1,161 results on '"Mycoplasma synoviae"'
Search Results
202. Detection of virulence factors of Mycoplasma species isolated from chicken by multiplex PCR
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Ashraf Abdel-Tawab, Mohammed El.ordy, and Wafaa Hassan
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Cefotaxime ,biology ,Mycoplasma ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Microbiology ,Lincomycin ,Ciprofloxacin ,Multiplex polymerase chain reaction ,medicine ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Gentamicin ,General Environmental Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
One hundred and sixty clinically diseased broiler local chickens collected from 22 different farms belonging to Qalubia, Dakahlia and Gharbia governorates were subjected to bacteriological examination and molecular characterization. Clinical Signs were chronic respiratory disease with respiratory manifestations,lameness, loss or reduction in egg production.Bacteriological examination showed that 18.18% of the isolates were Mycoplasma positive and showed growth in pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO) agar plates, with fried egg appearance when examined by stereoscopic microscope. Mycoplasma colonies were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity tests against 12 antimicrobial antibiotics and showed higher sensitivity to nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and neomycin. Intermediate sensitivity were recorded to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime and antibiotic resistance were recorded to tetracyclines, lincomycin, chloramphenicole and sulphamethoxasine. Identification of the bacterial strains of the isolates were conducted by multiplex PCR by using two primer pairs for Mycoplasma synoviae (vlhA) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (mgc2). The amplicons expected size were 396 bp, and 300 bp for vlhA and mgc2 respectively. Only13 out of 22 farms were positive, representing 59.09 %.Moreover, the incidence rate of Mycoplasma synoviae (vlhA) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (mgc2) were 22.72% and 13.63% respectively and 22.72% of the inspected farms showed positive results for both Mycoplasma strains.
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- 2020
203. Molecular detection and characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae strains in backyard poultry in Italy
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Flavio Silveira, Caterina Lupini, Viviana Felice, Giulia Mescolini, Antonietta Di Francesco, Elena Catelli, Alessandro Guerrini, Felice V., Lupini C., Mescolini G., Silveira F., Guerrini A., Catelli E., and Di Francesco A.
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Veterinary medicine ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,medicine ,Animals ,Mycoplasma Infections ,Typing ,Poultry Diseases ,lcsh:SF1-1100 ,biology ,Molecular and Cellular Biology ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Mycoplasma ,Amplicon ,Poultry farming ,biology.organism_classification ,Subtyping ,Italy ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Flock ,lcsh:Animal culture ,backyard poultry ,business ,Chickens - Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) represent the most important avian Mycoplasma species in the poultry industry, causing considerable economic losses. In Italy, the presence of MG or MS has been investigated especially in commercial poultry farms. To our knowledge, no systematic investigations on MG or MS presence using highly specific diagnostic assays have been performed in backyard poultry. The aim of this study was to detect and molecularly characterize MG and MS strains in 11 backyard poultry flocks located in different regions of Italy. Tracheal swabs were collected and DNA was extracted. For MS, a PCR targeting a vlhA gene fragment was performed, and typing and subtyping was attempted. The presence of MG was investigated by a screening PCR, then MG typing by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS). All the amplicons were sequenced, then MG and MS dendrograms were constructed. All the flocks examined resulted Mycoplasma positive: 5 out of 11 (45.45%) were MG and MS positive, 3 (27.27%) were MG positive, and the remaining 3 (27.27%) were MS positive. The MS detections were assigned to types C, D, and F. All strains of type D belonged to subtype D1 and 2 unknown subtypes were identified. A MS sequence showed peculiar characteristics, which did not allow assignment to a known MS type or subtype. MG GTS analysis identified 6 MG strains belonging to 5 subclusters circulating in Italian backyards chicken flocks. The results of this study provide evidence of a risk for commercial poultry farms, especially in areas where backyard and commercial farms are close, suggesting the implementation of biosecurity measures.
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- 2020
204. Systemic immunity of chickens with respiratory mycoplasmosis at poultry farms with various production
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Y. O. Locieva, D. A. Korshenko, N. V. Kalashnik, E. G. Gavrilina, P. M. Gavrilin, and N.V. Alekseeva
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,respiratory mycoplasmosis ,Veterinary pathology ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Mycoplasma ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,immunity ,factors of human activity ,Macrophage chemotaxis ,productive poultry ,Immunopathology ,lcsh:QH540-549.5 ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,immunopathology ,Flock ,lcsh:Ecology - Abstract
Experimental studies were conducted on the basis of the Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of Resources of the Agroindustrial Complex of the Dnipro SAEU, poultry farms of different directions of productivity of Donetsk-Prydniprovsky region of Ukraine in the period from 2016 to 2019. The purpose of the work is to determine the nature of pathomorphological changes and the status of systemic immunity in chickens with respiratory mycoplasmosis at poultry farms with various production. To determine the immunodeficiency and immunopathological conditions of a productive poultry with respiratory mycoplasmosis, a comprehensive immunological study was performed. Significant fluctuations in the absolute and relative values of leukograms and immunograms have been established, indicating a significant immunological alteration in chickens with respiratory mycoplasmosis. The most significant changes in the status of systemic immunity are found in chickens with respiratory mycoplasmosis at poultry farms with meat production, which are subject to more longer and more intense influence of human activity. Key words: Respiratory mycoplasmosis; Productive poultry; Immunity; Factors of human activity; Immunopathology References Abbas, N., Suleman, M., Muhammad, N., Ahmad, K.N., Ali, I., Rauf, M., & Rahman, S. (2018). Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in poultry and wild life birds suspected of chronic respiratory disease in northern Pakistan. Journal Zoology, 50(3), 1071–1077. doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.3.1071.1077. Abbas, N., Suleman, M., Muhammad, N., Rahman, S., Ahmad, K.N., Tariq, N.A., Khalid, A., & Faheem, J. (2018). Seropositivity, involvement in suspected cases of chronic respiratory diseases and comparative efficacy of various sero-diagnostic tests of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Journal of applied environmental and biological sciences, 8(3), 137–141. Ahmad, A., Rabbani, M., Yaqoob, T., Ahmad, A., Shabbir, M.Z., & Akhtar, F. (2008). Status of IgG antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum in nonvaccinated commercial poultry breeder flocks. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 18(2-3), 61–63. Aleksyeyeva, N.V. (2009). Rozrobka ta udoskonalennya zasobiv specyfichnoyi diagnostyky tuberkulozu ptyci [dysertatsiia]. Odesa: Odes. derzh. agr. un-t (in Ukrainian). Babaeva, A.G. (2009). Regeneracija: fakty i perspektivy [monografija]. Moskva: RAMN (in Russian). Bolotnikov, I.A., & Konopatov, Yu.V. (1993). Prakticheskaya immunologiya sel'skokhozyaistvennoi ptitsi - Practical immunology of poultry. Sankt-Peterburg: Nauka (in Russian). Borkhsenius, S.N., Chernova, O.A., Chernov, V.M., & Vonskii, M.S. (2002). Mikoplazmy: molekulyarnaya i kletochnaya biologiya, vzaimodeistvie i s immunnoi sistemoi mlekopitayushchikh, patogennost', diagnostika - Mycoplasmas: molecular and cellular biology, interaction with the mammalian immune system, pathogenicity, diagnostics: textbook. allowance: ucheb. posobie. Sankt-Peterburg: Nauka (in Russian). Boyum, A. (1976). Isolation of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 5, 9–15. Dzhupina, S.I. (2002). Epizooticheskii protsess i ego kontrol' pri faktornykh infektsionnykh boleznyakh - Epizootic process and its control in factor infectious diseases. M.: OOO M i K (in Russian). Gavrylin, P.M., Nedzveczkyj, V.S., Prokushenkova, O.G., & Masyuk, D.M. (2011). Metodychni osoblyvosti zastosuvannya imunogistoximichnoyi diagnostyky cyrkovirusnoyi infekciyi. Naukovi praci Poltavskoyi derzhavnoyi agrarnoyi akademiyi. Seriya "Vetery`narna medycyna", 2, 8–18 (in Ukrainian). Georgiades, G.K. (2002). Detection of antibodies against mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in day-old broiler chicks and broiles. Journal of the Hellenic veterinary medical society, 53(1), 33–38. doi: 10.12681/jhvms.15357. Horalskyi, L.P., Khomych, V.T., & Kononskyi, O.I. (2013). Osnovy histolohichnoi tekhniky i morfofunktsionalni metody doslidzhen u normi ta pry patolohii - Fundamentals of histological technology and morphological and functional methods in patients with normal pathology Fundamentals of histological technology and morphological and functional methods in patients with normal pathology. [za red. Horalskoho LP.]: navch. posib. Zhytomyr: Polissia (in Ukrainian). Islam, A., Aslam, A., Chaudhry, Z.I., Ahmed, M.U., Rehman, H.U., Saeed, K., & Ahmad, I. (2011). Pathology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in naturally infected broilers and its diagnosis through PCR. International journal of agriculture & biology, 13(4), 835–837. Jondal, M., Okret, S., & McConkey, D. (1993). Killing of immature CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes in vivo by anti-CD3 or 5E¹-(N-ethyl)-carboxamide adenosine is blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486. European Journal of Immunology, 23, 1246–1250. Karaulov, A.V. (2002). Klinicheskaya immunologiya i allergologiya: ucheb. posobie – Clinical Immunology and Allergology. M.: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agenstvo (in Russian). Khariv, M., Gutyj, B., Ohorodnyk, N., Vishchur, O., Khariv, I., Solovodzinska, I., Mudrak, D., Grymak, C., Bodnar, P. (2017). Activity of the T- and B-system of the cell immunity of animals under conditions of oxidation stress and effects of the liposomal drug. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(4), 536–541. Khatoon, H., Afzal, F., Tahir, M.F., Hussain, M., & Khan, S.U. (2018). Prevalence of Mycoplasmosis and antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in commercial chicken flocks of Rawalpindi division, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 38(4), 446–448. doi: 10.29261/pakvetj/2018.081. Kisera, Ya.V., Storchak, Yu.G., Gutyj, B.V., Bozhyk, L.Ya., Magrelo, N., Sus, Y., Dashkovskyy, O., Pryimych, V.I., Vus, U., Kit, L., & Sachuk, R. (2019). Structural and functional features of the vermiform appendix at the tissue and cellular levels in rabbits after the introduction of immunobiological drugs. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(2), 217-226. Kysera, Ya.V., Storchak, Yu.G., & Gutyj, B.V. (2018). Experimental study of immunoprophylactic anti-pneumococcal medicine and its immunogenic properties. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(1), 307–316 Majumder, S., & Silbart, L.K. (2016). Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with chicken tracheal epithelial cells contributes to macrophage chemotaxis and activation. Infection and Immunity, 84(1), 266–274. Majumder, S., Zappulla, F., & Silbart, L.K. (2014). Mycoplasma gallisepticum lipid associated membrane proteins up-regulate inflammatory genes in chicken tracheal epithelial cells via TLR-2 ligation through an NF-κB Dependent Pathway. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e112796. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112796. Mathis, R., & Ackermann, M. (2016). Response of single bacterial cells to stress gives rise to complex history dependence at the population level. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(15), 4224–4229. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1511509113. Mendes, N.F., Tolnai, M.E., Silveira, N.P., Gilbertsen, R.B., & Metzgar, R.S. (1973). Technical aspects of the rosette tests used to detect human complement receptor (B) and sheep erythrocyte-binding (T) lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology, 111(3), 860–867. Much, P., Winner, F., Stipkovits, L., Rosengarten, R., Citti, C., Much, P., Winner, F., & Citti, C. (2002). Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Influence of cell invasiveness on the outcome of experimental infection in chickens. FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 34(3), 181–186. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00622.x. Muhammad, F., Alam, J., Hussain, J., Khurram, F.S., Zafar, U., Ahmed, K.S., & Ahmad, A. (2018). Development of Elisa and its comparison with other diagnostic tests for avian mycoplasmosis. Int. Journal Biology and biotechnology, 15(1), 39–45. Novikov, D.K., & Novikov, P.D. (2006). Klinicheskaya immunologiya: ucheb. Posobie – Clinical immunology. Vitebsk: VHMU (in Russian). Prokushenkova, O.G. (2014). Gistologichna ta imunologichna diagnostyka xvoroby Mareka ptyci. Naukovo-texnichnyj byuleten Nеntru NDC biobezpeky ta ekologichnogo kontrolyu resursiv APK, 2, 129–136. (in Ukrainian). Ron, M., Gorelick-Ashkenazi, A., Levisohn, S., Nir-Paz, R., Geary, S.J., Tulman, E., Lysnyansky, I.,& Yogev, D. (2015). Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo induced antigens expressed during infection in chickens. Veterinary Microbiology, 175(2-4), 265–274. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.007. Rosengarten, R., Citti, C., Glew, M., Lischewski, A., Droesse, M., Much, P., Winner, F., Brank, M., & Spergser, J. (2000). Host-pathogen interactions in mycoplasma pathogenesis: virulence and survival strategies of minimalist prokaryotes. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 290(1), 15–25. doi: 10.1016/S1438-4221(00)80099-5. Rottem, S. (2003). Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Physiological Reviews, 83(2), 417–432. doi: 10.1152 / physrev.00030.2002. Rudenko, O.P., Paranjak, R.P., Kovalchuk, N.A., Kit, L.P., Hradovych, N.I., Gutyj, B.V., Kalyn, B.M., Sukhorska, O.P., Butsiak, A.A., Kropyvka, S.I., Petruniv, V.V., & Kovalska, L.M. (2019). Influence of seasonal factors on carp fish immune reactivity. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2019, 9(3), 168-173. Shanmugasundaram, U., Tippichettypalayam, R.G., Krishna, M., Vasudevan, G., & Kandasamy, S. (2018). Detection of seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broiler chicken in Tamil Nadu by ELISA. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6(3), 613-614. Thilagavathi, K., Sivaseelan, S., Balasubramaniam, G.A., & Balasubramaniam, A. (2016). Pathology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in naturally infected layer birds. Indian. Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 40(4), 337–340. doi: 10.5958/0973-970X.2016.00077.8.
