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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the nature and concept of emoticons/emojis. Instead of taking for granted that these user-generated formats are necessarily emotional, we empirically assessed in what extent are they and the specificity of each one. Drawing on congruent mood state, valence core and emotion appraisal theories we expected a compatible statistical association between positive/negative/neutral emotional valence expressions and emoticons of similar valence. The positive emoticons were consistently associated with positive valence posts. Added to that analysis, 21 emotional categories were identified in posts and correlated with eight emoticons. Design/methodology/approach Two studies were used to address this question. The first study defined emoticon concept and interpreted their meaning highlighting their communication goals and anticipated effects. The link between emojis and emoticons was also obtained. Some emoticons types present more ambiguity than others. In the second study, three years of real and private (Facebook) posts from 82 adolescents were content analyzed and coded. Findings Only the neutral emoticons always matched neutral emotional categories found in the written interaction. Although the emoticon valence and emotional category congruence pattern was the rule, we also detected a combination of different valence emoticons types and emotion categories valence expressions. Apparently the connection between emoticon and emotion are not so obviously straightforward as the literature used to assume. The created objects designed to communicate emotions (emoticons) have their specific corresponding logic with the emotional tone of the message. Originality/value Theoretically, we discussed the emotional content of emoticons/emojis. Although this king of signals have an Asian origin and later borrowed from the western countries, their ambiguity and differing specificity have never been analyzed.

It is common for equines to become difficult to handle during procedures, veterinary or otherwise, as a direct result of handling during the procedure and as a consequence of poor mood state derived from inappropriate housing; these lead to pessimistic behavioural responses, which will include proactive defensive behaviour. Since poor equine behaviour is a common cause of injury to veterinary personnel, and not all equine owners and handlers have sufficient levels of competence to cope with dangerous equine behaviour, both the veterinary practice and the client are likely to benefit from veterinary personnel trained and competent in behavioural first aid. Behavioural first aid can prevent problematic behaviour from escalating, protect human safety and improve equine welfare.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of non-alcoholic beer containing matured hop bitter acids on mood states among healthy adults older than 20 years. This study was an open-label longitudinal intervention design in which each participant served as their control. For three weeks, we evaluated the effect of non-alcoholic beer containing 35 mg of matured hop bitter acids on mood, sleep quality, and work performance. The data of 97 participants (age range: 23-72 years, median age: 42) were analyzed. After the intervention, we found that matured hop bitter acids significantly improved total mood state, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, and vigor, compared with the baseline. Furthermore, sleep quality and absolute presenteeism were significantly improved after the intervention compared with the baseline. The present exploratory study suggested that 3-week supplementation with matured hop bitter acids improved mood and peripheral symptoms in persons of a wide range of ages. Although further investigation is needed, the findings suggested that non-alcoholic beer in daily life might become a choice for maintaining mood states. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

