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In 2015 scientists called for a partial ban on genome editing in human germline cells. This call was a response to the rapid development of the CRISPR–Cas9 system, a molecular tool that allows researchers to modify genomic DNA in living organisms with high precision and ease of use. Importantly, the ban was meant to be a trust-building exercise that promises a ‘prudent’ way forward. The goal of this paper is to analyse whether the ban can deliver on this promise. To do so the focus will be put on the precedent on which the current ban is modelled, namely the Asilomar ban on recombinant DNA technology. The analysis of this case will show (a) that the Asilomar ban was successful because of a specific two-step containment strategy it employed and (b) that this two-step approach is also key to making the current ban work. It will be argued, however, that the Asilomar strategy cannot be transferred to human genome editing and that the current ban therefore fails to deliver on its promise. The paper will close with a reflection on the reasons for this failure and on what can be learned from it about the regulation of novel molecular tools.

В статье представлен научно-теоретический подход к изучению состояния и порядка общественного контроля за охраной и использованием растительного мира, анализу законодательства и ситуации на практике. Сделаны предположения о роли Конституции в защите флоры и влиянии на этот процесс общественного контроля. Методы общественного контроля и процессы их практического применения иллюстрируются конкретными примерами. Подробно описана роль СМИ как субъекта общественного контроля над охраной растительного мира. Автором изучены текущее состояние законодательства, научные и теоретические взгляды ученых, а также разработаны предложения по совершенствованию законодательства в этой сфере. В частности, в связи с характером общественного контроля за применением процедур в области охраны и использования растительного мира отмечены порядок их применения и правовой режим. Особое внимание было уделено вопросам совершенствования норм законодательства, направленного на регулирование данных отношений, внедрению прозрачного механизма выявления правонарушений, The article presents a scientific and theoretical approach to the state and order of public control over the protection and use of the flora and analysis of the situation in practice. Assumptions are made about the role of the Constitution in protection and the impact of public control on it. Public control methods and processes of their practical application are illustrated with specific examples. The role of the media as a subject of public control over the protection of the plant is described in detail. The author also describes the current state of legislation, scientific and theoretical views of scientists, and develops proposals for improving legislation in this area. In particular, in connection with the nature of public control over the application of procedures in the field of protection and use of the flora, the order of their application and the legal regime are noted. Particular attention is paid to the issues of improving the norms of legislation aimed at regulating these relations and the introduction of a transparent mechanism for preventing offenses.

While the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) provided for the applicability of non-violation and situation complaints to the settlement of disputes in the area of intellectual property (IP), when the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements were adopted in 1994, a moratorium was put in place until WTO Members could agree on the scope and modalities for the application of such complaints. However, for more than two decades, discussions in the TRIPS Council on the subject have remained inconclusive. The biannual WTO Ministerial Conference has granted extensions of the moratorium with regularity. This paper reviews the debate on the applicability of non-violation and situation complaints under the TRIPS Agreement, including the arguments consistently held by two WTO Members that if the moratorium is not extended by consensus, non-violation and situation complaints would become automatically applicable. This paper argues that a consensus decision by the WTO Ministerial Conference is required to determine the scope and modalities and, hence, the applicability of such complaints under the TRIPS Agreement. Even if the moratorium was not extended, the WTO Ministerial Conference should still adopt a decision calling on the TRIPS Council to continue examination of the scope and modalities of such complaints. It also argues that in the absence of an extension of the moratorium on initiating such complaints—and although they would not be applicable—a situation of uncertainty would be created that may lead to a de facto limitation in the use of flexibilities allowed under the TRIPS Agreement.

