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Bees are a large and diverse species of insects belonging to the Hymenoptera order. The family Megachilidae represents a large part of most of the bee fauna all over the world as a result of their importance as pollinators. The study aimed to describe the morphological characteristics of three species of wild bees belonging to Megachile parientina (Geoffroy, 1785), Rhodanthidium sticticum (Fabricius, 1787), and Anthidium diadema Latreille, 1809 in Aljabal Alakder, Libya. Specimens were collected by hand net from different locations in the Aljabal Alakder area (Albayda and Alwastia). The morphological characters were described by using the OPTIC microscope. Measurements were taken at full body length (in cm), front wings length, thorax and abdomen width, body color was taken (head, abdomen, thorax, wings), and the study described in details the morphology of mouthparts, wings venation, antenna and abdominal structure for all species. The morphological structures vary between the different species in color, size, and wings. The body length of M. parientina was 19 mm, R. sticticum was 12 mm, and A. diadema was 13 mm. The study’s conclusion insists on the importance of morphological description studies to facilitate the identification of wild bees species in Libya.

Objectives: To understand government communication strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic by examining topics related to COVID-19 posted by Saudi governmental ministries on Twitter and situating our findings within existing health behavior theoretical frameworks. Study design: Retrospective content analysis of COVID-19 related tweets. Methods: On November 7th, 2020, we extracted relevant tweets posted by five Saudi governmental ministries. After we extracted the data, we developed and applied a coding schema. Results: A total of 3,950 tweets were included in our dataset. Topics fell into two groups: disease-related (49.2%) and non-disease related (50.8%). The disease-related group included seven categories: awareness (18.5%), symptom (0.6%), prevention (7.7%), disease transmission (1.9%), treatment (0.3%), testing (3.4%), and reports (16.7%). The non-disease related group included eight categories: lockdown (5.9%), online learning (12.8%), digital platforms (4.3%), empowerment (12.0%), accountability (1.1%), non-disease reports (2.1%), local and international news (10.8%), and general statements (1.9%). Based on the correlation analysis, we found that the top positively correlated categories were: “testing” and “digital platforms” (r = 0.4157), “awareness” and “prevention” (r = 0.3088), “prevention” and “disease transmission” (r = 0.3025), “awareness” and “disease transmission” (r = 0.1685), “symptom” and “testing” (r = 0.1081), “awareness” and “symptom” (r = 0.0812), “symptom” and “digital platforms” (r = 0.0645), and “disease transmission” and “digital platforms” (r = 0.0450), p-values < 0.01. Several health behavior theoretical constructs were linked to our findings. Conclusions: Integrating behavioral theories in the development of health risk communication should be taken seriously by government communication specialists who manage social media accounts, as these theories help underlining determinants of people's behaviors.

This article aims to investigate the policy shift of local cultural management in Banyumas Regency during the Covid-19. The pandemic has brought a wide impact beyond the health issues including cultural activities that tend to be overlooked. The local culture of Banyumas was selected because local cultures other than Javanese somehow failed to be noticed by the experts since the New Order Era. This paper is library research that examines cultural policies. The result reveals that the Banyumas local culture has been managed by the local government of Banyumas through the culture and tourism office. In cultural activities, there are two patterns, namely cultural activities held by the Banyumas Regency government and cultural activities held by the village administration. During the pandemic, nonetheless, more activities are carried out by the village administration and local society. It shows that the social-cultural bond between the local people and the village administration is strong in the attempt of preserving their customs and traditions. The value of mutual assistance is a pivotal contribution to support the cultural activities amid the less favorable situation due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This outcome also confirms that a study of cultural policy cannot be separated from the necessity of understanding how the village administration as the lowest government unit plays a significant role in cultural preservation along with the local society.

We reported a case of a 32 years old male presenting with a perforating gunshot injury in craniocerebral region 3 h after the assault. The bullet entered above the right zygomatic arch, travelling through the coronal plane, and exited from the left zygomatic arch. The patient was fully conscious at presentation and developed facial nerve palsy during his hospital stay. Non-contrast CT scan of the head revealed fractures of the right orbit, bilateral maxilla, bilateral pterygoid plates, ethmoid air cells, vomer and left zygoma, and without any cerebral damage. He was treated conservatively and the facial palsy was resolved. The patient survived without any complications. Such case has not been described in the available literature till date.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a small Gram-positive bacillus containing mycolic acid in the structure of the cell wall. The bacterium is responsible for Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) in small ruminants (sheep and goats). The bacteria are also responsible for Ulcerative Lymphangitis in equines. The disease causes great economic loss in the animal industry. This work aimed to check the ability of Quadruplex PCR (Q-PCR) for genotyping and identification of Egyptian isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis and sequence analysis of phospholipase D (PLD) gene of local isolates. Four of C. pseudotuberculosis local isolates previously biochemically identified were tested for narG gene (nitrate reductase gene). Both nitrate negative biovar (ovis) and nitrate positive biovar (equi) showed a positive result for 16S rRNA, rpoB and PLD genes of C. pseudotuberculosis species. The sequence analysis of our local isolates' PLD gene revealed minor changes in PLD proteins between ovine and equine strains compared with other published PLD sequences in GenBank. It was concluded that the Q-PCR method is able to differentiate between C. pseudotuberculosis equi and ovis biovars. Also, the sequence of PLD gene of local isolates representing the two biovars revealed some variation, which leads to an accurate diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis biovars and generates a mapping of immerged local isolates. Further, the PCR and sequence of these isolates provide rapid and accurate genotyping, especially with hyperimmune serum's unavailability.