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- 2020
205. MONITORIA SOROLÓGICA DA MICOPLASMOSE EM PLANTÉIS DE AVES REPRODUTORAS NO BRASIL ATRAVÉS DO TESTE DE SOROAGLUTINAÇÃO RÁPIDA
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A.L.S.P. Cardoso, E.N.C. Tessari, A.G.M. de Castro, A.M.I. Kanashiro, and G.F.Z. Stoppa
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Mycoplasma synoviae ,Biosecurity ,Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Biossegurança ,General Medicine ,soroaglutinação ,serum agglutination - Abstract
RESUMO O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar sorologicamente 952 lotes de galinhas reprodutoras com idade entre 6 e 65 semanas, de diversas regiões do País durante os anos de 2003 e 2004. Foram analisadas 139.096 e 121.818 amostras de soro através da prova de soroaglutinação rápida para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae, respectivamente. Os soros foram inativados a 56º C, por 30min e processados à prova de soroaglutinação rápida com antígenos comerciais. Adicionou-se partes iguais de antígeno e soro, homogenizando a mistura e após 2min verificou-se a presença ou não de grumos, indicando a formação de reação antígeno-anticorpo. Inicialmente utilizou-se soro bruto, e posteriormente soro diluído na proporção de 1:10 em salina 0,85% de NaCl. Das amostras analisadas, 1,58% (1920) apresentaram resultado positivo na diluição 1:10 ao antígeno testado de MS e negativas ao antígeno testado de M. gallisepticum. Considerandose esses resultados pode-se suspeitar da presença de M. synoviae nesses plantéis, indicando que a prova de soroaglutinação rápida pode ser utilizada preliminarmente como monitoria, facilitando a conduta laboratorial a ser seguida, direcionando outros testes sorológicos e ações de isolamento e a identificação dos agentes com maior precisão. ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the serological responses of 952 flocks of breeder chickens with ages between 6 and 65 weeks, from several areas of the country during the years of 2003 and 2004. A total of 139,096 and 121,818 serum samples were analyzed by rapid serum agglutination test for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. The sera were inactivated at 56º C, for 30min and processed by the rapid serum agglutination test with commercial antigens. Similar parts of antigen and serum were added, the solution was mixed and after 2min the presence or not of clots was verified, indicating the antigenantibody formation. Initially crude serum was used, and later serum diluted in the proportion of 1:10 in saline 0.85% of NaCl. Of the analyzed samples, 1.58% (1920) resulted positive for the tested antigen in the dilution 1:10 of M. synoviae and negative for M. gallisepticum. Considering these results, the presence of MS in these flocks can be suspected, indicating that rapid serum agglutination test can be used as a control, to facilitate the laboratorial procedures followed, leading to other serological tests and isolation actions and the identification of agents with greater precision.
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- 2022
206. Epidemiología y control de las principales enfermedades avícolas de importancia en sanidad animal y salud pública
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Cortés Moñiz, Verónica
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Mycoplasma synoviae ,Sanidad animal ,Campylobacter spp ,Epidemiology ,Salmonella spp ,Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) ,Epidemiología ,Public Health ,Salud Pública ,Poultry ,Animal Health ,Avicultura - Abstract
[ES] En la actualidad, la avicultura es un pilar económico para diversos países a nivel mundial y sus productos, una pieza clave en la alimentación de muchos consumidores. El constante crecimiento de la industria y una mayor exigencia del consumidor en seguridad y calidad del producto ha llevado al sector avícola a enfrentarse a importantes retos. Desde el punto de vista de salud pública, encontramos la transmisión a través de los alimentos de origen avícola de varios patógenos zoonóticos causantes de infección gastrointestinal en humanos y la emergencia de microorganismos resistentes a antibióticos. El primer objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral fue investigar la dinámica de las resistencias de Salmonella spp. en 3 orientaciones productivas (pollos, pavos y gallinas ponedoras) y evaluar los patrones de multiresistencia a los antibióticos utilizados actualmente en medicina veterinaria y terapia humana. Los resultados del estudio sugirieron que la reducción en el uso de antibióticos comienza a verse reflejada en la reducción del número de multirresistencias encontradas en las aves, mostrando una tendencia decreciente en las resistencias, especialmente en ponedoras desde que se implementaron los planes de reducción, junto a las mejores prácticas de bioseguridad de los avicultores. Sin embargo, el nivel de resistencias detectado en otras orientaciones productivas sugiere la necesidad de seguir trabajando en la reducción del uso de antibióticos en las aves para lograr una disminución significativa en las resistencias. La aparición de los microorganismos resistentes y las restricciones de uso de antibióticos han llevado a la búsqueda de soluciones alternativas a los antimicrobianos, como los compuestos derivados de productos naturales para controlar las infecciones en avicultura. El segundo objetivo fue evaluar la interacción del compuesto natural alicina in vitro junto a 14 antibióticos frente a algunos de los serotipos más relevantes de Salmonella spp. Los resultados obtenidos sugirieron que este compuesto junto a la ciprofloxacina y la gentamicina presentaban un efecto sinérgico estadísticamente significativo con reducción de las resistencias. Así mismo, también se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa en ciertos serotipos de Salmonella. Dada la importancia en salud pública de Campylobacter spp., se estableció un criterio de higiene de proceso ¿1000 UFC/g en matadero para la vigilancia de Campylobacter spp. en canales de pollos de engorde a nivel europeo. En este contexto, el tercer objetivo fue investigar la presencia de este microorganismo a nivel de campo y reportar nuevos datos cuantitativos mediante recuentos en heces procedentes de granjas de pollos en edades cercanas a sacrificio durante 12 meses. Este estudio demostró alta presencia de Campylobacter spp. en lotes de pollos cercanos a edad de sacrificio, aunque se requieren más estudios para verificar si posteriormente se traducen en recuentos altos a nivel de matadero. Por otro lado, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la presencia de Campylobacter spp. durante los diferentes meses del año (junio a diciembre) coincidiendo con las estaciones de verano y otoño. Desde el marco de la sanidad animal y por su impacto económico, el cuarto y quinto objetivo fueron conocer las prevalencias y seroprevalencias de 2 microorganismos aviares, M. synoviae y el virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa Aviar en una localización geográfica concreta (Comunidad Valenciana). Con ello, se pretendió evaluar la situación epidemiológica actual y proporcionar información para la toma de decisiones en la instauración de programas de control y estrategias profilácticas. Los hallazgos en ambos estudios demostraron la presencia de estos dos microorganismos en el campo y resaltaron la utilidad de la vigilancia y monitoreo de rutina en las manadas de aves para controlar su presencia y la de sus serotipos emergentes, permitiendo así ajustar los planes de vacunación., [CA] En l'actualitat, l'avicultura és un pilar econòmic per a diversos països a nivell mundial i els seus productes, una peça clau en l'alimentació de molts consumidors. El constant creixement de la indústria i una major exigència del consumidor en seguretat i qualitat del producte ha portat al sector avícola a enfrontar-se a importants reptes. Des del punt de vista de salut pública, trobem la transmissió a través dels aliments d'origen avícola de diversos patògens zoonòtics causants d'infecció gastrointestinal en humans i l'emergència de microorganismes resistents a antibiòtics. El primer objectiu d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral va ser investigar la dinàmica de les resistències de Salmonella spp. en 3 orientacions productives (pollastres, titots i gallines ponedores) i avaluar els patrons de multiresistència als antibiòtics utilitzats actualment en medicina veterinària i teràpia humana. Els resultats de l'estudi van suggerir que la reducció en l'ús d'antibiòtics comença a veure's reflectida en la reducció del nombre de multiresistències trobades en les aus, mostrant una tendència decreixent en les resistències, especialment en ponedores des que es van implementar els plans de reducció, al costat de les millors pràctiques de bioseguretat dels avicultors. No obstant això, el nivell de resistències detectat en altres orientacions productives suggereix la necessitat de continuar treballant en la reducció de l'ús d'antibiòtics en les aus per a aconseguir una disminució significativa en les resistències. L'aparició dels microorganismes resistents i les restriccions d'ús d'antibiòtics han portat a la cerca de solucions alternatives als antimicrobians, com els compostos derivats de productes naturals per a controlar les infeccions en avicultura. El segon objectiu va ser avaluar la interacció del compost natural alicina in vitro al costat de 14 antibiòtics enfront d'alguns dels serotips més rellevants de Salmonella spp. Els resultats obtinguts van suggerir que aquest compost al costat de la ciprofloxacina i la gentamicina presentaven un efecte sinèrgic estadísticament significatiu amb reducció de les resistències. Així mateix, també es va observar una reducció estadísticament significativa en uns certs serotips de Salmonella. Donada la importància en salut pública de Campylobacter spp., es va establir un criteri d'higiene de procés ¿1000 UFC/g en escorxador per a la vigilància de Campylobacter spp. en canals de pollastres d'engreixament a nivell europeu. En aquest context, el tercer objectiu va ser investigar la presència d'aquest microorganisme a nivell de camp i reportar noves dades quantitatives mitjançant recomptes en femta procedent de granges de pollastres en edats pròximes a sacrifici durant 12 mesos. Aquest estudi va demostrar alta presència de Campylobacter spp. en lots de pollastres pròxims a l¿edat de sacrifici, encara que es requereixen més estudis per a verificar si posteriorment es tradueixen en recomptes alts a nivell d'escorxador. D'altra banda, es van trobar diferències estadísticament significatives en la presència de Campylobacter spp. durant els diferents mesos de l'any (juny a desembre) coincidint amb les estacions d'estiu i tardor. Des del marc de la sanitat animal i pel seu impacte econòmic, el quart i cinqué objectiu van ser conéixer les prevalences i seroprevalences de 2 microorganismes aviaris, M. synoviae i el virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa Aviària en una localització geogràfica concreta (Comunitat Valenciana). Es va pretendre avaluar la situació epidemiològica actual i proporcionar informació per a la presa de decisions en la instauració de programes de control i estratègies profilàctiques. Les troballes en tots dos estudis van demostrar la presència d'aquests dos microorganismes en el camp i van ressaltar la utilitat de la vigilància i monitoratge de rutina en els ramats d'aus per a controlar la seua presència i la dels seus serotips emergents, permetent així ajustar els plans de vacunació., [EN] Nowadays, poultry industry is an economic key for many countries worldwide and poultry products are a basic piece in the diet of many consumers. The industry constant growth and the high consumer demands for safety and quality products has imposed new challenges to poultry sector from the point of view of both public and animal health. From food safety point of view, we find the transmission of several zoonotic pathogens through food of poultry origin that cause gastrointestinal infection in humans and the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The first objective of this Doctoral Thesis was to investigate the resistance dynamics of Salmonella spp. in 3 productive orientations (broilers, turkeys and laying hens) and evaluate the patterns of multi-resistance to antibiotics currently used in veterinary medicine and human therapy. Results shown in the present study suggest that reduction in the use of antibiotics begins to be reflected in the reduction of the number of multiresistances, since the implementation of resistance reduction measures. However, the level of resistances found in this study suggests the necessity of continuing working on the limitation of the use of antimicrobials in poultry to achieve the reduction in resistances. The appearance of resistant microorganisms and the restrictions on the use of antibiotics have motivated to the research for alternative solutions to antimicrobials, such as compounds derived from natural products to control infections in poultry. The second objective was to evaluate the interaction in vitro between allicin and 14 antibiotics against some of the most relevant serotypes of Salmonella spp. The results obtained suggested that this compound, together with ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, had a statistically significant synergistic effect with a reduction in resistance. Likewise, a statistically significant reduction in certain Salmonella serotypes was also observed. Campylobacter spp. is the most important zoonotic bacteria in public health. For this reason a process hygiene criterion of ¿1000 CFU/g in the slaughterhouse was established to monitor Campylobacter spp. in broiler carcasses at European level. In this context, the third objective was to investigate the presence of this microorganism at field level and to report new quantitative data through counts in feces from broilers farms at ages close to slaughter during 12 months. This study revealed a high presence of Campylobacter spp. in flocks of chickens close to slaughter age, although more studies are required to verify if they subsequently translate into high counts at the slaughterhouse level. On the other hand, statistically significant differences were found in the presence of Campylobacter spp. during the different months of the year (June to December) coinciding with the summer and autumn seasons. The fourth and fifth objectives were focused on two important diseases in animal health that have an economic impact, M. synoviae and the Avian Infectious Bronchitis virus. The aims were to determine the prevalence and seroprevalence of these microorganisms in a specific geographical location (Valencian Community). The current epidemiological situation was evaluated through 2 prevalence and seroprevalence studies to provide useful information for the establishment of control programs and prophylactic strategies. The findings in both studies demonstrate the presence of these two microorganisms in the field and revealed that routine surveillance and monitoring in poultry flocks to control the presence of both microorganisms and their emerging serotypes is useful in order to update vaccination plans., Este trabajo fue financiado por el Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV) y la Asociación Avícola Valenciana (ASAV). Agradecemos a Joaquín Girón (Merck Sharp & Dohme, MSD) y José Luis Balaguer (CEVA) por su asistencia técnica y soporte económico.
