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In order to control pathogenic microorganisms, three polymer compositions were prepared and tested. First, a water-soluble positively charged polycomplex was synthesized via the electrostatic binding of anionic polyacrylic acid to an excess of polyethylenimine to enhance the biocidal activity of the polycation. Second, an aqueous solution of AgNO3 was added to the polycomplex, thus forming a ternary polycation-polyanion-Ag1+ complex with an additional antimicrobial effect. Third, the resulting ternary complex was subjected to UV irradiation, which ensured the conversion of Ag1+ ions into Ag nanoparticles ranging in size mainly from 10 to 20 nm. Aqueous solutions of the polymer compositions were added to suspensions of the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and the Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa, with the following main results: (a) Upon the addition of the binary polycomplex, 30% or more of the cells survived after 20 h. (b) The ternary complex killed S. aureus bacteria but was ineffective against P. aeruginosa bacteria. (c) When the ternary complex with Ag nanoparticles was added, the percentage of surviving cells of both types did not exceed 0.03%. The obtained results are valuable for the development of antibacterial formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrahigh molecular weight polymers display outstanding properties and have great application potential. However, the traditional polymerization methods have inevitable disadvantages that challenge the green synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight polymers. The paper achieved an ultrahigh molecular weight poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate) via a novel polymerization and discussed the mechanistic, kinetic, and experimental aspects. The combination of palladium nanoparticles with ethyl 2-bromopropionate has been identified as an exceedingly efficient system for initiating the polymerization of trifluoroethyl methacrylate. An ultrahigh molecular weight poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate) with a number-average molecular weight up to 3.03 × 106 Da has been synthesized at a feeding molar ratio of [poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate)]/[ethyl 2-bromopropionate]/[palladium nanoparticles] = 3.95 × 104:756:1 at 70 °C. The reaction orders concerning palladium nanoparticles, ethyl 2-bromopropionate, and poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate) were determined to be 0.59, 0.34, and 1.38, respectively. By analyzing a series of characterizations, we verified that the polymerization of poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate) was initiated by the ethyl 2-bromopropionate residue radicals, which were generated from the interaction between palladium nanoparticles and ethyl 2-bromopropionate. The comparatively large size of the palladium nanoparticles provided a barrier to chain-growing radicals, promoting the synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Silver nanocomposites (Ag-NPs/PVP) were synthesized through the reduction of Ag+ using Ethylene glycol (EG) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a protective agent in an alkaline medium. Characterization involved UV–Vis spectrum, and TEM image, confirming the well spread of the nanoparticles with a particle size of range 5–10 nm. Stability, assessed after three months, revealed a zeta potentialof −17 mV, identicating no agglomeration.. PVP role in decreasing the nanoparticle size was studied, attributed to the protective layer preventing aggregation.. The study enhanced the antibacterial activity of various cellulosic fabrics (cotton, linen, and viscose) by activating their surfaces through O2 plasma pretreatment at atmospheric pressure. Activation immobilized the fabric matrix by the extracting radicals fforming functional groups(C = O, –O–C = O, –COH, –COOH, and CH2–OH). Viscose demonstrated the highest effect. FTIR confirmed the formation of polar groups on the fabric surface. Activated cellulosic fabric was treated with Ag-NPs/PVP colloid solution and antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) andEscherichia coli (E. coli). Parameters such as: plasma exposure time, Ag-NPs/PVP concentration, and the pretreatment bath temperature were studied.SEM images and EDX spectra verified the presence of nitrogen and silver elements on the treated substrates surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise control of size and morphology of photocatalysts through solvothermal methods is a challenge in the basic research of 3‐D titanium dioxide (TiO2) hierarchical structures. This study utilizes the solvothermal method to synthesize N‐involved TiO2 nanoflowers with nanosheet‐assembled structures ranging from microscale (1.3 µm ± 0.2 µm) to nanoscale (200 nm ± 50 nm), achieved by varying the volume fraction (percentage by volume, vol%) of N‐N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) from 0% to 75% in a mixed solution of DMF and isopropanol (IPA). The synthesized TiO2:VFDMF = 0–75% catalyst exhibits good monodispersity and uniform particle size. With increasing DMF volume percentage, the size of TiO2:VFDMF = 0–75% decreased regularly, and the number of nanosheets constructed with a single TiO2:VFDMF = 0–75% particle decreased without any stacking or reassembly occurring. This study monitors the solvothermal processes of DMF 5% and DMF 75%, revealing the changing rules of nanoparticle size and morphology. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange shows that TiO2:VFDMF = 50% and TiO2:VFDMF = 75% are structurally stable and exhibit good photocatalytic activity without any noble metal doping. The degradation efficiency reaches 99.9%, and after repeated use, the catalysts demonstrate excellent degradation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allicin, as a natural antibacterial active substance from plants, has great medical and health care value. However, due to its poor stability, its application in the field of food and medicine is limited. So, in this paper, allicin–zein–sodium caseinate composite nanoparticles (zein–Ali–SC) were prepared by antisolvent precipitation and electrostatic deposition. Through the analysis of the particle size, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading rate (LC) and microstructure, the optimum preparation conditions for composite nanoparticles were obtained. The mechanism of its formation was studied by fluorescence spectrum, Fourier infrared spectrum (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The stability study results showed that the particle size of composite nanoparticles was less than 200 nm and its PDI was less than 0.3 under different NaCl concentrations and heating conditions, showing good stability. When stored at 4 °C for 21 days, the retention rate of allicin reached 61.67%, which was 52.9% higher than that of free allicin. After freeze-drying and reheating, the nanoparticles showed good redispersibility; meanwhile, antioxidant experiments showed that, compared with free allicin, the nanoparticles had stronger scavenging ability of free radicals, which provided a new idea for improving the stability technology and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent history of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, vaccines have been a crucial public health tool, playing a significant role in effectively preventing infections. However, improving the efficacy while minimizing side effects remains a major challenge. In recent years, there has been growing interest in nanoparticle-based delivery systems aimed at improving antigen delivery efficiency and immunogenicity. Among these, self-assembled nanoparticles with varying sizes, shapes, and surface properties have garnered considerable attention. This paper reviews the latest advancements in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines utilizing self-assembled materials, highlighting their advantages in delivering viral immunogens. In addition, we briefly discuss strategies for designing a broad-spectrum universal vaccine, which provides insights and ideas for dealing with possible future infectious sarbecoviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current spotlight of cancer therapeutics is shifting towards personalized medicine with the widespread use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Despite their increasing potential, mAbs have an intrinsic limitation related to their inability to cross cell membranes and reach intracellular targets. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to overcome this limitation, however, formulation challenges remain. These challenges are the limited loading capacity (often insufficient to achieve clinical dosing), the complex formulation methods, and the insufficient characterization of mAb-loaded nanocarriers. Here, we present a new nanocarrier consisting of hyaluronic acid-based nanoassemblies (HANAs) specifically designed to entrap mAbs with a high efficiency and an outstanding loading capacity (50%, w/w). HANAs composed by an mAb, modified HA and phosphatidylcholine (PC) resulted in sizes of ~ 100 nm and neutral surface charge. Computational modeling identified the principal factors governing the high affinity of mAbs with the amphiphilic HA and PC. HANAs composition and structural configuration were analyzed using the orthogonal techniques cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). These techniques provided evidence of the formation of core-shell nanostructures comprising an aqueous core surrounded by a bilayer consisting of phospholipids and amphiphilic HA. In vitro experiments in cancer cell lines and macrophages confirmed HANAs' low toxicity and ability to transport mAbs to the intracellular space. The reproducibility of this assembling process at industrial-scale batch sizes and the long-term stability was assessed. In conclusion, these results underscore the suitability of HANAs technology to load and deliver biologicals, which holds promise for future clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the optical, structural, and dielectric properties of NiO nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated into a poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate (PVA/SA) polymer blend. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the formation of face-centered cubic NiO NPs with a crystallite size of around 9.9 nm and lattice strain of 5.6 × 10−3, as determined by the Williamson–Hall method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed spherical NiO NPs with sizes ranging from 5 nm to 12 nm. The embedding of NiO NPs into the matrix structure of PVA/SA was confirmed by peak shifting and new peaks from the XRD patterns, and the appearance of spherical nanoparticles with size ranging between 5 nm and 12 nm from HRTEM images. Significant shifting was observed in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral bands, indicating strong interaction between the blend components and NiO. Optical studies showed that doping of PVA/SA with NiO NPs enhanced the material's absorption, with a consequent effect on the optical energy band gap, demonstrated by a red shift in the absorption edge with a decrease from 5.0 eV for pristine PVA/SA to 0.09 eV for the 8 wt.% NiO-doped film. In addition, dielectric studies showed an increase in conductivity with the addition of NiO NPs, suggesting their suitability for solid polymer electrolyte applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study establishes a comprehensive correlation among structural, electrical, and dielectric analyses of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized through the modified sol–gel method under ethyl supercritical conditions. The investigation into the electrical transport, influenced by the microstructure and grain size of FTO nanoparticles, prompted an exploration of charge carrier transport mechanisms and the impact of doping on this behavior. Both structural and electrical analyses were performed on the samples. The x-ray diffraction results reveal a tetragonal rutile structure in the nanoparticles, as validated by Raman analysis. Particle size and strain values were determined using the Williamson–Hall method, complemented by morphological observations using transmission electron microscopy images. Electrical studies revealed semiconducting behavior in all samples, with conductivity analyzed using Jonscher's law. The small polaron hopping and correlated barrier hopping process models are appropriate for describing the conduction process in the prepared sample. The observed behaviors of the imaginary components of impedance (Z″) and modulus (M″) signify a dielectric relaxation phenomenon within the sample, with activation energies closely matching those derived from the conductivity study. The results strongly suggest that our samples hold great promise for future electronic device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nanomaterial synthesis is a growing study area because of its extensive range of uses. Nanoparticles' high surface‐to‐volume ratio and rapid interaction with various particles make them appealing for diverse applications. Traditional physical and chemical methods for creating metal nanoparticles are becoming outdated because they involve complex manufacturing processes, high energy consumption, and the formation of harmful by‐products that pose major dangers to human health and the environment. Therefore, there is an increasing need to find alternative, cost‐effective, dependable, biocompatible, and environmentally acceptable ways of producing nanoparticles. The process of synthesizing nanoparticles using microbes has become highly intriguing because of their ability to create nanoparticles of varying sizes, shapes, and compositions, each with unique physicochemical properties. Microbes are commonly used in nanoparticle production because they are easy to work with, can use low‐cost materials, such as agricultural waste, are cheap to scale up, and can adsorb and reduce metal ions into nanoparticles through metabolic activities. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles provides a clean, nontoxic, ecologically friendly, and sustainable method using renewable ingredients for reducing metals and stabilizing nanoparticles. Nanomaterials produced by bacteria can serve as an effective pollution control method due to their many functional groups that can effectively target contaminants for efficient bioremediation, aiding in environmental cleanup. At the end of the paper, we will discuss the obstacles that hinder the use of biosynthesized nanoparticles and microbial‐based nanoparticles. The paper aims to explore the sustainability of microorganisms in the burgeoning field of green nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize the therapeutic effect of paclitaxel‐loaded polyethylene glycol modified polyethylene imine‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles on cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cell). The physiochemical characteristics of nanocarriers were confirmed by using several methods including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed the magnetic nanoparticles with size of 35 nm and excellent magnetic properties could load paclitaxel with capacity (16%) and encapsulation efficiency (80%) that has revealed pH‐dependent release behavior. The anticancer effects of nanoparticles were investigated using MTT assay. In comparison to free drug, paclitaxel‐loaded magnetic nanocarrier revealed more cytotoxicity against HeLa cell line and also resulted in an increased rate of apoptotic cancer cells, assessed by flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, the developed magnetic nanocarrier showed suitable hemocompatibility which can be used in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium zinc aluminum layered double hydroxides (CdZnAl-LDH) were synthesized by urea hydrolysis and co-precipitation method in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. Cadmium - zinc sulfide (CdZnS) nanoparticles were synthesized on the obtained nanocomposites by the direct sulfidation method both at room temperature (250C) and 400C, and the photocatalytic degradation was studied for the removing of m-cresol from aqueous solutions under visible light. Ultraviolet (UV) spectra, X-ray diffractograms (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the obtained nanocomposites were characterizated and the average size of nanoparticles was determined according to the Scherrer formula. The average crystallite size of CdZnAl-LDH/PVA, CdZnS@CdZnAl-LDH/PVA (250C), and CdZnS@CdZnAl-LDH/PVA (400C) nanocomposites is 14.25 nm, 19.05 nm and 16.5 nm, respectively. It was found that the degree of photocatalytic degradation of m-cresol from water was 18% with CdZnAl-LIH/PVA, 25% with CdZnS@CdZnAl-LIH/PVA (250C), CdZnS@CdZnAl-LIH/PVA (40°C) is 29% under visible light for 3 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs, and ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using Nigella sativa (NS) seed extracts. These nanomaterials (NMs) were characterized by multiple analytical techniques like UV-visible spectrophotometers, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD spectroscopy. The UV-visible spectrum showed 364 nm, 330 nm, and 331nm for ZnO NPs, Fe3O4 NPs, and ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs, respectively. Moreover, it was confirmed when the samples were run through FTIR techniques, and it was observed that the availability of bioactive functional groups was involved in the decline of bulk compounds to NPs. XRD showed their average nanoparticle size based on applying the formula of full width at half maximum (FWHM) for ZnO NPs, Fe3O4 NPs, and ZnO/Fe3O4NCs at 29.52 nm, 22.08 nm, and 12.82 nm, respectively. In this study, NPs and NCs reduced Methylene Blue (MB) dye, and a UV-visible spectrophotometer investigated their catalytic activities. MB dye showed the maximum absorption peak at 664 nm. The reaction of MB was reduced using synthesized products with an accompanying color change reaction from