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Title IX guidelines governing equal access to collide with state legislation around gender identity and multiple use bathrooms and changing facilities. This policy review of literature argues for a...

Taiwan has advantages in the development of offshore wind power, as it has abundant wind energy resources at the seas. The local government has developed a series of measures to promote the development of wind power generation industry. The development of offshore wind farm in Taiwan, however, has to solve the problems that offshore wind farms are overlapping with some traditional fishing grounds and are unable to reach consensus with relevant stakeholders. This paper starts from the great potential of offshore wind power in Taiwan and the active promotion of the government, and analyses the impact and possible opportunities brought by offshore wind farm development to local fisheries, from the perspective of Zhanghua Area, a key area of development of offshore wind farm in Taiwan. This paper proposes that the local government in Taiwan should use marine spatial planning as a tool, through the comprehensive participation of government, developers, fishermen and other bodies, seeking the coexistence and prosperity of offshore wind farm and fisheries. Avoidance, compensation, and feedback, as well as communication and collaboration will be an important strategy to solve the conflicts of multiple use of the sea and to promote the development of marine renewable energy.

The potential health and environmental impacts associated with the improper management of chemically treated wood waste demands the adoption of recycling, and disposal practices. Chemically treated wood waste has several physical and chemical properties which makes it usable for the manufacture of another product to multiple use, among which the production of paper and fuel. This paper presents the initial life cycle assessment (LCA) study on wood waste used for paper production. The study boundary is limited with raw materials (raw wood or waste wood) processing and paper production itself, thus corresponds to “gate-to-gate” life cycle with a special focus on life cycle inventory data on waste wood treatment via hydrolysis process. The results of the analysis demonstrate competitiveness of the waste wood use for paper production vs. raw wood in such environmental categories as human health and ecosystem quality.

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Ecosystem services are increasingly recognized as a way of framing and describing the broad suite of benefits that people receive from forests. The USDA Forest Service has been exploring use of an ecosystem services framework to describe forest values provided by federal lands and to attract and build partnerships with stakeholders to implement projects. Recently, the agency has sought placed-based applications of the ecosystem services framework to national forest management to better illustrate the concept for policymakers, managers and forest stakeholders. This framework includes describing the ecosystem services provided by forest landscapes, examining the potential trade-offs among services associated with proposed management activities, and attracting and building partnerships with stakeholders who benefit from particular services forests provide. Projects that describe objectives and outcomes using an ecosystem services framework are quickly gaining respect and could provide an optimal method of managing forests to better serve the needs of people. We describe how project-scale guidelines can be designed to address commonly recognized products such as timber and clean water, as well as critical regulating, supporting and cultural services. We present results from national programmes to forest plan assessments to project-scale applications that enhance the provision of ecosystem services and sustainable forest management at broad to local scales.

The modern history of protected area (PA) management in Nepal dates back to 1973 when the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973) was promulgated and Chitwan National Park was established. In the years immediately following these key events, protected area acts and regulations were strictly applied and the role of local people in managing natural resources was neglected. However with the passage of time, and with changes in the socio-political and economic characteristics of Nepal, management regimes have shifted towards a more liberal model which recognizes more clearly the contributions of people living and working within protected areas. Recently, landscape level conservation models including the designation of multiple use areas have been utilized in the development of management plans for protected areas in Nepal. Conservation agencies have attempted to tackle challenges such as land use conflict, poaching and smuggling of wildlife parts and illegal harvesting of highly valued medicinal herbs through regulation, but these efforts are not always successful. We recommend a holistic conflict resolution approach which recognizes and resolves the different needs of all stakeholders.

This article identifies factors which contribute to households’ willingness to pay for improving and protecting a multiple-use water scheme in Ethiopia. It does so through descriptive statistics, a probit model and contingent valuation methods complemented with qualitative data. Estimates suggest farmers’ willingness to pay is based on gender, the prevalence of waterborne disease, the time to collect water, contact with extension services, access to credit, level of income and location. Respondents would pay 3.43 per cent of average income to participate. Consideration of how gendered norms influence women’s access to extension, credit and local markets could extend the benefits of such schemes.

The focus of this paper is solar energy as one of the renewable energy sources. When viewed historically, our society has always had a problem with the consequences of irrational use of resources left behind. For this reason, and at this stage of civilization development, renewable energy sources need to be widely used, because the reserves of non-renewable sources are being exploited greatly, while the level of pollution is reaching a critical point. Renewable sources are not new, their use was recorded even at the earliest stages of the development of human society, and this was mostly related to the use of solar energy. The today's modern technology and development allow for the multiple use of solar sources. Encouraging greater use of renewable energy sources is a topical issue in all developed countries, and the reasons for this are numerous, ranging from economic ones to those relating to the reduction of the greenhouse effect. However, the precondition is the fundamental change in the consciousness of people. Man is an inseparable part of nature; any change or disturbance of balance in the nature directly affects not only the human life, but the existence of life on the Earth, in general.