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- 2022
207. Genomic Diversity of a Globally Used, Live Attenuated Mycoplasma Vaccine
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Sara M. Klose, Olusola M. Olaogun, Jillian F. Disint, Pollob Shil, Miklós Gyuranecz, Zsuzsa Kreizinger, Dorottya Földi, Salvatore Catania, Marco Bottinelli, Arianna Dall'Ora, Anneke Feberwee, Marleen van der Most, Daniel M. Andrews, Gregory J. Underwood, Chris J. Morrow, Amir H. Noormohammadi, and Marc S. Marenda
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Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Microbiology (medical) ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Ecology ,Physiology ,Bacteriologie ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Cell Biology ,Genomics ,Vaccines, Attenuated ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Infectious Diseases ,live vaccine ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,whole-genome sequencing ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Bacterial Vaccines ,Genetics ,Animals ,Life Science ,mycoplasma ,Chickens ,Poultry Diseases - Abstract
The Mycoplasma synoviae live attenuated vaccine strain MS-H (Vaxsafe MS; Bioproperties Pty., Ltd., Australia) is commonly used around the world to prevent chronic infections caused by M. synoviae in birds and to minimize economic losses in the poultry industry. MS-H is a temperature-sensitive strain that is generated via the chemical mutagenesis of a virulent M. synoviae isolate, 86079/7NS. 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found in the genome of MS-H compared to that of 86079/7NS, including 25 in predicted coding sequences (CDSs). There is limited information on the stability of these mutations in MS-H in vitro during the propagation of the vaccine manufacturing process or in vivo after the vaccination of chickens. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of MS-H genomes after in vitro and in vivo passages under different circumstances. Studying the dynamics of the MS-H population can provide insights into the factors that potentially affect the health of vaccinated birds. The genomes of 11 in vitro laboratory passages and 138 MS-H bird reisolates contained a total of 254 sequence variations. Of these, 39 variations associated with CDSs were detected in more than one genome (range = 2 to 62, median = 2.5), suggesting that these sequences are particularly prone to mutations. From the 25 CDSs containing previously characterized variations between MS-H and 86079/7NS, 7 were identified in the MS-H reisolates and progenies examined here. In conclusion, the MS-H genome contains individual regions that are prone to mutations that enable the restoration of the genotype or the phenotype of wild-type 86079/7NS in those regions. However, accumulated mutations in these regions are rare.
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- 2022
208. Incidence and risk factors of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in broiler breeder farms of Iran
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S Seifi and M R Shirzad
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Broiler breeder ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Mycoplasmosis ,Risk factors ,Seroprevalence ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen of poultry worldwide, causing respiratory tract infection and infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors (age, size of flock, locale, sex and strain) of Mycoplasma synoviae in broiler breeder farms in Iran. The study was based on Rapid Serum Plate Agglutination (SPA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. The prevalence was highest (44%) in winter and lowest (34%) in summer. Ross, Cobb, Arian, Hubbard and Arbor Acres strains had 40%, 44%, 32%, 27% and 45% infection, respectively. The prevalence was recorded highest in above 60 weeks of age (47.8%), but at 10-20 weeks it was lowest (14.2%). No significant difference was seen in flocks up to 30,000 population (41.9%), 30,000-40,000 (52%) and upper 40,000 (57%). The prevalence of Mycoplasmosis in foothills was significantly (p
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- 2012
209. Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum at Batna Commercial poultry farms in Algeria
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Nouzha Heleili, Ammar Ayachi, Bakir Mamache, and Abdeljalil Chelihi
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,seroprevalence ,poultry farms ,SPA ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken to know the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) in broiler and layer chickens in the area of Batna, eastern Algeria. This investigation was conducted during the period from 2008 to 2011. Materials and Methods: A total of 505 sera samples were collected and tested by serum plate agglutination (SPA) test using Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae antigens (Soleil Diagnostic) to detect the presence of antibodies against MS and MG. Results: The overall prevalence of MS and MG infection in the 27 flocks visited in this investigation were recorded as 66.33% and 69.90% respectively. Seroprevalence of MG infection was found significantly (p0.05) higher in large flocks (76.97%) in comparison to small flocks (63.63%). The highest prevalence (76.59%) of mycoplasmal infection in layer hens was found in Lohman strain. Conclusion: It has been found that MG and MS infections are still important disease problems in poultry farms in Algeria. [Vet World 2012; 5(12.000): 709-712]
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- 2012
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210. MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE INFECTION IN LAYERS: DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL MEASURES – A REVIEW
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Adem Jbenyeni and Khaled Kaboudi
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,Transmission (medicine) ,Respiratory infection ,General Medicine ,Mycoplasma ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Biology ,musculoskeletal system ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Microbiology ,Serology ,Vaccination ,PCR ,antibiotic ,eggshell apex abnormality ,medicine ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Pathogen ,biosecurity ,layer hen - Abstract
Mycoplasmas are widespread bacteria in domestic and wild birds. Among the important species in laying hen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, are considered as an emergent pathogen in the last few years worldwide, causing considerable economic losses as a result of falling eggs and the decrease in egg quality. Transmission of M. synoviae occurs horizontally, more rapidly in multi-age sites, and vertically, leading to a decline in hatchability in breeding farms. The interaction between M. synoviae and the host’s immune system explains the immunosuppression induced by this pathogen. Inside the cell, M. synoviae can escape the immune system by implementing several mechanisms.Subclinical respiratory infection is oft en associated to M. synoviae. However, severe disease may be observed in the presence of other factors (respiratory viruses, stressors). The emergence of a new form of clinical manifestation of disease associated to M. synoviae infection has been described since the 2000s. Eggshell apex abnormalities of the produced eggs, associated to high risk of cracks and breakage, is described.The diagnosis of M. synoviae infection is based on various tests, including serology, culture and biomolecular methods. Control is based on theacquisition of free mycoplasma birds, biosecurity, regular monitoring and vaccination. Management of other risk factors is essential.
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- 2019
211. Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective)
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Theeb Al-Marri, Adel M. Abdelaziz, Abdul Aziz Al-Amer, Ibrahim Qasim, Mahmoud H. A. Mohamed, and Mahmoud Fayez
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Veterinary medicine ,animal structures ,040301 veterinary sciences ,animal diseases ,respiratory pathogens ,Infectious bronchitis virus ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Newcastle disease ,SF1-1100 ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,SF600-1100 ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,General Veterinary ,biology ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Avian infectious bronchitis ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Animal culture ,molecular detection ,bidirectional interaction ,chickens ,Flock ,Research Article - Abstract
Aim: The present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health. Materials and Methods: A total of 359 serum samples were collected from 55 backyard chickens and tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), influenza type A, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Molecular prevalence of NDV, IBV, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2, MG, and MS was carried out on swab, and tissue samples collected from 55 backyard flocks and 11 commercial broiler flocks suffered from respiratory infections using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR. Results: Seroprevalence of NDV, IBV, Influenza type A virus, MG, and MS in chicken backyard flocks was 56.4%, 50.9%, 12.7%, 14.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. Specific antibodies against one or more respiratory viruses and mycoplasma were detected in 36.4% of backyard flocks, indicating concurrent viral infections. The molecular survey showed that 90.9% of chicken backyard flocks were infected with common respiratory viruses (NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2) while 81.8% of commercial broiler flocks were infected. The molecular prevalence rate of NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2 was 46.97%, 56.1%, and 19.7% in backyard flocks, respectively. Combined viral and bacterial infection represented 40% and 63.6% of the respiratory infections, resulting in enhanced pathogenicity and increased mortalities of up to 87.5% and 27.8% in backyard and commercial flocks, respectively. Mixed infection of IBV, LPAIV H9N2, and/or Escherichia coli is the most prevalent mixed infection in broiler flocks, inducing severe clinical outcomes. Avian pathogenic E. coli was, respectively, isolated from 40% of backyard flocks and 81.82% of broiler flocks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from three backyard chicken flocks mixed with other respiratory pathogens with elevated mortality. Mixed infection of E. coli and MG reported in 9.1% of broiler flock. MG was detected in 14.5% of backyard flocks and 9.1% of broiler flocks while MS was detected only in 3.6% of backyard chickens mixed with E. coli, and other viruses. Conclusion: Our results confirm that mixed infections are more commonly prevalent and associated with dramatic exacerbation in clinical outcomes than a single infection. Bidirectional synergistic interaction between these concurrently interacted respiratory pathogens explains the severe clinical impact and high mortality rate. The high prevalence of IBV (either as a single or combined infection) with LPAIV H9N2 and/or E. coli, in spite of intensive use of commercial vaccines, increases the need for revising vaccination programs and the application of standard biosecurity measures. Backyard chickens impose a great risk and threaten commercial flocks due to the high prevalence of viral respiratory pathogens.
