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Metallic nanoparticles have received a significant amount of reflection over a period of time, attributed to their electronic, specific surface area, and surface atom properties. The biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) is demonstrated in this study. The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) is acquiring considerable attention due to its environmental and economic superiorities over other methods. Leptolyngbya sp. L-2 extract was employed as a reducing agent, and iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) was used as a substrate for the biogenic synthesis of FeONPs. Different spectral methods were used for the characterization of the biosynthesized FeONPs, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy gave a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of FeONPs at 300 nm; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis was conducted to identify the functional groups responsible for both the stability and synthesis of FeONPs. The morphology of the FeONPs was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which shows a nearly spherical shape, and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) study demonstrated their crystalline nature with a calculated crystallinity size of 23 nm. The zeta potential (ZP) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of FeONPs revealed values of −8.50 mV, suggesting appropriate physical stability. Comprehensive in-vitro pharmacogenetic properties revealed that FeONPs have significant therapeutic potential. FeONPs have been reported to have potential antibacterial and antifungal properties. Dose-dependent cytotoxic activity was shown against Leishmania tropica promastigotes (IC50: 10.73 µg/mL) and amastigotes (IC50: 16.98 µg/mL) using various concentrations of FeONPs. The cytotoxic potential was also investigated using brine shrimps, and their IC50 value was determined to be 34.19 µg/mL. FeONPs showed significant antioxidant results (DPPH: 54.7%, TRP: 49.2%, TAC: 44.5%), protein kinase (IC50: 96.23 µg/mL), and alpha amylase (IC50: 3745 µg/mL). The biosafety of FeONPs was validated by biocompatibility tests using macrophages (IC50: 918.1 µg/mL) and red blood cells (IC50: 2921 µg/mL). In conclusion, biogenic FeONPs have shown potential biomedical properties and should be the focus of more studies to increase their nano-pharmacological significance for biological applications.

Metal pollution is a key environmental issue across the globe. Our environment is seriously under the threat of different heavy metals including As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Heavy metals upon exceeding safe limits become part of food chain and affect growing plants and consumers; and ultimately affect consumer’s health at large. Amongst, since long chromium is widely used metal in different industries like tannery, textile, fertilizers, electroplating, steel etc. and has become a serious environmental and agricultural pollutant. Present investigation has been set to evaluate chromium toxicity in sunflower test varieties along with phytoremediation potential of these test varieties. Chromium application in the soil (50-500 mg/kg) found to be toxic for germination time, plant growth and biomass. Different photosynthetic parameters were negatively affected under Cr stress. Likewise, the content of chlorophyll and protein were also decreased significantly following decrease in plant minerals (NPK and Mg). However, sunflower varieties were able to accumulate proline content showing their osmolyte accumulation strategy against Cr metal. Different yield parameters were assessed under Cr treatment. A declining trend in seed yield and harvest index was observed. Cr effect was increasing with its increased level in the soil medium. Both varieties revealed the toxic effect of Cr metal, however, both showed a higher Cr uptake potential from the contaminated soil. This shows sunflower varieties to be a good phytoremediation tool.

Religious art or sacred art is artistic imagery using religious inspiration and motifs and is often intended to uplift the mind to the spiritual. Sacred art involves the ritual and cultic practices and practical and operative aspects of the path of the spiritual realization within the artist's religious tradition. A religious image, sometimes called a votive image, is a work of visual art that is representational and has a religious purpose, subject, or connection. All major historical religions have made some use of religious images, although their use is strictly controlled and often controversial in many religions. Hajra Ahmed’s as a young artist of the present era engendering a unorthodox contribution towards contemporary art of Pakistan and out of the mundane she has done tremendous religious art with aura of religious places of Pakistan. She has captured the passing moment and grasped the essence of the moment transpiring on the religious spot just like a ceremony of a memory through which a observer can understand the same feel which has been captured by the artist. In her paintings she strives to depict the exact situation by the great combo of naturalism and realism. Fresh colors have been used to enhance the personification of tariqat. Apart from the moment she also painted the shrines architecture in an actual manner which represent a symbolism of Islamic art and spiritualism.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to measure liver enzyme activity in Pakistani people with type 2 diabetes. Study Design: Cross sectional Place and Duration: The study was conducted in department of Pathology Women Medical& Dental College Abbottabad from January 2022 to June 2022. Methods: 400 people were enlisted for the study (200 in the healthy control group I, and another 200 with type 2 diabetes). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assessed, as was body mass index (BMI). We also checked total protein (TP), albumin, and fasting blood glucose (FBG), and we tested glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Averages and standard deviations were used to describe quantitative data, whereas frequencies were used to characterize qualitative information. Tests for associations, significance, and correlations between groups were conducted using the Pearson/Spearman correlation test, the unpaired t-test, and the Chi-squared test. Statistical significance was defined as a P-value less than.05. Each piece of information was put via SPSS 24.0 for statistical analysis. Results: Among 200 patients of Type 2 DM females were higher in numbers than males. Type 2 DM patients had a mean age of 48.8 years (SD 11.12), whereas the healthy population had a mean age of 40.6 years (SD 11.3) (P .0001). AST activity in Type 2 DM was found to be similar to that of healthy individuals (P =.060). Type 2 DM is associated with elevated levels of ALT, total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase when compared to healthy controls (P .0001). Hepatic enzyme levels were abnormal in 60% of those with type 2 diabetes compared to 30% of those without the disease. Conclusion: Liver function tests (LFTs) were shown to be significantly abnormal in the diabetic community as a whole, demonstrating widespread co-existing derangements. It is possible that early diagnosis and therapy might benefit from a thorough workup in such patients. Furthermore, reducing liver-related morbidity and mortality in Type 2 DM would benefit from early diagnosis and therapy of aberrant liver parameters. Keywords: Liver Hepatic pathology, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Liver function tests