The composition and distribution of the vegetation in the subtropical montane forests of the Serranias de Zapla Multiple Use Ecology Reserve was determined using the phytosociological methodology of the Zurich-Montpellier school (Braun-Blanquet 1979) adapted to the study area, which allowed the identification and delimitation of the different plant communities along the altitudinal gradient in the Reserve.

Serranias de Zapla Multiple Use Ecology Reserve is located in the Department of Palpala, in Jujuy province. It is delimited by the geographic coordinates 24°09′–24°21’S and 65°1′–65°14’W, and has an area of 37,139 ha, with altitudes ranging from 834 to 2183 m asl. Within this altitudinal range, the forest extends along an altitudinal gradient of 600 m at between 1015 and 1620 m asl. This Reserve is included in the sub-Andean mountain ranges that descend from Peru, crosses Bolivia and penetrates into Argentina as a narrow belt running north to south and covering part of Jujuy and Salta provinces. It has approximately 100 km wide and 500 km long, increasing in altitude from east to west. It represents approximately 23% of the total area of Jujuy province.

Considering the difficulty in designing large electromechanical systems and high cost for construction, the system redundancy design often prepares a variety of use schemes in advance, while the cost-benefit ratio of parallel, voting and other redundant methods employed by electronic equipment is not efficient enough. Based on discrete simulation algorithm, this paper proposes a method to model and calculate the mission reliability block diagram for multiple use schemes system, which is easy to understand and applicable, and helpful to get a quick result.

In Nepal, rural water systems (RWS) are classified by practitioners as single-use domestic water systems (SUS) or multiple-use water systems (MUS). In the rural hills of Nepal, subsistence farming communities typically use RWS to support income-generating productive activities that can enhance rural livelihoods. However, there is limited research on the extent of existing productive activity and the factors enabling these activities. This paper examines the extent of water-related productive activities and the factors driving these activities based on a study, undertaken between October 2017 to June 2018, of 202 households served from five single-use domestic water systems and five multiple use water systems in the mid-hills of Nepal. The research found that a majority (94%) of these households engaged in two or more productive activities including growing vegetables and horticulture crops, raising livestock, and producing biogas and Rakshi (locally-produced alcohol), regardless of the system design, i.e., SUS vs. MUS. Around 90% of the households were engaged in productive activities that contributed to over 10% of their mean annual household income ($4,375). Since the SUS vs. MUS classification was not found to be a significant determinant of the extent of productive activity, the households were reclassified as having high or low levels of productive activity based on the quantity of water used for these activities and the associated earned income. A multinomial logistic regression model was developed to measure the relative significance of various predictors of high productive activity households. Five dominant predictors were identified: households that farm as a primary occupation, use productive technologies, are motivated to pursue productive activities, have received water-related productive activity training, and have received external support related to productive activities. Whereas MUS are designed for productive activity, nearly every household in SUS communities was involved in productive activities making them &lsquo, de-facto&rsquo, MUS. These results challenge the current approach to rural water provision that views SUS and MUS as functionally different services.

Assessments of the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) usually assume that fishing patterns change exclusively due to the implementation of an MPA. This assumption increases the risk of erroneous conclusions in assessing marine zoning, and consequently counter-productive management actions. Accordingly, it is important to understand how fishers respond to a combination of the implementation of no-take zones, and various climatic and human drivers of change. Those adaptive responses could influence the interpretation of assessment of no-take zone effectiveness, yet few studies have examined these aspects. Indeed, such analysis is often unfeasible in developing countries, due to the dominance of data-poor fisheries, which precludes full examination of the social-ecological outcomes of MPAs. In the Galapagos Marine Reserve (Ecuador), however, the availability of long-term spatially explicit fishery monitoring data (1997-2011) for the spiny lobster fishery allows such an analysis. Accordingly, we evaluated how the spatiotemporal allocation of fishing effort in this multiple-use MPA was affected by the interaction of diverse climatic and human drivers, before and after implementation of no-take zones. Geographic information system modelling techniques were used in combination with boosted regression models to identify how these drivers influenced fishers' behavior. Our results show that the boom-and-bust exploitation of the sea cucumber fishery and the global financial crisis 2007-09, rather than no-take zone implementation, were the most important drivers affecting the distribution of fishing effort across the archipelago. Both drivers triggered substantial macro-scale changes in fishing effort dynamics, which in turn altered the micro-scale dynamics of fishing patterns. Fishers' adaptive responses were identified, and their management implications analyzed. This leads to recommendations for more effective marine and fishery management in the Galapagos, based on improved assessment of the effectiveness of no-take zones.

Part 3: Open Science and Open Data; International audience; This paper focuses on demand forecasts for parking facilities. Our work utilizes open parking data for predictions. Several cities in Europe already publish this data continuously in the standardized DATEX II format. Traffic related information will become more ubiquitous in the future as all EU-member states must implement real-time traffic information services including parking status data since July 2017 implementing the EU directives 2010/40 and 2015/962. We demonstrate how to extract reliable and easily comprehensible forecast models for future-parking demand based on open data. These models find multiple use cases not only on a business planning level and for financial revenue forecasting but also to make traffic information systems more resilient to outages and to improve routing of drivers directing them to parking facilities with availability upon predicted arrival. Our approach takes into consideration that the data constitutes irregular time series and incorporates contextual information into the predictive models to obtain higher precision forecasts.