blue to colorless within 60 min at 84%, 86%, and 99.5% degradation for ZnO NPs, Fe3O4 NPs, and ZnO/Fe3O4 NCs with rate constants of 0.00035, 0.00065, and 0.0015 Lmol-1S-1. The 2nd order rate constant was observed in this study. The agar disc diffusion method was used to investigate the potential antibacterial activity of synthesized NPs and NCs. This study is best suited for Gram-positive bacteria. NS seed extract-based synthesis of NCs could be an excellent catalyst and biological application for environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a co-precipitated mixture of tantalum and brass nanoparticles (Ta and Cu/Zn) using a micro-wire-electro-discharge-grinding (µ-WEDG) with a combination of multiple process parameters is explained in this article. Tantalum and brass nanoparticles are produced in a dielectric medium Diel-7500 EDM oil. µ-WEDG represents a cutting-edge mechanical micro-machining technique extensively employed for machining micro rods. This method uses a grinding process that expels debris via melting and evaporation. This process disperses a fraction of nanometre-sized debris within the dielectric medium. Traditionally, this debris consisting of nanoparticles has been classified as unwanted substances and subsequently eliminated from the system. However, it now requires a thorough reassessment for possible usage. Hence, the characterization of tantalum and brass nanoparticles is conducted through Field emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The process parameters are capacitance, voltage and spindle speed. The investigation reveals that the mean nanoparticle size of produced tantalum nanoparticles range from 25 to 200 nm, while brass nanoparticles range from 300 to 950 nm. Furthermore, a notable correlation is observed between decreasing capacitance and the corresponding reduction in the shape and size of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between catalyst synthesis, structure and performance were investigated. Precise nanoparticle size control was achieved by tailoring solvent volume, drying temperature and solvent polarity. Catalyst performance was rationalised using a novel multidimensional correlation matrix, which considered synthetic, structural and catalytic data. This unique matrix can aid the design of improved catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The size of in situ exsolved nanoparticles (NPs) significantly affects the electrochemical and electro‐catalytic properties of oxide supports. Unfortunately, the instrumental factor affecting the exsolved NP size in poly‐crystalline perovskite oxides is still unexplored. Herein, the inherent micro‐strain (ε) value as an unprecedented factor in controlling the exsolved NP size of Pr0.5Ba0.5‐xSrxFe0.85Ni0.15O3‐δ (x = 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) is introduced, wherein smaller NP size is successfully obtained via strain relaxation strategy. The effect of exsolved NP size on the fuel oxidation reaction kinetics at high‐temperature regimes is evaluated in‐depth by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In accordance with the insights provided by DFT calculations, the electro‐catalyst featuring the smallest Fe3Ni NP size via strain relaxation strategy demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance along with robust durability toward high‐temperature hydrogen oxidation reaction. This work presents scientific guidance for tailoring the exsolved NP size in perovskites, thereby paving the way for designing rational perovskite electro‐catalysts in various energy‐related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite enormous benefits of UV radiation, exposure to it stimulates skin and eye damages. In occupational health sciences, modification of cotton fabrics by biodegradable nanomaterials is a new approach to overcome this problem. So, the aim of this study is to investigate green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles effect on UV-protection for nano-cotton fabrics using meta-analysis, computational method and simulation. This study was conducted based on Cochrane systematic review guideline. Meta-analysis was provided by CMA Software. Regression Model was applied to describe the relationship between the size of nanoparticles and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). Also, Crystal Ball software was used for simulation. After screening, 15 studies were regarded as appropriate, until Jun 2023. Pearson's coefficient confirmed a good correlation between UPF and size of nanoparticles (p = 0.013). The results of meta-analysis showed that odd ratio (UPF) was 11.29 (confidence interval 95%) for treated cotton fabrics. Regression model for nanoparticles whose size ranges from 3.98 to 107 nm was predicted with UPF between 52.76 and 53.17 (Excellent protection), with a certainty of 78.015%. Estimations show that the nano-cotton fabrics have an excellent UPF value, and by optimizing the particle size in the synthesis process, the highest level of UPF can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oilfield Chemistry is the property of Sichuan University, Oilfield Chemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the enhanced photoluminescence of CsPbX3 by the localized surface plasmon (LSP) of Ag nanoparticles. The Ag nanoparticles with different sizes were obtained by annealing Ag thin films at different temperatures. Then the Ag/PMMA/perovskite structure was fabricated to realize the exciton-LSP coupling effect, and enhancement was found for wavelength-tunable CsPbX3 films. When the Ag film is heated to 200∘C, the maximum enhancement factor of LSP is 6.03. The LSP coupling effect induces the slight blue shift of the fluorescence emission center which is caused by the limitation of electron free trajectories under the LSP resonance frequency of Ag nanoparticles. As the gap between nanoparticles decreases, the absorption cross-section increases, and the scattering rate of electrons on the surface of metal nanoparticles greatly exceeds the internal scattering rate, causing the LSP resonance frequency to shift to the blue region, resulting in a blue shift of the PL spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic nanocavities are receving increased attention from the nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and quantum optics community due to their ability to confine light in extremely small volumes. Coupling colloidal plasmonic nanocrystals to metal films is an inexpensive approach to fabricate virtually unlimited individual resonators that can be tuned by adjusting nanoparticle size, gap thickness, and refractive index. The focus is on silver nanocubes separated from a gold mirror by thin amorphous dielectric layers (Al2O3, TiO2). The optical response is measured and correlative electron microscopy is performed on a large number (>800) of individual resonators to unveil the statistical distribution of gap plasmon modes and assess systematically their sensitivity. A sensitivity as large as 8 nm/nm to nanocube size variation, 50 nm/nm to Al2O3 thickness variation, and 130 nm/RIU for index change of the spacer layer is found. With the help of numerical simulations, this approach enables to infer a quantitative statistical distribution of molecular coatings present on the nanocubes surface, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, which can affect the performance of nanoelectronic devices and assess the strategy to remove it. Finally, polarization‐resolved measurements enable to unveil a birefringent behavior when nanocubes are supported on annealed TiO2 layers (2–4 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ternary ZnIn2S4 has recently gained significant attention due to its potential applications in various optoelectronics and photocatalysis sectors. In the current study, ZnIn2S4 nanoparticles were prepared using a simple microwave-assisted synthesis method with different irradiation powers varying from 180 W--720 W. Structural analysis confirmed their polycrystalline nature with the appearance of ZnIn2S4 and In2S3 phases. The variation in diffraction pattern intensity and Raman vibrational bands with irradiation power indicates structural rearrangements induced with power variation. Morphological studies confirmed the formation of agglomerate nanoparticles with size variation as induced by different microwave powers. Broad absorption across the visible and near-infrared regions and the increased band gap enhance their photocatalytic and sensing applications. An increased irradiation power in the ZnIn2S4 lattice reduced intermediate levels within the band gap, altering the optical responsiveness. The blue shift in absorption edges with microwave power increased the optical band gap by reducing disorder and defects. The refractive indices were estimated using different theoretical models and reduced with an increase in the band gap. Thermal analysis revealed endothermic peaks. These ZnIn2S4 nanoparticles displayed an enhanced photocurrent under white light, increasing tenfold with microwave power. The greater powered ZIS (ZIS-720 