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Lethal violence requires a gender-based analysis which recognises that femicide is different from homicide in many ways. Structural factors such as national income and wealth equality together with government policies may influence the scale of the problem globally. This study is an original attempt to examine associations between femicide rates, these structural factors and national action plans using a longitudinal design. Data from two international surveys were combined to examine anti-femicide actions (n = 133 countries) and temporal femicide prevalence trends (n = 66 countries) in the context of national income and wealth inequality factors. The United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems was used to estimate femicide rates per country 2003–2014 and the World Health Organisation Global Status Report on Violence Prevention provided data on policy initiatives in place by 2014. Results indicate that femicide rates decreased by 32% worldwide but increased by 26% in low- and medium-income countries. The structural factors of low income and high inequality were significantly negatively associated with the 2014 femicide rate. Structural factors must be addressed alongside policy and legal initiatives if significant gains are to be made toward eradicating violence against women and girls.

Assessment of the potential of tourist and recreational clusters and objects of tourist activity remains relevant and still underdeveloped direction in tourism. The article aims to consider the peculiarities of the formation of the regional protentional of tourist and recreational clusters of the member state of the European Union. The methodological paradigm of the formation of potential of tourist and recreational clusters and a technique of its estimation based on systematics of tools and components, which essentially expand a network of the tourist and recreational industry, are substantiated. Methods of hierarchical classification were used. Results and interpretation of the study consists of the components of the competitiveness index for determining the regional level of potential of tourist and recreation clusters in countries in the areas of travel and tourism are presented. Indicators of competitiveness of the regional potential of tourist and recreational clusters are determined. The indicator of the integrated level of efficiency of the formation of regional protentional of tourist and recreational clusters offered. The number of tourists and recreational clusters on the EU member states has been determined. The share of regional potential of tourism and recreation clusters in terms of their total contribution to national income is calculated, as well as the average growth of national income from the projected value of regional potential of tourists and recreation clusters in EU member states.

Background: We examine the sensitivity of the Heyneman-Loxley Effect to the influence of an error-prone family background measure in 15 education systems from Southern and Eastern Africa. Our aim is to revisit a claim by Abby Riddell from the November 1989 issue of the Comparative Education Review concerning the reliability of family background measures and the estimation of the Heyneman-Loxley Effect. Three questions guide our study: does national income have an association with the reliability of a family background measure, is the association between a family background measure and student achievement sensitive to measurement error, and is the association between national income and the school effect sensitive to measurement error? Methods: Our analysis relies on the SACMEQ III data archive and, most importantly, a known error-prone family background measure (i.e., socioeconomic status index) and its corresponding measurement error (i.e., conditional standard error of measurement). For each SACMEQ III education system, we calculate the reliability of the socioeconomic status index and examine its association with national income. We use a Bayesian multilevel regression model to estimate naive and correction parameters representing the association between the socioeconomic status index and student achievement. Finally, we explore the associations between national income and the naive and correction estimates for the school effect across SACMEQ III education systems. Results: We observe three results. First, the association between national income and the reliability of the socioeconomic status index appears negative among SACMEQ III education systems (albeit questionable due to the small n-size and influential outliers). Second, the association between the socioeconomic status index and student achievement is sensitive to measurement error across content areas and SACMEQ III education systems. Third and finally, the association between national income and the school effect is insensitive to measurement error across content areas and SACMEQ III education systems. Conclusions: Throughout our study, we discuss measurement error, its consequences, and why the correction of error-prone family background measures is important. We highlight the need for auxiliary information for measurement error correction (e.g., reliability ratio, conditional standard error of measurement). Lastly, in addition to encouraging the correction of error-prone family background measures when attempting to replicate the Heyneman-Loxley Effect, we invite further research on improving the reliability and comparability of family background measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female comparative disadvantage refers to the mismatch of the female with respect to achievements in different dimensions of human well-being in comparison with the corresponding achievements of the male. This paper axiomatically derives a general family of female comparative disadvantage indicators which has very important policy implications. The axioms employed are shown to be 'independent'. An empirical illustration of the general index is provided using the UNDP data on mean years of schooling, life expectancy at birth and gross national income per capita in 2018. Results show that female comparative disadvantage is not necessarily related to standard measures of human development, such as the HDI, and is present even in countries reaching very high human development. The factor where policy intervention is needed the most is income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the birth of the formal Swedish development policy in 1962, the overarching goal of Swedish aid has been poverty reduction. While the goal has been up for revision four times (under two social democratic and two conservative governments) it has only been rephrased rather than reformed. In addition, Sweden's ambition to devote one per cent of its gross national income to development aid each year has been largely upheld since it was first achieved in 1975, save a period of 13 years (1993–2005, under the social democratic rule) where it was abandoned with reference to budgetary pressures. Aid was, however, never less than 0.7 per