Search

The article discusses the need for a new Unified Command Plan (UCP) in response to the growing threat from China. The author argues that the current UCP, which divides the world into separate regions, fails to address the interconnectedness of global challenges. The article highlights the need for greater integration and cooperation between different regions, particularly in relation to China and Pakistan. It also emphasizes the importance of recognizing China's global ambitions and developing a comprehensive strategy to counter them. The author suggests that the UCP should be revised to reflect the new realities of the global geopolitical landscape. [Extracted from the article]

*In October 2022, at the 64th annual Academy Assembly, focused on "Waging Peace on the Final Frontier," the former deputy administrator of NASA the Honorable Lori Garver spoke at the Air Force Academy's 64th Academy Assembly banquet keynote on the implications of NASA transformation for international security. She was introduced in a pre-recorded video by Susan Eisenhower, honorary founder of USAFA's Eisenhower Center, and interviewed by USAFA Institute for Future Conflict Fellow Madison Walker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Swedish military policy, the concept of kompetens (competence) describes the skills and capability of military personnel. Furthermore, "competence-in-use," a multidimensional conceptual tool, has been used for decades in Swedish military instruction and training without having ever been empirically proven. In this pilot study, designed as an exploratory case study, we will try to connect theory to practice by examining the actual situations in which military competence is used. This article has two aims: First, to examine the relevance of the concept of competence-in-use in Swedish military practice abroad, and second, to combine and evaluate two methods in an exploratory case study. To capture firsthand experiences of real combat situations, we selected a sample of 28 firsthand narratives from Swedish service members. Our mapping identifies the blurred transition between combat and noncombat situations. By way of conclusion, we suggest that our analysis tool is further tested, for example, in comparative studies between nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning design at tertiary level is a challenging and complex task with many aspects to take into consideration (Bennett, Lockyer, Agostinho 2018; Bower and Vlachopoulos 2018, 975; Bates, 2019). Learning design is identified as a core aspect of a tertiary educator's role, but often, little guidance is given to educators on this topic. Changes in the higher education landscape also bring about questions about ideal learning design. With changing times that require institutions to introduce other models like blended and online learning, more pedagogical guidance might be necessary to advise lecturers on best practices in terms of module design (Kebritchi, Lipschuetz, and Santiague 2017). To aid learning design thinking and to make the pedagogic structure of the design apparent, Laurillard and Ljubojevic (2011) and others have suggested the use of a learning design tool or aid. A learning design tool is a means which can provide analytical support for lecturers to evaluate their own practices (Bower et al. 2011). This study looks at the creation of a customised learning design tool (CLDT) and discusses whether it can serve as an Electronic Performance Support System, which is a tool that can guide and assist users in their roles in the workplace. This case study canvassed the experiences and opinions of faculty members in Military Education on the use of this CLDT. The tool is designed to capture and depict various features of a module's design. This study made use of design-based research which is a methodology requiring a phased approach and aims to influence practice. Inputs from the participants revealed the perceived value and benefits along with the necessary amendments needed for the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exertional heat stroke (EHS) remains a significant health concern while training in hot environments, prompting the development of noninvasive wearable technology for monitoring estimated core temperature (ECT). The objective of this study was to review the effectiveness of an ECT device during elite military training by providing a case series of individuals who developed EHS. This is a retrospective study of EHS cases during high-intensity training while wearing the ECT device, Zephyr BioharnessTM. Data was collected from January 2021 through September 2021 at the Air Force Special Warfare Training pipeline in San Antonio, TX. Rectal temperatures of EHS diagnoses, defined by central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction and rectal temperature approaching or >40°C (104°F), were compared to ECT reading via Zephyr BioharnessTM. Incidence rates and psychometric properties were calculated using R package. A total of 47,058 daily peak ECT measurements were collected among 1,364 trainees. A total of 499 trainees flagged as potential EHS by Zephyr BioharnessTM reading >39.7°C (103.5°F). The incidence of confirmed