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed various stresses on individuals and communities. Coping with sudden, tense, demanding situations during an infectious disease outbreak requires self-efficacy. Increasing the public’s self-efficacy for preventive and control measures is important in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research was aimed at evaluating the self-efficacy and associated factors of students at a public university in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional study, and a snowball sampling method was used to recruit participants. Data were collected from the beginning of April to the end of June 2020 using an online questionnaire. A total of 761 students were included in the study. The participants’ demographic data were collected, and self-efficacy was analyzed using the General Self-efficacy Scale. The results showed that self-efficacy for dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic was moderate in almost half of the students but was low in approximately 25% of the participants. There were statistically significant associations between self-efficacy regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and gender, college type, marital status, and family income (p < 0.05). However, the participants’ self-efficacy was not associated with age, residence, or history of chronic illness. In dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, most students had either moderate or low self-efficacy. Certain demographic variables were positively associated with self-efficacy as perceived by the students. These findings provide data central to the development of self-efficacy initiatives. They may also be useful for the effective implementation of public health preventive behavior programs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background. COVID-19, a new viral disease caused by Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) was reported first by Chinese. WHO declared it a pandemic in March 2020. We saw a huge number of this illness that caused a stress on health care systems and a high proportion of mortality. World Health Organization declared it as a pandemic in March 2020. We planned this study with the objective of knowing clinical presentation, hospital management and final outcome of COVID-19 in our population and compare it with other institution who studied the disease elsewhere. Materials and methods. A retrospective study on COVID-19 patients with severe to critical illness was conducted in King Saud Medical City Riyadh. Proper permission was issued by ethical committee of King Saud Medical City. Data was collected manually as well from electronic records. Data was analyzed using standard statistical methods. A total of 689 patients that were admitted to KSMC from 1st March 2020 to 30th of June 2020. Results. More than 50 % of our patients were from Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). Our mean age was 50 years. Females comprised 17.3 % of our patients. Common presentation was breathlessness (79 %), cough (70 %) and fever (67 %). Mean oxygen saturation on presentation was 92 %. Around sixty one percent of our patients were critical and were treated in intensive care unit. Mortality was 35 % and multi-organ failure 25 %. Although diabetes mellitus (37.3 %) and hypertension (29.5 %) were common comorbidities but it did not increase the mortality in our patients. Our mortality seems to be related to late reporting to hospital and severe disease itself. Conclusions. A retrospective study conducted at King Saud Medical city on 689 patients of severe and critical COVID-19. A high proportion were admitted to intensive care unit (60.8 %), 41 % needed invasive ventilation and 29 % required vasopressors and 14 % needed hemodialysis. Mortality of 35 % was recorded in our study. People of Indian subcontinent (Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indians) formed more than 50 % of patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is proving to be an unprecedented disaster that lays its dark shadow on global health, economics and personal freedom. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics provide scientific data that is useful in better understanding and resolution of COVID-19. Similarities among SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have been investigated in the light of available data. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 evolved in bats and have positive-sense RNA genomes of 27.9 kb, 30.1 kb and 29.9 kb, respectively. Molecular and serological tools used for diagnosis of SARS and MERS patients resemble COVID-19 diagnostic tools. Stability and longevity data of SARS and MERS epidemics contribute in the current pandemic precaution policies. Trials to produce vaccines for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV failed, therefore different strategies were employed for SARS-CoV2 vaccines production and during the past period antiviral agents, Convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies provide potential treatments for sever patients. The mortality rate caused by the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV reached 15% and 37%, respectively. The first declarations about mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 was around 2–4% but now this rate differed globally and reached more than 13% in some countries. A realistic COVID-19 outbreak scenario suggest that the pandemic might last for three years with fluctuation in the number of infected cases, unless vaccination process goes faster and/or antiviral drug is discovered.