cent of GNI. Goals and volumes not being altered over time, even under government changes, suggest Swedish development cooperation policy has been formed under consensus. This apparent continuity, however, masks some important differences between political parties' policy preferences, and the stability may be better explained by large majorities being in favour of current policies than by consensus. I argue that the preconditions for those differing ideational positions to be translated into policy change are today quite favourable, suggesting that a policy paradigm shift, a 'radical policy change', may be in the making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The inclusion rate of radiotherapy within 55% of NCCPs falls short of the 80% target set by GTFRCC. • Inclusion of radiotherapy specific planning in NCCPs varied according to income level and geography. • Prioritisation of radiotherapy in NCCPs is correlated with radiotherapy machine availability. • This study supports the importance of including radiotherapy in a country's NCCP. In 2015, the Global Task Force on Radiotherapy for Cancer Control (GTFRCC) called for 80% of National Cancer Control Plans (NCCP) to include radiotherapy by 2020. As part of the ongoing ESTRO Global Impact of Radiotherapy in Oncology (GIRO) project, we assessed whether inclusion of radiotherapy in NCCPs correlates with radiotherapy machine availability, national income, and geographic region. A previously validated checklist was used to determine whether radiotherapy was included in each country's NCCP. We applied the CCORE optimal radiotherapy utilisation model to the GLOBOCAN 2020 data to estimate the demand for radiotherapy and compared this to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Directory of Radiotherapy Centres (DIRAC) supply data, stratifying by income level and world region. World regions were defined according to the IAEA. Complete data (including GLOBOCAN 2020, DIRAC and NCCP) was available for 143 countries. Over half (55%, n = 79) included a radiotherapy-specific checklist item within the plan. Countries which included radiotherapy services planning in their NCCP had a higher median number of machines (1.68 vs 0.75 machines/1000 patients needing radiotherapy, p < 0.001). There was significant regional and income-level heterogeneity in the inclusion of radiotherapy-related items in NCCPs. Low-income and Asia-Pacific countries were least likely to include radiation oncology services planning in their NCCP (p = 0.06 and p = 0.003, respectively). Few countries in the Asia-Pacific (18.6%) had a plan to develop or maintain radiation services, compared to 57% of countries in Europe. Only 55% of current NCCPs included any information regarding radiotherapy, below the GTFRCC's target of 80%. Prioritisation of radiotherapy in NCCPs was correlated with radiotherapy machine availability. There was regional and income-level heterogeneity regarding the inclusion of specific radiotherapy checklist items in the NCCPs. Ongoing efforts are needed to promote the inclusion of radiotherapy in future iterations of NCCPs in order to improve global access to radiation treatment. No direct funding was used in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the macroeconomic gains to Asia-Pacific economies from liberalising foreign investment flows. It first presents an intertemporal theoretical framework to convey, in principle, how higher national income stems from the narrowing of the gap between domestic and foreign rates of return on capital. Using a computable general equilibrium model it then empirically quantifies the impact on investment, the capital stocks, the external accounts and national income of a one percentage point reduction of the rate of return on capital due to further liberalisation of impediments to foreign investment. The results show national income gains for Asia-Pacific economies are on average around 0.3 percent per annum, which compounded through time implies significant long-term improvement in living standards in the region. This suggests APEC should afford greater priority to foreign investment liberalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to measure influences of the main variables in rural poverty in Iraq during 1990 – 2019, so it used descriptive and qualitative methods to show the subject. The research reaches throw results of unit root test that all the variables were un stable in the level, but all of them were stabled after first difference. The research proved it`s hypothesis that all structural changes can lead to reduce the rural poverty in Iraq, the study explained positive relationship among the dependent variable ( per capita of national income) and independent variables ( rural population, agricultural labor, planted area of crops and the using technology), where increase by 1 % in each of the independent variables lead to increase in share of national income by ( 1.02, 3.6, 0.19,0.55) % respectively, this study showed there are decreasing in ratio of agri. product in GDP during the study period between % 20.4 .4 1995 and % 2.4 in 2018 and that indicated dependency of Iraq in crude oil and don’t have care with agricultural sector. The research recommends to planning of development strategy in Iraq`s countryside to reduce rural poverty and support the agri. Sector by modern technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National highway projects present a crucial role in economic growth, as they have a great influence on the national income. Therefore, the decision makers plan to construct these projects at a rapid rate. To achieve the just aforesaid, the utilization of asphalt of adequate quality and gradation is essential. The key problem which lies in recent decades is that many types of asphalt mixtures are rejected and reconstructed in the site due to the gradation variation of aggregates in the asphalt mixture which waste raw materials, cost and time. Thus, this research seeks to assess the possibility of accepting asphalt mixes with aggregates gradation variation (within the range from +4% above the upper specification limit to −2% below the lower specification limit). A wearing surface mix with gradation 3B was prepared according to the Egyptian code. The gradation variation was presented as the aggregate gradation is out of the specification limits during Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) production. The aggregate gradations lie above and below the upper and lower specification limits, respectively, by ±2%, ±4% and ±6%. The design gradation of the control mix was included as a reference case. The different mix properties were measured using the Marshall Mix design method. Then, the performance of HMA mixes was evaluated under the effects of high temperature and water cycles through applying wheel loading tracking and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) tests. The results show that the 3B mixes with a gradation within a range of +4% to −2% of the upper and lower specification limits recorded the lowest rutting depth and the highest water damage resistance in hot regions