O estudo pretende verificar os efeitos de uma sessão do programa de exercícios físicos no ambiente de trabalho (PEFAT) sobre o estado de humor de servidores públicos de uma universidade. Para tanto, vinte e cinco sujeitos de ambos os sexos e fisicamente inativos, com idade média de 32,16±9,64 anos, foram submetidos a uma sessão de dez minutos de exercício físico no ambiente de trabalho. As avaliações do humor foram realizadas por meio do questionário de humor de Brunel (Brums), em três períodos: i) uma semana antes da intervenção (caracterizada como controle); ii) imediatamente antes a sessão de exercício físico; e iii) logo após a sessão. As análises estatísticas descritiva e inferencial foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS® (versão 21.0 para Windows), com grau de significância de 5%. Observou-se que não houve mudança entre o estado de humor no período controle e pré intervenção. Na comparação entre pré e pós avaliação observou-se manutenção no aspecto vigor e uma diminuição dos sintomas de tensão (p, The study intends to verify the effects of a workplace physical activity intervention on the humor of university employees in the workplace. Therefore, twenty-five subjects of both sexes and physically inactive, with an average age of 32.16 ± 9.64 years, were underwent to a ten-minute session of physical exercise in the workplace. Mood evaluations were performed using Brunel's humor questionnaire (Brums), in three periods: i) one week before the intervention (characterized as control); ii) immediately before the physical exercise session; and iii) shortly after the session. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS® software (version 21.0 for Windows), with a significance level of 5%. It was observed that there were no changes between the mood state in the control period and pre intervention. In the comparison between pre and post evaluation, it was observed a maintenance in the aspect of vigor and a decrease in symptoms of tension (p, El estudio pretende verificar los efectos de una sesión del programa de ejercicios físicos en el ambiente laboral (PEFAL) sobre el estado de ánimo de los servidores públicos de una universidad. Por tanto, veinticinco sujetos de ambos sexos y físicamente inactivos, con una edad media de 32,16 ± 9,64 años, fueron sometidos a una sesión de ejercicio físico de diez minutos en el ámbito laboral. Las evaluaciones del estado de ánimo se realizaron mediante el cuestionario de humor de Brunel (Brums), en tres periodos: i) una semana antes de la intervención (caracterizada como control); ii) inmediatamente antes de la sesión de ejercicio físico; y iii) inmediatamente después de la sesión. Los análisis estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales se realizaron mediante el software SPSS® (versión 21.0 para Windows), con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Se observó que no hubo cambios entre el estado de ánimo en los períodos de control y preintervención. En la comparación entre pre y post evaluación, se observó mantenimiento en el aspecto vigor y disminución de los síntomas de tensión (p, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Background: \ud Researchers have demonstrated that the built environment is associated with mental health outcomes. However, evidence concerning the effects of street environments on mood in fast-growing Asian cities is scarce. Traditional questionnaires and interview methods are labor intensive and time consuming and pose challenges for accurately and efficiently evaluating the impact of urban-scale street environments on mood.\ud \ud Objective: \ud This study aims to use street view images and machine learning methods to model the impact of street environments on mood states in a large urban area in Guangzhou, China, and to assess the effect of different street view elements on mood.\ud \ud Methods: \ud A total of 199,754 street view images of Guangzhou were captured from Tencent Street View, and street elements were extracted by pyramid scene parsing network. Data on six mood state indicators (motivated, happy, positive-social emotion, focused, relaxed, and depressed) were collected from 1590 participants via an online platform called Assessing the Effects of Street Views on Mood. A machine learning approach was proposed to predict the effects of street environment on mood in large urban areas in Guangzhou. A series of statistical analyses including stepwise regression, ridge regression, and lasso regression were conducted to assess the effects of street view elements on mood.\ud \ud Results: \ud Streets in urban fringe areas were more likely to produce motivated, happy, relaxed, and focused feelings in residents than those in city center areas. Conversely, areas in the city center, a high-density built environment, were more likely to produce depressive feelings. Street view elements have different effects on the six mood states. “Road” is a robust indicator positively correlated with the “motivated” indicator and negatively correlated with the “depressed” indicator. “Sky” is negatively associated with “positive-social emotion” and “depressed” but positively associated with “motivated”. “Building” is a negative predictor for the “focused” and “happy” indicator but is positively related to the “depressed” indicator, while “vegetation” and “terrain” are the variables most robustly and positively correlated with all positive moods.\ud \ud Conclusion: \ud Our findings can help urban designers identify crucial areas of the city for optimization, and they have practical implications for urban planners seeking to build urban environments that foster better mental health.

