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The diagnostic work-up of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) includes quantifying saliva and tear production, evaluation of autoantibodies in serum and histopathological analysis of minor salivary glands. Thus, the potential for further utilizing these fluids and tissues in the quest to find better diagnostic and therapeutic tools should be fully explored. Ten samples of saliva and tears from female patients diagnosed with pSS and ten samples of saliva and tears from healthy females were included for lipidomic analysis of tears and whole saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, lipidomic analysis was performed on minor salivary gland biopsies from three pSS and three non-SS females. We found significant differences in the lipidomic profiles of saliva and tears in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, there were differences in individual lipid species in stimulated saliva that were comparable to those of glandular biopsies, representing an intriguing avenue for further research. We believe a comprehensive elucidation of the changes in lipid composition in saliva, tears and minor salivary glands in pSS patients may be the key to detecting pSS-related dry mouth and dry eyes at an early stage. The identified differences may illuminate the path towards future innovative diagnostic methodologies and treatment modalities for alleviating pSS-related sicca symptoms.

This review study presents literature review and discusses the clinical significance of Adenomatoid Hyperplasia, a commonly misdiagnosed lesion. This rare entity has been seldom presented and is not well enough described in the literature. Only 15 reports with 95 cases could be attained during the online literature search using the keywords: Adenomatoid, Tumor, Hyperplasia, Minor salivary Glands. Data revealed a tendency towards the male gender. Age distribution of patients did not reveal a tendency towards a specific age group but presented a peak incidence in the 4th and 5th decades. Location data revealed a tendency towards the palate, especially the hard palate. Most of the presented cases were asymptomatic and the most common initial diagnosis made was salivary gland tumor. It was concluded that, adenomatoid hyperplasia of the oral cavity may resemble a wide range of pathologies and in order to differentiate and to achieve a correct diagnosis, histological evaluation is fundamental.

Background The involvement of minor salivary glands (MSGs) with fibrosis in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) pathology is a quite conceivable fact. However, very little attention has been given to the status of MSGs in OSMF. Methodology Total 53 cases of OSMF were recruited and demographic details, mouth opening, clinical oral dryness score (CODS), and buccal mucosal MSG flow rate were determined. The fibrosis around MSGs is categorized into three grades and compared with relevant clinicopathological parameters. Results Out of total 53 OSMF patients, there were 15 patients in grade I MSG involvement with fibrosis followed by 24 and 14 patients in grade II and grade III, respectively. Grade I MSG involvement showed maximum mouth opening (32 ± 3.87 mm) followed by Grade II (19.85 ± 4.31mm) and Grade III (11.42 ± 5.21mm) and the differences between them were statistically significant. The CODS score was more in grade III (5.5 ± 1.09 mm) as compared to Grade II (4.04 ± 0.62 mm) and Grade I (2.46 ± 0.74 mm) involvement of MSG. The flow rate was more in grade I (8.02 ± 2.99 mm) as compared to Grade II (3.97 ± 1.09 mm) and Grade III (3.4 ± 0.87 mm) involvement of MSG. Conclusion The fibrosis associated with OSMF can affect the MSGs located at mucosal and sub-mucosal levels. The clinical determinants such as mouth opening, salivary flow rate, and CODS corroborate with the grading of the degree of MSG involvement with fibrosis.

Tubarial glands or tubarial salivary glands are recently reported as a pair of macroscopic salivary glands in the nasopharynx. The remote location of the glands, the rarity of major pathologies involved, and non recognized functional significance might have been the reason for the non-inclusion before. There are about 500-1000 minor salivary glands in the body, and most of them are located in the oral cavity or oropharynx. They are small and embedded in the aero-digestive tract entrance of the head and neck region. Minor salivary glands located in the nasopharynx are relatively less in number and the major pathologies associated with these glands are rare. This review is on the overall current literature of the minor salivary glands and tubarial glands-the new entity in question-along with their potential pathologies. Nasopharyngeal glandular origin diseases were reported in general as case reports or as small series. This brief review is meant to open up interest in these structures, their pathologies and encourage further characterization of diseases of the nasopharynx especially the diseases of salivary gland origin.