Presently COVID-19 and its socio-economic impacts are burning and debatable issues around the world. This research aimed at investigating the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on people with vulnerable socio-economic conditions. The research was conducted in two union councils i.e. Koper and Hero Shah of Tehsil Dargai District Malakand, KP Pakistan. The data was collected through an in-depth interview method using an interview guide from 24 respondents, 12 respondents from each union council were purposively selected through a random sampling method. The collected data has been analyzed through the qualitative method and primary data has been combined with secondary information for further explanation and unfolding of the ground realities. The research findings indicate that 70 per cent of the workforce of Pakistan is dependent on subsistence earnings and an informal economy. The research shows that the socio-economic recession created by the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionally affected the economy, health, education and livelihood of poor vulnerable people. Consequently, the miseries of the coronavirus enhanced the social and economic problems of poor vulnerable people. The research finding recommends that government should take concrete measures and should provide social and economic support to socio-economically vulnerable people in order to pull them out of the crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To give a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of antimicrobial-loaded scaffolds as drug delivery system for periodontal regeneration, and to review the recent advances in the field of periodontal regeneration. Methods: The literature was reviewed using key words “antimicrobial releasing periodontal scaffolds” on Science Direct, PubMed and Web of Science search engines. Shortlisted articles were evaluated on the basis of specific inclusion-exclusion criteria. Results: Of the 544 studies found, 34(6.25%) met the inclusion criteria. The trend indicated an increase in use of antimicrobial-loaded scaffolds that caused inhibition of periodontal pathogenic bacteria, accompanied with greater cellular interaction, and differentiation for alveolar bone healing. Contemporary treatment tactics clinically prove the ability to limit disease progression, but complete periodontal regeneration needs to be validated yet. Conclusion: Emerging trends are not only improving the inhibitory effect of bacterial growth, but are also making a favourable environment for cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in alveolar bone repair and re-growth. Key Words: Periodontal scaffolds, Antimicrobials, Alveolar bone regeneration.

Background: Literature showed that HIV +ve individuals were deficient for vitamin D as well. Vitamin D deficiency is one of the top most commonly observed abnormality and an independent prognostic marker of HIV disease. The scientific groups’ emphases on the likely impact of its dearth on HIV infested populace. One of most communal comorbidities in HIV-1 patients is insufficiency of Vitamin D (Vit D), which is estimated by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations. Patients having vitamin D levels < 20ng/ml (50nmol/l) were considered as having vitamin D deficiency. HIV infection & ART (antiretroviral therapy) may create risk factors for insufficiency of vitamin D, it also has a role in slowing down HIV ailment progression. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Medicine Department in Services Hospital Lahore from June 22, 2017 to December 22, 2017. 160 Patients with HIV confirmed by ELISA method were selected by non-Probability Consecutive sampling technique. Data was entered in SPSS v23.0 & Chi square test was applied. Results: Out of 160, Frequency of Vitamin D deficiency was 111(69.4%). Results demonstrated that majority of patients 74(46.25%) are having disease for 1-3 years. While 54(33.75%) patients are having the disease for 3 years. There were no significant differences between Vitamin D deficiency with age, gender and duration of HIV/AIDS (p-values 0.123, 0.136 & 0.634 respectively). Conclusion: Frequency of vitamin D deficiency is very high. This recommends that all HIV positive individuals should be considered for routine screening. Low serum calcium should prompt investigation of 25-OHD levels.