The objective was to evaluate the variability of the mood of basketball athletes during a competition. 27 male basketball players from the same club, aged between 13 and 15 years, participated. All responded to Brunel's Humor Scale in six games during the championship. The results showed that the athletes investigated had, throughout the competition, high scores of vigor, and lowered the scores of mental confusion and tension. As variability, the athletes did not show variability during the competition, that is, they maintained high levels of positive mood. It can be concluded that this sample presented the mood profile called iceberg, throughout the competition. El objetivo fue evaluar la variabilidad del estado de ánimo de los deportistas de baloncesto durante una competición. Participaron 27 jugadores de baloncesto masculinos del mismo club, con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 15 años. Todos respondieron a la escala de humor de Brunel en seis juegos durante el campeonato. Los resultados mostraron que los atletas investigados tenían, a lo largo de la competencia, puntuaciones altas de vigor y redujeron las puntuaciones de confusión y tensión mental. Como variabilidad, los atletas no mostraron variabilidad durante la competencia, es decir, mantuvieron altos niveles de ánimo positivo. Se puede concluir que esta muestra presentó el perfil de estado de ánimo denominado iceberg, durante toda la competencia. Objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade do estado de humor de atletas de Basquetebol durante uma competição. Participaram 27 atletas de Basquetebol, do mesmo clube, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 13 e 15 anos. Todos responderam a Escala de Humor de Brunel em seis jogos durante o campeonato. Os resultados demonstraram que os atletas investigados apresentaram, durante toda a competição, elevados escores de vigor, e baixaram os escores de confusão mental e tensão. Enquanto variabilidade, os atletas não apresentaram variabilidade durante a competição, ou seja, mantiveram-se com níveis elevados de humor positivo. Pode-se concluir que essa amostra apresentou o perfil de humor denominado de iceberg, durante toda competição.

Objective The primary aim of the current study was to objectify a spectrum of persisting subjective psychological complaints in patients with hypopituitarism, at least six months after normalizing of the hormonal disturbances. Also, gender differences on these outcomes were investigated. The secondary aim was to identify illness perceptions and causal attributions within this patient group. Methods A total of 42 adult participants (60% females) with treated hypopituitarism once filled out a number of psychological questionnaires. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) assessed mood and the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) assessed well-being. Illness perceptions were identified using the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire-Brief Dutch Language Version (IPQ-B DLV) and causal attributions by using the Causal Attribution List (CAL). Patient outcomes were compared to reference values of healthy norm groups. Results Participants scored significantly worse on the POMS depression, anger, fatigue and tension subscales, the SCL-90 psychoneuroticism, depression, inadequacy of thinking and acting and sleeping problems subscales and all subscales of the WSAS when compared to reference data. Women also scored worse on depression (HADS) and somatic symptoms (SCL-90). Compared to other illnesses, patients with hypopituitarism have more negative and realistic illness perceptions on consequences, timeline, identity and emotions. Participants attributed their complaints more to physical causes than psychological causes. Conclusion Despite normalization of hormonal disturbances, patients with hypopituitarism in general can still experience problems during daily living, such as negative mood states and a decreased psychological well-being.

Humans refer to their mood state regularly in day-to-day as well as clinical interactions. Theoretical accounts suggest that when reporting on our mood we integrate over the history of our experiences; yet, the temporal structure of this integration remains unexamined. Here, we use a computational approach to quantitatively answer this question and show that early events exert a stronger influence on reported mood (a primacy weighting) compared to recent events. We show that a Primacy model accounts better for mood reports compared to a range of alternative temporal representations across random, consistent, or dynamic reward environments, different age groups, and in both healthy and depressed participants. Moreover, we find evidence for neural encoding of the Primacy, but not the Recency, model in frontal brain regions related to mood regulation. These findings hold implications for the timing of events in experimental or clinical settings and suggest new directions for individualized mood interventions.