Estudios recientes evidencian que la salud, la alimentación y el bienestar de los seres humanos se relacionan directamente con la diversidad de los sistemas agrícolas utilizados para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria nutricional (SAN). Las familias mayas de la Península de Yucatán practican una estrategia de uso múltiple de los recursos agrícolas para fines de subsistencia e intercambio, esto a pesar del monocultivo que ha impulsado la modernidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y evaluar la relación que se establece entre la SAN de las familias y la diversidad agrícolade sus sistemas tradicionales de producción milpa y traspatio. Los resultados evidenciaron que no existe una relación significativa (p > 0.05) entre la SAN, los índices de diversidad y las variables económicas, aunque se observó una influencia positiva hacia la citada condición. El sistema traspatio resultó más diverso que la milpa, pero estos recursos son estacionales

Thousands of people living in semi-arid regions face problems of drought and loss of water quality. In addition, high incidence of acute diarrheal diseases related to water consumption has been responsible for a high number of deaths and high economic costs for human health. Many of the diseases can be caused by the presence of enterobacteria in reservoirs that serve for multiple purposes. This study aimed to confirm the presence of potentially harmful bacteria, which was highlighted in other articles, and to reveal non-identified genera by culture-dependent methods and pyrosequencing. Twenty-three genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family were detected, with emphasis on Escherichia genus and confirmation of the presence of species such as Salmonella enterica and Enterobacter cloacae. The abundance of heterotrophic prokaryotes and the physical and chemical data show an expected average for this type of environment due to the numbers historically presented in previous articles. The unprecedented detection of the presence of some potentially pathogenic species can alert and raise awareness of the populations that use stored water in the semi-arid regions. Consequently, as a result of the peculiar characteristics of reservoirs under this climate influence, there is a cosmopolitanism of enterobacteria that may be related to the alarming numbers of infections from Waterborne Diseases.

Financing of multiple use (i.e. domestic and productive) water services was identified as an important ingredient to ensure improved water access for rural poor and broaden livelihood options in South Africa. Following the principles of integrated water resource management (IWRM), efficient, equitable and sustainable investments in improved water services should be based on a thorough understanding of actual demand by consumers. Comprehensive studies looking at multiple use water services are not common in South African rural areas, where most of the economic analyses focus on either domestic or irrigation water demand. This study aims at filling this gap by assessing the household demand for multiple use water services in Sekororo-Letsoalo area in the Limpopo Province. Choice modelling is the approach used to identify the attributes determining demand for water services and quantify their relative importance. Results show that households in rural areas are willing to pay for improvements in water services. Due to the current poor level of water services in the area, users are primarily concerned with basic domestic uses and, consequently, demand for productive uses is low. Only households already relatively well served are interested in engaging in multiple water uses.Keywords: choice modelling, multiple water uses, domestic water demand, water services, willingness to pay

Protected areas (PAs) aim at safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services in the long term. Despite the remarkable growth in area covered by PAs in recent years, biodiversity trends continue to worsen as a result of serious global pressures such as habitat destruction and degradation. One main cause of habitat destruction and degradation is land development that implies the replacement of natural land uses–land covers (LULCs) with artificial ones. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of four PA networks at preventing land development in Spain, a biodiversity‐rich country that has experienced recent rapid environmental transformations, using two models of increased validity: an original model and a biophysically enhanced model. We applied a before–after control–impact (BACI) design whereby absolute artificial area increase (AAI) and relative artificial area increase (RAI) were compared across PA categories (nature reserves [NRs], nature parks [NPs], Sites of Community Importance [SCIs], and Special Protection Areas [SPAs]), study zones (coastal and inland), and climates (Atlantic and Mediterranean) using CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data and two control zones: 1‐ and 5‐km buffers around protected polygons. NRs prevented land development, whereas other categories reduced it moderately to very substantially in the assessed period. AAI was especially intense in inland SPAs and NPs. NRs and NPs were the most effective PA categories inland, whereas NRs and SPAs were the most effective ones on the coast. Land development was greater on the Spanish coast than inland inside and outside PAs, especially around Macaronesian and Mediterranean PAs. Atlantic PAs experienced similar or greater land development values than surrounding areas. Our results are intended to guide future conservation efforts in Spain, chiefly on its heavily pressured coastal environment.