The aim of paraphrasing identification techniques is to identify if two sentences or texts have the same meaning; even if they do not contain a number of identical phrases or words. In this paper we proposed a hybrid technique based on using attention constituency vector (ACV)-tree kernel in short texts or sentence similarity computation. Then a similarity threshold is used to identifying if these sentences are paraphrased or not. The experiments are conducted on Arabic paraphrasing benchmark. The proposed method provides a recall of 70% and a precision of 76%, when the determined threshold is 0.5, while a recall of 94% and a precision of 0.751 achieved using a threshold of 0.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the influence of the air abrasion of dentin on the shear bond strength of lithium disilicate using three different types of luting cements. Sixty cylindrical specimens were milled from lithium disilicate CAD/CAM blocks (IPSe.max CAD). Sixty sound human maxillary premolar teeth were decoronated to the level of peripheral dentin, then randomly divided into three groups according to the type of luting cement used for the cementation of the lithium disilicate specimens (n = 20); Group A: Glass ionomer cement (Riva Self- Cure); Group B: Adhesive resin cement (Rely X Ultimate); Group C: Self-adhesive resin cement (Rely X U200). Each group was then further subdivided into two subgroups (n=10); Subgroups AI, BI, and CI, in which lithium disilicate specimens were cemented directly to dentin; Subgroups AII, BII, and CII, in which dentin surface was air abraded prior to cementation of lithium disilicate specimens. A computerized universal testing machine was used to measure the shear bond strength. A digital microscope was used to study the failure mode. SEM was used to analyze the cement-dentin interface of the de-bonded samples. The data were analyzed statistically using One-way ANOVA test and independent sample t-test at the level of significance of (0.05). Air abrasion of dentin improved the shear bond strength of lithium disilicate to dentin with all three types of cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Bile acids (BAs) aid intestinal fat absorption and exert systemic actions by receptor-mediated signaling. BA receptors have been identified as drug targets for liver diseases. Yet, differences in BA metabolism between humans and mice hamper translation of pre-clinical outcomes. Cyp2c70-ablation in mice prevents synthesis of mouse/rat-specific muricholic acids (MCAs), but potential (patho)physiological consequences of their absence are unknown. We therefore assessed age- and gender-dependent effects of Cyp2c70-deficiency in mice. Methods: The consequences of Cyp2c70-deficiency were assessed in male and female mice at different ages. Results: Cyp2c70-/- mice were devoid of MCAs and showed high abundances of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids. Cyp2c70-deficiency profoundly impacted microbiome composition. Bile flow and biliary BA secretion were normal in Cyp2c70-/- mice of both sexes. Yet, the pathophysiological consequences of Cyp2c70-deficiency differed considerably between sexes. Three-week old male Cyp2c70-/- mice showed high plasma BAs and transaminases, which spontaneously decreased thereafter to near-normal levels. Only mild ductular reactions were observed in male Cyp2c70-/- mice up to 8 months of age. In female Cyp2c70-/- mice, plasma BAs and transaminases remained substantially elevated with age, gut barrier function was impaired and bridging fibrosis was observed at advanced age. Addition of 0.1% ursodeoxycholic acid to the diet fully normalized hepatic and intestinal functions in female Cyp2c70-/- mice. Conclusion: Cyp2c70-/- mice show transient neonatal cholestasis and develop cholangiopathic features that progress to bridging fibrosis in females only. These consequences of Cyp2c70-deficiency are restored by treatment with UDCA, indicating a role of BA hydrophobicity in disease development.

Background: This retrospective review was done to gauge the preliminary experience of COVID-19 in pregnancy during first 50 days of lockdown in a tertiary care hospital of India. Methods: This was a single-centered study, wherein all the suspected women (as defined by ICMR guidelines) who were tested for SARS-CoV 2 infection by nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs, and rendered to RT-PCR, were included. Parallel evaluation was performed for women in both groups for sociodemographic and obstetric attributes, risk factors, clinical presentation and feto-maternal outcome. Categorical variables were presented in number and percentage. Qualitative variables were equated using Chi-Square test/Fisher's exact test. A P value of < 0.05 was counted as significant. Results: Amongst 112 suspected cases, seven (6.25%) were found to be positive for SARS COV2. Majority of COVID-19 positive women hailed from urban hotspot areas (57.7%) and were un-booked (57.1%). Most were mild cases, and symptomatic (85.7%), with fever (57.1%) being predominant feature in all suspects; no adverse effects seen on pregnancy and fetus, with uneventful postpartum period. Conclusion: No adverse outcome in mother and baby after acquiring SARS-COV2 infection was observed, with maximum cases being mild; fever was the predominant symptom in all suspects, with significantly higher percentage in COVID-19 positives.