Aims: To determine the frequency of parasitic infestation among children in our setup. Study Design: Observational study Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the department of Pediatric Medicine and Department of Pathology, Suleman Roshan Medical College and Hospital, Tando Adam, Pakistan from 17th October 2020 to 30th May 2021. Methods: A total of 2412 consecutive patients aged between 5 to 12 years, who attended the outpatient department for the complain of abdominal pain, diarrhea or dysentery, the clinically anemic cases, patients having history of occult blood (black stools) were included in the study. The demographic and clinical details of all the cases were collected on a structured proforma designed for the study. All the patients were investigated for stool examination. The patients already having negative stool report for parasite were excluded from the study. Microscopic examination of the fecal smear in normal saline was performed for the detection of any helminth or protozoal infection. The data collected was statistically analyzed and the results were tabulated. Results: 1316 (54.6%) samples were found positive for helminth or protozoal infection, and 1490 parasites were detected from a total of 2412 stool specimens collected and analyzed. Majority of the children were female 1344 (55.7%). The highest parasitosis (70.3%) was more common among 9-10 years age group. Abdominal pain was the main presenting complaint. The Entamoeba histolytica was most common protozoa in both male and female (24.6%), while helminthic infection like Ascaris lumbricoides was most common parasite detected in 47.2% of samples but more prevalent in male cases. Conclusion: The present study reveals a high frequency of parasitosis in our setup. Entamoeba histolytica was the commonest protozoa and Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequent helminthic infection, abdominal pain being the main presenting complaint.

Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are important molecular components of the insect olfactory system, which are involved in capturing, binding, and transporting hydrophobic odour molecules across the sensillum in sensillar lymph in regulating insect behavior. This protein family (CSPs) is also involved in many other systems that are not linked to olfactory receptors in olfactory sensilla. The brown planthopper (BPH) is a monophagous pest of rice that causes damage by sucking phloem sap and transmitting a number of diseases caused by viruses. In this study, fluorescence competitive binding assay and fluorescence quenching assay at acidic pH were performed as well as homology modelling to describe the binding affinity of NlugCSP10. Fluorescence competitive binding assay (FCBA) demonstrated that NlugCSP10 bound strongly to nonadecane, farnesene, and 2-tridecanone at acidic pH. The results of FCBA indicated that NlugCSP10 bound different ligands at the physiological pH (5.0) of the bulk sensillum lymph. Fluorescence quenching assay demonstrated that NlugCSP10 generated a stable complex with 2-tridecanone, while two ligands nonadecane and farnesene collided due to molecular collisions. The interaction of selected ligands with the modelled structure of NlugCSP10 was also analyzed, which found the key amino acids (Gln23, Gln24, Gln25, Asn27, Met33, Ser34, Ile35, Tyr36, Asn42, Met43, Val45, Asn46, Asn93, Arg96, Ala97, Lys99, and Ala100) in NlugCSP10 that were involved in binding of volatile compounds. The present study contributes to the binding profile of NlugCSP10 that promotes the development of behaviorally active ligands based on BPH olfactory system.

Objective: To correlate the prevalence of COVID-19 and the rhinopathological conditions simultaneously in the population visiting the hospital of Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Study Design: Case-control study. Setting: District Head Quarter (DHQ) Teaching Hospital Located in Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Period: September 2020 to February 2021. Material & Methods: Patients visiting the DHQ teaching hospital, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir for their COVID-19 related symptoms were included in the study. Demographic data was obtained. Prevalence of DNS and nasal polyps was recorded for further statistical analysis of the symptoms in the population. The obtained patient data was evaluated for the rhinopathological conditions that exists with the prevailing COVID-19 or may even aggravate the situation. Although nasal polyps and DNS are not among the typical symptoms of the COVID-19 but they may add to the results of PCR testing following swab testing. Conclusion: Despite being a significant relationship, there lies a chance of misleading results of swab testing as these rhinopathies obstruct the airway hindering the path. Therefore, while carrying out a confirmation test for the infection it is important to consider the chances of rhinopathies in patients beforehand.