Het ministerie van LNV heeft in de Kennis- en innovatieagenda LNV 2019-2030 de koers voor de komende tien jaar en de uitvoering hiervan bepaald. Vanuit het Noordzee2030-programma is door de ministeries van LNV en van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat (IENW) het initiatief genomen om een Kennisagenda op te stellen, waarin de vragen die de verschillende belanghebbenden hebben gesteld tijdens het consultatieproces rond Noordzee2030, zijn samengevat (Ministerie van LNV & IENW, 2018). De Kennisagenda vormde belangrijke input voor de ambities en bijbehorende innovatieopgaven van het Ministerie van LNV. Wat ontbreekt, is een analyse van vraag en aanbod, met andere woorden: Welke kennisvragen zijn afgedekt binnen lopende programma's en welke nog niet? En wat betekent dit voor de programmering van het Ministerie van LNV. Voorliggende programmeringsstudie beschrijft de kennis- en innovatieopgaven die gekoppeld zijn aan duurzaam meervoudig gebruik van Noordzee. Hierbij staan de realisatie van de energietransitie, het efficiënt inrichten van de ruimte op de Noordzee om zoveel mogelijk bestaande en nieuwe activiteiten duurzaam te kunnen laten plaatsvinden en het verbeteren van de ecologische kwaliteit van de Noordzee, centraal.

This chapter analyzes the contribution of Participative Management Plans (PMP) for the identification of ecosystem services and the protection of conservation objects from the multiple-use protected coastal marine areas (MU-CMPA). The objective of these areas is to conserve the natural capital and cultural patrimony without restricting traditional productive activities such as fishing, mollusks and algae extraction, and energy resources. There are ten MU-CMPAs areas in Chile, but their implementation has been slow and 14 years after the first areas were legally declared, some of them still do not have management plans. Here we analyze the experiences of Isla Grande de Atacama MU-CMPA (MU-CMPA IGA) in the north of Chile, including the complexities of implementing PMPs and the challenges and opportunities of generating an ecosystem perspective in the management plans for protected areas. Administrative problems and conflicts of interest have worn social relationships generating little community participation regarding the design of a management plan. Nevertheless, there is a consensus among local social actors about the benefits of the ecosystems of the MU-CMPA IGA due to the high economic and social values given by the community to the services provided by the area.

Social perception is key to the success of biodiversity conservation policies. A range of socioeconomic guilds can be affected by marine conservation. Among them, fishers are the ones most likely affected and affecting marine protected areas (MPAs). Here, we assessed the perceptions on the sustainability of a type of multiple-use MPA, Fishing Reserves (FRs), by a broad spectrum of national (n = 16) and local (n = 14) stakeholder organisations pertaining to six socioeconomic sectors via two online surveys in Spain. We compared organisational perception by stakeholder organisations, and specifically by the fishing guild, with official fishing statistics for six FRs between 1998 and 2016 using a Before-After-Impact (BAI) research design. Spanish FRs were regarded as sustainable marine management tools by most marine and coastal stakeholders, with environmental effects perceived to be more positive than social and economic ones, respectively. However, primary sector organisations stated null or negative effect of FR designation on their activities, although official statistics showed a moderate to large increase in a number of professional fishing-related variables, including number of boats and crews, after designation of most FRs. Spatial scale did not affect stakeholder perception of local socioeconomic effects of FRs, although some relevant local socioeconomic variables that were thought to vary most after FR designation differed across scales. Some suggested managerial improvements for increased socioeconomic sustainability of Spanish FRs by the professional fishing guild included: greater stakeholder engagement in FR designation and operation, more flexible fishing regulations and stricter control of recreational fishing.

The availability and distribution of fresh water has steadily emerged as an important global issue in agriculture as it is directly linked with the food production system. The recent changes in rainfall pattern, projected decrease in per capita availability of water, water pollution due to increased human activities, and the ever-increasing demand for multiple use of water exert pressure on the already constrained water resources. Consequently rainwater harvesting and its judicious use should form the centre of any developmental strategy to increase agricultural production. Different methods are employed for rainwater harvesting and its efficient use to increase which are based on the local conditions. Protected cultivation, micro irrigation, land leveling, and use of water-efficient crops improve water productivity. The details are discussed in this chapter with some case examples and illustrations.

Blockchain can help government activities across multiple use case categories as a static store of secure information or a dynamic store of tradable information. One area in which blockchain can help government is record management. National, state, and local governments are in charge of keeping up people’s records, such as birth, passing dates, and property exchanges. Some of these records still exist in paper form. Modifying and updating these records is tedious, superfluous, and frustrating. Blockchain technology can rearrange the record-keeping and make the records more secure. Marriage, death, and birth certificates could be stored in the blockchain network, where one’s data will be recovered safely. Decentralized file storage, where data is distributed throughout the network, protects files from getting hacked or lost. Many local, city, and state governments have shown interest in storing and managing government records on blockchain. For example, the states of Vermont and Delaware, as well as the city of Dubai, are planning to use blockchain technology for government records including property ownership records, utility bills, and permits (Van der Meulen 2018).