The present study investigated the affective modulation of conflict adaptation. In a first step, we conducted a direct replication of a previous study (Schuch & Putz, 2018). Positive vs. negative mood state was induced by a success–failure manipulation (between-groups, N = 40 per group). In a subsequent task-switching experiment, the congruency sequence effect was assessed in task repetitions and task switches, measuring conflict adaptation within tasks and between tasks, respectively. We found conflict adaptation (averaged across task repetitions and task switches) to be enhanced in negative mood. We did not replicate our previous finding of enhanced conflict adaptation in task switches in positive mood. In a second step, we combined the replication data with the original data set, yielding a larger database with N = 80 per mood group. Using diffusion modeling, we explored the affective modulation of conflict adaptation in task repetitions. Conflict adaptation was reflected in drift rate, consistent with the idea that response conflict triggers an increase in processing selectivity, thereby attenuating the influence of the irrelevant stimulus dimension. Conflict adaptation was also reflected in boundary separation, suggesting that response conflict on the previous trial triggered an increase in response caution. The mood manipulation did not seem to affect processing selectivity (as captured by drift rate) but affected the setting of response caution (as captured by the boundary separation parameter), with faster and more error-prone responding in the negative than positive mood group. We discuss theoretical implications of these findings, and also briefly consider the affective modulations of other cognitive control measures.

Many complaints about indoor conditions are related to unsatisfactory thermal environments. Most research on thermal comfort (TC) considered physical parameters for settings and users yet marginalized the influence of user’s psychological aspects in the process of thermal sensation. Immersive virtual reality (VR) has been used in the built environment to simulate real scenarios. This research examines the effect of mood states on human evaluation of the thermal environment in virtual settings. Forty-four university students from Jordan participated. The experiment followed the ‘Experimental Design Method’ using thermally controlled chamber and TC evaluation using psychological responses developed by Fanger. The participants completed the PANAS-X pre-mood test before watching a video that targeted eliciting predetermined mood states: anger and happiness. The participants were then immersed in two virtual environments and asked to complete ASHRAE 7-point scale of TC. General Linear model was used to analyse the data. The results revealed a relationship between TC, mood state and quality of the indoor environment. Humans’ judgment on TC is a variable mental reaction. The research presents differences between the evaluation of angry and happy people to their thermal environments. This study expands research on the indoor environment quality and develops TC evaluation strategies.

For mood State and Behavior Predictions in Social Media through Unstructured Data Analysis, a new model, Behavior Dirichlet Probability Model (BDPM), which can capture the Behavior and Mood of user on Social media is proposed using Dirichlet distribution. There is a colossal amount of data being generated regularly on social media in the form of text from various channels by individuals in the form of posts, tweets, status, comments, blogs, reviews etc. Most of it belongs to some conversation where real-world individuals discuss, analyze, comment, exchange information. Deriving personality traits from textual data can be useful in observing the underlying attributes of the author’s personality which might explain a lot about their behavior, traits etc. These insights of the individual can be utilized to obtain a clear picture of their personality and accordingly a variety of services, utilities would follow automatically. Using Dirichlet probability distribution, the aim is to estimate the probability of each personality trait (or mood state) for an author and then model the latent features in the text which are not captured by the BDPM. As a result, the study can be helpful in prediction of mood state/personality trait as well as capturing the significance of the latent features apart from the ones present in the taxonomies, which will help in making an improved mood state or personality prediction.

Background: Interest in and knowledge of the gut microbiome has increased exponentially in the past decade. This once overlooked component of the gastrointestinal tract is now implicated in multiple aspects of human health, including mental (e.g. depression, anxiety, stress), metabolic (e.g. diabetes/obesity), neurological (e.g. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Autism Spectrum Disorder), gastrointestinal (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s), and immunological (e.g. inflammation, cancer) wellness, among others. Previous research has demonstrated the “strain specificity” of probiotic therapy (e.g. Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 for serotonin/depression; Bifidobacterium longum R0175 for GABA/anxiety; Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 for cortisol/stress). Similarly, probiotic bacteria demonstrate different growth trajectories based on availability of preferred fiber substrates (e.g. prebiotics) and phytonutrients such as flavonoids/polyphenols (e.g. phytobiotics). Thus, our objective was two-fold: to determine the change in microbiome ecology/balance and to evaluate the psychological mood state following a coordinated pro-/pre-/phyto-biotic supplementation regimen.Methods: Thirty-two healthy subjects screened for “moderate” levels of psychological stress were randomly assigned to 1-month of Supplement (Amare Fundamentals, N=21) or matching Placebo (N=11). Microbiome balance was assessed in fecal samples using a PCR-based analysis (BiomeTracker) that has previously compared favorably to 16S sequencing for abundance quantification for major phyla/families of bacteria. Psychological mood state parameters were assessed using the validated Profile of Mood States survey (POMS) to generate scores for Global Mood State, and six sub-scales (Depression, Tension, Fatigue, Anger, Confusion, and Vigor).Results: Following supplementation, there was a significant increase in populations of “good” bacteria in the Supplement group (+28% Lactobacillus; +30% Bifidobacterium) and overall composite score (+17%) versus Placebo (p

