pedagogical counsellors and teacher educators can support and stimulate NiE programmes by paying explicit attention to these elements, e.g., during pre- and in-service training as well as by focusing on the development of media literacy competencies of teachers.

This study examines associations between leisure reading and reading skills in data of 2,525 students followed from age 7 to 16. As a step further from traditional cross-lagged analysis, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to identify within-person associations of leisure reading (books, magazines, newspapers, and digital reading), reading fluency, and reading comprehension. In Grades 1-3 poorer comprehension and fluency predicted less leisure reading. In later grades more frequent leisure reading, particularly of books, predicted better reading comprehension. Negative associations were found between digital reading and reading skills. The findings specify earlier findings of correlations between individuals by showing that reading comprehension improvement, in particular, is predicted by within-individual increases in book reading.

The purpose of the paper is to contribute to research on the media's role in naming and framing the debate about teacher education using Sweden as a case study. This is done by analysing how articles published in four major Swedish newspapers from 2016-2017 define: (a) the challenges/strengths of current teacher education and (b) the kind of teacher professionalism that the descriptions give rise to. Using content analysis, the study shows that the media mainly emphasises the negative aspects of teacher education and, in particular, scepticism of the scientific basis where postmodernism is regarded as problematic and needing to be replaced by cognitive science due to the insufficient knowledge of teachers and student teachers, the shortage of teachers in the country as a whole and disciplinary problems in the classroom. The debate is primarily fuelled by those outside the field of educational research, who argue that psychology and neuroscience scholars should have the power to define the content of education, which indicates a view of professionalism as inside-out-professionalism. There are more nuanced approaches to teacher education as well, but these are marginalised.

Drawing on critical discourse analysis methodologies, this study examines the discursive conflicts and strategies employed by newspaper media surrounding the National English Ability Test (NEAT) in Korea. NEAT was reported to cause severe competition among young learners of English and lacked public support. Discursive conflicts over whether NEAT would be legitimized flourished in the media. In this study, the discursive practices adopted by both proponents and opponents of NEAT in two leading Korean newspapers of different political orientations--"Chosun Ilbo" and "Hankyoreh"--were analyzed from 2006 to 2016. Over this decade, there were three periods of transformation: creation, expansion, and extinction. During the creation period, the discursive conflict focused on the TOEFL crisis in Korea, expansion on the implementation of NEAT, and extinction on its abolition. From creation to abolition, there were competing rationales for developing, suspending, or abolishing NEAT. This study investigated the underlying orientations (neoliberal and evaluative state) of the two newspapers and found that they examined the pros and cons of using the test. Moreover, the government's implementation of high-stakes testing and its attempt to reward those who complied and to curb the private education sector stresses market-friendly state interaction, which accordingly perpetuates neoliberal conditions.

Despite the growing importance of Chinese in many contexts, the ideological orientations towards the Chinese language and its speakers embedded in the wider socio-political context remain under-researched. This study intends to bridge this gap by interpreting media representations of 'Chinese' in Irish print media. A combination of corpus linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis was employed in the study. Informed by Ruíz's (1984) metaphorical representations of language, 85 valid news articles retrieved from the major Irish newspapers (2010-2018) were analysed. The results of analysis suggest that Irish media discourse focuses on highlighting the instrumental value of the Chinese language, promoting standard Chinese and marginalizing the Irish Chinese diaspora community. It can be argued that a community-oriented approach to promoting the learning and teaching of Chinese may help create a positive synergy between heritage language maintenance and recognition of the Chinese language as a valuable resource. This study will have implications for the wider discussion of language ideology and language planning with regard to modern language learning and heritage language maintenance.

It has long been thought that encouraging children to read is likely to be beneficial for the development of their literacy skills. However, a lot less attention has been paid to the issue of whether what students read matters for their academic progress. This paper therefore considers the association between the frequency young people read five different types of text (comics, short stories, books, newspapers and magazines) and their scores on standardised reading and mathematics tests. Drawing upon large longitudinal census data from the largest administrative region in Spain, we find that frequency of reading comics, newspapers and magazines is not associated with the development of children's cognitive skills. In contrast, there is clear and consistent evidence of a positive and increasing association between the frequency children read books and their academic achievement. We consequently conclude that recommended reading time for children should be focused upon the time they spend reading books and not other material.