Mehrfachnutzung bzw. Space Sharing bezeichnet die Inanspruchnahme eines Raumes durch verschiedene Nutzungen oder verschiedene Nutzer; eine besondere Rolle spielen dabei zeitliche Muster. In der modernen europäischen Stadt hat sich unter dem Einfluss von gestiegener Mobilität, Wohlstand und dem langlebigen Leitbild der Funktionstrennung eine stark exklusiv und monofunktional genutzte Raumstruktur entwickelt. Neben unbestreitbaren Vorteilen wie der Konfliktminderung werden aber unter den Aspekten der Ressourcenschonung, der Teilhabe oder eben der Zeitgerechtigkeit auch ihre Nachteile immer deutlicher erkennbar. Der Beitrag beleuchtet etablierte und neue Beispiele von Mehrfachnutzungen, schlägt eine Systematisierung vor und lotet ihre Potenziale, Hemmnisse, Chancen und Risiken aus. Ihre weitere Anwendung kann Beiträge zu einer nachhaltigen und zeitgerechten Stadtentwicklung liefern. Influenced by increases in mobility, wealth and the long-lived guiding principle of functional segregation, developments in the modern European city have led to the strongly exclusive and mono-functional utilisation of spatial structures. Despite undisputed advantages, like the minimising of conflict, the disadvantages of this are becoming increasingly obvious, for instance regarding to resource conservation, participation and, indeed, time justice. Against the background of current social, economic and technical change, there is at the same time a clear trend towards a quantitative and qualitative expansion of multiple use. Multiple use or space sharing refers here to the employment of a space by different uses or users. The systemisation of the concept, which has been subject to little research to date, demonstrates different patterns of multiple use; temporal patterns play a particular role here. Urban development policy and spatial sciences should engage more strongly with the phenomenon because, on the one hand, multiple use can potentially support sustainable urban development and, on the other hand, closer examination reveals dangers and risks. It is presumed that positive effects are found especially in the social sphere, while economic effects seem ambivalent, and hopes associated with the ecological sphere may not all be fulfilled due to rebound effects. Important in this context are the concrete conditions of multiple use and the negotiation mechanisms, which could be further investigated from an institutional-economic perspective. The public management of multiple use through supply, regulation or institutional support seems reasonable. This may regard very different spaces and functions but should consider and evaluate all effects. The article sheds light on established and new examples of multiple use, proposes a systemisation, and explores the associated potentials, obstacles, opportunities and risks. As a spatial-temporal strategy, the considered promotion of multiple use can contribute towards sustainability and temporal justice in the city.

Multiple-use water services (MUS) have been promoted and piloted globally for two decades as a socio-technical innovation. Yet the MUS approach has hardly extended beyond donor-funded projects to public policies. We use a collective action framework to analyze the non-institutionalization of MUS in Nepal. We find that MUS has much cognitive legitimacy, but discourse fragmentation has reduced its socio-political legitimacy. Yet the latter is essential to overcome the institutional challenges of a fragmented public water sector and to mainstream MUS into policy debate.

The results of a literature study to the effect of different types of environmental enrichment and light conditions on broiler chickens welfare are described, in order to attempt to provide an environment to slow-growing broiler chickens that better meets their behavioural requirements. With respect to environmental enrichment, a review paper has been used as a starting point and more recent information has been collected and summarised. With respect to lighting, in consultation with stakeholders we chose to limit the literature study to a fewpotential interesting areas of research (e.g. natural light provisionand its variation across the broiler house). There are several research questions in relation to enrichment provision, e.g., optimal perch design, multiple use of enrichments and the actual number of enrichments that should be provided. Currently, little is known about the need for light in slow-growing broiler chickens and how this interacts with the environmental enrichment offered. Future research priorities include theoptimization of methods of natural light provision (which is often applied in higher welfare indoor systems with slow-growing breeds), testing effects of ultraviolet wavelengths on chicken behaviour,and light colour preferences in slow-growing breeds.

Identifying the context of location (disambiguation) in legal contracts plays an import role in multiple use cases for lawyers (e.g. due diligence and M&A). Identifying the locations of the parties involved in the contract or agreement and also identifying the Governing law and Jurisdiction from the contract is an interesting problem in the legal space. AI has changed and changing many industries for a number of years (e.g. finance, e-comm, medical, education etc.) but it is relatively new to the legal domain. In this paper, we present a novel approach through which, a system can automatically determine the location of the parties involved and the law under which the contract is governed, as well as the jurisdiction under which contract belongs. The key concept of our approach is to look this problem as a classification task, followed by the extraction and then disambiguation of entities. In this view, we have examined each location context and determined whether it is a Party Location or Governing Law & Jurisdiction. A similar approach can be extended for identifying other key pieces of information from the legal contracts (e.g. change of control clauses, consideration amount, contract dates etc.). We have achieved relatively good accuracy on the limited training and test set described in section 4.