Introduction: Organizing pneumonia (OP) is an idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized radiologically by the patchy peripheral areas of ground-glass opacities and consolidation. It is commonly associated with a variety of conditions such as connective tissue diseases (CTD), drugs, infections, malignancy, radiation exposure, post-transplant, and other interstitial pneumonia. There are no specific clinical manifestations unless there is an underlying etiology. We present a series of such cases. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify the clinical characteristics and etiological spectrum of patients manifesting radiologically with OP pattern. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of clinico-radiological profile and etiological diagnosis of 23 patients, who had a radiological diagnosis of OP during the period of January 2017–September 2019. Results: Our patients presented with nonspecific symptoms of cough, fever, breathlessness, and occasionally with hemoptysis. The various etiologies identified were CTD (n = 4), infection (n = 2), drugs (n = 4), radiation (n = 1), chronic aspiration syndrome (n = 1), malignancy (n = 2), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 1), and chronic heart failure (n = 2), and in majority (n = 7), no underlying etiology was evident and were labeled as cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Conclusion: OP is an underdiagnosed entity and is associated with numerous diseases varying from pulmonary tuberculosis to malignancy. Identification of the underlying disease process is of paramount importance as it enables the treating physician to implement necessary therapeutic interventions.

During the times of the ongoing COVID pandemic, aerosol-generating procedures such as bronchoscopy have the potential of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to the healthcare workers. The decision to perform bronchoscopy during the COVID pandemic should be taken judiciously. Over the years, the indications for bronchoscopy in the clinical practice have expanded. Experts at the Indian Association for Bronchology perceived the need to develop a concise statement that would assist a bronchoscopist in performing bronchoscopy during the COVID pandemic safely. The current Indian Association for Bronchology Consensus Statement provides specific guidelines including triaging, indications, bronchoscopy area, use of personal protective equipment, patient preparation, sedation and anesthesia, patient monitoring, bronchoscopy technique, sample collection and handling, bronchoscope disinfection, and environmental disinfection concerning the coronavirus disease-2019 situation. The suggestions provided herewith should be adopted in addition to the national bronchoscopy guidelines that were published recently. This statement summarizes the essential aspects to be considered for the performance of bronchoscopy in COVID pandemic, to ensure safety for both for patients and healthcare personnel.

Introduction: Establishing the diagnosis of splenomegaly is a clinical and pathological conundrum. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinicohematological findings and the significance of bone marrow examination in establishing the etiology of splenomegaly. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of patients with splenomegaly who had indications for bone marrow examination. The study was conducted over a period of 2 years. Detailed hematological and serological investigations were analyzed in those patients. Results: There were 96 males and 60 females. Most of the patients presented with fever. A mild degree of splenomegaly was found in 56.4% of the patients, followed by moderate (39.7%), and massive (3.9%) degree of splenomegaly. Pancytopenia was noted in 15.4% of the patients. Anemia was observed in 96.2% of the cases. Erythroid hyperplasia was the most common bone marrow finding (37.2%). Etiologies of splenomegaly were documented by the clinico-laboratory evaluation in 45.5% of the patients. Bone marrow examination along with peripheral blood examination alone established etiologies in 15.4% of the patients. Conclusion: Anemia and hematological malignancies formed a major part of the etiologies of splenomegaly. Bone marrow examination was an inevitable investigation in these situations. Serological investigations were useful in the diagnosis of nutrition deficiency anemia and infectious etiology. The grade of splenomegaly assessed clinically at the time of presentation provided an important clue for the etiology. Bone marrow examination proved to be an important diagnostic tool in the workup of patients with splenomegaly.

Background: Central venous catheters (CVCs) can act as a portal for bloodstream infections, which increases the morbidity and mortality in intensive care units (ICUs). Objective: The primary aim of this study was to find out the incidence, to ascertain risk factors of bloodstream infections related to CVC, and to know the microbiological profile of organisms causing catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in an ICU of a tertiary level hospital. Methodology: All patients who had CVC insertion in the operation theater before the procedure and were later transferred to ICU, and those patients who were directly admitted to the ICU and had CVC inserted were included in the study. On suspicion of an insertion-site infection, site swabs were sent for microbiological analysis. If catheter tip colonization/infection or CRBSI was suspected, the CVC was removed, and the tip of the catheter along with two sets of blood (peripheral and central) was sent for culture analysis. A semi-quantitative culture analysis was done to confirm CRBSI. Results: On review of data, 150 patients with cumulative 1056 catheter surveillance days revealed an incidence of 24.66% for CVC-related infections, which included exit site infections (5.33%), catheter tip infections (13.33%), and CRBSI (6%). The rate of CRBSI associated with CVCs placed in the surgical ICU was 35.3 per 1000 catheter surveillance days. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism causing CRBSI and CONS (coagulase-negative staphylococcus) was the most common organism causing catheter tip and exit site infections.