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- 2019
212. In vitro evaluation of various antimicrobials against field mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae isolates in Egypt
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Imad A.A. Mohammed, Naglaa F.S. Awad, Adel M. Abdelaziz, Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid, Usama H. Abo-Shama, Mahmoud A Abdel-Rahman, and Yousreya M. Hashem
- Subjects
Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Turkeys ,medicine.drug_class ,Antibiotics ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,Anti-Infective Agents ,medicine ,Animals ,Mycoplasma Infections ,Poultry Diseases ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Broth microdilution ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Mycoplasma ,biology.organism_classification ,Antimicrobial ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Egypt ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Flock ,Chickens - Abstract
Among many avian mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are recognized as the main etiological agents of respiratory diseases and infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys causing tremendous economic losses worldwide. Therefore, proper treatment is promoted for the control of these diseases. This study was the first in Egypt to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of various antimicrobials against field MG and MS isolates recovered from chicken and turkey flocks using both conventional broth microdilution and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Totally, 47 mycoplasma isolates were recovered from 160 collected tracheal samples (29.4%). Of these, 44 MG (27.5%) and 3 MS (1.9%) were identified using conventional and molecular assays. The in vitro susceptibilities of 4 representative mycoplasma field isolates (3 MG and one MS) to 8 antibiotics and 4 essential oils were investigated. The tested isolates showed various susceptibilities to tested antimicrobials. Toldin CRD, followed by clove, cumin, and cinnamon oils were effective against both MG and MS clinical isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.49 to 15.63 µg/mL. Similarly, tylvalosin was the most active antibiotic against MG and MS isolates with the lowest MIC values (0.015 to 0.03 µg/mL). DNA loads of both MG mgc2 and MS vlhA genes were markedly decreased upon treatment with majority of the tested antimicrobials confirming their effectiveness as was also evaluated by conventional MIC results. In conclusion, Toldin CRD and tylvalosin were found to be the most effective antimicrobials in this study. This finding highlights the importance of using these antimicrobials in controlling mycoplasma infections in chickens and turkeys.
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- 2019
213. Investigators from University of Zagreb Target Mycoplasma synoviae (Monitoring Reveals a High Prevalence of Mycoplasma Synoviae In Layer Flocks In Croatia).
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- 2023
214. Application of culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for isolation and identification ofMycoplasma synoviae on broiler chicken farms
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Abtin, A.R., Ashtari, A.,, Homayounimehr, A.R.,, Pourbakhsh, S.A.,, and Bayatzadeh, M.A.,
- Subjects
Mycoplasma synoviae ,Broiler chicken ,PCR ,16S rRNA ,Culture ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) is a major worldwide poultry pathogen that causes serious economiclosses in the poultry industry. This study was designed to detect M. synoviae through culture isolation andpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to demonstrated the involvement of M. synoviae infection in tracheaand the lung/air sac samples taken from commercial broiler chicken farms in 3 main provinces of Iran(Tehran, Markazi and Qazvin), with clinical signs of the disease. Total of 43 samples were cultured inPPLO broth media supplemented for M. synoviae isolation. The bacteria DNAs were extracted byphenol/chloroform method and the PCR assay amplifying the conserved region of 16S rRNA gene wasapplied for the detection of Mycoplasma genus in 163bp fragment and M. synoviae in 207bp fragment fromculture as same as in clinical samples. Of the 43 swabs 28(65.1%) yielded one of the potentially pathogenicmycoplasmas evaluated for using PPLO agar culture diagnostic method, and 33(76.8%) yielded one of thepotentially pathogenic Mycoplasmas evaluated for using Mycoplasma genus PCR as diagnostic method, and24(55.9%) of the swabs yielded M. synoviae for using M. synoviae PCR as diagnostic method. In this studywe had observed the highest quantity of M. synoviae infections in broiler chicken with PCR test. In conclusion, PCR is a more rapid, effective, sensitive and inexpensive method than the standard culture technique, that could be used as an alternative method for traditional culture and showed the real number of the M. synoviae contaminated broiler chicken farms.
- Published
- 2011
215. Preliminary Research on Mycoplasma synoviae Vertical Transmission Rate into Primordial Germ Cells
- Author
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Manabu Onuma and Takashi Kuwana
- Subjects
mycoplasma synoviae ,pgc ,vertical transmission ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
The vertical transmission rate of Mycoplasma synoviae into primordial germ cells (PGCs) was evaluated. PGCs were collected from eggs (n=54) of M. synoviae positive chickens, with 10 to 214 PGCs obtained per egg. PGCs were mixed with Frey's medium (2ml) and incubated at 37°C for two weeks. After incubation, DNA was extracted from the medium and used as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) template to detect M. synoviae. All samples tested PCR negative. Thus, potentially all isolated PGCs were not infected with M. synoviae. These results suggested that vertical transmission of M. synoviae into PGCs might be rare. Given that chickens are typically culled if this infection is confirmed, even among rare breeds, utilization of PGCs is a promising means of preserving chicken breeds that are infected with M. synoviae.
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- 2011
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216. Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in broiler breeder farms of Tehran province using PCR and culture methods
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Elhamnia, F., Banani, M., Shokri, G.R., Pourbakhsh, S.A., and Ashtari, A.
- Subjects
Mycoplasma synoviae ,broiler breeder ,PCR ,culture ,Tehran ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important avian pathogen that can cause both respiratory disease and joint inflammation synovitis in poultry, inducing economic losses to the Iranian chicken industry especially breeder farms. The aim of this study was to use the MS specific PCR and culture methods in order to detect of M. synoviae from breeder farms where located in Tehran province. A total of 475 samples including choanal cleft, trachea, ovary and /or joint cavities from 23 broiler breeder farms of Tehran area were collected. Samples were cultured in PPLO broth media supplemented for MS isolation. The bacteria DNAs were extracted by phenol/chloroform method. Specific published primers amplify a 207 bp region of the 16S rRNA gene of MS were used for PCR method. Out of 475 samples, 146 cultures were shown positive and typical Mycoplasma colonies, 85 samples were also identified MS based on agglutination test with specific MS antiserum and the PCR method. A total of 122 samples, a band with 207 bp was shown as MS specific PCR product in electrophoresis. In addition to these 85 samples that were positives in both culture and PCR, 37 samples that had not grown in Mycoplasma media were positive in MS specific PCR. A total of 292 samples were negatives in both culture and PCR methods. 122 positive samples out of 475 samples (25.7%) were belonged to 7 breeder farms (30.4%). On conclusions, the MS infection of broiler breeder farms of Tehran area was confirmed truly. From the results, as the PCR method reduces the time consuming, an effectiveness and efficient for detection of M. synoviae infection of chicken breeder. It is then suggested that the PCR method could be an alternative method for culturing.
- Published
- 2010
217. Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples by VlhA-PCR method
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H Ansari, S.A Pourbakhsh, N Sheikhi, M.H Bozorgmehri Fard, and A Ashtari
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Mycoplasma synoviae ,Clinical samples ,PCR ,VlhA gene ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
As one of the major pathogens of avian species, Mycoplasma Synoviae causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The main purpose of this study was to detect Mycoplasma Synoviae in clinical samples using the VlhA-PCR method. For serological screening test, 373 serum samples were collected from 25 breeder farms and rapid serum agglutination test conducted which revealed that 143 samples equivalent to 19 breeder farms were positive. For VlhA-PCR assay, 20 of the previously mentioned breeder farms were selected and sterile swab were collected from the palatine cleft, trachea, air sacs and lungs. Three swabs from 3 birds were placed in a test tube containing 1 ml of PBS and transferred to the laboratory for PCR test. Specific primers for VIhA gene were employed in this study. The PCR product from specific primers showed 350-400 bp for all field isolated on electrophoresis gel in 8 farms. VlhA-PCR with high sensitivity could be employed in definitive diagnosis of Mycoplasma Synoviae infection in the laboratory.
- Published
- 2010
218. Detection of Antibodies to Seven Priority Pathogens in Backyard Poultry in Trinidad, West Indies
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Arianne Brown Jordan, Pompei Bolfa, Silvia Marchi, Shakera Hemmings, Tashard Major, Rod Suepaul, Lemar Blake, and Christopher Oura
- Subjects
chickens ,Trinidad and Tobago ,Avian influenza ,infectious bronchitis virus ,infectious bursal disease virus ,Newcastle disease virus ,West Nile virus ,Salmonella enteritidis ,Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Backyard poultry farms in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) play a vital role in providing food and income for rural communities. There is currently no information on the presence and circulation of pathogens in backyard poultry farms in T&T, and little is known in relation to the potential risks of spread of these pathogens to the commercial poultry sector. In order to address this, serum samples were collected from 41 chickens on five backyard farms taken from selected locations in Trinidad. Samples were tested for antibodies to seven priority pathogens of poultry by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies were detected in 65% (CI 95%: 50–78%) of the sampled birds for Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), 67.5% (CI 95%: 52–80%) for Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), 10% (CI 95%: 4–23%) for Newcastle disease virus (NDV), 0% (CI 95%: 0–0%) for Avian influenza virus (AIV), 0% (CI 95%: 0–0%) for West Nile virus (WNV), 31.7% (CI 95%: 20–47%) for Mycoplasm gallisepticum/synoviae and 0% (CI 95%: 0–0%) for Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis. These results reveal the presence and circulation of important pathogens of poultry in selected backyard farms in Trinidad. The results provide important information which should be taken into consideration when assessing the risks of pathogen transmission between commercial and backyard poultry farms, as well as between poultry and wild birds.
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- 2018
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219. Prevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae and Its Impact on Productivity in Commercial Poultry Farms in Quebec, Canada
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Martin C. Pelletier, Ghislain Hébert, Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt, Hugh Y. Cai, Nadia Bergeron, and Marie-Eve Brochu-Morin
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Outbreak ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Poultry farming ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Food Animals ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Flock ,Reproductive system disease ,business ,Productivity ,Economic consequences - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is associated with upper respiratory disease, joint, and reproductive system disease in poultry. Economic losses are due to stunting, increased mortality, lower egg production, and higher slaughterhouse condemnations. The seroprevalence of MS is increasing worldwide, and more pathogenic strains have emerged over the past few years. Where this increase is noted, the economic consequences are considerable, even when there are no obvious clinical signs. The best control strategy is to maintain mycoplasma-free flocks. Since 2014 in Quebec, Canada, MS has been isolated with greater frequency in poultry farms and at times, as a primary pathogenic agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and impact of MS in commercial poultry farms in Quebec because the poultry industry was considering an insurance program that would cover losses in case of an outbreak. MS was shown to be present in all types of commercial production, although egg layers were principally affected with over 50% of flocks sampled being MS-positive in all producing regions of the province. On the basis of vlhA gene sequencing, several strains were identified with the most prevalent ones being type E, followed by Qc-1, a strain specific to Quebec. On average, the impact of MS on production parameters were not significant for any of the different types of commercial poultry production.