The agricultural land reformation is only the beginning of a large-scale and complex work on the settlement of land relations. The purpose of the research. There are described the theoretical positions and principles of the land market introduction in Ukraine, its regulation and creation of the corresponding legally-regulative framework in modern economic conditions. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the dialectic method of reality’s knowledge, a systematic approach to the socio-economic phenomena’s study, theoretical researches of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on the issues of formation and functioning of the land market, legislative and other regulatory documents on the development issues in market conditions. The research methodology includes the system of generally scientific and special methods of the economic phenomena and processes’ study. Results. The urgent need to complete the creation of infrastructure conditions, legislative and regulatory reform, which will promote the creation of a more efficient owner and ensure further intensive development of the Ukrainian agrarian sector, is substantiated. It is noted that functioning of the agricultural land market is an important step for further socio-economic development of Ukraine, including rural areas, on the basis of ecological principles, which will be the subject of further scientific research. It has been determined that land resources are the most valuable component of Ukrainian national wealth and one of the main factors of the economic development of our country, which would enable Ukraine to take an active part in solving world food problems and thereby provide a worthy place in the world. Practical meaning. It is noted that in the current Ukrainian realities the normative-legal base in the field of state management of land resources is characterized by imperfection in approaches and principles regarding the main provisions, as well as the presence of contradictions in the existing legislation. It was established that the reform of the land market should promote the efficient use of land resources and promote their rational use. This requires the participation of the state in regulating the use of land resources, not only at the organizational and legal level, but also as an active land owner, which stimulates market processes. Prospects for further research. It is determined that for the effective functioning of the land market it is necessary to provide formal and material guarantees of ownership and circulation, the stability of the state and local policies regarding land real estate, investors, the formation of an effective system of spatial planning, etc., Реформування земель сільськогосподарського призначення є тільки початком масштабної та складної роботи з урегулювання земельних відносин. Мета дослідження. Мета статті полягає в аналізі теоретичних положень та правових засад запровадження ринку землі в Україні, його регулювання і створення відповідної нормативно-правової бази в сучасних умовах господарювання. Методологія. У дослідженні застосовуються загальнонаукові теоретичні методи: узагальнення, пояснення, групування – для аналізу поглядів економістів на об’єкт дослідження та формулювання висновків контент-аналізу первинних джерел, аналіз і синтез – для з’ясування основних наукових категорій дослідження, обґрунтування нових концептуальних положень, принципів, концепцій та категорій. Результати. Обґрунтовано термінову необхідність завершити створення інфраструктурних умов та законодавчо-нормативне реформування, що сприятиме створенню більш ефективного власника і забезпечить подальший інтенсивний розвиток аграрного сектора України. Відзначено, що функціонування ринку земель сільськогосподарського призначення є важливим кроком для подальшого соціальноекономічного розвитку України, у тому числі сільських територій, на екологічних засадах, що буде предметом подальших наукових досліджень. Відзначено, що в сучасних українських реаліях нормативно-правова база у сфері державного управління земельними ресурсами характеризується недосконалістю у підходах і принципах щодо основних положень, а також наявністю протиріч в діючому законодавстві. Практичне значення. Встановлено, що реформування ринку землі повинно сприяти ефективному використанню земельних ресурсів і сприяти їх раціональному використанню. Для цього необхідна участь держави в регулюванні використання земельних ресурсів, причому не тільки на організаційно-правовому рівні, але й як активного земельного власника, що стимулює ринкові процеси. Перспективи подальших досліджень. Визначено що для ефективного функціонування ринку земель необхідно забезпечити формальні та матеріальні гарантії власності й обігу, стабільність державної та місцевої політики відносно земельної нерухомості, інвесторів, формування ефективної системи просторового планування тощо.

The concept of business rescue has been acknowledged as one of the innovative paths towed by the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008. The primary purpose of business rescue, as set down by the law, is to facilitate the rehabilitation of a company that is in financial distress. Attaining that purpose could, however, come at a price to the company’s creditors. The law imposes a temporary restriction on legal proceedings, enforcement actions and the property rights of creditors. Unless the written consent of the business rescue practitioner or the leave of the court is first sought and obtained, the creditors cannot have any recourse against the company. The paper argues that the statutory moratorium could constitute an affront on the constitutional right of property, and further contends that while the business rescue practitioner whose governance role naturally supplants that of the board, would not ordinarily grant such consent, the courts are seemingly more neutrally disposed for recourse by the creditors who seek to exercise their rights against the company. In weighing the competing interests, greater consideration should be accorded to the creditors, the protection of whose interests are generally more compelling whenever the company is in financial distress.

