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A consistent pattern of51Cr incorporation was observed in serial sections of the roots of two varieties of wheat, both vernalized and unvernalized. The changed metabolic state attendant on vernalization was reflected by a higher level of51Cr incorporation. A clear indication was given that51Cr uptake can be used as a sensitive indicator of metabolic change in wheat root tips.The mode of entry and binding of the trivalent and hexavalent forms of chromium was also investigated.

Theoretical studies have been carried out to determine the effect of the route of entry and the temporal sequence of dosage on the response. On the basis of continuity equations applied to a schematized system, equations relating the dosage and response time have been derived for some special cases, and the form of this relatinship is discussed.

When incorporated with irrigation water, benzene hexachloride dust is highly effective in destroying the Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), feeding on the aerial part of the rice straw, into which gamma isomer dissolved in the water is translocated by absorption by the root system and by the straw (leaf sheaths). However, under conditions of a dosage somewhat larger than the average, the amount of the toxicant translocated through the root system was mostly rather low, and penetration into the straw was the main mode of entry.

This study assesses the impact of foreign banks penetration based on their mode of entry: Greenfield and takeover of previously domestic-owned banks on the credit allocation to SMEs. The results reveal that Greenfield banks tend to lend smaller proportion to SMEs than take-over banks. This result implies that greenfield banks have comparative disadvantages in lending to more opaque borrowers, therefore ‘cream-skimming’ them and prefer to lend to “credit-worthy” customers like large corporations. The findings suggest that without any specific policy from regulators to fulfill the needs of SMEs, foreign banks will always tend to benefit only large corporations.

Data are presented from the clinical records of 185 adolescents who were admitted to the mental health service of a youth health center serving a community of military dependents. Eight and one-half per cent of the population made a first visit to the center during an eight month period. Midadolescence (ages 15-16) was the age period when patients began to refer themselves to mental health services in significant numbers. The importance of parents as referral sources decreased with age, while medical and school sources were important in all ages. The psychological morbidity in the target population was greater in midadolescence than in early and late adolescence and higher in females than in males. Females presented with more somatic and family problems, males more often with aggressive behavior problems.

The National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) Project has completed the major portion of its enrollment phase with the examination of more than 3000 daughters of women taking synthetic nonsteroidal estrogens (denoted DES) during pregnancies occurring from the early 1940s to the mid-1960s. The aims of the Project are to fill urgent needs for information on the prevalence and incidence of structural and epithelial abnormalities or neoplastic changes and their complications in these young women. Participants are grouped by mode of entry as identified by prenatal record review (40.1%), documented as DES-exposed but walking in (25.1%), or referred (22.8%) to the DESAD Project for examination, and not documented as exposed but having gynecologic abnormalities typical of those associated with DES exposure (12.0%). This study cohort, in part having paired controls, will be examined annually for at least 5 years. Details of the design and selected preliminary findings are reported.

Dendritic cells (DC) in lymphoid organs and related cells in non-lymphoid tissues play a pivotal role in the induction of T lymphocyte responses (reviewed in Austyn, 1987). DC stimulate primary immune responses in culture and in vivo, and trigger allograft rejection. However, their mode of entry to the tissues and subsequent fate, and the significance of apparently mature DC in blood is unclear.

It is known that pesticide intoxication in agricultural workers is probably the result of excessive dermal exposure to pesticides. Poisonings can occur in applicators from spillage and in field workers due to contamination of clothing by drift and residue (Southwick et al. 1975). Absorption through the skin is perhaps the most important mode of entry of the pesticide into the body during spray applications. Wolfe (1973) found that over 97% of the pesticide to which the body is subjected during possible exposure situations is deposited on the skin.

The incremental effects of stress-related variables on adaptation to a new work setting were compared after 4 and 8 mo. Adaptation to the new work setting was assessed by job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Baseline predictor variables were shift, mode of entry (individual or group), job variety, and level of skills used by the organization. Stress-related predictor variables were role conflict, role ambiguity, and perceived symptoms of stress. Subjects were 80 employees at a new manufacturing facility. Comparative analysis indicated that role conflict was a significant factor in the prediction of job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion; symptoms of stress influenced emotional exhaustion. Role ambiguity was a poor predictor of job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion.

Summary Electron microscopy of L cells infected with vaccinia virus at a high multiplicity indicated that virus cores entered the cytoplasm, during a 15 min period of adsorption at 37 °C, as a result of fusion between the plasma membrane and the envelopes of virus particles. It is suggested that for vertebrate poxviruses this, rather than phagocytosis, could be the effective mode of entry leading to infection.

A metallic bronchial foreign body whose mode of entry was through a puncture wound of the left cricothyroid membrane is recorded. Bronchoscopic aspiration was first done primarily to relieve severe dyspnea and six days later extraction of the foreign body was successfully performed.