- Published
- 2021
220. Impact of various preservation and storage methods on the viability of mycoplasma field strains isolated in Mali
- Author
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B. Sacko, J. Awuni, M. Kone, C. A. K. Sidibe, M. Niang, A. Sery, and W. Amanfu
- Subjects
Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,biology ,Strain (chemistry) ,Chemistry ,ved/biology ,Mycoplasma agalactiae ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Mycoplasma ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Agar plate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Glycerol ,medicine ,Mycoplasma mycoides - Abstract
The survival of five mycoplasma strains was studied in different storage media (Mycoplasma complet media without cryopreservative agent, Mycoplasma complete media with addition of horse serum, Mycoplasma complete media with addition of glycerol and lyophilized cultures without stabilizer) under different temperatures (+37°C, +4°C, −20°C, −85°C) during 24 months. Five Mycoplasma strains, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides (Mmm), Mycoplasma bovis (Mb), Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) were isolated from various parts of the country. The initial titers of the strains determined by the agar plate count before storage were 42.4×107 UFC/ml (8.6 log UFC/ml) for Mmm strain; 32.4×108 UFC/ml (9.51 log UFC/ml) for M.bovis strain; 12.4×109 UFC/ml (10.09 log UFC/ml) for Ma strain; 2.4×109 UFC/ml (9.38 log UFC/ml) for Mg and 2.8×109 UFC/ml (9.45 log UFC/ml) for Ms strain. After 3 weeks of storage, no viable mycoplasmas were detected in all the conservation media at +37°C and after 3 months of storage at +4°C except for the lyophilized cultures in which an average viability rate of 17.81% was observed. Overall, the mycoplasma strains remained viable at freezing temperatures after 24 months regardless of the storage medium, but with decreasing titers, which was noticeable with mycoplasma complete media, and mycoplasma media with horse serum. Conversely, at −20°C the average viability rates after 24 months of storage were 84.36% (with glycerol) and 90.04% (lyophilized cultures). At −85°C after 24 months of storage, this was 87.98% (with glycerol) and 91.44% (lyophilized cultures). These findings suggest that, in the absence of the lysophylisation process, the addition of glycerol may be recommended for long-term storage of frozen mycoplasma isolates.
- Published
- 2021
221. Transcriptional profiling of the chicken tracheal and splenic response to virulent Mycoplasma synoviae
- Author
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Wei Chen, Qianjin Sun, Zhuanqiang Yan, Qingfeng Zhou, Yongchang Cao, Feng Chen, and Xiaona Wei
- Subjects
General Medicine ,SF1-1100 ,Animal culture ,Trachea ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,IMMUNOLOGY, HEALTH AND DISEASE ,Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Mycoplasma Infections ,spleen ,Chickens ,Poultry Diseases ,transcriptional profiling ,Ovum - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), an important avian pathogen, can cause chronic respiratory disease, eggshell apex abnormalities, infectious synovitis, and arthritis in avian species, leading serious economic losses in the global poultry industry. To date, studies have shown significant different transcript profiles using various chicken cells after MS infection. However, in vitro cell models cannot fully represent the complex in vivo regulations after adventitious infection. The objective of this study was to explore the nature of the host-pathogen interaction during MS infection. The tracheal and spleen tissues of chickens were collected at d 0, 1, 3, and 5 postinoculation, and samples were analyzed for differential gene expression using Illumina RNA sequencing. A lot of significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in this analysis, and 861 DEGs were observed in trachea tissues and 753 DEGs were observed in spleen samples. Many of DEGs in trachea tissues participate in a variety of cellular activities, especially cellular metabolism. Immune-related DEGs were mainly enriched at d 3, and 5 postinfection in trachea tissues. While, DEGs in spleen tissues were significantly and mainly enriched into immune-related pathways. The results of this study show the direct interactions between MS and the chicken trachea and spleen for the first time. Early dysregulation of tissue-wide gene expression as observed here set the stage for persistent infection of MS.
- Published
- 2021
222. Genome Analysis of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Independent Mycoplasma synoviae Isolates From Korea
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Hong-Jae Lee, Taesoo Kim, Sang-Won Lee, Joong-Bok Lee, Gyuhee Ahn, Seung-un Song, In-Soo Choi, Yongjun Song, Tae-Min La, Seung-Yong Park, Won Hur, Hyun Jin Shin, and Eun-Jin Park
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Genetics ,comparative analysis ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,chicken ,Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Biology ,Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ,NAD ,Genome ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Coding region ,Nanopore sequencing ,NAD+ kinase ,Molecular Biology ,Pathogen ,nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an avian pathogen that causes respiratory disease, infectious synovitis, and eggshell apex abnormalities in chickens. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-independent MS was first reported in 1975. Despite the atypical traits of NAD-independent MS, its independence from NAD has not been studied. In this study, we isolated five NAD-independent strains from Korea and assembled their genomes using sequencing reads obtained from Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technology platforms. The assembled genomes were compared with the genomes of MS-H vaccine strain and type strain WVU1853. We found that the coding sequences of nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and a unique coding sequence were present only in the genomes of NAD-independent isolates.
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- 2021
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223. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens
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Yousreya H. Hashem, Nayera M. Al-Atfeehy, Seung-Chun Park, Walter H. Hsu, Sara T. Elazab, Eon-Bee Lee, and Nahla S. Elshater
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Microbiology (medical) ,Withdrawal time ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Pharmacology ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,Pharmacokinetics ,spiramycin ,HPLC ,pharmacokinetics ,withdrawal time ,pharmacodynamics ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Molecular Biology ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Spiramycin ,Parallel study ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Bioavailability ,Infectious Diseases ,Pharmacodynamics ,Medicine ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
This research aimed to assess the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and tissue residues of spiramycin in chickens. The PK of spiramycin were determined in 12 chickens using a parallel study design in which each group of chickens (n = 6) received a single dose of spiramycin at 17 mg/kg intravenously (IV) or orally. Plasma samples were collected at assigned times for up to 48 h to measure spiramycin concentrations. Additionally, a tissue depletion study was performed in 42 chickens receiving spiramycin at 17 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve values were 29.94 ± 4.74 and 23.11 ± 1.83 µg*h/mL after IV and oral administrations, respectively. The oral bioavailability was 77.18%. The computed withdrawal periods of spiramycin were 11, 10, and 7 days for liver, muscle, and skin and fat, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for spiramycin against Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) strain 1853 was 0.0625 µg/mL. Using the PK/PD integration, the appropriate oral dose of spiramycin against M. synoviae was estimated to be 15.6 mg/kg. Thus, we recommend an oral dose of 15.6 mg spiramycin/kg against M. synoviae in chickens and a withdrawal period of 11 days following oral treatment with 17 mg spiramycin/kg/day for 7 days.
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- 2021
224. A model for the RecA protein of Mycoplasma synoviae
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Marbella Maria Fonseca, Frank J.B. Alarcon, Ana Tereza de Vasconcelos, and Lucymara Fassarela Agnez-Lima
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DNA repair ,recombination ,RecA ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
In this work, we predict a structural model for the RecA protein from M. synoviae (MsRecA) by theoretical homology modeling and evaluate the occurrence of polymorphisms in this protein within several isolates of this species. The structural model suggested for MsRecA conserves the main domains present in MtRecA and EcRecA. The L1 and L2 regions showed six and three amino acid substitutions, respectively, which apparently do not affect the conformation and function of MsRecA. The C-terminal domain is shorter than that found in EcRecA and MtRecA, which may increase its capacity to bind dsDNA and displace SSB, compensating the absence of recombination initiation enzymes. The MS59 isolate RecA sequence showed one polymorphism which does not affect its functions since these belong to the same physical-chemical group.
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- 2007
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225. Genes involved in translation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma synoviae
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Mônica de Oliveira Santos, Nadya da Silva Castro, Maristela Pereira, and Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
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mycoplasmas ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ,translation ,genome ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
This is a report on the analysis of genes involved in translation of the complete genomes of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain J and 7448 and Mycoplasma synoviae. In both genomes 31 ORFs encoding large ribosomal subunit proteins and 19 ORFs encoding small ribosomal subunit proteins were found. Ten ribosomal protein gene clusters encoding 42 ribosomal proteins were found in M. synoviae, while 8 clusters encoding 39 ribosomal proteins were found in both M. hyopneumoniae strains. The L33 gene of the M. hyopneumoniae strain 7448 presented two copies in different locations. The genes encoding initiation factors (IF-1, IF-2 and IF-3), elongation factors (EF-G, EF-Tu, EF-Ts and EF-P), and the genes encoding the ribosome recycling factor (frr) and one polypeptide release factor (prfA) were present in the genomes of M. hyopneumoniae and M. synoviae. Nineteen aminoacyl-tRNA synthases had been previously identified in both mycoplasmas. In the two strains of M. hyopneumoniae, J and 7448, only one set of 5S, 16S and 23S rRNAs had been identified. Two sets of 16S and 23S rRNA genes and three sets of 5S rRNA genes had been identified in the M. synoviae genome.
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- 2007
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226. Molecular characterization and T and B cell epitopes prediction of Mycoplasma synoviae 53 strain VlhA hemagglutinin
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Ilana Lopes Camargo, Cristina Toscano Fonseca, Santuza Ribeiro Teixeira, Vasco Azevedo, Anderson Myioshi, and Sergio Costa Oliveira
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Mycoplasma synoviae ,hemagglutinin ,epitopes ,host-parasite interaction ,vaccine ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Mycoplasma sinoviae is a major pathogen of poultry causing synovitis and respiratory infection. M. synoviae hemagglutinin (VlhA) is a lipoprotein encoded by related multigene families that appear to have arisen by horizontal gene transfer. It is an abundant immunodominant surface protein involved in host-parasite interaction mediating binding to host erythrocytes. Herein, we have performed in silico analysis of the vlhA gene product from the Mycoplasma synoviae 53 strain and compared it to the VlhA protein of M. synoviae WUV1853 strain. The VlhA of the M. synoviae 53 strain possesses 569 amino acids and showed 85% identity with the VlhA protein of the M. synoviae WUV1853 strain. Further, a signal peptide was identified from amino acid M1 to D28 and a cleavage site between D28 and Q29, both located in the N-terminal domain of the molecule. Additionally, an insertion of PAPT amino acids was observed between T30-P35 and a deletion of the amino acids GTPGNP within the PRR region of the VlhA from the M. synoviae 53 strain, which may be related to its reduced virulence. Finally, we have identified 17 B cell epitopes and 22 T cells epitopes within the VlhA from the M. synoviae 53 strain. The B cell epitope S263-D277 and the T cell epitopes N45-N54 and G58-N67 showed 100% and 87-100% identity, respectively, with regions of VlhA protein of tested Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma galisepticum strains. Thus, these peptides represent new candidate molecules for the development of efficient diagnostic assays and new subunit vaccines.
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- 2007
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227. Regulation of gene expression in Mycoplasmas: contribution from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma synoviae genome sequences
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Humberto Maciel França Madeira and Jane Eyre Gabriel
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,transcription ,comparative genomics ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
This report describes the transcription apparatus of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (strains J and 7448) and Mycoplasma synoviae, using a comparative genomics approach to summarize the main features related to transcription and control of gene expression in mycoplasmas. Most of the transcription-related genes present in the three strains are well conserved among mycoplasmas. Some unique aspects of transcription in mycoplasmas and the scarcity of regulatory proteins in mycoplasma genomes are discussed.