EHS was 0.8/1000 person-months. Of the 10 confirmed EHS cases (9 males, 1 female; age = 23.4 ± 2.7 yrs; BMI = 25 ± 2; body fat = 13 ± 5%), 8 trainees had a peak ECT reading below 39.7°C which resulted in a sensitivity of 20%, specificity of 98.9%, positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 18.93 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.5–65.6), and a negative LR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.6–1.1). ECT had substantial false positive and negative rates. Further studies are needed to validate this technology in other populations, and the algorithm used in this device needs to be refined to better capture the environmental and physical requirements in the special operations population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the concept of society-based resistance as a means for Sweden to enhance its defense capabilities against potential military threats. It explores the challenges Sweden faces due to limited military resources and the need to upgrade its armed forces. The article emphasizes the importance of engaging the whole society in defense efforts and highlights the relevance of the situation in Ukraine to Sweden. It suggests that paramilitary organizations could be beneficial for Sweden's defense strategy, particularly in remote border areas, and can provide early warning and shape the conflict environment. The article concludes by highlighting the benefits of resistance and its potential to tie down and wear down enemy forces. It argues that creating paramilitary units can greatly benefit Sweden in both the short and long term by improving its defense posture and harnessing the power of society as a whole in times of national emergency. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the intrapersonal underpinnings of conflict transformation and expression during military deployment exercises. Design/methodology/approach: The authors collected data just before the onset and right after the ending of a military deployment training attended by several military units that were engaged in various operational exercises. The authors evaluated positive psychological capital (PsyCap) as well as expectations of task and relationship conflict before the deployment (N = 116 participants) and the experience of task and relationship conflict as well as deployment self-efficacy evaluated just after the deployment (N = 84). Findings: PsyCap buffers conflict transformation and expression during military deployment. Relationship conflict reduces deployment self-efficacy evaluated after the deployment. Research limitations/implications: The findings have implications for the development of personal strengths such as PsyCap and deployment self-efficacy, as well as for conflict management in military settings. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature on micro foundations of conflict emergence and explores the intrapersonal factors that impact conflict expression and transformation during military exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a proof-of-concept for minimalist market design (Sönmez 2023) as an effective methodology to enhance an institution based on stakeholders' desiderata with minimal interference. Four objectives--respecting merit, increasing retention, aligning talent, and enhancing trust--guided reforms to the US Army's centralized branching process of cadets to military specialties since 2006. USMA's mechanism for the class of 2020 exacerbated challenges in implementing these objectives. Formulating the Army's desiderata as rigorous axioms, we analyze their implications. Under our minimalist approach to institution redesign, the Army's objectives uniquely identify a branching mechanism. Our design is now adopted at USMA and ROTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) is considered a common health condition among military personnel, particularly soldiers during a period of high‑intensity workouts. The causes, prevention, and treatment of ID anemia (IDA) remain the subject of ongoing and extensive research in various populations. AIM: This is the first research to study the outcome of 14 weeks of intensive physical exercise on the prevalence and factors associated with ID and IDA among Saudi military male trainees. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted among n = 101 trainees who completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, dietary habits, current or past diagnoses of medical conditions, and physical activity. Two blood samples were collected from each participant to estimate (1) C‑reactive protein and iron profile and (2) complete blood counts by the CellDYN Sapphire automated blood cell counter. Hemoglobin (Hb) fractions were identified and quantified by high‑performance liquid chromatography using the TOSOH G8 analyzer to exclude hemoglobinopathy and thalassemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of ID, comprising both ID erythropoiesis and IDA among trainees, was found to be 65.3%. The occurrence of IDA was 5%, while ID erythropoiesis was detected among 60.4%. The prevalence of ID was statistically significantly higher among those drinking coffee during military training (P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are recommended to validate this study’s findings by incorporating a larger sample and extending the duration of the training period and examine the mechanisms that explain the increased risk of ID during vigorous military training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Load carriage tasks during United States Marine Corps (USMC) recruit training can cause injury. Load carriage conditioning, if optimized, can reduce injury risk. OBJECTIVE: To compare injuries sustained by USMC recruits following participation in either the Original Load Carriage (OLC) program or a Modified Load Carriage (MLC) program. METHODS: Retrospective musculoskeletal injury data were drawn from the USMC San Diego Sports Medicine injury database for recruits completing the OLC (n = 2,363) and MLC (n = 681) programs. Data were expressed as descriptive statistics and a population estimate of the OLC:MLC relative risk ratio (RR) was calculated. RESULTS: The proportion of injuries sustained in the MLC cohort (n = 268; 39% : OLC cohort, n = 1,372 : 58%) was lower, as was the RR (0.68, 95% CI 0.61– 0.75). The leading nature of injury for both cohorts was sprains and strains (OLC n = 396, 29%; MLC n = 66; 25%). Stress reactions were proportionally higher in MLC (n = 17, 6%; OLC n = 4, 0.3%), while stress fractures were proportionately lower (MLC n = 9, 3%; OLC n = 114, 8%). Overuse injuries were lower in MLC (– 7%). The knee, lower leg, ankle, and foot were the top four bodily sites of injuries and the Small Unit Leadership Evaluation (SULE), Crucible, overuse-nonspecific, running, and conditioning hikes were within the top five most common events causing injury. The prevalence rates of moderate severity injury were similar (MLC = 23%; OLC = 24%), although MLC presented both a higher proportion and prevalence of severe injuries (MLC = 6%; OLC = 3%, respectively). CONCLUSION: A periodized load carriage program concurrently increased exposure to load carriage hikes while reducing injuries both during the load carriage hikes and overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: During periods of high-volume vigorous exercise, United States Marine Corps recruits often experience musculoskeletal injuries. While the program of instruction (POI) for basic training is a defined training volume, the total workload of boot camp, including movements around the base, is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to quantify the daily total workload, energy expenditure, and sleep during basic recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MCRD) San Diego. METHODS: Eighty-four male recruits from MCRD San Diego wore wrist wearable physiological monitors to capture their complete workload (mileage from steps), energy expenditure, and sleep throughout the 10-week boot camp. RESULTS: Marine recruits traveled an average of 11.5±3.4 miles per day (M±SD), expended 4105±823 kcal per day, and slept an average of 5 : 48±1 : 06 hours and minutes per night. While the POI designates a total of 46.3 miles of running and hiking, the actual daily average miles yielded approximately 657.6±107.2 miles over the 10-week boot camp. CONCLUSION: Recruit training requires high physical demand and time under tension due to the cumulative volume of movements around base in addition to the POI planned physical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The current in-service Royal Naval Fitness Test has two elements to test the aerobic endurance and muscular strength of Service Personnel through generic field-based tests and a short job task simulation. However, in 2017 the Royal Navy (RN) identified a requirement to update their in-service fitness test to align with international best practice. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to conduct an Objective Job Task Analysis on critical, physically demanding tasks that could be undertaken by RN sailors during sea deployments METHODS: Twenty-one training exercises were observed across a range of contexts; Type 23 Frigates, Type 45 Destroyers and at shore-based training facilities. A total of 203 RN personnel (age 27.8±7.1 years) were observed undertaking 36 job related tasks (e.g., 'firefighting', 'damage control', 'abandon ship' and 'casualty handling'). Tasks were evaluated by cardiovascular response, primary functional movements and contextual factors to aid a Military Judgement Panel in task list down-selection. RESULTS: 14 Criterion Tasks (e.g., 'firefighting', 'two-person magazine stowage' and 'casualty handling') were selected to progress to the next stage of the process. Five tasks were selected based on cardiovascular responses and a further nine tasks selected based on task ergonomics and other factors. CONCLUSION: This research has identified and quantified the most physically demanding, critical roles undertaken by RN sailors on sea deployments and will inform the development of the RN Physical Employment Standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the military-technogenic burden on the natural environment as a result of international conflicts is relevant since military operations cause catastrophic consequences for the environment and natural