This paper presents an analysis of key elements contributing towards current and future prospects for governance in two MPAs in the Pacific Region of Guatemala. The paper follows the Marine Protected Area Governance (MPAG) empirical framework through the use of economic, interpretative, knowledge, legal and participative incentives that assess the effectiveness of governance. The first MPA is the Multiple Use Area of Monterrico that is governed through a co-management approach by the Centre of Conservation Studies of the University of San Carlos de Guatemala (CECON-USAC), whilst the second is Guatemala's only privately-owned marine protected area, La Chorrera-Manchon Guamuchal Reserve. The results highlight that the differences in the way they are governed have significantly shaped the effectiveness of governance. In the case of Monterrico, the limited state capacity and cross-jurisdictional coordination among stakeholders has resulted in weak economic and legal incentives, where efforts have failed to develop the necessary participatory approach to management. As a result, environmental degradation and increasing urban development is apparent, which have proven difficult to manage by the park management authority. Conversely, La Chorrera-Manchon Guamuchal has developed a governance approach based on local community involvement, which has proven successful for conservation and management initiatives for the reserve. Management is characterized by strong leadership, which has proven to be the underlying difference in both MPAs. However, the fate of the reserve is uncertain, as there is no long-term planning for success. Future prospects for effective governance are recommended, where efforts should primarily foster state involvement and political will.

This paper comprises a systematic analysis of the governance of the Environmental Protected Area of Anhatomirim, a multiple-use coastal-marine protected area located in southern Brazil. The 2013 management plan brought major changes and improvements in the governance of the protected area, and today the provided incentives are more suited to the local reality, enhancing the stakeholders´ compliance and stewardship. The legal and the participative incentives are widely used, while the economic and the communicative incentives show an untapped potential. The interactions among the participative and the knowledge incentives, via the participatory monitoring programmes, are an innovative approach by Brazilian standards. On the other hand, the lack of inter-institutional and cross-scale connections is still the main weakness with regards to achieving conservation objectives and addressing current impacts, as most of the socioeconomic and ecological dynamics which must be addressed go beyond the protected area boundaries and its governance arrangements.

The boreal forests of Fennoscandia are largely dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine. Conifer monocultures have been favoured in forest management during the last decades. Recently, concern has risen that forests consisting of only one tree species could be vulnerable to biotic damage. Additionally, environmental and societal changes are placing new demands on forest utilization, thus shifting the focus to alternative forest management options providing a wider scale of ecosystem services. It has been proposed that mixed forests are better than monocultures with respect to biodiversity, risk management and recreational value. By synthesising research studies, we provide an overview of current knowledge on how to combine wood production and other ecosystem services in mixed boreal forests in Fennoscandia. We addressed the following questions in more detail: what are the effects of mixed forests on soil properties, understorey vegetation, biodiversity, wildlife, resistance to and resilience against damage, forest productivity and the multiple use of forests? Furthermore, what are the silvicultural possibilities for establishing and managing mixed forests? Based on this review, mixed forests appear to provide a higher output of most ecosystem goods and services, including higher biodiversity and improved risk management, soil properties and multiple-use values. The most serious challenge is the browsing by cervids, which damages sapling stands. There is potential to establish single-storied mixed forests with current regeneration methods and material. Further research is particularly needed on the silvicultural practices suited for mixed boreal forests.

This study assessed the acceptance and awareness of an Australian MPA (Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park) post implementation by recreational fishers using the MPA, and identified factors that influenced the perception of this group towards the MPA. Recreational fishers were interviewed in a multiple-use MPA to investigate their perceptions, attitudes, and support towards the MPA six years after implementation. Almost two thirds of recreational fishers supported the MPA and had positive attitudes towards the concept of MPAs. This is a key result since a similar pre-implementation survey of recreational fishers found only 12% would support the creation of PSGLMP due to fears the MPA would negatively impact their fishing activities and ability to catch fish. However, there was a sub-group of fishers who opposed the MPA and were more inclined to have negative attitudes towards the rationale behind MPAs, despite the common perception that no-take zones were for fisheries management purposes and could increase fish stocks in the MPA. More experienced fishers were inclined to oppose the MPA, as well as fishers who believed management zones did not provide clear rules for activities, penalties for non-compliance were too harsh, or that no-take zones did not increase fish stocks. An important perceived threat to the MPA was from commercial fishing due to perceptions of over-exploitation and issues of non-compliance. In contrast, the majority of recreational fishers did not believe the collective actions of recreational fishers negatively impacted the marine environment and fish stocks, or the number of fish available for capture in the future. An improved understanding of these social aspects is important to target ongoing management in order to increase acceptance, success and long-term existence of MPAs.

In complex systems, small anthropogenic changes of the initial conditions could lead to profound changes in the entire system. In this sense, the present literature review has surveyed several studies related to the multiple uses of forest resources and sustainability in small and medium-sized farms in the tropics. In 1985, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) published a work addressing multiple uses of forests in the tropics. Since then, despite the technological advances, multiple practices in forest management have not expanded as expected. The Forest Principles from 1992 emphasizes that forests should be managed to meet social, economic, ecological, cultural and spiritual needs of present and future generations. In many tropical countries, multiple use management of forest products and services has traditionally been neglected or it is not well known by policy makers and farmers. Laws are usually written with narrow objectives and tend to decrease social inclusion because of the limited cross-sector dialogue. In spite of these issues, several success stories are reported around the world. Key words: Forestry enterprises, natural resources management, sustainable use of forest resources, land use, multiple use.