Introdução: o exercício físico é indispensável independentemente da idade, e sua realização pode impactar positivamente o estado de humor. Objetivo: analisar o efeito agudo de um programa de exercício físico em diferentes condições ambientais sobre o estado de humor de idosas. Materiais e Métodos: participaram 22 idosas com idade média de 66,3 (dp=4,3) anos. Para avaliar o humor utilizou-se a escala de Brunel e a intensidade dos exercícios foi controlada pela escala de Borg. Realizaram-se quatro experimentos, com duração de 30 minutos, nos quais foram modificados clima, som e ambiente. Utilizou-se a análise descritiva e inferencial e os testes foram analisados no SPSS® 21.0. Resultados: observou-se que nenhuma das variáveis apresentou diferença entre os períodos. Conclusão: o programa de exercício físico em diferentes espaços, clima e com utilização ou não de som é eficaz para manter o alto nível de vigor e o baixo nível de fadiga, mesmo com intensidade entre pouco intensa e intensa com duração de 30 minutos.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of preterm infant massage by the mother on the mood state of mothers of preterm infants. METHODS: This experimental study assessed 52 mothers of preterm infants (born at 30-37 weeks of gestation) hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of Afzalipour Hospital of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Recruitment was done using the convenience sampling method, and participants were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, massage therapy was done once a day for 5 consecutive days. Infants in the control group received the usual care. Data were collected using a questionnaire of demographic information and the Profile of Mood State questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 19 (IBM Corp, Armonk, New York) and Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, and χ(2) tests. RESULTS: Comparison of the mothers’ mean mood scores between the intervention and control groups showed no significant difference before the intervention (P = .51), whereas mean scores differed significantly after the intervention between the groups (P = .005). Mothers’ mean mood scores improved significantly in the control group (P = .02) and the intervention group (P < .001), whereas the intervention group showed a greater improvement (-4.155 vs -2.238). CONCLUSION: Those mothers performing massage on their preterm infants showed greater improvement in their mood compared with those in the control group. Teaching massage to the mothers of these infants could be considered as a possible intervention to enhance a mother’s mood and the quality of care she provides to her infant.

People can regulate negative emotional states using personal episodic information stored in memory. However, amongst older adults, assistance in retrieving personal memories might be needed. As such, positive personal images might better facilitate the retrieval of positive personal memories, relative to generic positive images. The present study induced older adults (N = 40; Mage = 76.28) into a negative mood state using a validated film clip (“Dead Man Walking”; Robbins et al. in Dead Man Walking [Cinta Cinematográfica]. PolyGram Filmed Entertainment, Working Title Films, Estados Unidos, 1995). Participants were then shown positive personal images (album photos) or positive non-personal images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) and between-group differences in their mood state and their ability to retrieve positive autobiographical memories were measured. Although participants’ moods decreased after the negative mood induction, their mood then recovered after picture cuing regardless of whether images were personal or non-personal. Furthermore, the positive mood evoked by non-personal, but not personal, images was significantly positively associated with self-reported feelings of reliving of the memories evoked by those images. These results suggest that, when pictures from personal life are not available, the selection of images able to generate positive autobiographical memories with a sense of reliving, is a feasible tool for older adult’s emotional regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40520-019-01147-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Summary Self-perpetuating activity in lateral orbitofrontal regions has been theorized to sustain the negative thoughts and emotions of depression. A new study demonstrates that disrupting such activity may yield rapid improvements in mood state, pointing the way to novel treatment strategies.