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a chronic autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. EBA is caused by antibodies targeting type VII collagen, the major component of anchoring fibrils that connects the basement membrane to dermal structures. The classic presentation is characterized by blisters, mild mucosal involvement, and healing with dense scars primarily at trauma-prone areas. Herein, we present a case of EBA. Our case of a 65-year-old female patient distinctively demonstrated generalized multiple erosions, flaccid bullae, dystrophic nail changes, scarring, painful erosions, and milia. We emphasize the importance of differentiating EBA from bullous systemic lupus erythematosus because both cases have different responses to steroids.

Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between stroke volume variation (SVV) and inferior vena cava distensibility index (dIVC) as a marker for fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated hypotensive intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methodology and Design: This study is designed as prospective observational study conducted in patients admitted to an ICU who were mechanically ventilated and experienced a hypotensive episode. Intervention: A fluid challenge of 10 mL/kg ringer's lactate was given over 20 min. Measurements: Hemodynamic parameters as well as SVV, IVCmax, IVCmin, dIVC, and cardiac output (CO), were recorded at a different time interval. An increase in ≥15% of CO was taken as fluid responsiveness. Results: Out of 67 patients, 67.2% responded to fluid challenge. Pearson's correlation graph at baseline showed a strong positive correlation between dIVC and SVV with r = 0.453, (P < 0.002). Non-responders also had a strong positive correlation (r = 0.474) at the baseline. Bland Altman's analysis of the correlation between dIVC and SVV post-fluid challenge showed a mean difference of – 4.444, with 1.49% of the values falling outside the limits of agreement (18.418 and -27.306). This difference was clinically significant. Pearson's correlation graph post-fluid challenge showed a moderately strong positive correlation between dIVC and SVV with r = 0.298 and P value = 0.047, which was statistically significant. Also, non-responders had a weak correlation as compared to the responder's group, r = 0.364 and P value = 0.095, which was not clinically significant. There was no significant difference in the trend of dIVC and SVV values between the non-surgical and surgical groups, nor was there any gender difference analyzed in the study. Conclusion: This study ascertains the positive correlation between dIVC and SVV and justifies its use in a clinical setting of hypotension suspected to be due to hypovolemia.

Aspergillus species, especially Aspergillus fumigatus, can cause varied pulmonary manifestations depending on the host immune status and duration of infection. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is an under-reported entity, and its diagnosis remains a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. CPA can have varied presentations including chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA), subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis. Underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis predisposes these individuals to CPA. These cases can present as chronic cough with hemoptysis even requiring emergency bronchial artery embolization. Here, we present a series of four CCPA cases who were diagnosed on the basis of clinico-radiological features and the Aspergillus-specific IgG antibody levels. A review of case series published in India is also presented.

The increasing demand for higher data rates motivates the exploration of advanced techniques for future wireless networks. To this end, massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) is envisioned as the most essential technique to meet this demand. However, the expansion of the number of antennas in mMIMO systems with short coherence time makes the downlink channel estimation (DCE) overhead potentially overwhelming. As such, the number of training sequence (TS) needs to be significantly reduced. However, reducing the number of TS reduces the mean-squared error (MSE) accuracy significantly and to date it is not clear to what extend can this TS reduction affects the achievable sum rate performance. Therefore, this paper develops a low complexity and tractable TS solution for DCE and establishes an analytical framework for the optimum TS. Furthermore, the tradeoff between the achievable sum rate maximization criteria and the MSE minimization criteria is investigated. This investigation is essential to characterize the optimum TS length and the actual performance of mMIMO systems when the channel exhibits a limited coherence time. To this end, the statistical structure of mMIMO channels is exploited. In addition, this paper utilizes a random matrix theory (RMT) method to characterize the downlink achievable sum rate and MSE in a closed-form. This paper shows that maximizing the downlink sum rate criterion is more important than minimizing the MSE of the SINR only, which is typically considered in the conventional MIMO systems and/or in the time division duplex (TDD) mMIMO systems. The results demonstrate that a feasible downlink achievable sum rate can be achieved in an frequency division duplex (FDD) mMIMO system. This finding is necessary to extend the benefit of mMIMO systems to high frequency bands such as millimeter-wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THZ) communications.

The commercial fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications networks have already been deployed with the aim of providing high data rates. However, the rapid growth in the number of smart devices and the emergence of the Internet of Everything (IoE) applications, which require an ultra-reliable and low-latency communication, will result in a substantial burden on the 5G wireless networks. As such, the data rate that could be supplied by 5G networks will unlikely sustain the enormous ongoing data traffic explosion. This has motivated research into continuing to advance the existing wireless networks toward the future generation of cellular systems, known as sixth generation (6G). Therefore, it is essential to provide a prospective vision of the 6G and the key enabling technologies for realizing future networks. To this end, this paper presents a comprehensive review/survey of the future evolution of 6G networks. Specifically, the objective of the paper is to provide a comprehensive review/survey about the key enabling technologies for 6G networks, which include a discussion about the main operation principles of each technology, envisioned potential applications, current state-of-the-art research, and the related technical challenges. Overall, this paper provides useful information for industries and academic researchers and discusses the potentials for opening up new research directions.