Mountain biking is a popular recreational activity including in protected areas close to cities. Although there has been increased research focus on this topic including mountain bikers’ characteristics such as who, when and where they ride, few studies have assessed why they visit peri-urban parks and their environmental values and perceptions about different recreation activities. We address these issues by surveying mountain bikers in three popular peri-urban national parks in Queensland, Australia. The riders were relatively homogeneous in socio-demographic factors, values and perceptions. They were mainly university educated males aged between 25 and 55 years, motivated by the desire for exercise, who engage in recreational activities and frequently visit the parks. Based on responses to a set of standardized questions relating to environmental values, nearly all riders would be characterized as having ecocentric values, particularly those who frequently visit the parks. They tended to have strongly positive perceptions about the three most popular activities during the survey, i.e. mountain biking (44%), hiking (14%) and running (8%). Overall, they had slightly positive perceptions about other activities such as picnicking, horse riding and dog walking that were uncommon during the survey, but where many riders had interacted with these park users on previous visits. As a result, bikers demonstrate limited interpersonal or social value conflict with a range of recreation activities. Expanding the survey to also (1) assess a wider range of activities such as trail bike riding and four-wheel driving, (2) asking other user groups about their values and perceptions, and (3) assess other locations and times may identify different social acceptability thresholds among park visitors.

The present study focuses on the importance and need to identify criteria and indicators (C&I) for sustainable landscaping using native plants in Qatar. The conditions for operationalizing the criteria and indicators approach are being incorporated into sustainable development practices and management planning in Qatar. This paper aims to develop criteria and related indicators for strengthening the global sustainability assessment system (GSAS) in order to provide a holistic approach for sustainable environmental assessment and the enhancement of ecosystem services. A total of 50 potentially native plant species were prioritized and categorized based on the following different parameters: weather conditions tolerated (temperature, humidity, and rainfall), multiple use value (ecological, economical, and medicinal), standard crown size (≤50 cm and ≥50 cm) and water requirement (moist, moderate, and dry). Diverse local stakeholders as well as international experts were consulted to rank the plant species, and concluded that these prioritized native species are fit for sustainable landscaping as opposed to the exotic plant species which are imported from different geo-climatic zones. Environmental, social, economic, human, and policy sustainability aspects were considered, along with 12 criteria and 49 related indicators which were identified by promoting the use of potential native plants for sustainable landscaping in Qatar.

Pipeline design of urban recycled water networks involves thousands of decisions to ensure delivery of water to multiple use locations with pipelines and pump stations correctly located, optimally sized, and compatible with existing infrastructure. Here, we introduce PRODOT, Pipeline ROuting and Design Optimization Tool, software that identifies near-minimum-cost pipeline routes; accounts for existing configurations, legal, environmental or safety concerns, and trade-offs in pipeline length, pipe installation methods, traffic congestion during construction; optimizes pump station locations, pumping energy, pipe diameters and pressure classes; and includes theoretical additional capacity of each pipe, facilitating future expansion. We illustrate the utility of PRODOT with a case study for a local utility comparing PRODOT-generated configurations to a configuration proposed by an experienced consulting firm. The comparison shows that PRODOT produces pipeline configurations similar to the consulting firm's proposal with improvements by effectively and more broadly incorporating options the consultant may not have considered. Near-minimum-cost pipeline configurations for recycled water distribution systems.źsptimal pipe routing, diameters, pressure classes, pump locations, and energy demand.Inclusion of many pragmatic constraints typical of complex urban environments.Inclusion of theoretical additional capacity of each pipe for future expansion.Consistency with and improvement on the design of an experienced consulting firm.

Multiple use livelihoods and recreational activities provide important economic opportunities for communities throughout the American west, especially in rural areas where public lands are the primary income generator. Federal lands also provide incentives for mining development as the “highest and best use” of the land. This tension between civil society, the mining corporation, and the state as dual regulator/facilitator of natural resource development is most apparent during the public comment period of the environmental assessment process. Such is the case with the Bearlodge mine in the Black Hills National Forest of Wyoming, which has the potential to be the only domestic producer of critical rare earth elements. Therefore, I ask: How do perspectives about control of and access to common property resources and the role of humans as part or separate from an ecological system converge or diverge between community, state, and market stakeholders? To answer this, a Q method survey was carried out from groups representative of the different economic and environmental perspectives related to mining development: environmentalists, the mining/energy sector, state/federal regulators, foresters, local land holders, and recreationalists. Results show that stakeholders fall into two categories: anthropocentrists who desire economic development from the mine for human benefit, even given the potential for environmental harm and curtailed access to multiple use activities; and biocentrists who continue to push for a no development alternative where nature is preserved for nature’s sake and existing livelihoods that help to maintain an already altered environment are able to remain and sustain rural economies.