W) nanomaterial showed the best photoresponse and is well suited for optoelectronic application. All of their optical and electrical properties make them suitable for various optoelectronic devices, particularly in detection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we demonstrate a synthetic approach to precise size control of PNIPAM-based core@shell nanoparticles prepared by microemulsion polymerization as well as control of low critical solution temperature (LCST) of their water dispersions. The size of the PS-core can be tuned to ∼30 nm by a simple increase of mechanical stirring up to 1200 rpm, while the thickness of the thermoresponsive @poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylamide) shell can be controlled by varying the polymerization time. The effect of not only a molar ratio or co-monomer nature but also a strong influence of a thermoresponsive shell thickness on the LCST was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis methods for nanomaterials has gained significant attention in various research fields, particularly in gas‐sensing applications. Among these methods, ultrasonic synthesis stands out for its simplicity, cost‐effectiveness, and ecofriendly nature. Herein, a simple and green ultrasonic synthesis process is used to synthesize the SnO2 nanoparticles‐decorated rGO nanosheets. The obtained X‐ray diffraction reveals the tetragonal rutile‐type crystal structure. The transmission electron microscopy images reveal the decoration of SnO2 nanoparticles on the surfaces of the rGO sheets. SnO2 nanoparticles of size 4–8 nm are identified on the surfaces of the rGO sheets. Furthermore, the optical absorbance and photoluminescence spectra of the nanocomposites validate charge migrations occurring at the interface of SnO2 and the rGO sheets. Compared to the pristine SnO2 nanoparticles, the green ultrasonically synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles‐decorated SnO2/rGO nanocomposite exhibits better sensing performance against NO2 gas and shows selectivity for NO2 gas at 200 °C. The SnO2/rGO nanocomposite demonstrates high NO2 sensing with appealing sensing properties such as excellent responsiveness (67% at 400 °C), rapid reaction time (18 s), and short recovery time (25 s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan/starch nanocomposites loaded with ampicillin were prepared using the spray-drying method by mixing various ratios of chitosan and starch. The morphology of chitosan/starch nanoparticles was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the zeta potential value and size distribution were determined by a Nanoparticle Analyzer. The results show that the chitosan/starch nanocomposites have a spherical shape, smooth surface, and stable structure. Nanoparticle size distribution ranged from 100 to 600 nm, and the average particle size ranged from 300 to 400 nm, depending on the ratio between chitosan and starch. The higher the ratio of starch in the copolymer, the smaller the particle size. Zeta potential values of the nanocomposite were very high, ranging from +54.4 mV to +80.3 mV, and decreased from 63.2 down to +37.3 when loading with ampicillin. The chitosan/starch nanocomposites were also characterized by FT-IR to determine the content of polymers and ampicillin in the nanocomposites. The release kinetics of ampicillin from the nanocomposites were determined in vitro using an HPLC profile for 24 h. The loading efficiency (LE) of ampicillin into chitosan/starch nanoparticles ranged from 75.3 to 77.3%. Ampicillin-loaded chitosan/starch nanocomposites were investigated for their antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in vitro. The results demonstrate that the antibacterial effectiveness of nanochitosan/starch loading with ampicillin against E.coli was 95.41%, higher than the 91.40% effectiveness of ampicillin at the same concentration of 5.0 µg/mL after 24 h of treatment. These results suggest that chitosan/starch nanocomposites are potential nanomaterials for antibiotic drug delivery in the pharmaceutical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between Pt nanoparticles and their supports, and the Pt nanoparticle size influence the performance and stability of Pt catalysts. Polyaniline (PANI) serves as an effective support for Pt catalysts owing to its abundant functional groups and high electron conductivity. Strong chemical interactions exist between the Pt nanoparticles and the functional groups on PANI. In this study, through the use of different reducing agents, the sizes of Pt nanoparticles on PANI nanofibers are adjusted, resulting in the preparation of three Pt/PANI catalysts. Owing to the strong reducibility of sodium borohydride, its use as a reducing agent leads to rapid heterogeneous nucleation, and the obtained Pt/PANI catalyst exhibits the smallest Pt nanoparticle size among the three Pt/PANI catalysts. Consequently, many Pt nanoparticles are not deposited on the PANI nanofibers, which reduces the activity of the Pt/PANI catalyst. Conversely, when ethylene glycol is used as the reducing agent, the resulting catalyst exhibits the largest Pt nanoparticle size among the three Pt/PANI catalysts owing to the slow reduction rate of Pt4+. The Pt/PANI catalyst prepared using formic acid (Pt/PANI-FA) achieves an optimal reaction rate owing to the moderate reducibility of the reducing agent. Consequently, the Pt nanoparticles on PANI nanofibers in Pt/PANI-FA have a diameter of 3.32 nm, which is comparable to that of Pt nanoparticles in Pt/C catalysts. The half-wave potential of Pt/PANI-FA in the oxygen reduction reaction reaches 840 mV (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), which surpasses the 801 mV achieved by Pt/C catalysts. [Display omitted] • Polyaniline nanofiber is used as Pt support to prepared three Pt/PANI catalysts. • The size of Pt nanoparticles is tuned by using three different reducing agents. • Compared to sodium borohydride and ethylene glycol, formic acid has optimized reducibility. • The half-wave potential of optimized Pt/PANI catalyst is 840 mV, higher than that of Pt/C. • Chemical interaction between Pt and PANI improves the Pt/PANI catalyst performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles are among the most widely researched and used for nanotechnology-derived structures due to their extraordinary inherent optical properties, chemical stability, catalytic activity, and high conductivity. These idiosyncratic properties can be attributed to their unique physico-chemical characteristics, such as ultrafine sizes, high surface area, diverse shapes, and strong localized surface plasmon resonance. These distinctive features can be tailored using various physical, chemical, and biological synthesis methods. Various physical techniques are viable for producing silver nanoparticles on a large scale, but they suffer from drawbacks such as high-power consumption, expensive set-up, and limited control over nanoparticle size distribution. Chemical methods provide benefits like high yield, consistent shape and size distribution, and cost efficiency, but the residual toxicity of the chemicals involved hinders their biological applications. Biological synthesis approaches effectively overcome the limitations of both physical and chemical methods by eliminating the need for hazardous chemicals, requiring less energy, enabling diverse nanoparticle morphologies, and offering eco-friendliness and exceptional biocompatibility. The novel and promising properties of nanosilver-based biomaterials have been demonstrated to be suitable for a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic biomedical applications. Their extensive application in wound healing, dentistry, cardiovascular disease treatment, nerve tissue engineering, cancer treatment, and biosensing can be attributed to their inherent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, antithrombotic properties, potential for nerve regeneration, photothermal conversion efficiency and sensitivity, respectively. This review discusses the different methods employed for synthesising silver nanoparticles and focuses on using nanosilverbased biomaterials for various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the impact of nanolayer which shows the relationship between the nanoparticle and pure fluid is investigated on the fluid transport and thermal transfer through a rotating system. The nanolayer shows the relationship between the nanoparticle and base liquid, signifying a higher thermal conductivity than the nanoparticle and lower conductivity than the base fluid. Also, the effect of larger nanoparticle size and volume on fluid thermal distribution is considered. The nanoparticle raises the fluid thermal conductivity with the aim of conserving thermal transfer during fluid transport, consequently saving energy. The mechanics of the fluid is developed using a higher‐order coupled system of nonlinear models, solved with the aid of the Homotopy perturbation method. Obtained results from the analysis show the impact of nanolayer expansion on thermal distribution increases boundary layer