The analysis of urgent problems of land relations transformation and of forming agricultural land market in Ukraine is carried out in the article. The general characteristic of main reform stages is given. The reasons of lasting action of the moratorium on agricultural land sale-purchase being the chief obstacle for complete market development are defined. Supporters' and opponents' arguments about moratorium canceling, population estimation of advantages and threats of land circulation are described. The results of the research project "Farmers' land expectation" made by the authors are given. The project purpose was studying population rational expectations concerning the directions of further land reform development and its results. The research was conducted on the local level in rural surrounding, which is characterized by high competition level among agrarian business subjects at agricultural land lease market. Landowners' and other interested group people' opinions concerning lease cost, potential sale price, inclination towards land sale, possibilities of farmers' common farming on their own land, leaseholders' participation in social and economic development of rural areas are examined. High level of farmers' uncertainty about land market indicators because of knowledge lack and low level of land reform information support is established., DOI: 10.22630/PRS.2019.19.3.43

The article argues that when the indigenous leadership of churches in Africa took over it was a welcome relief, a process that must never be reversed. That take-over followed the cry for a moratorium and for indigenous leadership that was not given space by white missionaries who were at the forefront of the colonisation process. In this article, a question is raised as to whether indigenous leadership is offering leadership that is qualitatively different from that of white missionaries who were also regarded as modern-day Pharaohs and who were incapable of liberating and transforming the church and society. Sadly, indigenous leadership is emulating the behaviours and tendencies of those who were seen as modern-day Pharaohs and subsequently the church is not able to be true to its nature and mission work. The article looks at the ancient Pharaohs and their tendencies and concludes that there are some similarities between the leadership of missionaries and indigenous leadership. The article makes a case for different leadership that is selfless, ethical and service-oriented as taught and embodied by Jesus Christ.

Basiretçi Ali tarafından 1870 yılında kurulan Basiret Gazetesi, beşinci yılını tamamlarken gerek ülke içi gerekse ülke dışındaki haberlere büyük ölçüde yer vermeye çalışmıştır. Özellikle 1875 yılı Hersek İsyanı ve Moratoryum meselesi gibi devrin pek çok önemli olaylarıyla ilgili haberler gazetede yer almıştır. Bununla birlikte, şehirlerden muhabirler aracılığıyla ve bazı haber ajanslarından alınan telgraflar ve mektuplarla da halka haberler aktarılmıştır. Halka haber verme amacıyla hareket etmiş olan Basiret Gazetesi, diğer taraftan dikkate değer yorum ve fikir yazılarıyla da kamuoyunu etkilemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu noktada, millete hitap eden bir millet gazetesi olma çabası içerisinde olduğunu anlayabiliyoruz. Bu çalışma ile 1875 yılına dair, hem Osmanlı Devleti’nde hem de dünyada meydana gelen pek çok siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik olaylarla ilgili değişimler ve gelişimler ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 1875 yılı Basiret Gazetesinde yayımlanan toplam 285 (1414-1699) nüsha taranmıştır. Basiret Newspaper which was founded in 1870 by Basiretçi Ali was trying to inform about domestic and international news to Ottoman society. Especially, news about the many important events of 1875 such as the Hersek Revolt and the Moratorium issue were included in the newspaper. In addition to this, news, were transferred to the public by reporters via telegrams and letters obtained from some news agencies. Thus, the public was informed with accurate news. As well as, the goal of informing to public with the news, Basiret Newspaper influenced public opinion with important ideas and comments writings. At this point, we can understand that Basiret Newspaper had ambition to be national newspaper and had aim to serve the nation. With this study, the changes and developments related to many political, social and economic events that took place both in the Ottoman State and in the world in 1875 have been tried to be revealed. With this aim, 285 copies (1414-1699) that were published in Basiret Newspaper was screened.

The main objective is to investigate the detection and assessment of all the strong and weaknesses of the removal of moratoriums for the purchase and sale of agricultural lands of the country, taking into account the current realities of the development of Ukraine. The history of formation of the market of the Ukrainian land was analyzed, the main principles of the project of the Law “On the rotation of agricultural lands”, all the pros and cons of the removal of the moratorium for the purchase and sale of land, a general international experience of the functioning of the land market, was carried out a diag-nosis of the prospects for the removal of the reservation for the purchase and sale of agricultural land and open land market in Ukraine. The introduction of the rural agricultural market in Ukraine will be a positive signal for business and investors: real sellers and buyers will come in, attract investments, land will be used as a pledge for bank financing. Investors will invest in the land to maintain their savings, purchase and lease it, and then they will be asked to sell agricultural land in Ukraine. The opening of the land market on the eve of the seventh year requires the adoption of many weighed and duly decided decisions. And we need to be extremely coastal and take a close look at all the negative and positive impacts of this influence. It is imperative to influence the mechanism of the mortgage of the right to lease land, since this practice does not lead to a change of ownership of the land, and for the leased property will have a significant advantage, it will make it possible to attract significant funds for the development of victimization. Mid-term and land lease payments may be oriented towards further rede-velopment of rent, inheritance or redemption of land., Прослідковано історію формування українського ринку землі, проаналізовано основні засади Законопроекту «Про обіг земель сільськoгoспoдарськoгo призначення», визначено всі «за» і «проти» зняття мораторію на купівлю-продаж земель, узагальнено зарубіжний досвід функціонування ринку землі, проведено діагностику перспектив зняття мораторію на купівлю-продаж земель сільськoгoспoдарськoгo призначення та відкриття ринку землі в Україні.