The framing of news promotes certain interpretations. The representation of a problem in public media thereby affects the idea of what to do about that problem. This article analyses discourses about child sexual abuse (CSA) in preschools, occurring in Swedish printed media 2014-2015, and interprets the effects that the discourses may have on the social practices. 'The discourse of the best interest of the child and preschool as a good place' and 'the discourse of equality as an ideal' dominate the material, although narratives describe CSA. Solutions to limiting CSA are discussed only rarely.

The study investigates the effects of media and advertisements on food purchasing and consumption in physical education and sports school students. 160 woman (mean age=21,52±1,9) and 248 man (mean age=22,14±2,2) totally 408 students of Turkey, Antalya Akdeniz University School of Physical education and sport, participate to the study. Research is aimed at case identifying and used questionnaire was prepared for the purpose of the study. % 79,4 of individuals follow the news, information and developments about 'healthy nutrition, sport nutrition, adequate and balanced nutrition, supplements, and new products' which are located in media and advertisements. The mass media which are mostly used and causing individuals to modify the nutrition habits are respectively internet, television and newspaper. % 60,5 of individuals finding reliable, information in the media and advertising and % 51,6 of them reports that they modify their nutrition habits influenced by these information. Milk and milk products, meat, chicken, fish, vegetables and fruits are most purchased food groups and fast food, chips, confectionaries are given up food groups, affected by these information. Studies show that, media and advertisements have effect on nutrition habits and product purchase. All occupational groups have to work for information which contained in advertisements and mass media to be reliable, scientific, real and clear. Also, inter-professional cooperation should be carried out.

Undergraduate mathematics programs must prepare teachers for the challenges of teaching statistical thinking as advocated in standards documents and statistics education literature. This study investigates the statistical thinking of pre-service secondary mathematics teachers at the end of their undergraduate educations. Although all had completed a required upper-division two-course sequence in probability and statistics, most were challenged by two tasks which required a critical analysis of the use of statistics in newspaper articles. Some patterns emerged in the incorrect answers, including a tendency to focus on potential sampling issues which were not relevant to the tasks. The results have implications for, and reaffirm concerns about, the undergraduate statistics preparation of secondary teachers in the United States.

This essay explores how print media conceals implicit hegemonic texts that common readers unsuspectingly tend to internalize. These geopolitically infused texts are set to appropriate the reader's worldviews by sublimating the kind of perceptions and notions they want to promote. This paper raises questions and awareness about how academia responds to these acts of internalization. These geopolitical texts, which dominate most of the print media and other resources, function at an imperceptible level to legitimize presuppositions and mould the world based on its own political imaginaries. To decode and interpret these largely shrewd texts requires a literacy skill that students need to acquire in different academic disciplines. This essay, therefore, explores how print media, such as newspapers and comics, attempts to legitimize knowledge through reports and stories that work at the subliminal level. Since all readers, students, instructors or researchers are vulnerable observers (Behar, 1996), because of our fallible human nature, the act of internalizing mediascaped knowledge becomes alarmingly simple and crucially effective on the way we are directed to perceive the world. By analogy, geopolitical texts are these id-instigated drives that the superego often suppresses and filters into dreams and fiction and yet they ominously somehow found their way out; they stealthily found expression and now they paint reality with their own biased colors. Can readers in the context be dream catchers?

This paper is on semantics of words and expressions of various grammatical constructions that make reference to violence as reported in the Nigerian media, particularly, the newspaper where such words and sentences about violence are prominent. Twenty-four (24) headlines/captions on violence were randomly selected from Nigeria dailies for data analysis. Semantic roles were used to analyse the different words and expressions that made up the headlines/captions. Halliday's Scale and Category theory showing how text boundaries can be split have been employed to facilitate the analysis. The items (instruments) used for violence are meant to cause damage, havoc and loss of lives. The events (eventive) of violence are devastating and can enhance more restiveness in any society. The analysis of the data, show that semantic implications for the media, journalists and the Nigerian State is that most of the citizens in the Nigerian state become afraid or worried at the sight of newspaper captions/headlines carrying violent expressions. Also, other people in other countries who read Nigerian dailies carrying violent expressions/words are discouraged to visit Nigeria because of safety concerns. Lastly, certain locations in Nigeria which are prone to violent activities are avoided by both Nigerians and visitors to Nigeria.