thickness. Also, the size of the nanoparticle when varied from 10 to 40 nm shows a heat transfer increase of 17.02% at the center of the disk. Particle size increase indicates temperature rise as nanolayer size encompassing the nanoparticle increases. Obtained results when compared against literature give good agreement. The study finds useful applications in coolant and lubricant processing amongst other practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methotrexate is a potent anticancer drug whose strong efflux is facilitated by the brain's efflux transporter. As an efflux transporter blocker, albumin increased the drug's concentration in the brain. Methotrexate-loaded nanoparticles were produced by evaporating the emulsification fluid. Improvements and analyses were made to the following aspects of the generated nanoparticles: size, polydispersity, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro drug release studies, and sterilization. The particle size was determined to be in the nano range, and homogeneity of particle size was suggested by a low polydispersity index result. Particle diameters of 168 nm were observed in the F5 preparation, and zeta potential values of −1.5 mV suggested that the preparation produced adequate repulsive interactions between the nanoparticles. Albumin and dopamine HCl were employed to coat the methotrexate-loaded nanoparticles to guarantee that the brain received an adequate amount of them. The homogeneity of albumin coated nanoparticles was demonstrated by the low% PDI values of 0.129 and 0.122 for albumin coated nanoparticles (MNPs-Alb) and polymerized dopamine HCl and albumin coated nanoparticles (MNPs-PMD-Alb), respectively. After 48 h of incubation, the cell viability measured at the same drug concentration (5 mg) decreased for the F5, albumin coated nanoparticles, polymerized dopamine HCl coated nanoparticles, and polymerized dopamine HCl and albumin coated nanoparticles, respectively. Our primary findings demonstrate that the albumin nanoparticles containing methotrexate are designed to deliver the drug gradually. With minimal cytotoxicity, the intended preparation might give the brain an appropriate dosage of methotrexate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles have been synthesized using aluminium(III) sulfate as a source of metal. Ceratonia silique leaves extract was used as a reducing agent and sodium hydroxide solution as a precipitating. XRD, BET, FE-SEM, EDX, and DLS Techniques were used to characterize the prepared alumina. The desulfurization process was applied by adsorption of sulfur compounds from Iraqi crude oil using the prepared γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles. The efficiency of aluminium oxide nanoparticles as an adsorbent was studied for different factors such as adsorbent quantity, contact time, pH, and temperature. The average size of γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles is 12.44 nm, with a size distribution of particles from 90 nm to 900 nm. The mixture was drained at 80 °C, and then calcined at 600 °C, BET analysis shows a high surface area (72.03 m² g-1) and uniform pore sizes of Al2O3 NPs. The FE-SEM images showed that the nanoparticles appeared smooth and cylinder-shaped within the average size of 100.53 nm. The obtained results of removal of the sulfur compounds from crude oil using γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles showed a high desulfurization and were achieved with adsorbent at specific conditions: 150 min, 0.5 g of adsorbent, temperature at 25 °C and acidic medium pH = 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing natural balsa wood as the raw material, cellulose was prepared using microwave-assisted chlorocholine chloride/lactic acid deep eutectic solvents (DES) in synergy with H2O2, followed by further preparation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) via ultrasound treatment. Initially, the optimal process for balsa wood cellulose preparation was explored through single-factor and response surface experiments involving microwave-assisted DES in synergy with H2O2 treatment. Subsequently, cellulose nanocrystals were prepared using ultrasound, and the resulting materials were characterized and analyzed for their chemical composition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nanoparticle size distribution, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The results indicate that the yield of cellulose after microwave-assisted DES in synergy with H2O2 treatment can reach 42.96%. Furthermore, the cellulose nanocrystals obtained after ultrasound treatment exhibit a particle size ranging from 10 to 20 nm, with an average length of 515.9 nm, a crystallinity of 86.72%, and demonstrate good dispersion and thermal stability. Highlights: Microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent (MaDES) is able to effectively remove lignin and hemicellulose from balsa wood. Determining optimal MaDES treatment conditions through response surface analysis. MaDES cellulose exhibits high cellulose purity with H2O2 treatment. Cellulose nanocrystals prepared from MaDES cellulose purified with H2O2 exhibit high aspect ratio and high crystallinity. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Balsa wood Using MaDES with H2O2 treatment produces high-value cellulose nanocrystals while being environmentally friendly and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antimicrobial alternatives, including nanoparticles, are needed to combat bacteria as antibiotic resistance threatens global health. The aim of this research was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of a synthesized propolis nanoamulsion (PN) as a natural reducing agent and its synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin (CP) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa biofilm. Methods: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) were used to measure the mean particle size and nanoparticle size distribution. Iranian propolis (IP) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity against MDR strains of P. aerugino sa was also evaluated. Furthermore, the synergistic in vitro effect of IP and PN combined with CP and the antiadhesion activity were evaluated using the checkerboard method and biofilm metabolic activity, respectively. Results: SEM, DLS and ZP revealed a size of 161.4 nm and a negative surface charge value of −37.4 mV. GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of four flavonoid compounds. This study showed that PN was more effective against MDR P. aeruginosa than IP with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 3.2-15 mg/mL. The combination of PN and CP had a synergistic effect, reducing the dosage of each compound and the time required to destroy the bacteria compared to using them separately. Furthermore, IP and PN suppressed the adhesion of MDR P. aeruginosa biofilm. Conclusions: According to the results, propolis nanoamulsion could enhance the antimicrobial effect, reduce the viability of bacteria and affect the biofilm formation of MDR P. aeruginosa. In combination with CP, it led to a stronger effect of the drug on the organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are increasingly implemented in biomedical applications, including the diagnosis and treatment of disease. When exposed to complex biological media, nanoparticles spontaneously interact with their surrounding environment, leading to the surface-adsorption of small and bio- macromolecules- termed the "corona". Corona composition is governed by nanoparticle properties and incubation parameters. While the focus of most studies is on the protein signature of the nanoparticle corona, the impact of experimental protocols on nanoparticle size in the presence of complex biological media, and the impact of nanoparticle recovery from biological media has not yet been reported. Here using a non-degradable robust model, we show how centrifugation-resuspension protocols used for the isolation of nanoparticles from incubation media, incubation duration and shear flow conditions alter nanoparticle parameters including particle size, zeta potential and total protein content. Our results show significant changes in nanoparticle size following exposure to media containing protein under different flow conditions, which also altered the composition of surface-adsorbed proteins profiled by SDS-PAGE. Our in situ analysis of nanoparticle size in media containing protein using particle tracking analysis highlights that centrifugation-resuspension is disruptive to agglomerates that are spontaneously formed in protein containing media, highlighting the need for in situ analytical methods that do not alter the intermediates formed following nanoparticle exposure to biological media. Nanomedicines are mostly intended for parenteral administration, and our findings show that parameters such as shear flow can significantly alter nanoparticle physicochemical parameters. Overall, we show that the centrifugation-resuspension isolation of nanoparticles from media significantly alters particle parameters in