Objectives: Stress management for human service professionals remains an international issue. Methods: We conducted a primary prevention program using Dohsa-hou designed to provide early-career nurses with an understanding of stress and physical relaxation skills that can be utilized to reduce negative and increase positive mood states. Results: A total of 56 nurses working at a general hospital in Japan participated in the program. As a result, negative mood states were significantly reduced at post-test from the intervention. Also, vigor as a positive mood state showed a marginal increase compared to pre-test. These findings were largely consistent with a previous study implementing Dohsa-hou movement tasks in a stress management program. Conclusions: Although there were some limitations, this study suggested that the stress management program using Dohsa-hou may be a useful approach for preventing burnout by promoting mood state regulation for nurses.

Background: An age-related decrease in functional capacity is consistently reported, but it is not consistently related to a worsening of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) or psychological adjustment. A poor functional capacity and HRQOL have been associated with anxiety or depression, but the possible causal nature and direction of the relationship remain to be explored using long-term longitudinal data. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine age-related changes in functional capacity, HRQOL, and scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and possible causal interrelationships between these variables. Methods: Study participants were 5,124 Japanese aged ≥65 years. After the baseline study (2003), annual follow-up observations continued for 10 years. Generalized linear mixed models examined age-related changes in Barthel index (BI), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-IC), HRQOL, and HADS. Cross-lagged effects models tested possible causal interrelationships. Results: With age, functional capacity and HRQOL scores showed similar declines in both sexes. Changes in mental health, anxiety, and depression developed more slowly than decreases in physical health (BI, TMIG-IC, and physical functioning scores). Cross-lagged effects models demonstrated that functional capacity had positive effects on psychological adjustment, and that psychological adjustment had positive effects on functional capacity 5 years later. Interactions between functional capacity and psychological adjustment showed no sex differences. A decline in functional capacity negatively affected psychological adjustment, but reduced psychological adjustment had no significant impact on functional capacity 5 and 10 years later. Moreover, functional capacity and poor psychological adjustment showed no interactions in either sex. Conclusion: Functional capacity and mood state are interrelated. Greater function could sustain vitality and mental health, possibly reducing anxiety and depression.

This paper examines the relationship between common stock return and corporate cultural behaviour of twenty listed firms from Shanghai Stock Exchange. The particular research questions of this study include: whether corporate cultural behaviour impacts common stock returns and under what conditions it impacts shareholder expectations and corporate governance.