Minor salivary gland carcinomas (MSGCs) are nonminor tumors in the head and neck region and account for about half of all salivary gland carcinomas. Imaging evaluation based on the anatomy of minor salivary and mucous glands in the head and neck region as well as invasion patterns in each site helps in identifying optimal treatment modalities and planning suitable treatment strategies. MSGCs can be divided radiologically into localized and invasive subtypes on the basis of the clinical utility of such categorization. Characteristic invasion patterns of the invasive type include deep submucosal extension, bone marrow infiltration, and perineural spread, which are difficult to assess clinically. MSGCs easily invade adjacent structures because of their submucosal location and may spread along the muscles, nerves, periosteum, and dura mater. Moreover, the tumor may spread into the bone marrow without obvious bone destruction. In addition to imaging classification, examining the anatomy and distribution of the minor salivary glands, including the palatal, lingual, buccal, labial, and retromolar glands, as well as other mucous glands, including the glands of the sinonasal cavity and nasopharynx, lacrimal glands, ceruminous glands, laryngeal glands, and tracheal glands, facilitates MSGC diagnosis and tumor extension assessment. The authors review the precise anatomy of the minor salivary and mucous glands in the head and neck region, discuss the MSGC imaging classifications, and describe how to evaluate the extent of MSGCs in each site on the basis of the imaging classification and invasion patterns. ©RSNA, 2020.

The association between autoimmune diseases, mostly rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease and Sj&ouml, gren syndrome, and lymphoma, has been widely demonstrated by several epidemiologic studies. By a mechanism which has not yet been entirely elucidated, chronic activation/stimulation of the immune system, along with the administration of specific treatments, may lead to the onset of different types of lymphoma in such patients. Specifically, patients affected by Sj&ouml, gren syndrome may develop lymphomas many years after the original diagnosis. Several epidemiologic, hematologic, and histological features may anticipate the progression from Sj&ouml, gren syndrome into lymphoma but, to the best of our knowledge, a definite pathogenetic mechanism for such progression is still missing. In fact, while the association between Sj&ouml, gren syndrome and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mostly extranodal marginal zone lymphomas and, less often, diffuse large B-cell, is well established, many other variables, such as time of onset, gender predilection, sites of occurrence, subtype of lymphoma, and predictive factors, still remain unclear. We report on a rare case of primary breast lymphoma occurring three years after the diagnosis of Sj&ouml, gren syndrome in a 57-year-old patient. The diagnostic work-up, including radiograms, core needle biopsy, and histological examination, is discussed, along with emerging data from the recent literature, thus highlighting the usefulness of breast surveillance in Sj&ouml, gren syndrome patients.

Canalicular adenoma (CAD) is an uncommon benign tumor of minor salivary glands with predilection for the upper labial mucosa. An 80-year-old female presented with nine submucosal nodules of the upper labial mucosa and bilateral buccal mucosa. Histopathologic examination revealed multifocal circumscribed tumor islands with a tubular growth pattern within a loose hypocellular myxoid background stroma. Interconnecting rows of columnar tumor cells imparted a canalicular morphology. In addition to the characteristic histopathologic findings, a comprehensive immunohistochemical panel supported a final diagnosis of multifocal CAD. Synchronous multifocality in CAD is an infrequent finding and this sine qua non clinicopathologic correlation article exemplifies such a case.

Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign mixed tumor composed of epithelial and myoepithelial cells, less commonly occurring in minor salivary glands or in children. A case of juvenile pleomorphic adenoma missed clinically and incidentally found in cone beam CT images is described. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic images are presented.

Background. Mucocele is the most common minor salivary glands disease. Its management may present a challenge for dental professionals. The aim of the present clinical case was to describe mucocele treatment with diode laser and its benefits. Case Report. A case of lower lip mucocele in a 10-year-old female patient is reported. A conventional excision surgery was performed. Two months later, the patient reported discomfort and swelling at the same operative site. The lesion had recurred. Thus, mucocele was removed using a diode laser with wavelength of 980 nm, an initiated fiberoptic tip of 300 μm, in continuous mode, and a power setting of 2 Watts. The procedure was rapidly completed with no bleeding. The patient was followed-up after 2 weeks and 6 months. The wound healed without complications: no postoperative discomfort or pain and no infection. There was no recurrence. Conclusion. Diode laser is an effective, easy, bloodless, and well-accepted procedure to treat mucocele in pediatric patients.

There are numerous salivary gland pathologies for which robotic surgery can provide benefit. This article reviews the primary indications for use of transoral robotic surgery for salivary gland neoplasms. It also discusses transoral and retroauricular robotic approaches for pathology of the submandibular gland and prestyloid parapharyngeal space. These approaches have the advantage of avoiding a visible scar and are additionally minimally invasive in other ways as well. Robotic surgery offers advantages in several different modules of salivary gland surgery, similar to those it offers for oropharyngeal cancer, including improved optics, manual dexterity, and teamwork.