addition to the overall protein composition of surface-adsorbed proteins. We recommend that nanoparticle characterization pipelines studying bio-nano interactions during early nanomedicine development consider biologically-relevant shear flow conditions and media composition that can significantly alter particle physical parameters and subsequent conclusions from these studies. [Display omitted] • We investigate the impact of protein corona experimental pipelines on particle colloid stability. • We show that physiologically relevant flow conditions alter nanoparticle parameters. • Using a model system, we demonstrate that more gentle separation or in situ techniques are needed for analysis of the nanoparticle protein corona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with different sizes have been extensively adopted in various commercial products, causing ecological concerns because of the inevitable release of AgNPs into the environment. Hence, understanding the interaction of different-sized AgNPs with environmental substances is important for assessing the environmental risk and fate of AgNPs. In this work, we investigated the impact of anions (NO3−, SO42−, HCO3−/CO32−, Cl−) in aquatic environments on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of different-sized AgNPs (20, 40 and 57 nm). The results showed that the anions whose corresponding silver-based products had lower solubility were more likely to decrease the zeta potential (more negative) of particles, inhibit the dissolution of AgNPs and reduce their antibacterial activity. This should be attributed to the easier generation of coating layers on the surface of AgNPs during the incubation process with such anions. Additionally, the generation of coating layers was also found to be particle-size dependent. The anions were more prone to adsorbing onto larger-sized AgNPs, promoting the formation of coating layers, subsequently resulting in more pronounced variations in the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of the larger-sized AgNPs. Therefore, larger-sized AgNPs were more prone to experiencing specific effects from the anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of charge charge-enhanced dry impregnation (CEDI) method on a ceria-supported nickel-based catalyst (10Ni/CeO2) used to produce synthesis (syngas) under biogas dry reforming conditions. The CEDI method was used to enhance the electrostatic adsorption of nickel precursor onto the ceria support during dry impregnation (DI), hence charge-enhanced dry impregnation. The other ceria-supported nickel-based catalyst (labelled 10Ni/CeO2-DI) was prepared by the commonly used DI method and used as the reference catalyst. The catalysts were then tested for stability and catalytic performance (biogas conversion and syngas yield) under biogas reforming conditions using CatLab-QGA equipment supplied by Hidden Analytical. The characterisation studies: X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), oxygen temperature programmed oxidation (O2-TPO), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and H2-chemisorption were performed on the fresh and spent catalysts to gain insight into the influence of the CEDI method on dispersion, nanoparticles size of the active phase, metal-support interaction, bulk composition, and phase composition. The results showed that enhancing electrostatic attraction during the DI method produced 10Ni/CeO2-CEDI with smaller nanoparticles (3.33 nm), improved nickel dispersion from 1.40 to 5.04% and improved metal-support interaction inferred from TPR values increased from 290 to 340 °C. These favourable physicochemical properties had a positive correlation with the improvement in the conversion of model biogas feed and the least coke formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a microscopic model and the Green's function theory, the size and co-doping effects on the multiferroic and optical (band gap) properties of BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles are investigated. The magnetization increases, whereas the band gap energy decreases with decreasing nanoparticle size. The substitution with Co/Mn, Nd/Sm, Ce/Ni, and Cd/Ni is discussed and explained on a microscopic level. By the ion co-doping appear different strains due to the difference between the doping and host ionic radii, which leads to changes in the exchange interaction constants for tuning all properties. It is observed that by co-doping with Nd/Sm at the Bi site or with Co/Mn at the Fe site, the multiferroic properties are larger than those by doping with one ion. Moreover, by doping with Ni, the multiferroic properties are reduced. But by adding another ion (for example Ce or Cd), an increase in these properties is obtained. This shows the advantages of the co-doping, its flexibility, and its greater possibility of tuning the multiferroic properties compared to single ion substitution. The band gap energy decreases for all co-dopants. The polarization increases with increasing magnetic field. This is evidence of magnetoelectric coupling, which is enhanced by co-doping with Co/Mn. The observed theoretical results are in good qualitative agreement with the existing experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabigerol's (CBG) therapeutic effects are limited by its poor water solubility and low dissolution rate. To improve these properties, supercritical CO2-assisted atomization (SAA) was applied to produce coprecipitates, i.e., CBG nanoparticles coprecipitated in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) microparticles. The experiments were performed by varying the CBG/PVP mass ratio (R) and the overall concentration of solutes CBG+PVP to study the influence of these parameters on particle morphology, particle size, and size distribution. Periodic dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was performed at regular time intervals to measure the size of CBG nanoparticles in PVP microparticles. It showed that CBG nanoparticles down to 105 nm were successfully produced through SAA. Dissolution tests were used to verify that a reduction of CBG particle size significantly increased its dissolution rate. In the liquid medium adopted, untreated CBG powder was released in 210 min, whereas CBG nanoparticles of 105 nm were completely dissolved in only 15 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica nanoparticles are increasingly considered for drug delivery applications. These applications require an understanding of their biocompatibility, including their interactions with the immune system. However, systematic studies for silica nanoparticle immunological safety profiles are lacking. To fill this gap, we conducted an in vitro study investigating various aspects of silica nanoparticles' interactions with blood and immune cells. Four types of silica nanoparticles with variations in size and porosity were studied. These included nonporous Stöber silica nanoparticles with average diameters of approximately 50 and 100 nm (SNP50 and SNP100), mesoporous silica nanoparticles of approximately 100 nm (Meso100), and hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles of approximately 100 nm (HMSNP100) in diameter, respectively. The hematological compatibility was assessed using hemolysis, complement activation, platelet aggregation, and plasma coagulation assays. The effects of nanoparticles on immune cell function were studied using in vitro phagocytosis, chemotaxis, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, leukocyte proliferation, human lymphocyte activation, colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage, and leukocyte procoagulant activity assays. The in vitro findings suggest that at high concentrations, corresponding to the in vivo human dose of 40 mg/kg, silica nanoparticles demonstrated an array of immunotoxic effects that depended on their physicochemical properties. However, all types of silica nanoparticles studied were not immunotoxic at concentrations corresponding to lower doses (≤ 8 mg/kg) comparable to that of nanocarriers in other nanomedicines currently used in the clinic. These findings are promising for using silica nanoparticles for the systemic delivery of bioactive and imaging agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the development of a PVC@Silver nanocomposite for enhanced detection of cadmium ions in water samples. Various characterization techniques confirmed the successful incorporation of silver nanoparticles into the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix across different concentrations (1–4%). X-ray diffraction revealed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of the silver nanoparticles, with the intensities of the (111), (200), (220), and (311) peaks increasing with higher Ag concentrations. The average crystallite sizes ranged from 26.1 nm (3% Ag) to 30.0 nm (2% Ag). Dynamic light scattering showed nanoparticle sizes of 24–43 nm, while zeta potential values of -24 to -40 mV indicated reasonable colloidal stability. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis demonstrated a decreasing surface area from 30.09 m2/g (1% Ag) to 25.27 m2/g (3% Ag), attributed to pore filling by silver nanostructures. Significantly, the PVC@Silver nanocomposite facilitated sensitive detection of Cd(II) ions using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), exhibiting an SPR angle shift of 26.30° with intensity values ranging from 10.80 (4% Ag) to 12.19 (3% Ag). UV–vis spectra revealed a prominent surface plasmon resonance band at 420–430 nm, indicating the presence of silver nanoparticles. The optical band gap varied from 4.51eV (1% Ag) to 4.12eV (4% Ag). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper oxide nanoparticle has attracted increasing attention among all metal oxides due to its distinctive properties and applications. Chemical and physical methods of synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles are challenged by high reagent costs, equipment limitations, and environmental hazards. Following green chemistry principles, copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Falcaria vulgaris leaf extract as a bio-reducing agent and copper nitrate as a source of copper in this study. As a result, copper oxide nanoparticles can be produced without the use of organic chemicals, and this method is non-toxic, economically viable, easily scaled up, and takes less time to produce. The formation of copper oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by the dominant surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 350 nm. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, the particles were spherical and morphologically sized between 58-200 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of Cu and O in the pyhto-synthesized nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well showed a distinct peak of Cu-O stretching vibration positioned at 609.36 cm-1. The structural characterization was performed utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) in line with reflections of the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase of the copper oxide nanoparticles. The average particle size of nanoparticles was found to be 82.9 nm by using XRD analysis and Scherrer equation. In addition, since Salmonella Paratyphi-A is less studied than many other bacteria, we examined the antibacterial properties of copper oxide nanoparticles, against this relatively resistant bacterium. By checking the inhibition zone and minimum concentration of phytosynthesized nanoparticles, it was determined that they effectively inhibited bacteria growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumina stands out as a highly prevalent ceramic material in contemporary applications. Serving as a prime illustration of an electrical insulator, alumina boasts superior temperature resistance, chemical stability, and enhanced thermal conductivity. Its useful effectiveness spans extends to various sectors including medicine, industry, household products, as well as the manufacturing of electrical components and batteries. Considering these important applications, this study develops a mathematical framework to analyze MHD mixed convective three-dimensional nanofluid flow incorporating alumina nanoparticles over an extending surface. Initial assumptions constrain the nanofluid flow to exhibit rotation. A significant aspect of this study revolves around examining the impact of nanoparticle size and nanolayer characteristics on the nanofluid and highlighting its innovative contribution. The modeled equations have been evaluated numerically by using bvp4c MATLAB command. It is concluded that the higher magnetic factor augments the thermal distribution and secondary velocity distribution while retards the primary velocity distribution. Upsurge in rotation factor has augmenting impact on thermal distribution while it has retarding impacts on primary and secondary velocity distributions. Escalation in empirical factor causes augmentation in the primary velocity and temperature distributions while it retards the secondary velocity distribution. It is also noticed that growth in Nusselt number is greater in case of escalation of nanolayer in comparison of upsurge in nanoparticles' diameter. The results of this work have also been confirmed with available results in the literature through a comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-pot multicomponent method employing substituted indole, ethyl cyanoacetate and aromatic aldehyde was found as an effective catalytic procedure for the synthesis of a novel indole derivatives. The potential of CuO nanoparticles as nanocatalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation and the synthesis of new indole derivatives was investigated. X-Ray diffraction was used to measure the size of the CuO nanoparticles. CuO nanoparticles can be recycled and used again after the reaction course. The ADMET analysis and drug-likeness results indicated that indole derivatives satisfied Lipinski's principles and drug-likeness requirements. The reactivity indices and potential areas obtained from the FMO experiments were successfully used to a range of molecular systems because they yield valuable information. Here, we determined the oxobutanoate derivative's critical areas and likely reactivity directions. The resultant indole derivatives were subjected to various analytical techniques, including mass spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR and mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the large number of works on the synthesis of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) loaded with antituberculosis drugs, the data on the influence of various factors on the final characteristics of the complexes are quite contradictory. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the effect of multiple factors, including the molecular weight of PLGA, on the size and stability of nanoparticles, as well as the loading efficiency and release of the antituberculosis drug rifampicin (RIF), was carried out. Emulsification was carried out using different surfactants (polyvinyl alcohol, Tween 80 and Pluronic F127), different aqueous-to-organic phase ratios, and different solvents (dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate). In this research, the PLGA nanoemulsion formation process was accompanied by ultrasonic dispersion, at different frequencies and durations of homogenization. The use of the central composite design method made it possible to select optimal conditions for the preparation of PLGA-RIF NPs (particle size 223 ± 2 nm, loading efficiency 67 ± 1%, nanoparticles yield 47 ± 2%). The release of rifampicin from PLGA NPs was studied for the first time using the flow cell method and vertical diffusion method on Franz cells at different pH levels, simulating the gastrointestinal tract. For the purpose of the possible inhalation administration of rifampicin immobilized in PLGA NPs, their mucoadhesion to mucin was studied, and a high degree of adhesion of polymeric nanoparticles to the mucosa was shown (more than 40% within 4 h). In the example of strain H37Rv in vitro, the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to PLGA-RIF NPs was proven by the complete inhibition of their growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precisely co-delivering antigens and immunosuppressants via nano/microcarriers to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance represents a highly promising strategy for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases. The physicochemical properties of nano/microcarriers play a pivotal role in regulating immune function, with particle size and surface charge emerging as crucial parameters. In particular, very few studies have investigated micron-scale carriers of antigens. Herein, various nanoparticles and microparticles (NPs/MPs) with diverse particle sizes (ranging from 200 nm to 5 μm) and surface charges were prepared. Antigen peptides (MOG35–55) and immunosuppressants were encapsulated in these particles to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. Two emulsifiers, PVA and PEMA, were employed to confer different surface charges to the NPs/MPs. The in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that NP/MP-PEMA could induce immune tolerance earlier than NP/MP-PVA and that NP/MP-PVA could induce immune tolerance more slowly and sustainably, indicating that highly negatively charged particles can induce immune tolerance more rapidly. Among the different sizes and charged particles tested, 200-nm-NP-PVA and 3-μm-MP-PEMA induced the greatest immune tolerance. In addition, the combination of NPs with MPs can further improve the induction of immune tolerance. In particular, combining 200 nm-NP-PVA with 3 μm-MP-PEMA or combining 500 nm-NP-PEMA with 3 μm-MP-PVA had optimal therapeutic efficacy. This study offers a new perspective for treating diseases by combining NPs with MPs and applying different emulsifiers to prepare NPs and MPs. [Display omitted] • A systematic comparison of different sized particles was conducted for designing optimal particle-based treatments for autoimmune diseases. • By