Introduction: Physical exercise at high altitude has become constant. However, the risks associated with this type of exercise represent a major concern, considering the influence of important stressors such as hypoxia and physical exercise on psychobiological and physiological responses. Objective: Analyze the mood state and behavior of physiological variables of volunteers subjected to a progressive loading protocol until they reached maximum volitional exhaustion, both at sea level and at a simulated altitude of 4500 meters. Method: For both conditions studied, the volunteers responded to two instruments that assess mood responses: The Brunel Mood Scale and the Visual Analogue Mood Scale. They also underwent blood sampling to measure blood lactate levels and to evaluate oxygen-hemoglobin saturation. These procedures were performed before, immediately after, and 30 and 60 minutes after the end of the protocol. Results: Hypoxia triggered negative effects on mood responses, especially when compared to sea level conditions. An increase in fatigue level (p=0.02) and mental confusion (p=0.04) was observed immediately after the exercise session, and reduction of vigor (p=0.03) was noted at 30 minutes, accompanied by a reduction in oxygen-hemoglobin saturation immediately after the session and at 30 minutes. There was also an increase in blood lactate levels immediately after the session (p=0.006). Conclusion: The particularities of the hypoxic environment associated with maximum exercise are able to cause a deterioration of mood and physiological responses, which can negatively modulate physical performance. This is a cross-sectional clinical study. RESUMO Introdução: A prática de exercícios físicos em elevadas altitudes tem se tornado constante. Entretanto, os riscos associados a esta representam uma grande preocupação, considerando a influência de importantes agentes estressores, como hipóxia e exercício físico, sobre as respostas psicobiológicas e fisiológicas. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil do humor e o comportamento de variáveis fisiológicas de voluntários submetidos a um protocolo de cargas progressivas até a Exaustão Voluntária Máxima no nível do mar e em altitude simulada de 4.500 metros. Métodos: Para ambas as condições estudadas, os voluntários responderam a dois instrumentos que avaliam as respostas do humor, Escala de Humor de Brunel e o Visual Analogue Mood Scale, e foram submetidos à coleta de sangue para verificar a concentração de lactato sanguíneo, bem como para avaliar a saturação de oxi-hemoglobina. Esses procedimentos foram realizados antes, imediatamente depois e 30 e 60 minutos após o término do protocolo. Resultados: A hipóxia desencadeou efeitos negativos sobre as respostas de humor, principalmente com relação ao nível do mar. Verificou-se aumento da fadiga (p = 0,02) e da confusão mental (p=0,04) imediatamente após a prática e redução do vigor (p = 0,03) aos 30 minutos; acompanhadas da diminuição da saturação da oxi-hemoglobina imediatamente após e aos 30 minutos; constatou-se ainda, o aumento da concentração de lactato sanguíneo no momento imediatamente após (p = 0,006). Conclusão: As particularidades do ambiente hipóxico associadas à realização do exercício físico máximo são capazes de piorar o estado de humor e as respostas fisiológicas, o que pode modular negativamente o desempenho físico. Este estudo é do tipo clínico transversal. RESUMEN Introducción: La práctica de ejercicios físicos en elevadas altitudes se ha vuelto constante. Entretanto, los riesgos asociados a ésta representan una gran preocupación, considerando la influencia de importantes agentes estresantes, como hipoxia y ejercicio físico, sobre las respuestas psicobiológicas y fisiológicas. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil del humor y el comportamiento de variables fisiológicas de los voluntarios sometidos a un protocolo de cargas progresivas hasta el Agotamiento Voluntario Máximo, al nivel del mar y a una altitud simulada de 4500 metros. Métodos: Para ambas condiciones estudiadas, los voluntarios respondieron a dos instrumentos que evalúan las respuestas del humor: la Escala de Humor de Brunel y el Visual Analogue Mood Scale, y fueron sometidos a colecta de sangre para verificar la concentración de lactato sanguíneo, bien como para evaluar la saturación de oxihemoglobina. Estos procedimientos fueron realizados antes, inmediatamente después, y 30 y 60 minutos después de finalizar el protocolo. Resultados: La hipoxia desencadenó efectos negativos sobre las respuestas de humor, principalmente con relación al nivel del mar. Se verificó aumento de fatiga (p = 0,02) y de la confusión mental (p = 0,04) inmediatamente después de la práctica y reducción del vigor (P = 0,03) a los 30 minutos; acompañadas de la disminución de la saturación de la oxihemoglobina inmediatamente después y a los 30 minutos; se constató además el aumento de la concentración de lactato sanguíneo en el momento inmediatamente después (p = 0,006). Conclusión: Las particularidades del ambiente hipóxico asociadas a la realización del ejercicio físico máximo, son capaces de empeorar el estado de humor y las respuestas fisiológicas, lo que puede modular negativamente el desempeño físico. Este estudio es del tipo clínico transversal.

Introduction: The different mood states in our daily life can affect our mental and emotional health. The aim of our study was to explore photoplethysmography to record heart rate variability as a marker of changes in mood states in our daily life.Materials and Methods: Two groups of affective pictures categorized into positive and negative sets were shown to thirty subjects on two different consecutive days with simultaneously recording of heart rate variability for 5 minutes by photoplethysmography technique. Immediately after recording on each day, 0-9 self-assessment scale was used to assess the mood state of the subject after viewing the set of pictures.Results: Sympathetic domains of heart rate variability like low frequency (200.3 ±4.1 vs. 166.7 ±2.8, p