compared to ordinary asphalt mixes. In summary, the new aggregate gradation limits will provide a reference for the design of asphalt mixture in hot climate regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Geographic location and national income may influence access to innovation in healthcare. We aimed to study if geographical location and national income influenced the timelines to activate the global phase III APHINITY trial, evaluating adjuvant pertuzumab in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer. Methods: Time from regulatory authority (RA) submission to approval (RAA), time to Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board (EC/IRB) approval, time from study approval by EC/IRB to first randomised patient and from first to last randomised patient were collected. Analyses were conducted grouping countries by geographical region or economic income classification. Results: Forty-one countries (of 42) had data available regarding all relevant timelines. No statistical difference was observed between the time to RAA and geographical region (p = 0.47), although there was a trend to longer time to RAA in upper middle-income economies (p = 0.07). Except for time from first to last patient randomised, there was wide variation in timelines overall and within geographical regions and economic income groups. Conclusions: Geographical location and income classification did not appear to be the major drivers influencing time for clinical trial activation. Wide variability in activation timelines within geographical regions and income groups exists and is worthy of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which analyzes the fiscal fatigue attitude for Turkey over the period 1970-2019, aims to detect the debt threshold to which the primary surplus cannot respond, with the help of the fiscal reaction function. The findings of the analysis, in which the cointegration relationship between the series is estimated with the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares Method, confirm that when the ratio of public debt to national income rises above the level of 64.52% fiscal fatigue begins and at this point the ratio of the primary surplus to national income is 10.83%. In other words, it is possible to pronounce that the economy cannot react to a public debt of over 64.52% and there is no possibility to increase the primary surplus by more than 10.83%. Turkey, which has a fiscally fragile structure, should not compromise on fiscal discipline against macroeconomic shocks in terms of debt sustainability, and gingerly monitor the course of public debt in terms of fiscal policy sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study empirically explores the influence of financial development (FD) in an innovation-growth nexus. Specifically, the study considers how, through FD, innovation impacts countries' export products, export values and national incomes. The system Generalized Method of Moments technique and the dynamic common correlated effect estimator are used on data of 57 economies covering the period 2000 to 2019. First, the findings reveal that, on the full sample, FD and its interaction with R&D expenditure have both short- and long-run effects on economic performance, as they both cause increases in export product, export value and national income. However, within the full sample study, the direct impact of FD is more favorable than the indirect effect. Second, within the developed and the developing economies, the study reveals that FD indirectly influences economic performance by improving the relationship between R&D expenditures and export products, export values and the national incomes of these groups of economies, both in the short- and the long-run. However, considering the developing economies, the findings show that the indirect influence of FD is more favorable than the direct effect. As a result, this study argues that FD is relevant for improving the relationship between innovation and economic performance, for both developed and developing economies. Policymakers should, therefore, ensure efficiency and stability in their financial sector as they engage in R&D activities in order to be able to harness the export-growth benefits of innovation fully. Moreover, policies that ensure sustainable money supply should be encouraged, especially within the developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically based on national income accounting identities, the Feldstein-Horioka hypothesis downplays, if not totally ignores, the influence of monetary factors on international capital mobility. Recognizing the historical development of economics and the institutional arrangements of the exchange rate regime, this study extends the theoretical framework by integrating the balance of payments and national income accounting equations to show that domestic investment is related to not only domestic saving and international capital flows but also changes in the domestic money supply and credit creation. Panel data regression results for the original Feldstein-Horioka sample – 20 OECD countries over the years 1960 – 1974 – empirically support the theory. In contrast to the Feldstein- Horioka findings, a lower saving-investment coefficient is found, suggesting higher international capital mobility though still with some degree of home bias. Overall, this study illustrates the importance of money, history of economics and economic institutions in understanding and resolving the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of an analysis of the impact of digitalization on the development trends and quality of growth of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union member states. A comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon "quality of growth" is performed. The determinants of the quality of growth of the national economies that form the Eurasian Economic Union are analyzed. The novelty of the study lies in the construction and implementation of an econometric model for assessing the impact of digitalization indicators on national income growth, international and national inequality, and precarization of employment in the five Eurasian economies. The results confirm the hypothesis of multidirectional influence of information and communication technologies on the rates and quality of the economic growth of individual countries and integration unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: High out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) increases the probability that households will become impoverished or will forgo needed care. The aim of this paper is to study household medicines expenditure and its associated determining factors to develop policies to protect households from financial hardship. Methods: The present cross-sectional and population-level study used the Bangladesh 2016–17 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). The final sample size was 46,080 households. We analyzed the probability of OOPE for medicines, the share of total OOPE due to medicines out of total OOPE in health (reported as