resources, which can lead to irreversible disturbances in ecosystems. The study is devoted to the examination of the impact of military-technogenic loads on the soils of military training grounds. The paper considers methods of soil sampling and their analysis for the content of heavy metals and other chemical compounds and determines the impact of this load on the ecosystem and possible consequences for human health. The influence of military activity on the soil quality of military training grounds, in particular in the Cherkasy region, is analysed. The study includes the determination by X-ray fluorescence and atomic emission method of the content of various elements in the soil. The results showed a substantial iron content, which may be due to the use of explosives in military exercises. It is noted that despite the fact that exceeding the norms of maximum permissible content concentration, no heavy metals were recorded in the examined soils, and the maximum lead content approached the maximum permissible concentration, which requires further monitoring and control of this parameter. Ph determination showed a slightly acidic soil condition in combat exercise sites, which can affect plant fertility and growth. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and boron was assessed, and the results showed a lack of these nutrients for normal plant development. It is established that soil damage as a result of military operations can have a long-term negative impact and pose a threat to residents and territories. The results of the tests indicate a slight technogenic load at the sites of military exercises. The detected contamination of the examined samples is insubstantial, which indicates that the impact of military activities on the soil condition is limited. The results of the study will help to understand the possible health risks for people living near military training grounds and respond appropriately to protect their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'International Relations & Regional Studies' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated sex differences in energy balance, body composition, and metabolic and endocrine markers during prolonged military training. Twenty-three trainees (14 women) completed 44-wk military training (three terms of 14 wk with 2-wk adventurous training). Dietary intake and total energy expenditure were measured over 10 days during each term by weighed food and doubly labeled water. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and at the end of each term. Circulating metabolic and endocrine markers were measured at baseline and at the end of terms 2 and 3. Absolute energy intake and total energy expenditure were higher, and energy balance was lower, for men than women (P ≤ 0.008). Absolute energy intake and balance were lower, and total energy expenditure was higher, during term 2 than terms 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). Lean mass did not change with training (P = 0.081). Fat mass and body fat increased from term 1 to terms 2 and 3 (P ≤ 0.045). Leptin increased from baseline to terms 2 and 3 in women (P ≤ 0.002) but not in men (P ≥ 0.251). Testosterone and free androgen index increased from baseline to term 3 (P ≤ 0.018). Free thyroxine (T4) decreased and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased from baseline to term 2 and term 3 (P ≤ 0.031). Cortisol decreased from baseline to term 3 (P = 0.030). IGF-I and total triiodothyronine (T3) did not change with training (P ≥ 0.148). Men experienced greater energy deficits than women during military training due to higher total energy expenditure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Energy deficits are common in military training and can result in endocrine and metabolic disturbances. This study provides first investigation of sex differences in energy balance, body composition, and endocrine and metabolic markers in response to prolonged and arduous military training. Men experienced greater energy deficits than women due to higher energy expenditure, which was not compensated for by increased energy intake. These energy deficits were not associated with decreases in fat or lean mass or metabolic or endocrine function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of opening military classes refers to the tradition of national defense education, training the young generation to defend the homeland and strengthening the country’s ties with the army. The creation of military classes became a precedent for the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of National Education to build a common defense education system for high school students. The task of military classes in Polish high schools is to prepare young people for future service in various services, such as police, fire brigades and other special services. The aim of this work is to capture the relationship between body composition components and physical fitness of selected uniformed groups. The body composition components were analyzed with the help of the Tanita Body Composition Analyzer DC-240MA. The study used tests from the Polish Army physical fitness test, the Beep test and barbell bench press