comparing different sized nanoparticles and microparticles with different negative surface charges, 200-nm-NP-PVA and 3-μm-MP-PEMA were discovered to be optimal in inducing immune tolerance. • A new perspective for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance by combining NPs together with specific MPs was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving precise control of nanoparticle size while maintaining consistency and high uniformity is of paramount importance for improving the efficacy of nanoparticle-based therapies and minimizing potential side effects. Although microfluidic technologies are widely used for reliable nanoparticle synthesis, they face challenges in meeting critical homogeneity requirements, mainly due to imperfect mixing efficiency. Furthermore, channel clogging during continuous operation presents a significant obstacle in terms of quality control, as it progressively impedes the mixing behavior necessary for consistent nanoparticle production for therapeutic delivery and complicates the scaling-up process. This study entailed the development of a 3D-printed novel micromixer embedded with hemispherical baffle microstructures, a dual vortex mixer (DVM), which integrates Dean vortices to generate two symmetrical counter-rotating intensified secondary flows. The DVM with a relatively large mixer volume showed rapid mixing characteristics even at a flow rate of several mL min−1 and produced highly uniform lipids, liposomes, and polymer nanoparticles in a size range (50–130 nm) and polydispersity index (PDI) values below 0.15. For the evaluation of products, SARS-CoV-2 Spike mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles were examined to verify protein expression in vitro and in vivo using firefly luciferase (FLuc) mRNA. This showed that the performance of the system is comparable to that of a commercial toroidal mixer. Moreover, the vigorous in-situ dispersion of nanoparticles by harnessing the power of vortex physically minimizes the occurrence of aggregation, ensuring consistent production performance without internal clogging of a half-day operation and facilitating quality control of the nanoparticles at desired scales. Dual vortex mixer enables the long-term production of highly-uniform nanoparticles with consistent properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest owing to their remarkable structural, magnetic, and electrical characteristics, rendering them very adaptable for various applications. This paper thoroughly analyses the different production methods and their impact on the physical and functional characteristics of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, emphasising their potential in photocatalysis, sensing, and biomedicine. A comparative analysis of key synthesis techniques sol–gel, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, microemulsion, and combustion methods emphasizes the influence of synthesis selection on nanoparticle size, shape, and crystallinity. These parameters are essential for enhancing photocatalytic effectiveness in the degradation of organic contaminants under visible light irradiation. Additionally, their applicability as sensor materials for the detection of gases and chemicals, together with their potential in biosensing applications, is examined. In the biomedical field, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles demonstrate potential for targeted drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, and imaging due to their adjustable magnetic characteristics and biocompatibility. The paper discusses the difficulties of optimising synthesis methods to improve performance in various applications and provides insights into future research areas to expand their applicability in environmental and healthcare technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state nanopores offer a range of distinct advantages over biological nanopores, such as structural diversity and greater stability and durability; this makes them highly promising for high-resolution nanoparticle sensing. Biological nanopores can exhibit gating characteristics with stress-responsive switches and can demonstrate specificity toward particular molecules. Drawing inspiration from biological nanopores, this paper introduces a novel polymer nanopore with field-effect characteristics, leveraging a conductive polymer in its construction to showcase intriguing gating behavior. Notably, in this device, the polymer layer serves as the gate, enabling precise control over the source–drain current response inside and outside the pore by simply adjusting the gate voltage. This unique feature allows fine-tuning of the nanopore's sensitivity to nanoparticles of varying sizes and facilitates its operation in multiple modes. Experimental results reveal that the developed polymer nanopore field-effect transistor demonstrates remarkable selectivity in detecting nanoparticles of various sizes under different applied voltages. The proposed single device demonstrates the exceptional ability to detect multiple types of nanoparticle, showcasing its immense potential for a wide range of applications in biological-particle analysis and medical diagnostics. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS: • Sub-100-nm nanopipettes were processed by glass-capillary pulling, electrodeposition, and electropolymerization. • The reduction in nanopore tip diameter due to polymer deposition improves the efficiency of the detection of nanoparticles with different sizes, materials, and electrical properties. • By modulating the bias applied to the polymer at the nanopore tip, flexible regulation of nanoparticle translocation events can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactants can be used as nanoparticle stabilizing agents. However, since synthetic surfactants are not economically viable and environmentally friendly, biosurfactants are emerging as a green alternative for the synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been applied in several areas of industry, such as the production of biomedical and therapeutic components, packaging coating, solar energy generation and transmission and distribution of electrical energy, among others. The aim of this study was to synthesize, in a simple and green way, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the biosurfactant produced by Candida lipolytica UCP 0899 as a stabilizer. AgNPs were examined and morphologically characterized using the techniques of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–visible), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Newly formed silver nanoparticles showed a maximum UV–visible absorption peak at 400 nm, while a shift to 410 nm was observed in those stored for 120 days. SEM micrograph confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of 20 nm and with a predominant spherical structure, while a zeta potential of −60 mV suggested that the use of the biosurfactant promoted their stability. Stabilized nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial activity against bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp., as well as fungal isolates of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. At a concentration of 16.50 µg/mL, AgNPs inhibited the growth of all target microorganisms according to the following decreasing order: E. coli (95%), S. aureus, C. albicans (90%), A. niger (85%), Enterobacter sp. (75%) and P. aeruginosa (71%). These results suggest the potential use of the biosurfactant as a stabilizer of silver nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent in different industrial sectors. Furthermore, the in vivo toxicity potential of biosurfactants was evaluated using the Tenebrio molitor model. The larvae were treated with concentrations in the range of 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g/L, and no mortality was observed within the 24 to 72 h period, demonstrating non-toxicity within the tested concentration range. These findings support the safety, efficacy and non-toxicity of biosurfactant-stabilized nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferumoxytol injection, also known as Feraheme®, is an approved IV injectable iron supplement and an experimental MRI contrast agent. Initially, it was approved as an IV bolus agent, but its use was later limited to a slow infusion drip due to high levels of infusion reactions. We collected various batches of ferumoxytol with expiration dates ranging from 2010 to 2025 and compared their size and zeta potential. Since nanoparticle surface properties can affect infusion reactions, we conducted a dot blot immunoassay to measure complement C3 opsonization with ferumoxytol preparations. We observed differences in nanoparticle size and zeta potential between batches and a 2.5-fold variation in complement activation. Interestingly, older batches from 2010 showed more uniform size distribution and lower complement activation than some of the newer batches. This finding may be valuable to the nanomedicine community and regulatory authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]