a ratio between zero and one), the OOPE amount for medicines reported (in United States Dollars), and the share of OOPE amount on medicines out of total household expenditure (reported as a ratio between zero and one). Predictors of analyzed outcomes were identified using three regression models. Results: Out of those households who spent on healthcare, the probability of having any OOPE on medicines was 87.9%. Of those who spent on medicines, the median monthly expenditure was US$3.03. The poorest households spent 9.97% of their total household expenditure as OOPE on medicines, nearly double that of the wealthiest households (5.86%). The characteristic which showed the most significant correlation to a high OOPE on medicines was the presence of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Twenty six percent of all surveyed households spend more than 10% of their OOPE on medicines. Conclusions: Our study shows that financial protection should be targeted at the poorest quintiles and such protection should include enrollment of rural households. Further, outpatient medicines benefits should include those for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an introduction to this Special Issue of Development Southern Africa that evaluates the impact of COVID-19 in South Africa, one year into the pandemic. All of the papers use evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study – Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM), a five-wave longitudinal survey conducted from April 2020 to July 2021. As we write this article in June 2022, South Africa has just returned to the same level of GDP that it had at the end of 2019. This two-year period marks one of the most tumultuous in the country's economic history. We showcase results pertaining to employment, income support, hunger, schooling, early childhood development, mental health, and vaccine hesitancy. We also reflect on the policy learnings that can be gleaned in each of these domains and draw on some of the international lessons learnt to point to the way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study – Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) on food security between May 2020 and May 2021. Despite significant investments in social protection, food insecurity and household and child hunger remained stubbornly high. We conclude that given the protracted nature of the pandemic, slow economic recovery, household and child hunger have stabilised at higher levels than before the pandemic. The phasing out of emergency relief coupled with the constrained economic situation, are some of the reasons why levels of food insecurity and hunger are likely to remain high in the near future. Strict lockdown regulations also reduced employment and income from informal economic activities. Social support for vulnerable individuals and households remain an urgent priority. Continuing support targeted at households with children is particularly important given the dire consequences of enduring hunger for stunting, and on children's long-term development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is substantial evidence in the global literature that women have been disproportionately affected by the Covid-19 crisis and associated lockdowns. In this paper, we use five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study - Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) to track the gendered effects of the pandemic in South Africa during the first year of the crisis. We focus here on the impact in the labour market and on unpaid care work in the home. We find that, relative to men, women were more severely affected in both spheres, yet they benefited less from the government income support provided to unemployed and furloughed workers. The evidence from the NIDS-CRAM survey from the first year of the pandemic therefore suggests that gender inequality in South Africa has risen, undoing some of the gains of the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the level of development of countries with the Human Development Index and the Gender Development Index, which are indicators that measure socioeconomic development at national level and compare the differences between economies. Which variables are influential in the grouping of countries is being investigated through a two-stage clustering analysis, one of the data mining techniques All data used in the study are obtained from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Analyzes were conducted with 2268 observation for 189 countries published by UNDP for 2019 According to the results of the Human Development Index, countries are grouped into three groups: countries with high, medium and low development indexes According to the results of the Gender Development Index, countries are grouped into five groups: countries with high, high-medium, medium, medium-low and low development indexes. It has been determined that the number of groups determined for the Human Development Index is different from the number of groups announced in the UNDP report, and the number of groups for the Gender Development Index is the same as the report. In general, the results show that women live longer than men, the education level of men and women is almost the same, and men have a higher national income than women. Thus, the effect of the gender factor on the development index was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What clinicians of status owe health workers earning low wages has been changed by the events of the past 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, national racial reckoning, and increasing national income and wealth inequality. Reasons why clinicians of status should actively promote the interests of health workers earning low wages are numerous and urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) longitudinal dataset, this study undertakes a difference-in-differences (DiD) evaluation of the impact of rural-urban migration on mental and physical health in South Africa. The contribution of the study is in considering sample selection bias as well as the causal direction of the relationship through the use of propensity score matching techniques and restricted sample DiD estimation. This study finds that the rural-urban migrants, within the South African NIDS sample, experience a decline in reported physical and mental health outcomes. The study identifies social isolation and difficult living conditions as some of the factors behind the adverse health outcomes. The findings underscore the fact that while favourable economic outcomes will likely occur as a result of migration efforts (such as employment opportunities and increased income), it comes at a cost of both physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to model and measure the impact of development and non-development expenditure on the carbon dioxide emissions (per capita metric tons) in India over 1980–2018. The Asymmetric ARDL approach (NARDL), an advanced econometric technique, was applied to examine the nexus between CO2 emissions, development and non-development