Within the area of salivary gland pathology, obstructive sialadenitis is the most common inflammatory condition of the salivary glands.1 It has been well established in the literature that salivary calculi occur most commonly in the submandibular gland, whereas fewer cases are found in the parotid gland, while the sublingual gland and the minor salivary glands form no more than 2% of cases.2 The early treatment of sialadenitis is usually conservative and involves hydration, anti inflammatory medication in conjunction to antibiotics when a bacterial infection is suspected. However, when initial treatment fails, further intervention is needed. The traditional external approach is sialadenectomy. However, with this exists the potential for injury to the lingual and facial nerves. Further complications including bleeding, infection and an unsightly scar are also found with this procedure.3,4 Sialendoscopy is a relatively new technique that only became available once optics had improved to the extent that fiber-optic endoscopes could be miniaturized to a diameter of 0.9 mm to 1.6 mm. This has ushered in a new era for the management of sialadenitis, particularly in cases where sialadenitis was caused by salivary duct obstruction. It must be noted that in South Africa, there are currently no generally accepted guidelines on the management of sialadenitis secondary to salivary ductal obstruction as well as in the role of sialendoscopy within the treatment algorithm.

AimsTo use minor salivary glands’ flow rate (MSGFR) measurement in minor salivary glands (MSGs) autotransplantation for the treatment of severe dry eye disease (DED).MethodsMSGs autotransplantations were performed in 18 eyes (17 patients) with severe DED. MSGFR were measured before operation. The upper or lower lip with higher MSGFR was selected as the donor site. Buccal mucosa was the back-up in cases labial MSGs showing markedly decreased MSGFRs. Two pieces of salivary lobules with the covering mucosa were harvested and transplanted to the recipient beds prepared in both upper and lower lids.ResultsThe donor sites included lower lip in 12 eyes, upper lip in 5 eyes and buccal mucosa in 1 eye. Postoperative follow-up confirmed viable grafts in all cases. The overall subjective relief rate of DED symptoms was 58.8%, with Schirmer test values increasing from 0 mm to 4 mm (p2. ROC analysis indicated an outstanding discrimination power for preoperative MSGFR to predicate postoperative relief of DED symptoms (area under the curve (AUC)=0.948, p2. Patients with preoperative MSGFR >1.785 µL/min/cm2 showed greater improvement of Schirmer test values after surgery than those with MSGFR ≤1.785 µL/min/cm2 (pConclusionMSGs transplantation proved to be useful for treating severe DED. The amount of postoperative lubrication and the treatment effect were positively correlated with preoperative MSGFR. MSGFR measurement and donor-site selection should be critical steps before the operation.

Mucocele is a benign lesion characterised by an extravasation or retention of mucous secretion in submucosal tissue from minor salivary glands. The occurrence of mucocele is common in the oral cavity, with more than 70% of cases on lower labial mucosa. The occurrence of mucocele on the tongue is considered rare and accounted for only 2.25% in the previous literature. Histopathological examination plays a great role in the confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. Management of mucocele is at times challenging. This paper highlights a rare case of mucocele in a 5-month-old infant who was successfully managed under day-care anaesthesia.