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) is an important tree in western North America that produces high-value wood. The species is common in natural forests, but much less abundant in post-harvest stands and presents a variety of challenges for management. We review the ecology of redcedar to provide context for innovative management strategies. Redcedar is a stress tolerator that grows across a wide range of sites, from high-productivity to very nutrient poor or wet. Trees can grow very large, but tend to grow slower than associated species. Redcedar can establish directly after disturbance, but also establishes in mature forests. Species abundance tends to increase during succession but the mechanism for this is unclear given that following stand-replacing disturbance the number of regenerated trees tends to be limited. High survival of established trees under both abiotic and biotic stress may be a key to the extensive range and abundance of the species. Knowledge gaps about population dynamics in natural forests hinder the assessment of specific management options, but it is clear that multiple-aged, mixed species management needs to be considered for more widespread use. Relying on clear-cut systems and even-aged regeneration strategies limit management options for western redcedar. We recommend that more consideration be given to alternative practices, such as using advanced regeneration, promoting understory redcedar or implementing targeted site preparation to stimulate natural regeneration. The ecology of the species is most consistent with various partial-cut systems and extended rotations used for shade-tolerant species in many parts of the world. Redcedar has the potential to be a larger component of managed forests but this will require use of innovative management practices.

Medicinal plants support the healthcare needs of the most vulnerable human populations, including the rapidly increasing urban poor in developing countries. However, little is known about the role of urban forests in supplying traditional herbal remedies compared to those in rural areas. Different parts of medicinal species could be used to supply different forest products, and multiple uses may exacerbate impacts to the species. We focused on the debarking and cutting of woody species harvested for medicine and fuelwood in an urban forest in Nairobi, Kenya. Since informal harvest was common, we surveyed the signs of harvest (i.e., stem debarking and cutting) in the forest rather than conducting household interviews. The survey covered a total of 14,993 stems of 93 species, of which 9169 were standing and 5824 were cut. Among those standing, 172 stems of nine species were debarked. The barks of most of the nine species were known to be used as traditional medicine in the region. Debarking was concentrated on Warburgia ugandensis and Elaeodendron buchananii, which were also affected by cutting, and we analyzed them in detail. Debarking occurred primarily on larger stems of W. ugandensis and E. buchananii, and cutting more frequently involved smaller W. ugandensis stems. Debarking and cutting of E. buchananii was concentrated near the low-income housings adjacent to the forest. Patrolling nearly failed to protect either species from debarking and cutting. We discussed management options of the urban forest including reformed patrolling strategy and planting of useful species in degraded areas, and demonstrated how our approach could aid the management of informal and multiple uses of urban forest products.

Summary For biodiversity conservation to be an effective and significant social investment, non-marketed values of biodiversity conservation and its associated opportunity costs should be evaluated in monetary terms. In this study, we measured the willingness to pay (WTP) for bird abundance using a choice experiment (CE) based on the random utility model. We performed a cost–benefit analysis to identify the optimal proportion of broadleaved trees in conifer plantations on a volume basis to maximize the social benefits of bird conservation and wood production. The results suggested that respondents to the CE were not satisfied with their current situation and preferred an increase in bird abundance. However, the estimated WTP indicated diminishing returns of bird conservation. More specifically, WTP first greatly increased before gradually experiencing decreasing marginal values, reaching its peak and finally decreasing slightly with increasing bird abundance. Optimization analyses indicated that when the relationship between bird abundance and broadleaved tree proportion was convex, semi-natural plantations with nonzero broadleaved tree proportion (0·02–0·22) were always optimal options. When the relationship was linear, optimal broadleaved tree proportion ranged from 0 to 0·78 and was greatly affected by wood values. When the relationship was concave, there were only two optimal broadleaved tree proportions: a very high proportion (approximately 0·90) and the lowest possible proportion (0). When the convex and concave relationships approached the linear form, comparable benefits could be attained across broad ranges of broadleaved tree proportion both within and across the relationships. In such cases, it would be useful to increase the likelihood of a feasible land-use strategy of either land sparing or land sharing in order to be successful. Synthesis and applications. It can be difficult to set quantitative targets in biodiversity conservation solely on an ecological basis, and social benefits of biodiversity conservation can create diminishing returns in many situations. The framework we propose shows how to reconcile resource production and biodiversity conservation in the real world.

Research suggests that certain forest environments can contribute to lower stress levels in humans. This might be increasingly important to consider given the rising prevalence of stress-related diseases and illness absence. To make it feasible to plan for forest management strategies that take such restorative effects into account, it would seem to be important to identify the precise physical properties that contribute to the restorative qualities of forest stands. It would also be useful if forest stand data typically already collected by forest owners could be used for this purpose. In the present study, forest stands in northern, central, and southern Sweden were visited and assessed regarding their restorative potential. These assessments were analysed together with available forest stand data for each region using statistical models. Our results indicate that of the available forest stand data parameters, the most important individual indicators of forest stands’ restorative qualities were tree age, tree sparsity, and tree height. Models based on these parameters explained 30–40 % of the variation in restorative qualities among the evaluated stands, indicating that they can be useful in planning and modelling scenarios where restorative properties of forest stands are considered.