Background: "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" (PCOS) has been identified as a hazard for growing diabetes. Although it indicates and symptoms of "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" (PCOS) appear before the signs and symptoms of "Insulin resistance" (IR) first, According to an assumption "Insulin resistance" (IR) may have a part in developing PCOS instead of another factor. Insulin resistance caused by obesity modifies the function of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus in the brain, leading to an increase in the synthesis of androgenic hormones, which correlate to PCOS1. Aim: To analyze outcomes of insulin resistance in women having polycystic ovaries Methodology: A literature search was performed with the use of search engines. The following search engines provided the articles for this systematic review, PubMed, Medscape, NCBI, and Google Scholar. For article searching following keywords were used; Polycystic ovaries, insulin resistance. Results: As a literature review of 45 articles and only 39 were included in this review, it is found that the Mean age of all subjects was 24-37 years. Obese females were 20-30 years and non-obese were 18-34 years. Insulin resistance occurs in 70-95% of females who were obese and had PCOS and 30-75% of females who were lean and developed PCOS. Hirsutism was observed mostly in obese patients diagnosed of having PCOS. Incidence of Amenorrhea was found higher in lean patients. Conclusion: It is concluded that high insulin is not just a symptom of PCOS it's also one of the major drivers of this condition. Insulin resistance acts as a key factor of PCOS. It mostly occurs among people who are obese and had developed PCOS. Keywords: (PCOS) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Resistance, Insulin

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic organic compounds ubiquitously distributed worldwide due to their persistence, long-range atmospheric transport, and bioaccumulation. Owing to teratogenic properties, PCBs are a global environmental problem. Different physical, biological, and chemical techniques are utilized for the remediation of PCBs. This review paper discusses the recent development in photocatalytic and chemical techniques for the remediation of PCBs in contaminated soils. In particular, the photocatalytic degradation of PCBs combined with soil washing, Fe-based reductive dichlorination, and advanced oxidation process (Fenton advance oxidation and persulfate oxidation) is discussed and reviewed in detail. The review suggested that advanced oxidation is an efficient remediation technique with 77-99% of removal efficiency of PCBs. Persulfate oxidation is the most suitable technique which could work at normal environmental conditions (such as pH, temperature, soil organic matter (SOM), etc.). Different environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and SOM affect the Fe-based reductive dechlorination and Fenton advance oxidation techniques. The surfactants and organic solvents used in soil washing combined with photocatalytic degradation affect the degradation capability of these techniques. This review will contribute to PCBs degradation by the detailed discussion of development in chemical technique future perspective and research needs.

Cobalt free composite cathode materials with excellent fuel cell performance and thermal stability are reported as promising candidates for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs).

The current study aimed to investigate the viability and characteristics of Scenedesmus sp. as an adsorbent system to remove lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) through an in vitro exposure to a metal solution. In batch sorption experiments, the effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration of metal ions, and sorbent dosage on the adsorption process were trialed. The ideal biosorption conditions for each of the two metals were recorded. The biosorption process was quick, and the equilibrium times for the above-mentioned metals were recorded as 90 and 60 min, with removal percentages of 85% and 83%, respectively. The point zero charge of algal biomass was 4.5, which indicates a negative charge on the surface of the biosorbent. The model-based assessment of the biosorption process was revealed to have followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption isotherms for lead and cadmium achieved a best fit with the Langmuir model, with monolayer biosorption capacities of 102 and 128 mg g−1, respectively. The desorption of both metals achieved more than 70% by using HCl. The FT-IR revealed the presence of hydroxyl and amine groups on the surface of the adsorbent that are involved in the biosorption process, and morphological changes were assessed by SEM. Hence, Scenedesmus sp. from a Himalayan provenance showed considerable promise as an alternate sorbent for the treatment of heavy-metal-contaminated wastewater.

In the present study, Microalgal flora of various sites of district Jhelum was assessed to explore diversity of algal species. Different species of algae were investigated through microscopic observations on the basis of characteristics such as cell shape, size, chloroplast shape, presence or absence of pyrenoid and its number within chloroplast, presence or absence of cell wall ornamentations and presence of unique features like flagella, barite vacuole etc. Overall, thirty species were recorded on the basis of morphology and investigated species were belonged to 21 genera, 19 families, 16 orders and 5 divisions. Among these two species were assigned to phylum Cyanophyta, two to Volvophyta, two to Euglenophyta, ten to Bacillariophyta and fourteen species to phylum Chlorophyta were investigated.