Introduction: Patients with diabetes mellitus commonly develop chronic vascular complications including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Chronic inflammation plays an important role in pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a novel potential marker for determining inflammation. Objective: To study NLR in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with renal function. Method: This study is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital. This study included 200 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 100 of whom had deranged renal functions and 100 patients had normal renal function. The control group was composed of 100 healthy age and sex-matched subjects. NLR was calculated and statistical analysis was made using student's t-test, post HOC test, and ANOVA. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: When NLR was compared among three groups, NLR was significantly higher in diabetic patients as compared to controls and NLR was significantly higher in diabetic nephropathy group as compared to the diabetic with normal renal function group and control group. Conclusions: NLR is a novel, simple and inexpensive marker that can be used as a measure of systemic inflammation in diabetes and correlates with severity of diabetic nephropathy.

The oral history of the birth of dolalak dance differs from other traditional dance legends in Java, such as ronggeng, lengger or tayub. The birth of the traditional dances is related to female figures. The dolalak dance was invented by native soldiers (male) during the Dutch colonial period. This paper aims to examine dolalak as an arena of power and the contribution of women to dolalak in the context of historical reflection. This research is a qualitative study that uses data collection techniques by interviewing, observing, and is supported by documentation studies as well as related previous research. The results of this study show that dolalak becomes the arena of power in its invention. There is a major power in interpreting the invention of dolalak, namely by soldiers (men). As for its development, the dolalak becomes an arena for power struggles that surrounds it. The dolalak is performing art. The dolalak also a medium for spreading Islam, and then the power by the state over it. The power struggles of dance operate and be practiced, from one meaning to another, until the power of state enters. It strengthens the theorization of power. It will continue as a practice of power. In this context, the contribution of women as figures preserving the dance is vulnerable to the invisible. Dolalak dance is mostly performed by female dancers and this has become an icon for people in Purworejo Regency, Central Java. Therefore, it is time for women as traditional dance preservers to be narrated and fill in public knowledge.

This study aimed to determine the Early Childhood Learning Strategy in the Development of Children's Independence in Edelweis Kindergarten, Jambi City. This research is based on the presence of children who are not yet independent in terms of the bathroom, children are still accompanied by parents in institutions until they return from school, children have not mingled with their peers. This research uses qualitative research techniques. The subjects of this study were children of group B Edelweis Kindergarten Jambi City. As for the research subjects, all stakeholders of Edelweis Kindergarten Jambi City include the principal, teachers, and students. And the informant is the Edelweis Kindergarten Teacher in Jambi City. Data collection techniques using observation, documentation, and interviews. The instrument used in the observation was in the form of research sheets, for documentation using photos to document all children's activities during activities and interviews using interview guidelines with Group B teachers to find out the conditions and problems faced. The results of this study are 1. Early childhood learning strategies in the development of children's independence in Edelweis Kindergarten Jambi City using three steps, namely a). Planning b). Implementation and c) Evaluation. 2. Constraints faced in the application of PAUD learning in the development of children's independence in Edelweis Kindergarten, Jambi City are a) Lack of supporting infrastructure in online learning activities, b), lack of parental knowledge in caring for children's growth and development, and c) Lack of parental support for children's independence so that they will not feel confident in carrying out activities. 3. The results obtained from the implementation of the Strategy, PAUD learning in the development of children's independence is the application of early childhood learning strategies in developing children's independence in Edelweis Kindergarten, Jambi City, running well in accordance with the learning objectives that have been compiled together with the parents of students, even in the middle. In the middle of a semester the learning activities turned into an online system because during the pandemic, there was Covid 19.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signalling molecule, is important in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Despite its initial identification as an environmental toxin, H2S is now well described as an essential physiological molecule that is finely balanced to maintain cellular functions, especially in modulating mitochondrial activity. Mitochondria are responsible for the oxidation of H2S and its safe elimination while maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis. H2S oxidation in mitochondria generates various reactive sulfur species that could post-translationally modify proteins by sulfhydration. Sulfhydrated proteins participate in many regulatory activities either by direct interactions in the electron transport chain or indirect regulation by epigenetics. These investigations explain the importance of research of H2S as a therapeutic molecule beyond the traditional understanding as a protective role through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review focuses on highlighting the significant involvement of the H2S pathway in vascular diseases and current H2S donors for therapeutic use under development.