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- 2007
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228. Molecular identification of Mycoplasma synoviae from seroprevalent commercial breeder farms at Chittagong district, Bangladesh.
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Uddin, Md. Inkeyas, Abid, Md. Harisul, Islam, Md. Shafiqul, Rakib, Tofazzal Md., Sen, Ashim Baran, Shah Mohammed Ziqrul Haq Chowdhury, Anwar, Md. Nurul, and Kamaruddin, Kazi Md.
- Subjects
- *
POULTRY breeding , *MYCOPLASMA synoviae , *MOLECULAR biology , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *RESPIRATORY infections - Abstract
Aim: Worldwide, Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen of poultry, especially for chicken and turkey. It causes respiratory tract infection and infectious sinusitis. The study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of MS infection with associated risk factors and identification of MS organism in unvaccinated flocks of commercial breeder farms of the Chittagong district, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 365 serum samples were collected and tested for MS using serum plate agglutination (SPA) test for determination of MS seroprevalence. On the other hand, tracheal swabs were collected from each seropositive flocks for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the presence of MS organism. Results: Among the farms, the highest prevalence was found to be 69% and the lowest prevalence was 28% with the average 60%. The seroprevalence of MS infection in breeder farms was highest 70% with the flock size >10,000 birds, whereas it was lowest 57% in the flocks ranging from 4000 to 7000. According to age group, the prevalence was found highest 70% in >60 weeks age group of birds and lowest 42% in 10-19 weeks group. The seroprevalence of MS in winter season was found as highest as 64%, whereas it was found lowest 60% in the summer season. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) among the seroprevalence of MS in different breeder farms, flock size, and age groups, but there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the winter, summer, and rainy season. To confirm the presence of MS in the samples, PCR test was applied using specific primers to amplify a 214 bp region of the 16S rRNA gene of the organism. In PCR, all seropositive flocks showed a positive result for MS. Conclusion: As the plate agglutination test result showed 100% similar with PCR result, it can be suggested that agglutination test is better than molecular and culture techniques for MS detection and it is also cheaper and less time-consuming method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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229. Prevalence study of Mycoplasma synoviae in broiler flocks with lameness in Shahrekord and Isfahan, Iran.
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FATHI-HAFSHEJANI, EZATOLLAH, GHOLAMI-AHANGARAN, MAJID, and NASEH-FAR, ARMAN
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BROILER chickens ,LAMENESS in chickens ,MYCOPLASMA synoviae ,DISEASE prevalence - Abstract
Identification of Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae), an economically important pathogen in poultry industries worldwide, in clinical samples has critical importance. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of M. synoviae in broiler flocks with clinical lameness using serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Blood serum samples (200) and joint fluid samples (200) were collected from 20 broiler flocks. All serum samples were studied using the serum plate agglutination (SPA) test while all joint fluid samples were studied using the PCR technique for detection of vlhA gene of M. synoviae. Results showed that 61 serum samples from 11 broiler flocks were positive for SPA test while 42 out of 61 samples were positive using SPA with 1/2 dilution. The PCR method indicated that 102 joint fluid samples of 16 broiler flocks were positive for presence of the vlhA gene of M. synoviae. Our results showed that the SPA and PCR techniques can be used for determination of the prevalence of M. synoviae in clinical samples of poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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230. Two strains of Mycoplasma synoviae from chicken flocks on the same layer farm differ in their ability to produce eggshell apex abnormality.
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Catania, S., Gobbo, F., Bilato, D., Gagliazzo, L., Moronato, M.L., Terregino, C., Bradbury, J.M., and Ramírez, A.S.
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- *
MYCOPLASMA synoviae , *CHICKEN diseases , *EGGSHELLS , *NUCLEOTIDE sequence , *PROLINE - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) is considered to be an economically important poultry pathogen. Although the full economic costs of infection in layer chickens are still under debate, the prevalence of Ms is known to be high in some countries and earlier reports have shown a correlation between infection and Eggshell Apex Abnormality (EAA). This work is a continuation of an earlier study of a clinical case of EAA on a layer hen farm where the presence of two different strains of Ms, based on the sequence of the 5′ end of the vlh A gene, was demonstrated. Both strains could be detected in the trachea but only one (designated strain PASC8) appeared able to colonize the oviduct, while the other (designated TRACH) was not found in the oviduct and has not been related to EAA. The PASC8 partial vlh A gene sequence differs from that of the TRACH in having a 39 nucleotide deletion in the proline rich region and three point mutations in the RIII region. Based on this information an experimental infection was performed in SPF chickens using groups infected with either the PASC8 or the TRACH strain and a non-infected control group. Both Ms strains were detected in the trachea of infected birds, but only the PASC8 strain was found in the oviduct. Furthermore, EAA developed only in the group infected with PASC8 strain. Compared to the control group, both strains produced an adverse impact on egg production: a decrease in the numbers laid and in their average weight ( P < 0.05) This work demonstrates a difference in oviduct tropism between two Ms strains and a possible relationship to the production of EAA in experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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231. Development and evaluation of a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Mycoplasma synoviae.
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Dijkman, R., Feberwee, A., and Landman, W. J. M.
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- *
MYCOPLASMA , *POULTRY , *NUCLEOTIDE sequencing , *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms , *LIPOPROTEINS , *HEMAGGLUTININ - Abstract
Reproducible molecular Mycoplasma synoviae typing techniques with sufficient discriminatory power may help to expand knowledge on its epidemiology and contribute to the improvement of control and eradication programmes of this mycoplasma species. The present study describes the development and validation of a novel multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for M. synoviae. Thirteen M. synoviae isolates originating from different poultry categories, farms and lesions, were subjected to whole genome sequencing. Their sequences were compared to that of M. synoviae reference strain MS53. A high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicating considerable genetic diversity were identified. SNPs were present in over 40 putative target genes for MLST of which five target genes were selected (nanA, uvrA, lepA, ruvB and ugpA) for the MLST scheme. This scheme was evaluated analysing 209 M. synoviae samples from different countries, categories of poultry, farms and lesions. Eleven clonal clusters and 76 different sequence types (STs) were obtained. Clustering occurred following geographical origin, supporting the hypothesis of regional population evolution. M. synoviae samples obtained from epidemiologically linked outbreaks often harboured the same ST. In contrast, multiple M. synoviae lineages were found in samples originating from swollen joints or oviducts from hens that produce eggs with eggshell apex abnormalities indicating that further research is needed to identify the genetic factors of M. synoviae that may explain its variations in tissue tropism and disease inducing potential. Furthermore, MLST proved to have a higher discriminatory power compared to variable lipoprotein and haemagglutinin A typing, which generated 50 different genotypes on the same database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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232. Mycoplasma Synoviae and other Associated Bacteria Causing Arthritis in Chicken.
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Tawfik, Rasha G., Khalil, Samy A., Ellakany, Hany F., and Torky, Helmy A.
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- *
MYCOPLASMA , *ARTHRITIS - Abstract
Arthritis in broiler chickens is one of economic problems causing losses in poultry industry. Hundred samples (60 samples for Mycoplasma synoviae isolation and 40 samples for isolation other bacteria) from chicken with arthritis symptoms, were collected from different broiler chickens farms. The samples were cultivated on PPIO media for isolation of Mycoplasma synoviae and different media( MaCconky , EMB, X.L.D and salt Mannitol media) for isolation of other bacteria and biochemically identified. The results revealed that out of 40 samples 28(70%) were positive for E. coli isolation,10 (25%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus isolation,2(5%) were positive for Salmonella Enterica isolation. Out of 6osamples 6(10%) were positive for Mycoplasma synoviae isolation. Amplification of vlhA gene of Mycoplasma synoviae showed that out of 6 isolate 3 (50%) were positive for the gene . Six seogroups of E. coli isolates examined serologically and put into six group, one each group (O128, O125, O146,O27,O114 and O158).The result of multiplex PCR for E.coli virulence genes( ibeA and iss ) showed that iss were detected in all serogroups .While ibeA virulence gene was detected in serotypes O125 and O146 only .The result of PCR for amplification of virulance genes of S.aureus(CNA,clfA)reveled that out of 8 isolate of S.aureus,3(37.5%) were positive for clfA. Out of 3 positive S.aureus for clfA,3(100%) were positive for CNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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233. Prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in Belgium.
- Author
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Michiels, Tinne, Welby, Sarah, Vanrobaeys, Mia, Quinet, Christian, Rouffaer, Lieze, Lens, Luc, Martel, An, and Butaye, Patrick
- Subjects
- *
MYCOPLASMA gallisepticum , *POULTRY disease research , *BIRD diseases , *RESPIRATORY diseases , *POLYMERASE chain reaction - Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the most important pathogenic avian Mycoplasma species and causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. In addition, the prevalence of Mycoplasma synoviae is of increasing concern in several EU member states. We investigated the prevalence of M. gallisepticum in commercial poultry (5220 layers, 1224 broilers and 1020 meat turkeys), 56 racing pigeons and 890 wild birds (Order Anseriformes, Galliformes, Pelecaniformes, Accipitriformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Falconiformes and Passeriformes). Broilers and wild birds were also evaluated for Mycoplasma synoviae. Dependent on the bird lifespan and the nature of the sample, different diagnostic tests were used including the rapid plate agglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction. A low prevalence of M. gallisepticum was found in both layers (0.9%; 95% CI: 0.7–1.2%) and broilers (2.7%; 95% CI: 1.9–3.8%) possibly due to reduced vertical transmission by breeder farms, which are under official surveillance. None of the samples from turkeys or racing pigeons tested positive. In wild birds, we found five birds were positive (1.7%; 95% CI: 0.7–3.9%): one wood pigeon, two grey herons, one mallard and one Eurasian magpie. For M. synoviae a high prevalence was found in broilers (12.9%: 95% CI: 11.1–14.9%). Four samples collected by hunters gave a positive result for M. synoviae (4%: 95% CI: 1.6–9.8%): one carrion crow and three wood pigeons. In addition, 12 house sparrows were found to be positive (3%; 95% CI: 1.7–5.2%). Wild birds probably play a limited role as a reservoir but we cannot exclude a possible impact on transmission of Mycoplasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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234. Laboratory investigations into the origin of Mycoplasma synoviae isolated from a lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor).
- Author
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Catania, Salvatore, Gobbo, Federica, Ramirez, Ana S., Guadagnini, Davide, Baldasso, Elisa, Moronato, Maria Luisa, and Nicholas, Robin A. J.