while lying on a straight bench. One of the conclusions obtained was that the correlation between body composition and fitness tests showed that higher levels of body fat, lean body mass, BMI and body weight negatively affect the results obtained in pull-ups, trunk bends, shuttle runs and Beep tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The Air Force uses the full range of leadership model (transformational, transactional, and passive-avoidant leadership) to develop leaders. However, there has been less research at how the leadership styles in the full range of leadership model are related to destructive leadership behavior, evidenced by adverse administrative actions. Objective: Conduct a pilot study using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Destrudo-L in tandem, within a smaller population of Air Force Professional Military Education students, to determine if, and to what degree, a relationship existed between leadership styles and destructive leadership behaviors. Methods: The MLQ-5X and Destrudo-L research instruments were used to collect data from a population sample of the Air Force field grade officers attending professional military education (n = 22). The MLQ-5X measured leadership styles, and the Destrudo-L measured destructive leadership behaviors. Results: Linear regressions measured the relationships between leadership styles and destructive leadership behavior and all regressions found p = 0.005. Transformational leadership behaviors were negatively related to both passive (B = -1.36) and active (B = -0.86) destructive leadership behaviors. Transactional leadership behaviors were also negatively related to both passive (B = -1.3) and active (B = -0.83) destructive leadership behaviors. However, passive-avoidant leadership behaviors had a positive relationship with passive (B = 1.21) and active (B = 0.68) destructive leadership behaviors. Conclusion: This pilot study found a relationship between leadership styles and destructive leadership behavior. However, the cross-sectional design, small population within a single officer rank, setting of a competitive in-residence Professional Military Education course, limit the generalizability of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the application of distance learning technologies in enhancing the development of managerial competence among future officers. The study delves into the pedagogical conditions necessary for leveraging distance learning tools effectively within the educational process of higher military educational institutions. Through a pedagogical experiment, the levels of managerial competence were assessed in a Control Group (CG) and an Experimental Group (EG) before and after the implementation of distance learning methods. Results indicate a notable improvement in the managerial competence of future officers in the EG, highlighting the efficacy of utilizing distance learning technologies for competency enhancement in military education. The findings underscore the importance of integrating innovative educational approaches to foster essential managerial skills in future military leaders.

The diverse and grueling nature of activities undertaken during Special Forces selection makes it difficult to develop physical training to improve performance and reduce injury risk. It is generally accepted that increased strength is protective against injury, but it is unclear if this is evident in a Special Forces selection environment. This study investigated the effect of the rigors of a Special Forces selection course has on performance of the isometric mid-thigh pull, countermovement jump, squat jump, drop landing, elastic utilization ratio (EUR), and injury occurrence. Throughout the course, 26% of participants sustained a preventable lower limb injury, with 65% of these occurring at the knee. The uninjured had higher values of absolute strength as measured by isometric mid-thigh pull peak absolute force (3399 [371] N, 3146 [307] N; P = .022) and lower EUR (0.94 [0.08], 1.01 [0.09]; P = .025) compared to the injured. Preventable knee injury was significantly correlated with isometric mid-thigh pull (r = -.245, P = .031) and EUR (r = .227, P = .044). The selection course altered EUR for uninjured individuals only (P = .004). Findings indicate that individuals with higher strength levels may be at a lower risk of injury than their weaker counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Experiential Education's latest issue covers a diverse range of topics in the field. One article examines how feminine hygiene and menstruation are addressed in pre-trip communication for outdoor recreation programs in higher education, finding that many programs do not adequately discuss these topics. Another article explores the application of adventure education on U.S. Air Force Academy cadets, finding a positive effect on emotional intelligence. Other articles evaluate the impacts of international service learning, the design elements of experiential learning activities, online problem-based learning during the pandemic, and changes in experiential education approaches due to COVID-19. The issue also includes articles on electoral candidate debates, journaling as an assessment, video exercises for communication skills, the impact of professional work on recreation therapists, and a book review on diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in outdoor education. Overall, the articles aim to stimulate conversations and improvements in the field of experiential education. [Extracted from the article]