expenditure, national income, energy consumption and population. The short-run and long-run results establish a statistically significant relationship between carbon emissions and the explanatory variables. The long-run asymmetrical results indicate that energy consumption and national income growth pollute the environment. However, we did not find any significant long-run impact of population on pollution levels in India. Furthermore, the results reveal that increase in development expenditure leads to environmental degradation and non-development expenditure mitigates pollution. No evidence of the applicability of EKC was found in India. The authors conclude that a reasonable method of tackling the threat of environmental degradation is to remove distortions in public expenditure policy. We recommend the government to phase out fiscal benefits to pollution-prone economic activities and thus spend the money saved on pollution abatement efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The budget deficit is an important part of the state budget, being a tool for influencing the development of the economy and the social sphere. With its help, based on the budgetary mechanism, the state redistributes the national income, modifies the structure of social production, and achieves social transformations. The purpose of this article is to study the causes, the consequences, and the ways of financing the budget deficit from a theoretical point of view, as well as to analyze the evolution of the budget deficit in Romania based on statistical data from the period 2017-2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We develop a 3 × 4 full‐employment small open economy model for examining the consequences of anti‐immigration policy against skilled labor adopted in the developed country on both national income and wage inequality in a source developing economy, keeping aside the aspect of immigration of unskilled labor. We find that both social welfare and wage inequality are likely to deteriorate when, ceteris paribus, the degree of distortion in the unskilled labor market is sufficiently high. In addition, through quantitative analysis we have recommended a couple of policies that are likely to lessen the adverse outcomes on both the economic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurring crises slowing down economic activities and the resulting consequences paint the picture of modern economies. Therefore, it seems justified to draw on the achievements of economics with a view to explaining the causes of socio-economic crises. The article uses a descriptive method. The objective of the article is to understand the substance of the phenomenon; therefore, the author seeks certain analogies in the past and refers to the work of the Polish scholar Michał Kalecki. The basic conclusion of the article is: J.M. Keynes built a new macroeconomic theory based on the fundamental proposition that manufacturers’ supply (the levels of national income and employment) depended on aggregate demand. In the mid-1930s, a similar thought was formulated by Poland’s most eminent economist, Michał Kalecki. He constructed his business cycle model based on the aforementioned fundamental proposition. It meant that profits and national income were determined by effective investor and consumer demand. J.M. Keynes’s and M. Kalecki’s stressing the pivotal role of aggregate demand was a revolution in economic thinking. It should be noted that the COVID-19 pandemic is not merely a short-term change in economic activity. As predicted by various international institutions, it will have a lasting impact on the functioning of the global economy.

The role of small farms in agricultural production is particularly important for less developed economies, with a high share of agriculture in GDP and a lower level of national income. These economies have a high share of small-scale farms in the total number of registered farms, measured by the size of an agricultural holding. The paper thoroughly analyses the distribution channels of the agricultural products of Moldova (MDA), Romania (ROM), and Serbia (SRB). The data sources for this analysis are taken from the survey conducted on 1 608 small-scale farms in the above-mentioned countries in 2019. The aim of the paper is to develop a model that could enable the structured analysis of distribution channels. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used for efficient assessment and as a criterion for choosing the most appropriate distribution channel. The results of the analysis show that small-scale farms mostly place their products in green markets and processing plants and that the quality and the price of agricultural products are the dominant criteria for the selection of a channel. The results of the applied model indicate that the model is stable and that small-scale farms can choose the optimal distribution channel by using this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many developing countries, aid constitutes a large share of state revenue, a high proportion of which is vastly volatile and unpredictable. This paper focuses on the impact of shocks in foreign aid disbursement on the stability of poor countries, specially on two-sided conflict (internal armed conflict), one-sided conflict from the government (purges) and one-sided conflict from the opposition (assassination, riots and terrorism). The effect of erratic aid disbursement is conditional on how recipient governments react to these shocks and on their ability to make credible commitments. To estimate the effect of an aid shock on conflict and to test how state capacity mediates this relationship, an instrumental variable strategy is proposed based on donors' Gross National Income (GNI). The main findings indicate that (1) negative (positive) aid shocks increase (decrease) one-sided conflict from the opposition, suggesting that negative aid shocks primarily trigger social unrest from the population; and (2) the effect of negative aid shocks on one-sided conflict from the opposition is especially large in countries with weak state capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South Africa, the first stringent COVID-19 lockdown led to joblessness, poverty and isolation from protective social networks stripping many families of the resources they needed to care for children. Whilst widespread hardship was reported, this viewpoint teases out the range of experiences to support policy-making for future pandemics. The authors draw on the findings from the National Income Dynamics Study: Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey and projects that elicited children's perspectives. These sources reveal that children living in socially and spatially diverse families and locations had different experiences. Vital safety nets include a strong civil society, a culture of ubuntu in rural and peri-urban communities, and the school feeding programme in low-income neighbourhoods. However, permanently raising the child support grant above the food poverty line would protect children during pandemics, mitigate against