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The nature of hepatitis B virus infection is reviewed, focusing on its ability to evade the host's immune system and cause a life-long infection of the liver. This chronic infection and inflammation can often lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer.

Two different applications of the reasonable design approach to the multidisciplinary optimization of a high-speed civil transport model are described. These include the creation of a response surface approximation for structural bending material weight, and the creation of response surface approximations for components of aerodynamic drag. The advantages of using reasonable surface models created via the reasonable design space approach are discussed.

Background. Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are an increasingly pervasive disturbance for aging adults. The aims of this experiment were: (a) to describe the index of periodic limb movements in sleep (myoclonus index [MI] in elderly subjects with complaints of poor sleep or depression (N = 22; 68 [+ or -] 5.5 SD years); and (b) to correlate MI with sleep history, depression scores, and objective and subjective indices of sleep. Method. Sleep and leg movements were assessed for 5 consecutive nights. Between-subjects, nonparametric correlations were examined between mean MI and sleep history, depression scores, and objective and subjective sleep characteristics. Associations among within-subject night-to-night variabilities of MI, objective, and subjective variables were examined with repeated measures ANCOVA, entering MI as a covariate. Results. A remarkably high level of MI was found (median 25.8 events per hour; 86% of subjects > 5). Nevertheless, no associations were found between MI and sleep disturbance measures. Conclusion. These results extend previous reports that PLMS are remarkably persuasive in elderly volunteers and support other reports questioning whether there is a distinct PLMS syndrome.

The premise of this article is that animals behaving spontaneously sometimes show intriguing and unexpected behaviors. The theme of this article is that the animals producing these behaviors, when approached as psychological entities in their own right, offer unique information about how they perceive the world and carry out their lives. In addition, the findings often contribute to the modification, refinement, and generality of basic psychological concepts and principles. Many examples of such contributions are presented in recent reviews of psychological research with animals. In this article, the author illustrates a comparative approach to animal behavior with selected findings on emotional attachments in nonhuman primates.

The Paiute of Owens Valley had by early historic time progressed to a substantial extent along the path toward large-scale food production. They are perhaps the best instance in North America of a group that developed its own system of vegeculture—a system carried over to include irrigation of a variety of seedbearing plants as well. The Owens Valley Paiute thus offer a better example of agricultural origins than any presently known archaeological cultures that already had domesticated crop plants. And this remarkable achievement of indigenous agriculture occurred in a group which, as Julian Steward (1970) concluded after nearly fifty years of study, had evolved only "proto-bands." This was a retraction of his earlier statement that they were grouped in true composite landowning bands (Steward 1938:50). Comment on that classification we leave for a future time.Steward (1930:153) himself deserves credit for recognizing that the Owens Valley Paiute use of irrigation could contribute knowledge within the broader framework of the "origins of agriculture." Curiously, during Steward's own time, geographer Carl O. Sauer was carrying out research on the problems of agricultural origins and dispersals. Sauer believed that vegetative propagation had preceded seed cultivation and set out to develop a theoretical basis for locating the cradle of agriculture (Harlan 1975:46). Between Sauer (1952) and Edgar Anderson (1954) a model evolved suggesting that agricultural peoples were sedentary fisherfolk living in wooded lands and bringing aggressive plants back from their riverbanks that found natural places to sprout in the kitchen middens of their homes.Evidence since has shown that some of the presuppositions of Sauer and Anderson were simplistic or incorrect (Harlan 1975:45). Nevertheless, it seems odd that Sauer, living in California, failed to note that Steward had called attention to practices that so nearly coincided with his own model for agricultural origins. Nearly fifty years have elapsed since Steward wrote his seminal paper on irrigation in Owens Valley, but as yet no anthropologists have mustered interest in closely studying the problem. It may well be too late to acquire much of the information which still remains unknown about Owens Valley agriculture— such as the dating of its origin and the conditions under which it began. Yet research in this neglected area by archaeologists, linguists, plant scientists, and other scholars could probably tell us as much about agricultural origins as current research on the subject being carried out elsewhere in the world.