Resumen: El mucocele asociado a las glándulas de Blandin Nuhn es un fenómeno de extravasación mucosa que ocurre en las glándulas salivales localizadas en la superficie ventral anterior de la lengua, son de tipo mixto, no encapsuladas, que forman parte del complejo de glándulas salivales menores de cavidad bucal. Objetivo: Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino que cursa la segunda década de vida con características clínicas peculiares de un mucocele de Blandin Nuhn. Caso clínico: Adolescente masculino de 14 años de edad presenta aumento de volumen localizado en superficie ventral de lengua, forma cilíndrica, de 3 meses de evolución y asintomático. Se realiza biopsia excisional para estudio histopatológico, el cual reporta fenómeno de extravasación mucosa y se establece la correlación clínico histopatológica. Conclusiones: Se debe fundamentar un diagnóstico correcto para proporcionar un tratamiento oportuno y evitar complicaciones en el paciente que afecten su calidad de vida. Resumo: A mucocele associada às glândulas de Blandin Nuhn é um fenômeno de extravasamento de mucosa que ocorre nas glândulas salivares localizadas na superfície ventral anterior da língua, do tipo misto, não encapsuladas, que fazem parte do complexo de glândulas salivares menores da cavidade oral. Objetivo: É apresentado o caso clínico de um paciente do sexo masculino na segunda década de vida com características clínicas peculiares de uma mucocele de Blandin Nuhn. Caso clínico: Adolescente de 14 anos apresenta aumento de volume localizado na superfície ventral da língua, formato cilíndrico, evolução de 3 meses e assintomático. A biópsia excisional é realizada para estudo histopatológico, que relata o fenômeno do extravasamento da mucosa e a correlação clínica histopatológica é estabelecida. Conclusões: Um diagnóstico correto deve ser baseado para fornecer tratamento oportuno e evitar complicações no paciente que afetem sua qualidade de vida. Summary: The mucocele associated with the Blandin Nuhn glands is a phenomenon of mucosal extravasation that occurs in the salivary glands located in the anterior ventral surface of the tongue, are mixed type, not encapsulated, which are part of the complex of minor salivary glands of the oral cavity. Objective: The clinical case of a male patient who is in the second decade of life with peculiar clinical characteristics of a Blandin Nuhn mucocele is presented. Clinical case: A 14-year-old male adolescent presents an increase in volume located on the ventral surface of the tongue, cylindrical shape, 3 months evolution and asymptomatic. Excisional biopsy is performed for histopathological study, which reports mucosal extravasation phenomenon and histopathological clinical correlation is established. Conclusions: A correct diagnosis should be based to provide timely treatment and avoid complications in the patient that affect their quality of life.

The present study aimed to report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), focusing on its clinical-pathological characteristics. At intraoral clinical examination, a nodular lesion was observed in the right pterygomandibular raphe region, with three years of evolution. An incisional biopsy was performed, and the diagnostic hypotheses of salivary gland injury and sialadenitis were considered. Histopathologically, a malignant neoplastic process characterized by the proliferation of epidermoid, intermediate and mucosal cells was observed. The histopathological diagnosis of MEC was emitted. The present case praises the importance of early diagnosis and correct management of this disease, providing a better prognosis for these patients. RESUMEN Reportamos un caso de carcinoma mucoepidermoide (CME) con enfoque en sus rasgos clinicopatológicos. En la exploración clínica intraoral, se observó una lesión de aspecto nodular en región del rafe pterigomandibular derecho, con tiempo de evolución de tres años. Se realizó una biopsia por incisión, considerándose las hipótesis diagnósticas de lesión de glándula salival y sialadenitis. Histopatológicamente, se observó un proceso neoplásico maligno caracterizado por la proliferación de células epidermoides, intermedias y mucosas. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue de CME. El presente caso destaca la importancia del diagnóstico temprano y del manejo correcto de esa enfermedad, ofreciendo un mejor pronóstico para los pacientes portadores de CME. RESUMO Relatamos um caso de carcinoma mucoepidermoide (CME) com enfoque em suas características clinicopatológicas. No exame clínico intraoral, observou-se lesão de aspecto nodular em região de rafe pterigomandibular direita, com tempo de evolução de três anos. Biópsia incisional foi realizada, e as hipóteses diagnósticas de lesão de glândula salivar e sialadenite foram consideradas. Histopatologicamente, observou-se um processo neoplásico maligno caracterizado pela proliferação de células epidermoides, intermediárias e mucosas. O diagnóstico histopatológico de CME foi emitido. O presente caso enaltece a importância do diagnóstico precoce e do correto manejo dessa patologia, proporcionado um melhor prognóstico para os pacientes portadores de CME.

Les mucocèles buccales sont des pathologies tumorales bénignes des glandes salivaires accessoires de la muqueuse buccale. La localisation la plus fréquente de ces lésions est la muqueuse labiale. Etiologiquement, elles sont de deux types: le premier est dû à une rupture de l’épithélium de la glande déversant de la salive dans l’espace extra-glandulaire, et forment un pseudo kyste (mucocèle par extravasation); le second est causé par blocage de l’évacuation salivaire par prolifération épithéliale du conduit excréteur, réalisant un vrai kyste salivaire (kyste de rétention). Il existe diverses modalités thérapeutiques, l’exérèse chirurgicale conventionnelle reste la stratégie la plus efficace où la récidive est la moins fréquente. A travers une observation clinique, une mise au point sur cette lésion est faite, illustrée par un cas clinique pris en charge dans le Service d’Odontologie Chirurgicale, Centre de Consultation et de Traitement Dentaire (CCTD), Rabat, Maroc.