- Subjects
- *
LESSER flamingo , *BIRDS , *MYCOPLASMATALES , *ZOOS , *ANIMAL sanctuaries , *BIRD mortality - Abstract
Background: The role of wild birds in the transmission and spread of mycoplasmas is not clear. Up to now different Mycoplasma species have been isolated from wild birds many of which are not considered pathogens sensu stricto for domestic flocks. This report describes the first isolation of Mycoplasma synoviae in a captive lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) held in a zoo in Italy and the laboratory investigations performed to elucidate its origin. Results showed that the strain was similar to the MS-H vaccine strain using the vlhA methods although no vaccination with this product was used in the zoo. Case presentation: This paper describes investigations into a case in which 10 of 12 adult lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) died after having recently been moved from the Netherlands to a new zoo in Northern Italy. While most of the birds appeared to have died from the stress of movement and poor adaptation to their new environment, Mycoplasma synoviae, an important poultry pathogen in the layer and meat industry, was isolated for the first time from the trachea of one animal presenting catarrhal tracheitis and fibrinous airsacculitis. Genetic analysis of the conserved region of the vlhA was not able to differentiate the flamingo strain from the MS-H vaccine strain. However differences in the sequences of the obg gene of the flamingo and vaccine strain were detected. A test for temperature-sensitivity (ts) gave a ts- phenotype for the flamingo strain, in contrast to the ts+ status of the MS-H strain. Based on this information and knowing that the flamingos were not vaccinated against M. synoviae, it is highly likely that the flamingo was infected with a genetically similar wild strain by contact with infected birds. Conclusions: This case provides evidence for the potential role of international trade of ornamental birds as a possible route of introduction of new mycoplasma strains between countries, and moreover highlight that vlhA gene sequencing was not sufficient to discriminate the wild strain isolated from the flamingo from the MS-H vaccine strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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235. Mechanism of immunity to Mycoplasma synoviae infection in chickens
- Author
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Omotainse, Oluwadamilola Samuel and Omotainse, Oluwadamilola Samuel
- Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is regarded as the second economically most important poultry Mycoplasma, causing a large economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. Clinical signs in infected chickens often include sub-clinical to clinical respiratory signs, lameness, decreased egg production, and/or eggshell abnormalities. The consequences of M. synoviae infection include increased production of second-class eggs, reduced growth, and increased feed conversion ratio, and downgraded carcasses at slaughter. A combination of biosecurity measures and vaccination has proven to be practically effective in controlling M. synoviae infection in most countries. MS-H is a live attenuated temperature-sensitive (ts+) vaccine used in the prevention and control of M. synoviae infection by several countries including Australia. However, the mechanism of protective immunity after vaccination has not been fully investigated. There is also no study differentiating between immune responses induced by vaccine versus those by the field strain. This information would be very critical in defining protective and non-protective immune responses. The studies performed during this project aimed at addressing these knowledge gaps. To examine local and systemic cellular and humoral immune responses, specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated with MS-H, its parent strain 86079/7NS (7NS) and/or the virulent M. synoviae strain 94011/v-18d (v-18d). Local cellular responses were investigated through the examination of lymphocytes phenotypes infiltrating the tracheal mucosa and associated cytokines by immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR respectively. MS-H- and 7NS-inoculated chickens showed an early T-helper 2 (Th-2) response closely followed by a Th-1 type response. Vaccinated-challenged (+V+C) chickens had Th-1 cytotoxic mediated responses while unvaccinated-challenged (-V+C) chickens had Th-2, T regulatory and Th-17 type responses. Cellular infiltrates consisted of CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD25+ T-cells, B-cells
- Published
- 2021
236. MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE SEROPREVALENCE DĒJĒJVISTU GANĀMPULKĀ.
- Author
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Zute, Inita and Valdovska, Anda
- Subjects
MYCOPLASMA ,CHICKEN diseases ,TURKEYS ,SEROPREVALENCE ,POULTRY disease research ,DISEASES - Abstract
Mycoplasma species are well-known pathogens of domestic poultry, causing significant economic losses. Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) can cause respiratory disease, synovitis, or result in a silent infection in chickens and turkeys. A total of 1543 serum samples from non-vaccinated against M. synoviae 65 chicken flocks of different ages from 1 to 70 weeks old were collected. Results show that the seroprevalence of M. synoviae was 56.1% in 2012 and 51.4% in 2013. Mycoplasma seropositivity in laying hens was the highest in summer (79.1%) and lowest in winter (36.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
237. Pharmacokinetic Behaviour of Enrofloxacin after Single Intramuscular Dosage in American Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus)
- Author
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Laura Torres Bianchini, Samanta Waxman, Casilda Rodríguez, Guillermo Wiemeyer, José Julio de Lucas, and Manuel Ignacio San Andres
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Farmacología veterinaria ,Veterinary medicine ,animal diseases ,Cmax ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Absorption (skin) ,RM1-950 ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,Pharmacokinetics ,Animales salvajes y exóticos ,medicine ,Enrofloxacin ,Pharmacology (medical) ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,pharmacokinetic ,PK/PD models ,Active metabolite ,Monte Carlo simulation ,Chemistry ,PK/PD ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Ciprofloxacin ,Infectious Diseases ,black vultures ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,enrofloxacin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the intramuscular pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in black vultures (Coragyps atratus). The pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose (10 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin was studied in six vultures. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLCuv). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental and compartmental analysis. After intramuscular administration, enrofloxacin showed a rapid and complete absorption, reaching a Cmax value of 3.26 ± 0.23 μg/mL at 1.75 ± 0.53 h. A long terminal half-life of 19.58 h has been observed. Using previously published MIC values to perform a PK/PD analysis, cumulative fraction responses obtained after Monte Carlo simulation for AUC/MIC >, 30, 50 and 125 were 72.93%, 72.34% and 30.86% for E. coli and 89.29%, 88.89% and 58.57% for Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. Cumulative fraction responses obtained for Cmax/MIC index were 33.93% and 40.18% for E. coli and M. synoviae, respectively. The intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg could be appropriate to treat infectious diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria with MIC value lower than 1 µg/mL, however, although enrofloxacin showed a slow elimination in black vultures, plasma concentrations were insufficient to reach the gram-negative stablished breakpoints.
- Published
- 2021
238. Health Surveillance of Penguins in the Barton Peninsula on King George Island, Antarctica
- Author
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Na Ahn, Hyun-Cheol Kim, Youn-Jeong Lee, Jae-Hak Park, Juha Song, Chang-Yong Choi, Woo-Shin Lee, Byoung-Hee Lee, Eun Kyoung Lee, and Heesoo Lee
- Subjects
Ecology ,biology ,Antarctic Regions ,Zoology ,Infectious bronchitis virus ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Spheniscidae ,Newcastle disease ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Infectious bursal disease ,Pygoscelis ,Pygoscelis antarcticus ,medicine ,Animals ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Pygoscelis papua - Abstract
Samples from 29 adult Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus), and Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at the King Sejong Station on Nar̢ ebski Point, King George Island, Antarctica, were investigated to detect antibodies to avian influenza, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Mycoplasma, and Salmonella. Antibodies were identified from one Gentoo Penguin and one Chinstrap Penguin against infectious bronchitis virus; from one Gentoo Penguin against Newcastle disease virus; from one Gentoo Penguin against Mycoplasma synoviae; and from two Chinstrap Penguins against Salmonella pullorum. Thirty-three dead penguin chicks were collected from the breeding colony for necropsy, histopathological examination, and polymerase chain reaction. Pulmonary hemorrhage and congestion were the main necropsy findings.
- Published
- 2021
239. Clinical expression, epidemiology, and monitoring of
- Author
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Anneke, Feberwee, Sjaak, de Wit, and Remco, Dijkman
- Subjects
Mycoplasma synoviae ,Animals ,Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Mycoplasma Infections ,Chickens ,Poultry ,Poultry Diseases - Published
- 2021
240. Prevalence of
- Author
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Nadia, Bergeron, Ghislain, Hébert, Martin C, Pelletier, Hugh Y, Cai, Marie-Eve, Brochu-Morin, and Jean-Pierre, Vaillancourt
- Subjects
Farms ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Prevalence ,Quebec ,Animals ,Mycoplasma Infections ,Chickens ,Poultry ,Poultry Diseases - Abstract
Prevalencia de
- Published
- 2021
241. Comparative evaluation of indirect-ELISA and DOT blot assay for serodetection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae antibodies in poultry
- Author
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Mahavir Singh, Yarvendra Singh, Kanisht Batra, and Jay Prakash Yadav
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Indirect elisa ,Immunoblotting ,Dot blot ,India ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Microbiology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Poultry ,Comparative evaluation ,Serology ,Antigen ,Animals ,Mycoplasma Infections ,Molecular Biology ,Poultry Diseases ,biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,biology.protein ,Antibody ,Chickens - Abstract
Avian mycoplasmosis, mainly caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an economically important disease of the poultry industry. The present study was aimed to develop whole cell based indirect-ELISA (i-ELISA) and DOT blot assay (DOT-ELISA) as rapid, sensitive, specific and economical sero-detection tests for MG and MS. A total of 306 blood samples were collected from birds slaughtered at local meat shops of different districts of Haryana, India to detect MG and MS antibodies. Sonicated antigens prepared from freshly grown culture of MG and MS were used to develop i-ELISA and DOT blot assay. In i-ELISA, 50.32% and 61.76% serum samples were found to be positive for MG and MS antibodies, respectively. However in DOT blot assay, 41.83% and 53.92% serum samples were found positive for MG and MS antibodies, respectively. The relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of DOT-ELISA were measured considering i-ELISA as a reference test. The relative diagnostic sensitivity of the DOT blot assay was found to be 69.48% and 82.01%; whereas relative diagnostic specificity was 86.18% and 91.45% for the detection of MG and MS antibodies, respectively. The developed serological assays may be used as rapid and economical diagnostic tools for large scale screening of poultry sera for MG and MS antibodies.
- Published
- 2021
242. Test profiles of broiler breeder flocks housed in farms with endemic Mycoplasma synoviae infection
- Author
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L Fiorentin, MAZ Mores, IM Trevisol, SC Antunes, JLA Costa, RA Soncini, and ND Vieira
- Subjects
broiler breeders ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,PCR ,serology ,survey ,transmission ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
There is a need for a better understanding of the epidemiology of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infection in broiler breeders in Brazil. Many features of the infection remain unrecognizable, because there are no clinical signs of the disease. A detailed testing was performed at each 6 to 8 weeks in three MS-free flocks introduced in farms with endemic MS infection for a follow-up epidemiological study. Every flock was monitored by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), by serum plate agglutination (SPA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) for serology studies, and isolation of mycoplasmas from tracheal swabs. PCR was found to be the most sensitive test, detecting early MS infection. Serology was positive in less than 50% of the sera and MS was isolated only between 27 and 28 weeks of age and in a maximum of 60% positive hens. A similar profile was seen for MS infection in all three flocks. Infection started at brooding, whereas laboratory detection of the assymptomatic infection was more probable in the weeks of increasing egg production. This predictable profile during rearing may be very useful for the optimization of monitoring MS infection in broiler breeder flocks.
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- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
243. Other Bacterial Diseases
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Luke B. Borst, Richard M. Fulton, Catherine M. Logue, Susan Sanchez, Helena Eriksson, David J. Hampson, and Claire B. Andreasen
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Tuberculosis ,Microbiological culture ,biology ,Intestinal spirochetosis ,business.industry ,Disease ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Erysipelas ,Microbiology ,Enterococcus ,medicine ,business ,Pasteurella multocida - Abstract
This chapter includes a collection of miscellaneous organisms that have caused disease in poultry or are a public health concern. The less common pathogens implicated in poultry loss included are Staphylococcosis, Streptococcus and Enterococcus, Erysipelas, avian intestinal spirochetosis, tuberculosis. Disease syndromes included in the chapter include beak necrosis, venereal disease of geese, and liver granulomas, but are not identified to a specific organism responsible because of the multifactorial nature of the disease. Staphylococcosis is diagnosed by culturing suspected clinical material including exudate from joints, yolk material, and stab swabs of internal organs. Staphylococcosis can resemble infection with Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella gallinarum, Mycoplasma synoviae, reoviruses, or any other infection of bones or joints that is hatchery‐related, associated with mechanical trauma, or causes septicemia. Prevention and control of Enterococcus infections require reducing stress and preventing immunosuppressive diseases and conditions. Proper cleaning and disinfection can reduce environmental enterococcal resident flora to minimize external exposure.
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- 2019
244. Serosurvey for Infections with Poultry Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in Guizhou Province, Southwestern China
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Ni Ning Hong
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Veterinary medicine ,biology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,biology.organism_classification ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 2019
245. Influences of swab types and storage temperatures on isolation and molecular detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae
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Viviana Felice, Kannan Ganapathy, Christopher Ball, Anne Forrester, Elena Catelli, Yichao Ding, Ball C., Felice V., Ding Y., Forrester A., Catelli E., and Ganapathy K.