A 76-year-old woman was to have a barium sulfate enema for diagnostic purposes. A Bardex bag was inflated and the injection was begun, but the procedure could not be completed because of pain. After the bag was removed, while the patient was attempting to defecate, she suddenly died. During the subsequent microscopic examination of tissues, a fortuitous change of illumination revealed the presence of innumerable crystalline bodies in the lumen of many of the larger pulmonary blood vessels and most of the alveolar capillaries. The cause of death therefore was massive embolization of the lungs by barium sulfate crystals. Their mode of entry into the blood vessels was not completely explained. It is conceivable that sublethal degrees of pulmonary embolization occurring in the past have been misinterpreted as emotional, reflex, or cardiovascular reactions.

Into twenty-nine healthy rabbits preparations of 131 I labelled human serum albumin, Na 131 I, 24 NaCl and 131 I-labelled di-iodofluorescein (DIF) were injected intravenously. Samples of gingival fluid were collected upon filter papers passed into the labial gingival crevice of the upper incisors. Samples of blood and lacrimal fluid were also collected. The mean weight changes per filter paper in the experimental groups were: albumin , + 0·006 mg ; Na 131 I , + 0·002 mg ; 24 NaCl , + 0·010 mg ; DIF , + 0·033 mg ; compared with the control, − 0·001 mg. The rate of entry of the different experimental substances into the gingival crevice in terms of the weight of blood equivalent per hour was: albumin, 0·17 mg, Na 131 I, 0·16 mg; 24 NaCl, 0·27 mg; DIF, 1·26 mg. The mean concentration of radioactivity in the lacrimal fluid compared with that in the blood was : albumin , × 0·04; Na 131 I , × 1·49, 24 NaCl , × 1·24, DIF , × 0·42 . At the end of each experiment 40 mg sodium fluorescein were injected intravenously and it was recovered from forty-five (87%) out of fifty-two gingival crevices. These results show that albumin, sodium and iodide enter the gingival crevice in only very small amounts and it is difficult to draw any definite conclusions as to their mode of entry. However, it is postulated that the relatively rapid rate of entry of fluorescein and DIF into the gingival crevice is not a toxic effect upon the cells lining it but that it is dependent upon the fat solubility properties of this substance.

In the first of this series of papers (Duke-Elder and Davson, 1949) a detailed study was made of the entry of sugars into the various parts of the eye from the blood; the present paper is a continuation of the same study with regard to salts. Exchanges of water between the blood and intra-ocular fluids occur rapidly, so rapidly as to indicate that these exchanges take place over a wide area of contact between the two systems and are not confined to a limited region such as the ciliary body. The osmosis of water into, or out of, the eye must influence the intra-ocular pressure immediately and effectively; and, since it is the salt content of the two fluids that largely determines their osmotic pressures, the conditions under which salts may penetrate from the blood into the intra-ocular fluids are of fundamental importance. It has been shown from this laboratory that the osmotic pressure of the aqueous humour is greater than that of plasma (Benham, Duke-Elder and Hodgson, 1937) and again that the difference in osmotic pressure is due, at least in part, to an excess of sodium and chloride ions in the aqueous humour over that demanded by the Donnan equilibrium (Davson, Duke-Elder and Maurice, 1948). On these grounds, therefore, we may expect that sodium and chloride will be secreted into the eye, but whether or not the only mode of entry of these and other ions is by a secretory process from the ciliary epithelium is a matter that has not vet been decided.

Over a five-year period, with union and management sponsorship, multiphasic testing has been taken by mobile vans to low-paid cannery workers who had rarely used available health care facilities. The goal is to educate workers to optimal use of local health care facilities. Area physicians, through their medical societies, were consulted in planning and all subsequent phases of the program, and received computerized reports of testing. Individual workers are referred to individual physicians. The worker’s dignity and the privacy of the physician/patient relationship are stressed. The program finances follow-up. Preliminary analysis of computerized results suggests positive gains in health status of some workers. Participation and physician interest are high. For this population, multiphasic testing with intensive education appears to be an effective mode of entry into the health care process.

Properties of Trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene is the high explosive used as a main bursting charge in shells, mines, and bombs. It is a potent poison for the liver, blood, and blood-forming organs, and fatalities have been recorded from toxic anaemia, toxic jaundice, and acute yellow atrophy of the liver. From 1916 to 1918 there were notified 403 cases of toxic jaundice, 105 (26%) being fatal, and 15 cases of toxic anaemia, all of which were fatal. In the second world war, toxic jaundice cases numbered 116, with 25 deaths (21-5 %), and toxic anaemia cases 24, with 15 deaths. These figures take no account of the lesser degrees of intoxication where further deterioration was halted by timely intervention. 2 : 4 : 6-Trinitrotoluene is one of six isomers, and has the formula C6H2(N02)3CH3. It is ob tained by nitration of the coal-tar product toluene and melts at 81 to 82? C. It is practically insoluble in water, but is soluble in fat and many organic solvents. The vapour pressure at room temperature is very low. Nevertheless, according to Occupation and Health (International Labour Office, 1934), it is capable in the dry state of giving off fumes into the atmosphere at a temperature as low as 32? C. Furthermore, the low vapour pressure means that any vapour arising from hot melted trinitrotoluene will readily condense into fume on meeting cooler air and collect as a fine powder on any surface colder than 70? C. Air pollution is for all practical purposes in the form of suspended solids. Inhalation is by far the most important mode of entry to the body. Stewart, Witts, Higgins, and O'Brien (1945), in observations on persons exposed to contact of different kinds, found that the greatest effects occurred in those who were working in melt houses where there was the most intense exposure to fume. The maximum allowable concentration for an eight-hour day and with a normal amount of physical effort is fixed in America at 15 mg. per cubic metre of air. In this country, however, it has generally been accepted that a figure of 2 mg. is permissi le. These figures, of course, are always capable of modification when the nature of the work differs from average conditions.