Military training is characterized by high daily energy expenditures which are difficult to match with energy intake, potentially resulting in negative energy balance (EB) and low energy availability (EA). The aim of this study was to quantify EB and EA during British Army Officer Cadet training. Thirteen (seven women) Officer Cadets (mean ± SD: age 24 ± 3 years) volunteered to participate. EB and EA were estimated from energy intake (weighing of food and food diaries) and energy expenditure (doubly labeled water) measured in three periods of training: 9 days on-camp (CAMP), a 5-day field exercise (FEX), and a 9-day mixture of both CAMP and field-based training (MIX). Variables were compared by condition and gender with a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Negative EB was greatest during FEX (−2,197 ± 455 kcal/day) compared with CAMP (−692 ± 506 kcal/day; p <.001) and MIX (−1,280 ± 309 kcal/day; p <.001). EA was greatest in CAMP (23 ± 10 kcal·kg free-fat mass [FFM]−1·day−1) compared with FEX (1 ± 16 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1; p =.002) and MIX (10 ± 7 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1; p =.003), with no apparent difference between FEX and MIX (p =.071). Irrespective of condition, there were no apparent differences between gender in EB (p =.375) or EA (p =.385). These data can be used to inform evidenced-based strategies to manage EA and EB during military training, and enhance the health and performance of military personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary intake and physical activity impact performance and adaptation during training. The aims of this study were to compare energy and macronutrient intake during British Army Officer Cadet training with dietary guidelines and describe daily distribution of energy and macronutrient intake and estimated energy expenditure. Thirteen participants (seven women) were monitored during three discrete periods of military training for 9 days on-camp, 5 days of field exercise, and 9 days of a mixture of the two. Dietary intake was measured using researcher-led food weighing and food diaries, and energy expenditure was estimated from wrist-worn accelerometers. Energy intake was below guidelines for men (4,600 kcal/day) and women (3,500 kcal/day) during on-camp training (men = −16% and women = −9%), field exercise (men = −33% and women = −42%), and combined camp and field training (men and women both −34%). Carbohydrate intake of men and women were below guidelines (6 g·kg−1·day−1) during field exercise (men = −18% and women = −37%) and combined camp and field training (men = −33% and women = −39%), respectively. Protein intake was above guidelines (1.2 kcal·kg−1·day−1) for men and women during on-camp training (men = 48% and women = 39%) and was below guidelines during field exercise for women only (−27%). Energy and macronutrient intake during on-camp training centered around mealtimes with a discernible sleep/wake cycle for energy expenditure. During field exercise, energy and macronutrient intake were individually variable, and energy expenditure was high throughout the day and night. These findings could be used to inform evidenced-based interventions to change the amount and timing of energy and macronutrient intake around physical activity to optimize performance and adaptations during military training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the life and works of Alphonso "Al" Jackson Jennings, an attorney in Oklahoma Territory, who had been sentenced to life imprisonment, convicted of placing the life of a postal worker in jeopardy during a botched Rock Island passenger train robberyin the Indian Territory. Topics include Al attended a military school followed by a bachelor of laws degree in West Virginia; and Oklahoma crimes corroborated by the public record in the newspaper archives .

During the ten years following the armistice in Korea, the U.S. Army described its basic training for enlisted male soldiers as a process that transformed civilians into men tough enough to withstand the rigors of a war with the Soviet Union. There was, however, during these years great dissatisfaction with this program. Critics both inside and outside the service found a variety of faults, but the one most frequently cited was the quality of officers and sergeants assigned to shepherd recruits through the transition from civilian to soldier. Despite frequently praising the drill instructor concept used in Marine Corps basic training, senior army officers refused to adapt it for use in their service's training centers. Effective change, in the form of the drill sergeant program, would come only after intervention into a core military function by Cyrus R. Vance and Stephen Ailes, successive secretaries of the army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]