The study attempted to analyze the role of right to information in ensuring good governance in Pakistan. The study objectives were to investigate the experiences of public information officers and civil society actors regarding the right to information contribution to good governance and to analyze the challenges in the implementation of right to information law. For the selection of sampling size, purposive sampling was used and data were collected from 11 ministries public information officers and 3 civil society actors through in depth interviews in Islamabad, Pakistan. Being qualitative study, data were analyzed by using thematic analyses. Jurgen Habermas theory of ‘Public Sphere” was used to throw light on main theme of the study. The findings indicated that right to information is an effective tool in promoting good governance along with all its features like, accountability, transparency, mutual trust between the government and general public, common man facilitation, rule of law and corruption elimination. Study concluded that right to information would be an effective tool in promoting the good governance only when hurdles that prevent it from its true implementation were removed.

The purpose of this research was to assess the familial aspects of corruption in district Peshawar,Pakistan. A sample size of 320 respondents out of 1872 was selected through a stratified random sampling technique.Gamma and chi-square tests were applied to determine the relationship between the dependent variable (perception of NAB paradigm for curbing corruption) and the independent variable (familial aspects of corruption). The main outcomes of the study were that corruption was breeding in society due to the loose role of the family institution. Moreover,ignorance of ethics in the socialization process, stresses on material gains, becoming rich overnight, not discouraging for corrupt practices, and no punishment for wrongdoers were the primary reasons for the presence of corruption in a society.

Submerged spillways with large capacity outlets are generally provided below the dam crest to perform the dual functions of flood disposal and sediment flushing. Flood water passing through these spillways exhibits turbulent behavior. Moreover; hydraulic analysis of such turbulent flows is a challenging task. Therefore, the present study aims to use numerical simulations to examine the hydraulic behavior of submerged spillways constructed at Mangla Dam, Pakistan. Besides, the hydraulic performance of aerator was also evaluated at different operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics code FLOW 3D was used to numerically model the flows of Mangla Spillway. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are used in FLOW 3D to numerically model the turbulent flows. The study results indicated that the developed model can simulate the submerged spillway flows as it computed the flow parameters with an acceptable error of up to 6%. Moreover, air concentration computed by model near spillway chute bed was 3% which raised to more than 6% after the installation of ramp on aerator which showed that developed model is also capable of evaluating the performance of submerged spillway aerator.

Current study explores the possibility of improvement in various categories of concrete’s strengths (including tensile strength, flexural strength etc.) by using methylcellulose as an additive. The effect of methylcellulose on concrete’s compressive strength has also been investigated experimentally. Concrete samples were casted with several methylcellulose to binder ratios varying from 0.002 to 0.01 by weight of cement. Several tests were performed on concrete specimens including concrete cylinder and cube compression tests, split cylinder tests and modulus of rupture tests. Results showed that addition of methylcellulose increased the tensile strength of concrete. Addition of 0.2% of methylcellulose increased the tensile strength of concrete by 16%. This increase in tensile strength reached up to 73% of the control sample on addition of 1% methylcellulose. It was observed that the effect of methylcellulose on compressive strength of concrete depends upon the type of samples being tested (cube or cylinder). The compressive strength of concrete cylinders showed a plateau behavior with peak at 0.4% methylcellulose content with an increase of 18.7%. Effect of methylcellulose on concrete cylinder strength becomes insignificant beyond 0.6%. It was observed that addition of methylcellulose reduces the modulus of rupture values. The reduction in MOR was only 3% at 0.2% methylcellulose content but it grew to 30% at 1% methylcellulose content. The research presents an effective way of increasing tensile strength of concrete but without significant effect on concrete’s compressive strength and modulus of rupture values. These findings can be used to determine optimum content of methylcellulose to achieve desired performance from concrete depending upon the intended use.

In this study, PMMA/ABS/CoCl

Background: Endometrial carcinoma is one of the commonest gynecological tumors occurring more commonly in post-menopausal women presenting with post-menopausal bleeding. TVUS is a screening tool to stratify patients as high or low risk on the basis of endometrial thickness. Aim: To know whether the finding of TVUS needs to be correlated with the histopathology of endometrial biopsy sample before making any definitive diagnosis or not. Method: We conducted a systematic search by using Google Scholar as search engines to retrieve all the relevant data published from 2019 to 2021 while following PRISMA Statement. Results: Out of 1039 articles retrieved, only 6 articles were found that met the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria and of which there were 4 were prospective studies and 2 were retrospective in nature. Conclusion: TVUS is an excellent screening tool for endometrial cancer but the findings of TVUS needs to be correlated with histopathological findings of endometrial biopsy samples to make a confirm diagnosis. Keywords: Correlation, Endometrial thickness, Transvaginal Ultrasonography, Histo-pathology