On a material of foreign and domestic studies discusses the problems of the modern get older involving the periods of adolescence, youth and early life . It is shown that different countries have different ideas about who is considered an adult, and that these representations, as well as markers of adulthood has changed markedly over the past decade. In most countries as a result of the recent socio-cultural changes observed lengthening of the period of adolescence that today not only ends with the end of adolescence, but takes almost the whole period of youth, covering the third dozen of human life. Along with the increase in time of maturing, there is a marked change in the content of such age periods as adolescence and youth.

This article grounds a constitutional right for the citizens of Ukraine on a free domain, use and disposing of earth of the agricultural setting which is in their property. In the articles resulted basic arguments of supporters and opponents of moratorium are on the sale of agricultural earths. Investigational infl uence of moratorium on the proprietors of lot lands, landed shares, and economy of the state on the whole. The possible consequences of abolition and continuation of moratorium are analysed., У статті охарактеризовано конституційне право громадян України на вільне володіння, користування та розпорядження землею сільськогосподарського призначення, що знаходиться у їхній власності. Наведено основні аргументи прибічників та противників мораторію на продаж сільськогосподарських земель. Досліджено вплив мораторію на власників земельних ділянок, земельних паїв та економіку держави в цілому. Проаналізовано можливі наслідки скасування та продовження мораторію.

Bu çalışmayla, 1876 yılında yaşanan Sultan Abdülaziz'in tahttan indirilmesi vakası ve darbenin sebeplerinin mâli durum çerçevesinde incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada ekonomik hayata Galata Bankerlerinin girişi, rolleri ve Osmanlı siyasetindeki etkilerine de yer verilmiştir. Hâdisenin nasıl olduğunu daha iyi anlamak için Sultan Abdülmecid dönemindeki ekonomik durum ve Sultan Abdülaziz dönemi hükûmetleri ve mâli duruma değinilmiştir. Konunun araştırılması sırasında dönemin eserleri olan kaynaklar ve gazetelerden, arşiv belgeleri ve araştırma eserlerden faydalanılmıştır. Kırım Harbinden sonra mâliyede içinden çıkılamayan her durumda dış borçlanmalara teşebbüs eden Osmanlı Devleti, borçlanmaları alışkanlık haline getirmiştir. Hem dışarıdan alınan borçlara aracılık eden fakat dışarıdan alınması mümkün olmayınca da içerde borç veren Galata bankerleri hem haksız kazanç sağlamışlar hem de mâli durumun giderek bozulmasına sebep olmuşlardır. Burada kâr elde etmelerini sağlayan en önemli unsurlardan biri de sürekli değeri düşen kaime (kâğıt para) olmuştur. Sultan Abdülaziz'in Avrupa seyahati sırasında yanında bulunan Şehzade Murat Efendi, giderek bir dikta rejimine dönüşen Sultan Aziz yönetiminden soğumuş görünen Avrupa gözünde, tabiri caizse 'iyi bir ortak' olarak görünmüş ve seyahatten itibaren veliaht, borçlanmaları artırarak ve Yeni Osmanlılar ile birlik halinde tahta çıkmanın planlarını yapmaya başlamıştır. Şehzâdenin borçlanmaları genel itibariyle bankerler tarafından sağlanmış, öyle ki; borçlarını tahsil edebilmek için Murat Efendi'nin tahta çıkmasını elzem görmeye başlamışlardır. Alacaklı bankerler, meşrutiyet talebi artan Yeni Osmanlılar ile aynı yolda müttefik olmuşlar ve menfaatleri icabı beraber hareket etmişlerdir. Tüm bu süreç, denge politikasını Rusya'dan yana belirleyen Sultan Abdülaziz ve Sadrazam Mahmut Nedim Paşa için felakete doğru hızla giden bir yola dönüşmüştür. Moratoryum (borçları erteleme) kararı ile yolun sonu iyice yaklaşmıştır. With this work, it is aimed to investigate the case of dethronement of Sultan Abdulaziz which occured in 1876 and reasons of the coup d'etat on the basis of financial status. In this work, the access of the Galata Bankers to the economical life, their roles and influences on the Ottoman Politics are also included. The economical situation in the reign of Sultan Abdulmecid, the financial status and the governments in the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz are also mentioned in order to understand beter how the incident occured. During the research of the subject, the resources and newspapers which were the works of the period were received from the archive documents and research works. After the Crimean War, the Ottoman Empire, which attempted to borrow foreign debts in every situation that could not be solved in the finance, made the borrowings a habit. Galata bankers, who were both the intermediaries of the foreign debts and the lenders inside when it was not possible to get them from the outside, derived improper benefits and caused the financial disruption gradually. One of the most important factors that enabled them to earn profits was banknotes, which was constantly losing its value. Prince Murat Efendi, who accompanied Sultan Abdulaziz during his travel to Europe, appeared to be a 'good partner' in the eye of Europeans who were alienated from the Sultan Abdulaziz's reign, which gradually became a dictatorial regime. The beginning from the traveling, the heir apparent Murat Efendi started to make plans to get the throne in union with the New Ottomans by increasing the debts. These borrowings were generally provided by the bankers. So the bankers began to see that the enthronement of Murat Efendi was really necessary to collect their debts. Since the target was the same, they became allied with the New Ottomans and they acted together in the same way. This whole process turned into a path that leads to a rapid disaster for Sultan Abdulaziz and Grand Vizier Mahmut Nedim Pasha, who were determined to maintain the balance policy with Russia. With the decision of moratorium (delaying of the payment), they were at the end of the road. 131