—The relative importance of inhalation and ingestion as modes of entry of I131 from fallout into the thyroids of children was investigated during the fall of 1962, using as subjects fifteen children ranging in age from 6 to 14 years. One group of children wasmaintained on a regular diet, and the second on a restricted diet containing no radioactive iodine. The levels found in the children on the restricted diet were either zero or very small, demonstrating that ingestion was the predominating mode of entry. In a second phase of the investigation, the effect of NaI in reducing the uptake of I131 was studied by maintaining all the children on a regular diet and administering 0.5 mg NaI/day to seven of the children. Administration of stable iodide resulted in a smaller thyroid content, but did not completely suppress the uptake of radioiodine. Measurements were made in a small shielded room, using two 6.3 × 3.8 cm NaI (Tl) afystals. The limit of detectability of the system, with a 30-min counting time, was 30 pc I131 in the thyroid.

This article by Detlev Nitsch, Paul Beamish and Shige Makino provides an illuminating presentation of the characteristics and performance of 118 Japanese subsidiaries in Europe. The study is one of the few that contains performance data at the subsidiary level. Subsidiary performance is limited to the initial mode of entry, industry and country of entry, subsidiary size, and reasons for entering. Japanese investment in Europe grew significantly in the late 1980s, but was heavily concentrated in a few industries. Entry mode preferences have also shifted, away from greenfield start-ups to more use of joint ventures. Conclusions are of interest to European and non-European corporate managers, and public policy-makers.

Since teaching began at Bond University in May 1989, there has been direct entry to both of the undergraduate Bond Law Degrees, the LLB and BJuris, without any compulsory prerequisites (other than normal University course entry requirements). This mode of entry applies to both new school leavers and mature age entrants to the degree programmes and results in a quite diverse group of law school entrants with varied educational backgrounds. Unlike most other Australian universities (although this is now changing nationwide), Bond also has students from most Australian jurisdictions, not just from Queensland. The major emphasis at Bond has to date been on undergraduate education as being most cost-effective at our stage of institutional development and indeed our Law Library collection of about 63,000 volume equivalents makes no claim at present other than to support undergraduate teaching well.

Theories on international trade and investment as well as those relating the nature of the product to the length of the channel suggest that mode of entry decisions should result from the analysis of a wide variety of factors. The purpose of this article is to show how such theories might be related to practice through the development of decision support tools. Emphasis is given to a microcomputer software package developed to aid international mode of entry assessment.

Acid rain is one of a growing number of environmental issues in which impacts are far removed from the source o f the irritants. Those who suffer may differ in geographical area from those who benefit from the activity which releases pollution to the atmosphere. Like the issue concerning the depletion of ozone by manufactured chemicals, the acid rain issue further emphasizes the need for continuing atmospheric chemistry research, a science whose history dates back but a few decades. Examination of the acid rain issue also calls for intimate collaboration of atmospheric scientists with ecologists, biologists, and other scientists, who must advise the geophysicists regarding what chemicals in the environment produce damage, their mode of entry into an ecosystem, and the need to understand acute or chronic impacts.

INVESTIGATIONS now being carried out by us into the use of D.D.T. for the elimination of tsetse (Glossina spp.) have led to observations which have a bearing on the mode of entry of some contact insecticides. This problem seems generally to have been considered only in connexion with the usual methods of using contact insecticides, in which the object is to bring the poison, either by spraying or by dusting, into maximal contact with the general body surface of the insect. Mr. Napier Bax has pointed out to us an exception to this, for Tutin1, so long ago as 1928, does record an observation in which two Carabid beetles and a Cicindelid died after being placed in a dish previously sprayed with an emulsion containing a rape-oil solution of pyrethrum, after the emulsion had dried. Nevertheless, no general attention seems to have been paid to the mere contact of insects with a sprayed surface. Thus Roy and Ghosh2, discussing as recently as July 1944 various views on the mode of penetration of pyrethrum, and particularly those of Wigglesworth3,4, record observations which led them to the conclusion that pyrethrum normally enters the insect body through the spiracles.