Purpose: To explore the extent that socioeconomic indicators influenced mobility of populations during the COVID-19 pandemic in two jurisdictions. Methods & Materials: We used anonymized, population-aggregated mobile-device location data to estimate dynamic changes in population mobility patterns across the province of Ontario, Canada and the state of California, U.S.A. Data from the Ontario-Marginalization Index at the Census Subdivision (CSD) level, as well as the California Healthy Places Index (HPI) at the Census Tract (CT) level, were used to determine the census geographical units in the lowest and highest quantiles of socioeconomic indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic.Ontario was under three province-wide stay-at-home orders between March 17, 2020 and June 2, 2021. California was under state-wide stay-at-home orders from March 19, 2020 to January 25, 2021. Weekly data from March 15, 2020 to June 19, 2021 were analyzed for Ontario, and weekly data were analyzed from March 15, 2020 to March 20, 2021 for California. We used the percentage of time spent away from home as the indicator for mobility and analyzed differences in mobility trends between the populations grouped by material deprivation score (Ontario) and HPI scores. Results: In Ontario, populations with highest material deprivation spent an average of 25.7% of time away from home, while the populations with lowest material deprivation spent an average of 22.6% of their time away from home (difference: 3.1%, p

It has been well established that the etiopathogenesis of diverse autoimmune diseases is rooted in the autoreactive immune cells’ excessively proliferative state and impaired apoptotic machinery. Survivin is an anti-apoptotic and mitotic factor that has sparked a considerable research interest in this field. Survivin overexpression has been shown to contribute significantly to the development of autoimmune diseases via autoreactive immune cell overproliferation and apoptotic dysregulation. Several microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have been discovered to be involved in survivin regulation, rendering the survivin-miRNA axis a perspective target for autoimmune disease therapy. In this review, we discuss the role of survivin as an immune regulator and a highly implicated protein in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, the significance of survivin-targeting miRNAs in autoimmunity, and the feasibility of targeting the survivin-miRNA axis as a promising therapeutic option for autoimmune diseases.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the influence of adding eggshell and calcium carbonate powder reinforced with glass fibers and epoxy resin. Hand Lay-upimethod was utilized for the preparation of samples from epoxyiresin as a matrix material with (6%weight fraction chopped glass fiber) and (2%,4%, 6% & 8% weight fraction eggshell, CaCO3 powder) as filler material . The tensile and impact properties are tested for the specimens containing calcium carbonate and eggshell powder reinfoced with glass fiber and epoxy resins, also the result analyzed by (SPSS) to determine the specimens have best mechanical properties. The mean particle size analyzer of the eggshell powder and calcium carbonate powder were (12.6µm, 0.4-1µm) respectively. The results showed that the mean values of tensile test, modulus of elasticity, impact strength and fracture toughness (247.50,222.00MPa) (8.450,7.500 GPa) (8.150, 7.500K.J/m2) (9.1675 , 7.8345 MPa.m1/2) respectively increased with the addition (6% glass fiber+8%CaCO2, eggshell), while the mean values of the elongation percentage at break (%) decrease with the addition (6% glass fiber+8%CaCO2). The SPSS statistical shown the values was significantly increased whenever the value (Sig < 0.05).

الملخص: أهداف البحث: في هذه الدراسة، قمنا بفحص مدى فهم طلاب الطب من المملكة العربية السعودية ونيوزيلندا للدوريات المفترسة. طرق البحث: أرسلنا استبانة ذاتية إلى طلاب السنة الرابعة والخامسة من كليتي طب في المملكة العربية السعودية ونيوزيلاندا من مارس إلى يوليو ٢٠١٩. تم إجراء مقارنات بين المجموعات وتحليلها. النتائج: أكمل ٢٦٣ طالبا الاستبانة (معدل الرد: ٥٩.١٪ في السعودية، و٣١٪ في نيوزيلندا). كانت الخبرة البحثية السابقة أعلى بشكل ملحوظ بين طلاب السعودية (٥٦.٦٪) مقارنة بالطلاب النيوزيلنديين (٣٢.٣٪). شعر عدد أكبر بكثير من طلاب السعودية (٧٥.٦٪) أنهم كانوا تحت ضغط للنشر خلال دراستهم في كلية الطب مقارنة مع ١٢.٣٪ فقط من طلاب الطب النيوزيلنديين. بينما كان ما يقارب ثلث الطلاب في كلا البلدين على دراية بـ ''النشر المفتوح'' (٣٠.٨٪ في السعودية مقابل ٤٢.٢٪ في نيوزيلندا)، أشار عدد قليل من الطلاب إلى وعي ذاتي بـمصطلح ''المجلة المفترسة'' (٩.١٪ في السعودية مقابل ٧.٨٪ في نيوزيلندا)، أو ''قائمة بيل'' (٢.٥٪ في السعودية مقابل ٠٪ في نيوزيلندا). نشر عدد قليل من الطلاب من كلا البلدين في المجلات المفترسة (٢٦.١٪ [٦/٢٣] في السعودية مقابل ١٢.٥٪ [١/٨] في نيوزيلندا). تلقى بعض الطلاب تحذيرات أو نصائح حول الدوريات المفترسة (٤.٥٪ في السعودية مقابل ١.٥٪ في نيوزيلندا). وجدت غالبية المجيبين من البلدين صعوبة في تحديد الطبيعة المفترسة للمجلات. الاستنتاجات: في دراستنا، كان فهم طلاب الطب للمجلات المفترسة ضعيفا. هناك ما يبرر اتخاذ تدابير في المناهج، وفي خارج المناهج وأن يكون هناك تعزيزا مؤسسيا للوعي حول المجلات المفترسة. Abstract: Objective: This study examines the extent of understanding of medical students from KSA and New Zealand (NZ) about predatory journals. Methods: From March to July 2019, self-administered questionnaires were sent to fourth- and fifth-year students of two medical schools in KSA and NZ. Between-group comparisons were carried out using the two-sided Student's t test and the Chi-square test. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value