89 p. Submitted by Gabrecht Valdeci (biblio.atendimento@est.edu.br) on 2018-05-16T19:25:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 souza_gb_tmp538.pdf: 876894 bytes, checksum: 314ca3a3440a16b9ef15d243f2d3cd2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Allan Krahn (allan@est.edu.br) on 2018-05-21T14:41:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 souza_gb_tmp538.pdf: 876894 bytes, checksum: 314ca3a3440a16b9ef15d243f2d3cd2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Allan Krahn (allan@est.edu.br) on 2018-05-21T14:47:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 souza_gb_tmp538.pdf: 876894 bytes, checksum: 314ca3a3440a16b9ef15d243f2d3cd2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T14:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 souza_gb_tmp538.pdf: 876894 bytes, checksum: 314ca3a3440a16b9ef15d243f2d3cd2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-22 O presente trabalho discorre sobre a origem da sociedade em rede, bem como seu conceito e seu funcionamento no que concerne ao sistema econômico capitalista. Nesta ótica, procura-se evidenciar que a revolução tecnológica pela qual passa a sociedade atual altera a percepção de espaço e tempo no cotidiano humano e dissemina seu alcance por todos os âmbitos da sociedade, notadamente na “indiferença” as fronteiras dos países, nos aspectos que envolvem a produção econômica e, principalmente, na mídia que tem influenciado nos atos políticos de cidadãos como os adolescentes e as adolescentes que reivindicam seus direitos nos países democráticos. As conquistas tecnológicas desfrutadas pela sociedade contemporânea têm-se instituído como novo modelo de comportamento social, cultural e político, com especial destaque para os adolescentes e as adolescentes que têm vasto acesso aos conhecimentos e às informações disponíveis no espaço virtual de forma célere e de alcance global. Em meio a essa transformação social, a pesquisa enfoca a necessidade do cuidado com os recursos naturais e com o “outro”, sendo ambos atos vitais para a sobrevivência no mundo. Tendo em vista a nova realidade de uma sociedade conectada por um ciberespaço, faz-se um estudo sobre os perfis de adolescentes de várias partes do planeta para compreender como se configura seu comportamento social, cultural e político, diante de uma possível frustração causada por uma moratória imposta por seus pais ou responsáveis. Procura-se lembrar à sociedade contemporânea que o envolvimento com as novas tecnologias tem contribuído para que os adolescentes e as adolescentes de hoje tenham perfis diferenciados das gerações anteriores, pois, na atualidade, adolescentes estão vivendo em ambientes que incentivam suas capacidades criativas, e, desse modo, a opinarem e desenvolverem ações sobre questões sociais como política, religião, economia, cultura, meio ambiente, entre outros, provando que não são “preguiçosos”, “indolentes”, ”inseguros”, “infantis” e rebeldes como comumente se ilustra. The present work discusses about the origin of the networked society, as well as its concept and its functioning in relation to the capitalist economic system. From this point of view, we try to show that the technological revolution that today's society is changing alters the perception of space and time in human daily life and disseminates its reach through all spheres of society, especially in the "indifference" of the borders of the countries, in the aspects which involve the economic production and especially in the media that has influenced the political acts of citizens such as adolescents and adolescents who claim their rights in democratic countries. The technological achievements enjoyed by contemporary society have been instituted as a new model of social, cultural and political behavior, with a special focus on adolescents and adolescents who have vast access to the knowledge and information available in the virtual space in a fast and effective way global. Considering this social transformation, research focuses on the need for care with natural resources and with the "other," both of which are vital to survival in the world. In view of the new reality of a society connected by a cyberspace, a study is made of the profiles of adolescents from various parts of the world in order to understand how their social, cultural and political behavior is shaped by a possible frustration caused by a moratorium imposed by their parents or guardians. It´s reminds contemporary society that the involvement with the new technologies has contributed to the fact that today's adolescents and adolescents have different profiles from previous generations, as adolescents are currently living in environments that encourage their creative abilities and, social, political, religious, economic, cultural, environmental, among others, proving that they are not "lazy", "indolent", "insecure", "childish" and rebellious as illustrates.