hunger and reduce the hidden inequalities that exist around access to food between urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Influential factors of socio-economic and air pollution on life expectancy (LE) show complexity. The investigations of non-linear functions of LE, socio-economic, and air pollution factors have not been largely conducted, and spatial and temporal differences of the linear or non-linear relations between LE and the influential factors have been obscured across countries in the world. In this study, the non-linear relations between LE and factors of per capita gross national income (GNIpc), urban population rate (UPR), and fine-particulate (PM2.5) were estimated from 2000 to 2015 by using a generalized additive model (GAM). The collected data included the 219 countries and regions with sufficient data and covers the period 2000–2015. The results demonstrate that at the global level, the GNIpc plays a stable and significant non-linear role in LE, while the non-linear relationships between UPR, PM2.5, and LE are not significant. The temporal variation was further investigated that the non-linear effect of PM2.5 on LE is gradually strengthened, and the non-linear effect of UPR on LE shows a weakened trend. However, GNIpc always plays a significantly non-linear role in the LE level. Furthermore, the spatial difference in the non-linear relations among different continents is detected. In sum, it cannot be ignored the non-linear effects of socio-economic and air pollution factors on LE at a global scale and across different continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid economic growth and increased national income year by year, individuals and families have an increasingly greater demand for financial products. Banks' sales of financial products have become a new economic profit growth point for major banks. Based on consumers' psychological perception, the influencing factors of consumers' behavior in purchasing bank financial products are studied. The influencing factor model path of consumer purchase behavior is constructed to find out the factors affecting consumers' purchase of bank financial products and formulate appropriate promotion strategies according to the influencing factors. Through the research methods of literature analysis, small-scale in-depth interview, questionnaire surveys, and statistical analysis, this exploration selects four variables: independent variable, mediator, control variable, and dependent variable. They are influencing factors of purchasing bank financial products (perceived convenience, risk value of bank financial products, satisfaction of purchasing communication process), consumers' willingness to buy bank financial products, consumers' personal characteristics and consumers' behavior of purchasing bank financial products. Meanwhile, based on 196 valid questionnaires, regression analysis is carried out through a regression model. The results show that the three influencing factors of consumers' purchase of bank financial products-perceived convenience, risk value of bank financial products, and satisfaction with the purchase communication process significantly impact consumers' purchase of bank financial products. They can put forward specific promotion suggestions for banks. This exploration aims to study the optimization of bank financial product promotion strategy from the perspective of consumer psychological perception to provide a reference for subsequent related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital assets provide a wide variety of benefits and services to current and future generations. If intergenerational well-being is governed by capital assets, then they should not decline. This is the simple intuition behind nondeclining capital assets as an indicator of sustainability. We review recent developments in the wealth-accounting literature, with a particular focus on global natural capital. Aiming toward climate and biodiversity targets in economies constrained by carbon budgets and planetary boundaries, the wealth index needs to be updated to reflect global scarcities. Inclusive wealth of United Nations and the Dasgupta Review's focus on the conceptual tools of impact inequality, as well as the safe operating space approach, might give us some toolkits to make these changes. Other challenges include spatial and global aggregation and the upscaling of micro to macro. This also calls for utilizing the wealth index for cost-effectiveness, as well as cost-benefit, analysis. Looking at another focus of the inclusive wealth and Dasgupta Review, we touch on the effect of population change on per capita wealth and measurements of well-being in the context of an ever more densely populated planet. Finally, we also discuss that more empirical research is expected to revise approaches to the comprehensive net national product, as well as to wealth accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mission of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is to achieve shared prosperity through cross‐border trade, investment flows, connectivity, people bond, and policy coordination. This motivates us to explore and evaluate the distributive effects of trade and investments under the BRI, as it offers a quasi‐natural experiment for impact evaluation by taking the BRI economies as the treatment group and other countries as the control group. Estimation results show that the BRI has generated benign distributive impacts, as the Gini estimates in BRI economies are significantly reduced after the implementation of the BRI. Further, the benign distributive impacts are found to come from imports from China. More specifically, imports from China that are complementary to local labor inputs are positively correlated with labor participation, thereby helping raise the labor share in national income and reduce income inequality. Conversely, imports of machinery, agricultural products, minerals, and so on from China are found to be negatively correlated with the GDP share of the primary industry. In other words, they help promote industrialization and urbanization in BRI economies, which are expected to lead to better income distribution in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the analysis of the Wave 5 National Income Dynamics Study - Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey 2021 dataset, the study conducted in South Africa, we developed a model of analysis based on three dimensions, namely, subjective well-being, material living conditions, and importance attributed to education during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional analysis of the data for Gauteng area indicates that the dimension of subjective well-being of families in South Africa--even in relation to the factors such as conditions of deprivation (e.g., hunger)--does not necessarily influence the importance the respondents attach to their children's education, this as reflected in whether or not they send them to school when COVID-19 restrictions allowed for schools to come back to face-to-face teaching. Subjective well-being