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Detection limit ,Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Veterinary medicine ,food.ingredient ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,Critical factors ,Combined use ,detection ,temperature ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,biology.organism_classification ,Isolation (microbiology) ,food ,Food Animals ,Transport medium ,Wooden swabs ,Agar ,plastic swab ,Animal Science and Zoology - Abstract
Routine diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is performed by collecting oropharyngeal swabs, followed by isolation and/or detection by molecular methods. The storage temperature, storage duration and the type of swab could be critical factors for successful isolation or molecular detection. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of different types of cotton-tipped swab stored at different temperatures, on the detection of MG and MS. To achieve this, combined use of traditional culture analysis (both agar and broth), with modern molecular detection methods was utilized. Performances of wooden and plastic shaft swabs, both without transport medium, were compared. Successful culture of M. gallisepticum was significantly more efficient from plastic swabs when compared to wooden, whereas no difference was seen for the re-isolation of M. synoviae. Storage at 4°C compared to room temperature also increased the efficiency of culture detection for both Mycoplasma species. When stored at room temperature, PCR detection limits of both MG and MS were significantly lower for wooden compared to plastic swabs. The qPCR data showed similar detection limits for both swab types when stored at both temperatures. The results suggest that swabs with a plastic shaft are preferred for MG and MS detection by both culture and PCR. While a lower storage temperature (4°C) is optimal for culture recovery, it seems that both temperatures investigated here are adequate for molecular detection and it is the swab type which carries a greater influence.
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- 2019
246. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by using of cultural and PCR technique
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Bashar Sadeq Noomi and Nihad Abdul-Hussain jafar
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,pcr ,biology ,mycoplasma spp ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,culture - Abstract
Laboratory methods are essential for the diagnosis of Mycoplasmal infection. There are three laboratory approaches are essential for the diagnosis of Mycoplasmal infection in chicken including direct methods by culture method and polymerase chain reaction, and indirect methods by detection of Mycoplasmal antibodies by serological tests. This study aimed to detection of Mycoplasma by culture and PCR technique. Two hundred seventy-six samples were collected from infected adult boiler chicken in Salah Al-din province which suffering from respiratory signs and /or joint infection, 202 respiratory and 74 articular samples. According to the results of culture, Mycoplasma isolated in rate of 35.1% (36.6% from respiratory samples and 31.1% from articular samples). The sensitivity of culture was 100%, while the specificity of culture was 97.9% when comparing with PCR results. The current study concluded that the respiratory infection was more than articular infections, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum more distributed than Mycoplasma synoviae among chickens.
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- 2019
247. Comparative genomic analyses ofMycoplasma synoviaevaccine strain MS-H and its wild-type parent strain 86079/7NS: implications for the identification of virulence factors and applications in diagnosis ofM. synoviae
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Amir H. Noormohammadi, John F. Markham, Ling Zhu, Muhammad Akbar Shahid, Marc S. Marenda, and Glenn F. Browning
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Genetics ,Attenuated vaccine ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Sequence analysis ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Virulence ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Biology ,040201 dairy & animal science ,0403 veterinary science ,Bacterial vaccine ,Food Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Genotyping ,Pathogen ,Gene - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is an economically important avian pathogen worldwide, causing respiratory disease, infectious synovitis, airsacculitis and eggshell apex abnormalities in commercial chickens. Despite the widespread use of MS-H as a live attenuated vaccine over the past two decades, the precise molecular basis for loss of virulence in this vaccine is not yet fully understood. To address this, the whole genome sequence of the vaccine parent strain, 86079/7NS, was obtained and compared to that of the MS-H vaccine. Except for the vlhA expressed region, both genomes were nearly identical. Thirty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in MS-H, including 11 non-synonymous mutations that were predicted, by bioinformatics analysis, to have changed the secondary structure of the deduced proteins. One of these mutations caused truncation of the oppF-1 gene, which encodes the ATP-binding protein of an oligopeptide permease transporter. Overall, the attenuation of MS-H strain may be caused by the cumulative and complex effects of several mutations. The SNPs identified in MS-H were further analyzed by comparing the MS-H and 86079/7NS sequences with the strains WVU-1853 and MS53. In the genomic regions conserved between all strains, 30 SNPs were found to be unique to MS-H lineage. These results have provided a foundation for developing novel biomarkers for the detection of virulence in M. synoviae and also for designing new genotyping assays for discrimination of MS-H from field strains.
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- 2019
248. A two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, part 1: prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens
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Michele T. Guerin, Nancy M. Brochu, Marina L. Brash, Csaba Varga, Brandon N. Lillie, and Leonardo Susta
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Male ,Turkeys ,Veterinary medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Infectious bronchitis virus ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Infectious bursal disease ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Focus Issue ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Influenza A virus ,Animals ,Prospective Studies ,Poultry Diseases ,030304 developmental biology ,Ontario ,0303 health sciences ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Campylobacter ,Bacterial Infections ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Avian infectious bronchitis ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Virus Diseases ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Female ,Flock ,Chickens - Abstract
In Ontario, within the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as “small flocks”). Small poultry flocks may act as a reservoir of avian and zoonotic pathogens, given the flocks’ limited access to veterinary services, inadequate biosecurity practices, and increased risk of contact with wild birds. Despite these potential risks, there is a scarcity of data concerning the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens among these flocks. To assess the baseline prevalence of bacterial and viral infectious pathogens, prospective surveillance of small flock postmortem submissions to the Animal Health Laboratory was conducted over a 2-y period. With the owner’s consent, a postmortem examination and pre-set tests for infectious agents were conducted. A total of 160 submissions, mainly chickens (84%), were received. Among bacterial pathogens, Brachyspira spp., Mycoplasma synoviae, Campylobacter spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Salmonella spp. were detected in 37%, 36%, 35%, 23%, and 3% of tested submissions, respectively. Among viral pathogens, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl adenovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian reovirus, and infectious bursal disease virus were detected in 39%, 35%, 15%, 4%, and 1% of submissions, respectively. We detected non-virulent avian avulavirus 1 from two chickens in a single submission, and low-pathogenic H10N8 influenza A virus from a single turkey submission. Our study provides baseline prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens circulating in Ontario small flocks and may help animal and human health professionals to educate small flock owners about disease prevention.
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- 2019
249. Spectral technique for detection of changes in eggshells caused by Mycoplasma synoviae
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Sławomir Paśko, Zofia Lorenc, Anna Pakula, Olimpia Kursa, and Leszek Salbut
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Veterinary medicine ,transmittance spectrum ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Biology ,classification tree method CTM ,03 medical and health sciences ,Egg Shell ,Animals ,Mycoplasma Infections ,Eggshell ,Poultry Diseases ,030304 developmental biology ,Transmittance spectra ,0303 health sciences ,binary classification ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Immunology, Health and Disease ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Flock ,Abnormality ,spectral technique ,Chickens - Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is a major pathogen in chicken and turkeys, causing subclinical infection. MS infections are highly prevalent and may potentate and be involved in sinovitis, respiratory syndromes, as well as lead to eggshell apex abnormality (EAA). A deformed, inhomogeneous eggshell is susceptible to cracks and breaks through which microbes get in and additionally entails higher water loss in the egg during the entire incubation process. Not all eggs with eggshell apex abnormality possess characteristic deformation and that is why some eggs may be incorrectly classified during a visual inspection. To minimize the above risk, the spectral VIS technique and the analysis based on the classification tree method—CTM is proposed. The method makes use of specially defined parameters extracted from the shape of transmittance spectra of eggshells. Directional coefficients of the lines adjusted to the specific ranges of the transmittance spectrum are used in the process of classifying samples as those from MS-carrying hens and from healthy hens. Three CTM-based classifiers were created for a group of white, brown, and mixed shells. After comparing, it can be concluded that the best results were obtained for the group of brown shells (accuracy 88%, specificity 88%, and false negative rate 13%). The authors present a non-invasive spectral method that utilizes eggshells, i.e., the natural waste from chicken farms. The method enables entering data into the classifiers described in the article. The process provides an opportunity to correctly assign, the examined shell to the group of shells with increased risk—with approx. 86% accuracy. This means that, if a few of such results are registered, the herd is eligible more specific studies targeting MS bacteria. Regular spectral testing can support the detection of egg lesions in MS positive flocks.
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- 2019
250. Molecular identification of Mycoplasma synoviae from breeder chicken flock showing arthritis in Egypt
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Mohamed Amer, Hoda M. Mekky, and Hanaa S. Fedawy
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,Serotype ,Veterinary medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,polymerase chain reaction ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,medicine.disease_cause ,SF1-1100 ,Staphylococcus lentus ,0403 veterinary science ,Mycoplasma synoviae variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A gene ,Staphylococcus epidermidis ,SF600-1100 ,medicine ,Staphylococcus hyicus ,General Veterinary ,biology ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Animal culture ,arthritis ,Flock ,Staphylococcus ,Research Article - Abstract
Aim: Arthritis is one of the most economic problems facing poultry industry worldwide. The study was done to detect possible causes of arthritis in breeder chicken flock with emphasis on molecular identification of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Materials and Methods: This study was carried on chicken from broiler breeder flock of 57 weeks' age in Dakahlia, Egypt, suffered from arthritis with frequently 5-7% decrease in egg production, reduced fertility, and hatchability. Forty blood samples were randomly collected from individual birds in sterile tubes and used for serum separation. Serum samples were tested using serum plate agglutination (SPA) test against colored antigens for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), MS, and Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum (SGP). On the other hand, 24 joint samples were collected. Of those 24 samples, 12 joint samples were subjected to bacteriological examination, while the other 12 were utilized for molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for MS and avian reovirus (ARV). Results: SPA test results revealed the presence of antibodies against MG, MS, and SGP in tested sera in rates of 14/40 (35%), 35/40 (87.5%), and 9/40 (22.5%), respectively. Furthermore, 19 bacterial isolates were recognized from joint samples and identified as five Staphylococcus spp., nine Escherichia coli, three SGP, one Citrobacter, and one Proteus. The identified Staphylococcal isolates were three coagulase-positive staphylococci (two Staphylococcus aureus and one Staphylococcus hyicus) and two coagulase-negative staphylococci (one Staphylococcus epidermidis and one Staphylococcus lentus), while E. coli isolate serotypes were 1 O11, 2 O55, 3 O78, 1 O124, 1 O125, and 1 untyped. PCR proved that 12/12 (100%) samples were positive for MS variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A (vlhA) gene, while ARV was not diagnosed in any of the examined samples. Four amplified vlhA gene of MS isolates (named MS-2018D1, MS-2018D2, MS-2018D3, and MS-2018D4) was successfully sequenced. Analysis of phylogenetic tree revealed the presence of 100% identity between each two sequenced isolates (isolates MS-2018D1 and MS-2018D4 and also isolates 2018D2 and MS-2018D3). However, the nucleotide similarity between four isolates was 88.6%. On the other hand, our field isolates MS-2018D1, MS-2018D4, MS-2018D2, and MS-2018D3 showed nucleotide identity with vaccine strain MS-H 98.4%, 98.4%, 88.1%, and 88.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the nucleotide similarities with field strains from Argentina ranged between 87.8% and 98.6%. Conclusion: Four field isolates of MS were identified in examined broiler breeder flock. A phylogenetic study of these isolates revealed the variation between isolated MS strains and vaccine strain. Therefore, further studies are required for evaluating the vaccine efficacy against the present field isolates of MS. In addition, application of MS immunization of breeder flocks is necessary for proper control of the disease.
- Published
- 2019
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