In 2002, the Navajo Nation placed a moratorium on genetic research within its territorial jurisdiction. Among the motivations were concerns about the misuse of data and the potential for privacy violations. Many members of the Navajo Nation were opposed to the moratorium, primarily because of the medical benefits of genetic testing. This month, the Navajo Nation announced that they are considering lifting the moratorium.

Рассматриваются положительные и отрицательные аспекты введения в России института консолидированных групп налогоплательщиков, устанавливаются причины наложения моратория на его реализацию., Positive and negative aspects of the introduction of the institution of consolidated groups of taxpayers in Russia are considered, the reasons of imposing a moratorium on its implementation are established., №3(52) (2017)

In 2014 Indonesian Presidential Election, Joko Widodo promised to give a priority in the issue of Indonesian migrant workers, especially in Malaysia. This was basically part of Jokowi’s program to protect Indonesian citizens abroad. In Malaysia, Indonesian migrant workers have involved into various problems and cases. Therefore, this article attempts to examine Jokowi’s administration related to Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia and its impact to both countries bilateral relations. Both countries obviously gained many advantages from the influx of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia. The migrant workers remittance is one of the largest revenue for Indonesian government. As for Malaysia, the presence of Indonesian migrant workers highly contributed to the national economy amid lack of interest of Malaysian citizens to such kind of “dirty jobs.” Hence, this article invites readers into the comprehensive discussion on migrant workers issue and Indonesia-Malaysia relations, especially during the first half of Jokowi’s tenure of the office.

В статье рассмотрена история существования смертной казни в России, освещены проблемные вопросы ее применения и отмены в современных российских условиях. Автор анализирует статистические данные о преступности в стране, результаты социологических опросов, делая вывод о преждевременности отказа от смертной казни в России на данный момент., The paper examines the history of death penalty in Russia, the problematic issues of its application and cancellation in the modern Russian conditions. The author analyzes the statistical data on crime in the country, the results of sociological surveys, concluding that the death penalty is premature in Russia at the moment.

The negative effects of extending the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land are considered. The main sellers of land under the moratorium are highlighted in the article. The necessity of lifting the moratorium is proposed. A scheme to overcome the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land is proposed and analyzed.

Problems of the current situation of land relations and public land policy in Ukraine are investigated. Key factors that cause inhibition of land reform are identified. It was noted that public land policy today does not correspond to the full European and world standards and requirements of effective land management, so creating modern public land management is the main task, which will create a clear mechanism for land relations regulation. It was found that land issues can not be seen in isolation from the complex related to social, economic, environmental and legal issues. The measures to be implemented at this stage of land reform are proposed.