Aims: To report on the clinico-pathological features of a series of 14 intra-oral mucoepidermoid carcinomas showing exclusive intra-cystic growth. Materials and methods: All mucoepidermoid carcinomas diagnosed in the period 1990–2012 were retrieved; the original histological preparations were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis and from selected cases, showing exclusive intra-cystic neoplastic components, additional sections were cut at three subsequent 200 m intervals and stained with Hematoxylin–Eosin, PAS, Mucicarmine and Alcian Blue, to possibly identify tumor invasion of the adjacent tissues, which could have been overlooked in the original histological preparations. Additionally, pertinent findings collected from the clinical charts and follow-up data were analyzed. Results: We identified 14 intraoral mucoepidermoid carcinomas treated by conservative surgery and with a minimum follow up of five years. The neoplasms were located in the hard palate (nine cases), the soft palate (two), the cheek (two) and the retromolar trigone (one). In all instances, histological examination revealed the presence of a single cystic space, containing clusters of columnar, intermediate, epidermoid, clear and mucous-producing cells, the latter exhibiting distinct intra-cytoplasmic mucin production, as confirmed by PAS, Mucicarmine and Alcian Blue stains. The cysts were entirely circumscribed by fibrous connective tissue, and no solid areas or infiltrating tumor cell clusters were detected. Conservative surgical resection was performed in all cases, and no recurrences or nodal metastases were observed during follow up. Conclusions: Mucoepidermoid carcinomas showing prominent (>20%) intra-cystic proliferation currently are considered low-grade tumors. In addition, we also unveil the possibility that mucoepidermoid carcinomas, at least in their early growth phase, may display an exclusive intra-cystic component and might be considered as in situ carcinomas, unable to infiltrate adjacent tissues and metastasize.

The glands of Blandin and Nuhn are mixed mucous and serous glands that are embedded within the musculature of the anterior tongue ventrum. The differential diagnosis for lesions in that area is often challenging and includes other salivary and nonsalivary lesions. This affects decision-making, surgical management, and measures to prevent complications. Unlike conventional cold blade surgery, diode laser use may simplify such treatment.

The clinicopathological aspects and prognostic factors of 40 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the intraoral minor salivary glands, treated between 2007 and 2017 at a single institution, were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty-six were female and 14 were male, and they ranged in age from 26 to 81 years (median 55 years). ACC occurred mainly in the palate, with 54.8% of cases presenting T3-T4 lesions. Curative surgery was performed in all patients, and 62.5% of patients were treated with postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. In the final analysis, positive surgical margins were noted in 57.5% of cases and perineural invasion in 70%. Follow-up was at least 13 months (range 13-141 months, median 59 months). Nineteen patients (47.5%) developed recurrent disease after initial surgery and nine patients had died at the end of follow-up. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 88.3% and 25.6%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 75.6% and 34.0%, respectively. Patients with a tumour size >4cm and those with positive surgical margins showed a significantly higher risk of local recurrence. Elective neck dissection is suggested for patients with clinically positive lymph nodes or a locally advanced tumour, especially those undergoing microvascular reconstruction. The survival analysis results are similar to those reported previously in the literature.

Salivary gland tumours account for 2–3% of tumours occurring in head and neck region, majority of them being benign. Pleomorphic Adenoma present mainly in Parotid gland and Sub-mandibular gland and rarely in minor salivary glands. The tumours of minor salivary glands are generally malignant. The commonest sites of intra oral Pleomorphic adenoma are palate, lip and buccal mucosa. Here I describe a very rare case of Pleomorphic Adenoma in minor salivary glands and its novel management using CO2 Laser. There was no recurrence seen after a follow-up period of around one year.

Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign salivary gland tumor which presents as a painless swelling that gradually increases in size, if left untreated. It is often seen involving the parotid gland. However, pleomorphic adenoma has been reported to involve the minor salivary glands as well. In this report, we present two cases of pleomorphic adenoma originating from minor salivary glands of the upper lip, occurring in two male patients of the same age (44 years) with markedly similar history of duration, size, and site of the lesion. The tumor was excised in both patients and sent for histopathological analysis which showed features of pleomorphic adenoma confirming the diagnosis.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) mostly involves parotid glands, while extra-parotid localizations are relatively uncommon. Particularly, PAs of the cheek minor salivary glands with a size larger than 4 cm are exceedingly rare, with only few cases reported. Surgical treatment of PA usually consists in radical excision. However, despite a presumptive radicality, recurrences, sometimes followed by malignant transformation, may occur. Here we report a case of a large-sized (6 cm) PA of the cheek minor salivary glands in a 70 year-old female patient, successfully treated through a conservative approach, based on the use of Nd:YAG Laser (λ=1064 nm). No recurrences were observed after a 2-year follow-up. A concise review of the literature, describing the features of 14 cases is also provided. Advantages of laser treatment include a precise cut, reduction of trauma on surrounding tissues, the possibility of a very good intraoperative hemostasis. Such features may sometimes allow to avoid general anesthesia, even for removal of big lesions. Post-operative course, in terms of pain and swelling, is usually better for intervention performed with laser, when compared to traditional surgery. Key words:Oral surgery, oral pathology, pleomorphic adenoma, laser surgery, minor salivary glands, salivary glands tumors.

The present study aimed to report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), focusing on its clinical-pathological characteristics. At intraoral clinical examination, a nodular lesion was observed in the right pterygomandibular raphe region, with three years of evolution. An incisional biopsy was performed, and the diagnostic hypotheses of salivary gland injury and sialadenitis were considered. Histopathologically, a malignant neoplastic process characterized by the proliferation of epidermoid, intermediate and mucosal cells was observed. The histopathological diagnosis of MEC was emitted. The present case praises the importance of early diagnosis and correct management of this disease, providing a better prognosis for these patients.

Oral MALT Lymphoma is rare condition and its pathogenesis are related to persistent immune stimulation caused by chronic infection or inflammation. We report a case of MALT lymphoma of the palatal minor salivary glands in a 73-year-old white woman with clinical history of osteoporosis and systemic lupus erythematosus associated with Sjogren's syndrome. This letter aims to call the attention on large number of factors to take into account in evaluating patients with an history of auto-immune diseases. This idea results from our difficulty in identifying this pathology in first diagnosis, due to rarity of this condition and severe comorbidity associated.

Pleomorphic Adenoma (PA) is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. The most common sites for minor salivary gland from which PA arises are the palate followed by the lips and buccal mucosa. Calcifications are a common finding in major salivary glands with chronic inflammatory disorders. Major salivary gland tumors rarely show calcifications and it is less common to find them in minor salivary gland tumors. We report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the hard palate in a 67-year-old female patient with intra-tumoral, irregular and scattered calcifications visible on computed tomography (CT). The treatment was complete surgical excision of the lesion. The diagnosis was confirmed with the histopathological study. © 2020, Universidad de Concepcion. All rights reserved.

Pleomorphic adenomas are benign salivary gland tumours that mostly affect the superficial lobe of the parotid gland. They are commonly found incidentally as rigid, unilateral, painless masses, growing gradually. Ninety percent of pleomorphic adenomas occur in the parotid gland, while 10% appear in minor salivary glands. The incidence of the parotid tumour is 2.4 in 10,000 per year. We describe the case of a 53-year-old woman presenting with a gradually growing retroauricular mass on the left side of the ear. Radiographic imaging and histopathological findings suggested a pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. The tumour was removed and the patient recovered well upon follow-up.

Salivary gland tumors are rare among all head and neck tumors. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most commonly seen subtype, and 85% of the cases are located in the parotid gland. PA may very rarely be seen in minor salivary glands. Minor salivary gland PAs are mostly located in the hard and soft palates. Nasopharyngeal PA is very rare, and a total of 8 cases have been published to date. In this case report, a 51-year-old female patient who had nasopharyngeal PA with chondroid metaplasia is presented, and we review the relevant literature.

Background:: Epithelial tumors of the salivary glands, including benign tumors and aggressive malignancies with different prognoses, are uncommon. Aim: To describe the frequency and distribution of salivary gland tumors according to age, gender and anatomical location. Material and Methods: Review of pathological reports of salivary gland tumors of a Pathology laboratory at a clinical hospital from 2006 to 2016. Results: Five hundred ninety salivary gland biopsies were reviewed. Of these, 286 (49%) were primary epithelial tumors of the salivary glands. Two hundred thirty (80%) were benign and 56 (20%) were malignant tumors. Regarding location, 274 (96%) were in the major salivary glands, and 12 (4%) in the minor salivary glands. The most common histological types were pleomorphic adenoma for benign tumors in 172 cases, followed by papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum in 33 cases. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor in 14 cases. Conclusions: These results are similar to reports from abroad, however more studies are necessary to be able to establish a more representative and updated analysis.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a rare low-grade salivary gland tumor with distinctive clear cell morphology, accounting for