In December and January of 1786-1787, Pedro de Fages, who was governor of Alta and Baja California in 1787, stopped in the Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Angeles on a routine inspection trip through the southern part of the province. While at San Gabriel in early January of 1787, Fages wrote a code of conduct toward Indians for the corporal in charge of the little four-man guard unit in Los Angeles. This soldier, Vicente Feliz, was acting corporal of the guard, although he was actually a private. He was invested with special powers to facilitate military control of the pueblo and see to it that as little difficulty as possible arose between settlers of the pueblo and the large Indian population of the surrounding Indian rancherias or villages of the district.The rules set down by Fages concerning relationships with the Indians of the Los Angeles area are of considerable interest, since they shed some light on the attitude of the settlers toward Indians and the established practices of social interaction between settlers and Indians in the field of labor. Before discussing Fages' code of conduct toward Indians, however, I shall first briefly present some biographical information about Fages and then describe in greater detail the background of the life of settlers and Indians in the vicinity of Los Angeles at the time of Fages' visit.

Chiefs and Challengers: Indian Resistance and Cooperation in Southern California.George Harwood Phillips. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. xi + 225 pp., illus. $10.95.

The documents that follow, which are from the Bancroft Library transcripts of the California archives, are examples of some of the materials that shed light on the frontier of Alta and Baja California between 1774 and 1781.

7 groups of squirrel monkeys were observed to assess the effect of infants on social interactions and interanimal distances among adult members of their natal groups. Each group contained one or two infants, 5 to 7 months of age at the start of the study. Infants initiated affiliative and playful interactions with all adults, whereas adults directed few, mostly antagonistic, interactions toward infants. Following the removal of infants from groups, distances between adults decreased and adult affiliative interactions increased more than 100%. The results indicate that infants within the age-range examined can have a pervasive, primarily inhibitory, influence on adult social relationships.

Although some mechanistic aspects of exocytosis, such as fusion events, have been well documented by the technique of time-resolved membrane-capacitance measurement, it was only recently that new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the traffic of secretory vesicles were provided by the convergence of different lines of research. In this review Lledo et al. present some of the recent findings concerning small GTPases of the Rab3 subfamily whic regulate hormone release, triggered by entry of [Ca.sup.2+], in endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. In view of these new results, Rab proteins might be considered as candidates for inhibition or stimulation of specific steps involved in vesicle traffic.

The influence of the F-5A forebody on directional stability at high angles of attack has been simulated through computers over attack ranges of 10 to 45 degrees by using computational fluid dynamics while studying flowfields at low-speed high angles of attack. The CFL3D code uses a modified turbulence model to solve the Reynolds equations.

Analysis of flowfields over chine-shaped forebodies at low-speed high angle- of-attack conditions with sideslip involves application of computational fluid dynamics to determine stability-enhancing forebody geometries. Dynamic analyses of several forebody shapes to determine the shape that enhances directional stability at high angle of attack shows that the shape of the cross section such as broad chine-shapes promote stability, which is further improved by chines placed near the top of the cross section.

The expression of Rab3B, a protein of the Rab3 subfamily, is specifically obstructed by antisense oligonucleotides against Rab3B introduced into pituitary cells, through the whole-cell patch clamp method. Without influencing endocytosis, calcium-dependent exocytosis is impeded. No influence was observed in antisense oligonucleotides directed against Rab3A. Exocytosis downstream of other calcium-dependent mechanisms in anterior pituitary cells may be regulated by Rab3B, which is a crucial intracellular signalling molecule.

Female agonism against males and male interventions in social transactions between the sexes are 2 explanations for the low rates of social engagement observed between male and female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). These possibilities were evaluated by comparing the frequency, structure, and content of transactions between the sexes in 3 experimental social units: male-female pairs, single-male-multifemale groups, and multimale-multifemale groups. Affiliative transactions between the sexes occurred 3-5 times less often in multimale-multifemale groups than in male-female pairs and in single-male-multifemale groups. Intermale agonism in the multimale-multifemale groups often coincided with ongoing transactions between the sexes, whereas female agonism against males was rather uncommon in all social units. The results failed to support the female agonism hypothesis and indicate a need for more detailed studies of intermale social dynamics.