of parents and guardians is, however, a predictor of concern about their children's education and future. Our working hypothesis is that, although there is little evidence that subjective wellbeing has a significant association with the respondents' willingness for their children to continue their schooling, there is a significant indirect effect of subjective wellbeing--which is especially determined by the gender as well as of the living material conditions--and the greater or lesser importance that the respondents attribute to their children's education. Likewise, and in more general terms, subjective well-being is clearly related to gender, with women having the lowest levels of subjective well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Dutch national breast cancer screening program invites women aged 50–75 for screening. By detecting the disease in an early phase, the program aims to achieve lower breast cancer mortality and improve breast cancer survivors' health. Arguably, the latter also improves the employability of diagnosed women. Objective: This study investigates the effects of the Dutch national breast cancer screening program on diagnosed women's employment and income. Methods: The empirical analysis uses data of 229,357 women aged 40–59, of whom 10,515 were diagnosed with breast cancer at an age in the range 47–53. A regression-based difference-in-differences estimator is used to identify program effects by comparing outcomes for women diagnosed at ages 47–49 with the outcomes for those diagnosed at ages 50–53. The empirical models account for individual fixed effects, and for age and year fixed effects by using a control group of women who were not diagnosed with breast cancer. Results: Women's employment rates declined in the six-year period after a breast cancer diagnosis with, on average, about 3 percentage points and their incomes declined with, on average, about 5% over this period. The empirical evidence, based on a comparison of outcomes for women diagnosed at ages 47–49 with the outcomes for those diagnosed at ages 50–53 when covered by the breast cancer screening program, does not support that these declines in employment and income were affected by the program. The evidence also does not support short or medium-term survival gains of the program. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the Dutch national breast cancer screening program yields no discernible short or medium-term employment and income gains for women diagnosed with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given that South Africa experienced significant food insecurity even before the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not surprising that the pandemic would result in even greater food insecurity in the country. This paper provides additional evidence on the relationship between food insecurity and health. Methods: Data came from the National Income Dynamics Study-Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey, a longitudinal survey of adult South Africans. Health was a self-reported indicator of general health, while food insecurity was measured by household hunger, the frequency of household hunger, and households running out of money to buy food. We performed descriptive and econometric analyses. Results: Food insecurity has remained high even in the face of greater re-opening of the economy. Moreover, among hunger-affected households, between a quarter and a third struggled with hunger almost daily or daily. Belonging to a hunger-affected household was associated with a 7-percentage point higher probability of worse health compared to not experiencing hunger. Compared to being unaffected by hunger, being hungry everyday was associated with a 15-percentage point higher probability of worse health in wave 1, an effect that became statistically insignificant by wave 4. Conclusions: These results show the enormity of the hunger problem in South Africa and its adverse effects on health. In the face of economic uncertainty and the removal of COVID-19 palliatives like the grant top-ups, we enjoin policy makers to protect the vulnerable from food insecurity by continuing the implementation of anti-hunger policies and other measures that enhance food security in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective well-being is defined as how happy and satisfied a person is in his life. To date, among the significant determinants of subjective well-being, national income is considered an important one. However, not much focus has been paid to other determinants of subjective well-being, such as education and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the short- and long-run impact of education and ICTs on subjective well-being in China over the period 1996–2020. To empirically investigate the nexus, we have employed bounds testing approach to cointegration and error correction modeling. The long-run estimates attached to education are positive and significant, implying that a rise in average years of schooling help increases the level of happiness. However, the long-run estimate attached to the internet is significant and positive in the happiness model. As far as the interaction term between education and the internet is concerned, the estimate is positive and significant. In short-run, the estimates of education, ICTs, and an interaction term between them are also significantly positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using simple national income accounting and a fixed coefficient two sector model this paper examines how the problem of capital valuation upsets the foundations of the marginal productivity theory of distribution. Assuming no capital valuation problem and zero Wicksell effect, both marginalist theory and the labour theory of value hold. However, the same equation that makes the Wicksell effect zero also entails the profit realization condition of effective demand for the 'golden age'. This argument is extended providing a new perspective to the link between effective demand and capital theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID‐19's case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta‐analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID‐19 for every country reporting COVID‐19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta‐analyses for CFR of COVID‐19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed‐ and random‐model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random‐model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random‐model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high‐income countries, pooled estimates and fixed‐model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random‐model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle‐income, the pooled estimates and fixed‐model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low‐income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID‐19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries. Highlights: Europe showed the highest COVID‐19 case fatality rate (CFR) until mid‐October 2020, and North America