More than 90% of oral cancers are histopathologically squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). According to clinical behavior and histopathological features, we hypothesize that oral SCC can originate from either oral squamous epithelium or minor salivary glands. Here, we examined whether some oral SCCs originate from minor salivary glands, and investigated whether these tumors show particularly aggressive biological behavior. The mRNA expression profiles of samples obtained from six patients with oral floor SCC (five men, one woman; mean age, 62.7 years) were analyzed using a microarray containing 32,878 probes. The six samples were divided into two groups by clustering of expression levels of 845 probes differentially expressed in normal oral squamous epithelium and normal salivary glands. The expression profile in four cases was similar to that of normal oral squamous epithelium, and in two cases was similar to that of normal salivary glands. Furthermore, we identified nine genes that reveal the origin of the oral SCC. Subsequently, we examined the expression levels of these nine marker genes by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction to determine the origin of 66 oral SCCs. Twelve of the 66 oral SCCs were considered to originate from minor salivary glands, and these tumors showed high metastatic potential (p = 0.044, Chi‐square test). Furthermore, SCC derived from minor salivary glands showed a poor event‐free survival rate (p = 0.017, Kaplan–Meier analysis). In conclusion, determination of the origin of oral SCC is helpful in planning treatment for patients with oral SCC., What's new? In spite of several past attempts, no distinct factors controlling the biological aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have been identified. Determining the origin of the cancer cells could help predict biological aggressiveness, however. Here, the authors provide evidence that oral SCC has two different origins, as mucosal or salivary SCC. Furthermore, they identify nine genes able to reveal the origin of oral SCC. Based on their expression levels, the authors determined that twelve of the 66 oral SCCs in their sample originated from minor salivary glands. Salivary SCC tumors showed high metastatic potential and poor event‐free survival rate.

Neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions may involve the minor salivary glands. Tumors of minor salivary glands are commonly seen in the oral cavity. Malignant tumors are more common than benign minor salivary gland tumors. The most common malignant tumors are adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and the most common benign tumor is pleomorphic adenoma. Non-neoplastic lesions may involve minor salivary glands such as Sjogrene disease, immunoglobulin G4-related disease, necrotizing sialometaplasia, and subacute necrotizing sialadenitis. Contrast MR imaging and computed tomography are adequate for localization and extension of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of minor salivary glands.

The authors conducted a histological study of biopsy a small salivary gland (SSG) in 12 patients with various diseases of the gastrointes-tinal tract. It was found that in SSG there were signs of chronic sialadenitis and sialadenosis, the latter being primarily expressed in parenchymal form. Sialadenosis and chronic sialadenitis had signs of dysfunction of sialocits, sclerosis and lipomatosis of the stroma and/or parenchyma, often with dilation of the ducts, lymphoid and lymphomacrophagal infiltration of the stroma and/or parenchyma. Noted that there was a pronounced of the plethora of microcirculatory vessels with edema of the stroma.

Background: adenoid cystic carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor of submaxillary and minor salivary glands. Despite its slow growth, it shows an unfavorable prognosis because of its distant dissemination.Objective: to analyse our series of patients in relation to the literature.Materials and methods: 44 patients with mean age 52.47 years female gender. Of them, 61.3% were of minor salivary glands, 20.4% of submaxillary gland, and 18.2% the parotid gland. All patients underwent complete resection of the tumor followed by neck dissection in 34%. Co60 radiotherapy was administered to 43.2%. Mean follow up was 52.5 (range, 1-120) months.Results: 5-year recurrence rate was 36.8%. At 5 and 10 years, overall survival was 60 and 36%,respectively. Close surgical margins, requirement of adjuvant radiotherapy and stage significantly affected survival rate. The multivariate analysis showed that close margins was statistically significant for survival and associated with an unfavorable tendency for disease-free interval.Conclusions: extention of surgery to the neck and adyuvant radiotherapy was dependent of stage, clear surgical margins, neural invasion, positive nodes in the neck and hystological subtype.