The theoretical land relations reforming principles were reviewed. Land relations in agriculture transformation process was studied. The land use features were detected and agricultural land use efficiency analysis was conducted. Ukraine land market formation research problems results have been shown. It was established that private land ownership institution ambiguous attitude, rent relations deformation, lack of the property rights ensure mechanism inhibit the land market development. Sociological research of Ukrainian Polesie region to determine the prerequisites for agricultural land market formation preconditions has been conducted. 787 respondents from Zhytomyr, Rivne and Volyn regions were interviewed. Land shares owners age structure, their distribution by education level, their employment, land shares owners and agricultural enterprises executives to the agricultural land sale moratorium cancellation attitudes, land purchase financial resources, directions of Ukrainian Polissya region land shares use, shares owners land issues level of awareness have been determined during the research. Was substantiated that agricultural land market turnover includes not only land sale moratorium cancellation but also the adoption of the legislative framework and the appropriate infrastructure development, one of the key elements of which is land relations regulation specialized state agency – State Land Bank., Розглянуто теоретичні засади реформування земельних відносин. Досліджено процес трансформації земельних відносин в сільському господарстві. Виявлено особливості землекористування та здійснено аналіз ефективності використання сільськогосподарських угідь. Проаналізовано теоретичні підходи до визначення сутності ринку сільськогосподарських земель. На прикладі зони Полісся України проведено соціологічне дослідження щодо необхідності запровадження ринку сільськогосподарських земель. Опитано 787 респондентів Житомирської, Волинської та Рівненської областей. Встановлено: вікову структуру власників земельних паїв, їх розподіл за рівнем освіти, зайнятість, ставлення власників паїв та керівників сільськогосподарських підприємств до скасування мораторію на продаж земель, готовність купувати землю, джерела фінансових ресурсів для купівлі землі, стан використання земельних паїв респондентами зони Полісся України, рівень поінформованості власників паїв про земельні питання. Обґрунтовано, що ринковий оборот сільськогосподарських земель передбачає не лише скасування мораторію на продаж земель, але й прийняття законодавчої бази та розвиток відповідної інфраструктури, одним із головних елементів якої є державна спеціалізована установа з регулювання земельних відносин – Держзембанк., Рассмотрены теоретические основы реформирования земельных отношений. Исследован процесс трансформации земельных отношений в сельском хозяйстве. Выявлены особенности землепользования и осуществлен анализ эффективности использования сельскохозяйственных угодий. Проанализированы теоретические подходы к определению сущности рынка сельскохозяйственных земель. На примере зоны Полесья Украины проведено социологическое исследование о необходимости введения рынка сельскохозяйственных земель. Опрошено 787 респондентов Житомирской, Волынской и Ровенской областей. Установлено: возрастная структура владельцев земельных паев, их распределение по уровню образования, занятости, отношение владельцев паев и руководителей сельскохозяйственных предприятий к отмене моратория на продажу земель, готовность покупать землю, источники финансовых ресурсов для покупки земли, состояние использования земельных паев респондентами зоны Полесья Украины, уровень информированности владельцев паев о земельных вопросах. Обосновано, что рыночный оборот сельскохозяйственных земель предполагает не только отмену моратория на продажу земель, но и принятия законодательной базы и развитие соответствующей инфраструктуры, одним из главных элементов которой является государственное специализированное учреждение по регулированию земельных отношений – Госзембанк.

Inefficiencies in the fiscal and monetary systems of the Ottoman Empire led to a higher debt burden over time and the bankruptcy for the Ottoman state in 1875. To deal with these inefficiencies, reforms were implemented: supervisory organizations were established and the gold standard was adopted. How did investors at the Istanbul Bourse view these reforms? We manually collected data on the price of Ottoman government bonds on the Bourse from 1873 to 1883. Using the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) methodology, we identify short-run and permanent changes in volatility of bond returns subsequent to the reforms. Our results suggest investors responded positively, by accepting lower yield premia, to adoption of the gold standard, and foundation of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration which had European sponsors, but did not respond positively to reforms that relied on purely local institutions. Copyright © 2017 by Emerald Publishing Limited. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

У статті розглядається стан ринку землі сільськогосподарського призначення в Україні та інших країнах Європи. Обґрунтовується необхідність реформування ринку землі сільськогосподарського призначення в Україні. The article deals with the state of the agricultural land market in Ukraine and other European countries. The necessity of reforming the agricultural land market in Ukraine is substantiated.