and South America follows.Asia showed the highest CFR since the first confirmed case of COVID‐19 emerged, however, it had shown a declining tendency since March 2020.CFRs in high‐income countries showed an explosive increase compared with those in low‐income countries, which can be interpreted as due to the under‐reporting of mortality cases from COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La lecture des chapitres XXVI-XXXIII du livre I du Capital (1865–1867) montre que Marx prenait les vicissitudes ou les contingences de l'histoire anglaise pour d'authentiques nécessités historiques. Mais elle montre aussi que les propriétaires fonciers forment une classe sociale sui generis, qui joue un rôle décisif dans la théorie de la valeur. De fait, la lecture de ces chapitres permet aujourd'hui de répondre avec certitude à la fameuse question oratoire que se posait Marx au chapitre LII du livre III du Capital (1864–1865): "Was macht Lohnarbeiter, Kapitalisten, Grundeigenthümer zu Bildnern der drei großen gesellschaftlichen Klassen?" ("Comment se fait-il que ce soient les ouvriers salariés, les capitalistes et les propriétaires fonciers qui constituent les trois grandes classes de la société?") et à laquelle il n'aurait supposément jamais répondu. A close reading of chapters XXVI–XXXIII of Capital, vol. I (1865–1867) shows that Marx (mis)took the contingencies of English history for genuine historical necessities. But it also shows that landowners form an actual social class in Capital, one that plays an actual role in Marx's own theory of value. In fact, reading these chapters allows us to confidently answer that famous rhetorical question Marx first asked himself in chapter LII of Capital, vol. III (1864–1865): "Was macht Lohnarbeiter, Kapitalisten, Grundeigenthümer zu Bildnern der drei großen gesellschaftlichen Klassen?" ("Comment se fait-il que ce soient les ouvriers salariés, les capitalistes et les propriétaires fonciers qui constituent les trois grandes classes de la société?"). Unlike what we are sometimes led to believe, Marx actually answered that question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When looking at life expectancy (LE) by sex, women live longer than men in all countries. Biological factors alone do not explain gender differences in LE, and examining structural differences may help illuminate other explanatory factors. The aim of this research is to analyse the influence of gender inequality on the gender gap in LE globally. We have carried out a regression analysis between the gender gap in relativised LE and the UN Gender Inequality Index (GII), with a sensitivity analysis conducted for its three dimensions, stratified by the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. We adjusted the model by taking into consideration gross national income (GNI), democratic status and rural population. The results indicated a positive association for the European region (ß=0.184) and the Americas (ß=0.136) in our adjusted model. Conversely, for the African region, the relations between gender equality and the LE gender gap were found to be negative (ß=-0.125). The findings suggest that in the WHO European region and the Americas, greater gender equality leads to a narrowing of the gender LE gap, while it has a contrary relationship in Africa. We suggest that this could be because only higher scores in the GII between men and women show health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global 21st century Kyoto Gas emissions growth as forecast in SSP2 (a middle-of-the-road future climate scenario) is largely driven by expected: (a) per-capita GDP growth; and (b) energy/non-CO 2 GDP intensity reduction. While models of the former have been comprehensively critiqued, the rationale for the latter has not. This paper uses a new consumption-based methodology to determine likely future emissions intensity reductions implicit in changing consumption patterns. Its analysis of household expenditure surveys, macroeconomic data and income elasticities inform a model of how future consumption pathways could evolve with different levels of national incomes to 2100. These pathways are then combined with existing emissions intensity data to quantify the implied impacts of consumption change on overall emissions intensity. Introducing such a consumption factor into established decomposition methodologies then allows demonstration of the scale of non-consumption intensity reductions required. Results suggest that emissions intensity peaks at poverty-like national income levels, where household/transport fuels dominate emissions. Thereafter, intensity reduces with national income growth, though absolute emissions continue to rise. We find that expected changes in consumption patterns will deliver less than half required consumption energy intensity reduction to meet SSP2-Baseline projections to 2100. Such implied non-consumption-pattern improvement requirements may appear relatively undemanding in total against historic performance, but for some regions and timescales this is not the case and the role of mitigation in the historic data may render a forecast baseline (where mitigation is excluded) optimistic. The paper's methodology and findings are relevant for inequality scholars, climate modellers, and governments and policymakers, helping them facilitate a better understanding of how consumption pathways interact with climate futures for whole economies and particular sectors within those. The impact of income-driven changes in consumption patterns on Kyoto gas emissions during the twenty-first century. Notes: 1Fossil fuel and industry emissions only, excludes land-use and other emissions. Red text represents increasing impact on emissions and green text represents reducing impact. Source: Authors' analysis. [Display omitted] • A new consumption-driven model for analysing global emissions growth in SSP2 baseline • Kyoto gas emissions per unit of GDP EAK AT C. $3000 GDP per capita (2005 US$ PPP) • Consumption evolution gives <50 % energy intensity drop implied in SSP2 baseline • Regional divergence in acceleration of energy intensity of consumption required [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to rediscover a relatively unknown author to the general public, Slavcho Zagorov, and to revive his ideas. Zagorov was a Bulgarian economist and statistician whose main works date back to 1954 and are mainly devoted to the concept of energy flows in the economy and human metabolism explained through the prism of thermodynamics. His work and career are reminiscent of another Balkan economist, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. We first present Zagorov's theoretical work on the importance of energy in economic activity and secondly on the measurement of national income and productivity through energy. Thirdly, we show the relation he establishes between energy and utility. Finally, we discuss his texts in relation to his professional and personal trajectory and point out some preliminary elements of comparison with Georgescu-Roegen's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]