Ranula consists of a pathological process induced by ductal disruption of the minor salivary glands followed by extravasation of mucous material surrounding adjacent structures. A swelling causing breathing and feeding problems associated with tongue displacement is frequently observed. It is a disease that generally involves the younger age group. In newborns congenital ranula may occur, an uncommon variance that differs from common ranula by not relate to post-traumatic reactions. There are reports that indicate a salivary gland duct atresia as the main cause of this pathology. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of congenital ranula by reporting a new case report of this salivary cyst and reviewing the case reports previously published in the English literature.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) usually arises from salivary glands, representing 5–10% of all salivary gland tumors, and rarely arises in the jaws. MEC mainly occurs in the parotid gland; intraorally MEC appears as asymptomatic swellings in minor salivary glands, mostly on the palate, and contributes for 2.8–15% of all salivary gland tumors. Due to its great biological diversity, treatment and prognosis depend on the histological grade, location, and tumor stage. Here, we present a case of MEC in a female patient aged 65 years with emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis and proper management of the disease. Even when its clinical appearance is not suggestive of malignancy, the diagnosis of MEC should be considered in cases of proliferative oral lesions.

Objective. To determine the morphometric differences in the minor buccal salivary glands in rats aged 6 months with fetal macrosomia (groups under study) and in rats aged 6 months after a normal intrauterine development (control group) by using a 3-D analysis technique. Methods. The fetal macrosomia was induced in four different ways. To apply the morphological analysis, the tissues of oral cavity mucosa of six-month-old rats were used. The 3-D images acquired by confocal microscopy were used for estimating the morphometrical characteristics of minor buccal salivary gland microscopic structures. Results. On reaching the age of six months, the descendants of the rats in all macrosomic groups have the average body weight, the average body length, and the average weight-to-length ratio comparable to those in the Control Group. In rats born with different fetal macrosomia modeling, when the age of 6 months was reached, the deviations in the Groups under study from the Control Group were found to appear to various degree in the following parameters: the acinus area, the acinus gap area, the number of mucous acinar cells in the acinus, the height of the cytoplasm of mucous acinar cells, and the percentage fractions of the relative area of mucous acinar cells cross-sections, area of acinar gap cross-sections and relative area of glandular stroma. Conclusion. The clustered technique assessment of these deviations brings us to the conclusion about the presence of hypoplasia of minor buccal salivary glands in rats born with fetal macrosomia.

Introduction: Surgical biopsy of minor salivary glands is routinely performed for the diagnosis of Sjogren syndrome. However, surgical biopsies of the minor labial glands may result in various complications in up to 6% of patients. On the other hand, adverse events following core needle biopsies of the parotid gland in non-rheumatological settings have been reported as very rare. Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and determine the presence of parotid gland tissue in ultrasound-guided parotid gland biopsies performed by rheumatologists in cadavers. Material and method: Two senior rheumatologists obtained, under direct ultrasound visualization in in-plane technique, biopsies of 8 parotid glands from 4 different cadavers using a core biopsy needle. One biopsy per gland was taken. Results: All histological exams showed typical parotid gland tissue without any neuronal or vascular tissue. Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated that minimally invasive, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of the parotid gland is a highly precise and easy method to obtain salivary gland tissue. Introduction: Surgical biopsy of minor salivary glands is routinely performed for the diagnosis of Sjogren syndrome. However, surgical biopsies of the minor labial glands may result in various complications in up to 6% of patients. On the other hand, adverse events following core needle biopsies of the parotid gland in non-rheumatological settings have been reported as very rare. Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and determine the presence of parotid gland tissue in ultrasound-guided parotid gland biopsies performed by rheumatologists in cadavers. Material and method: Two senior rheumatologists obtained, under direct ultrasound visualization in in-plane technique, biopsies of 8 parotid glands from 4 different cadavers using a core biopsy needle. One biopsy per gland was taken. Results: All histological exams showed typical parotid gland tissue without any neuronal or vascular tissue. Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated that minimally invasive, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of the parotid gland is a highly precise and easy method to obtain salivary gland tissue.

Introduction: Malignant tumors of minor salivary glands are relatively uncommon. In the larynx, ACC is extremely rare. These tumors are commonly arise in the subglottic region of larynx. Materials and Methods: We present an unusual case of ACC in a 50 year old male. On laryngoscopic examination a growth was seen in the arytenoid region of larynx. An incisional biopsy was taken and sent for HPE. Results: A tumor was seen in the submucosal region with typical cribriform pattern and myxoid matrix. A diagnosis of ACC was noted. Conclusion: ACC is a very slow growing tumor but is notorious for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Hence caution is needed in such cases, especially when the tumor is seen beneath the mucosa. Failure of diagnosis ACC may lead to fatal outcome in some cases. Keywords: Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Larynx, Prognosis.