This paper investigates the relationship between credit to agriculture and agricultural output in Nigeria by means of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model using a time series data from 1992Q1 to 2015Q4. Results show no evidence of asymmetry in the impact of credit to output growth in the agricultural sector (positive and negative changes) in the short-run, but different equilibrium relationships exist in the long-run. The dynamic adjustments show that the cumulative agricultural output growth is mostly attracted by the impact of the positive changes in credit to agriculture with a lag of four quarters of the prediction horizon. This calls for the need for a policy on moratorium on credit administration to agricultural sector.

Inefficiencies in fiscal and monetary systems of the Ottoman Empire led to higher debt burden over time and the bankruptcy for the Ottoman state in 1875. To deal with these inefficiencies, reforms were implemented, as supervisory organizations were established during the default period. We ask how investors traded at the Istanbul bourse evaluated the outcomes of these reforms and organizations. We manually collect data on price of the General Debt bond from 1873 to 1883. Using the GARCH methodology, we examine the volatility jumps in return of the bond due to the reforms and supervisory organization in the Ottoman Empire. The volatility changes are indicators for risk perceptions of the investors. Our empirical results support that investors positively responded to foundation of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration and the acceptance of gold standard, heralding the persistent decrease in the risk premia over time. The Ottoman case is instructive for the understanding of today's economic situation in emerging markets such as Greece, while we could argue that long-lived and comprehensive measures with foreign creditors' supervision on fiscal and monetary systems matter more for investors' perceptions. No empirical research studies the impacts of the reforms and supervisory organizations on the Istanbul bourse, as this large dataset has never been used before.

The complexity of interactions that inform policy-making poses several challenges to evaluating the impact of policy research. Two key obstacles to policy-oriented research impact assessment (PORIA) are determining the degree of influence that can be claimed by a knowledge-generating entity and quantifying the impact of a policy-oriented research program. This thesis builds upon prior PORIA efforts to develop a framework for the evaluation of the impact of the Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP), an environmentally-focused, policy-oriented research project led by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). We examine a case study of the Indonesian Forest Moratorium policy to determine the policy's impact on emissions from peat deforestation. Results indicate that the policy has been largely ineffective in decreasing deforestation to date and has in fact been associated with increased deforestation above business-as-usual trends. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that if the moratorium were to achieve full protection, Indonesia could avoid the release of 10 - 20 million tons of carbon dioxide over the next 15 years, which corresponds to a mean social value of $402 - 805 million using a $40/ton social cost of carbon. With SWAMP's timely knowledge generation on tropical wetland carbon dynamics we estimate that $4.03 - 40.26 million of these social benefits can be attributed to CIFOR. Furthermore, through its involvement in the IPCC Wetlands Supplement and the Blue Carbon Initiative, SWAMP stands to positively influence outcomes of the 45 billion tons of carbon stored in non-Indonesian tropical peatlands and the global extent of mangroves, further increasing the impact of CIFOR. Master of Science

This paper investigates possible impacts of climate change on the poor communities of the Bangladesh Sundarbans via changes in aquatic salinity and mangrove species. The implications for poor communities are assessed by computing changes in high-value mangrove species for the five sub-districts in the Sundarbans. The results of the impact analysis indicate highly varied patterns of gain and loss across the five sub-districts. Overall, however, the results indicate that salinity-induced mangrove migration will have a strongly regressive impact on the value of timber stocks because of the loss of the highest value timber of Heretiera fomes. In addition, augmented potential for honey production is likely to increase conflicts between humans and wildlife in the region.

Calls for moratoria are a frequent response to controversial issues in international diplomacy and control of technology, and are now prominent in debates over governance challenges posed by climate engineering (CE) – intentional modification of the global climate to reduce changes caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases. Based on twelve historical cases of moratoria in other areas of diplomatic conflict or controversial science and technology, we present a novel analytic framework to examine purposes, design characteristics, and conditions for effectiveness of moratoria, based on a taxonomy of three ideal moratorium types: risk-management moratoria, principled-conflict moratoria, and bargaining moratoria. We use this framework to examine potential contributions and design conditions for a moratorium on CE. A moratorium for CE could seek primarily to advance risk-management aims or bargaining aims, with distinct implications for its timing, scope, associated actors, and conditions for termination. Beyond the current, high-stakes case of CE, the proposed analytic framework has broader implications for critical examination of moratorium proposals, current and future, in other areas of controversial research, technology, and governance challenges.

The article considers history, contemporary state and other matters, concerned with death penalty in Russia.