Abstract: Sipallambi’ Culture in Profit Sharing Practices. This study seeks to examine the profit-sharing system based on sipallambi’ culture. The method used is descriptive qualitative with the Bastem family harmony as the informant. The results of the study show that the harvest-sharing system implemented by smallholders is not solely used to provide or help other people to earn income. This system is intended to provide benefits to both parties who make the agreement. The distribution of results must prioritize justice in it. Sipallambi culture '(mutual help) becomes the foundation for this community.

Abstract Background In 1996 and in 2006, Palestine initiated salt iodization and multiple micronutrient fortification of wheat flour, respectively as a strategy to prevent deficiencies of these nutrients. In 2009, we assessed the impact of these interventions on the health and nutritional status of schoolchildren residing in the West Bank. Methods We surveyed a sample of 22 schools run by the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the Palestinian Government. We randomly selected students from the first (mean age 6.7 years [SD 0.5]), sixth (11.8 years [0.6]), and ninth grades (14.8 years [0.6]). Data were obtained from 1484 (99%) of 1500 students planned for enrollment. Results Our results suggest that iodine intake appears adequate and there was essentially no iodine deficiency. As to the status of other micronutrients, the main nutritional micronutrient risks for schoolchildren in the West Bank continue to be low serum levels of iron, zinc, and vitamin B-12; folate levels were seemingly high. The overall prevalence of anemia was 9.6%, but there were pockets of anemia in certain districts. Almost 42% of the anemia in our sample was explained by iron deficiency. There were significant differences in iron deficiency between girls and boys, 29.5% vs. 15.7%, respectively (p = 0.0001). There were no cases of lead toxicity in the studied sample. Conclusions Wheat flour and salt fortification has had a major influence on improving the micronutrient status of Palestinian children, for some but not all micronutrients. The recommended key blood and biochemical parameters to be incorporated in the surveillance system are iron, zinc, and vitamin B12.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa kelas X IPS MA Daar El Mu’minin Kaduengang Kecamatan Cadasari Kabupaten Pandeglang dalam menganalisis unsur intrinsik dan ekstrinsik hikayat melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT (Numbered Heads Together). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Adapun desain penelitian ini terdiri atas 2 (dua) siklus yang masing-masing siklusnya memiliki 4 (empat) komponen; perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Dengan memanfaatkan instrumen penelitian, antara lain: lembar pengamatan (observasi), dokumentasi, dan soal tes, untuk memperoleh data hasil penelitian. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dapat dikemukakan beberapa kesimpulan sebagai berikut. Pertama, motivasi belajar siswa dalam menganalisis unsur intrinsik dan ektrinsik hikayat dapat ditingkatkan melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT. Hal ini terbukti dari skor persentase pengamatan motivasi belajar siswa pada setiap siklusnya; pada siklus I skor rata-rata diperoleh 78.21%, dan pada siklus II skor rata-rata diperoleh 83.75%, terjadi kenaikan sebesar 5.54%. Kedua, Hasil belajar siswa setelah dilakukan metode pembelajaran dalam dua siklus melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT, nilai rata-rata kelasnya mencapai 77.38 pada akhir siklus I, dan meningkat menjadi 80.95 pada akhir siklus II. Ketiga, Penguasaan materi di atas KKM (75) yang ditetapkan oleh Madrasah terjadi peningkatan, pada akhir siklus I, tingkat penguasaannya mencapai 66.66% atau sejumlah 14 orang siswa dari 21 orang siswa, dan setelah dilakukan perbaikan di akhir siklus 2 mencapai 90.47% atau 19 orang siswa dari 21 orang siswa. Keempat, guru hendaknya dapat lebih memotivasi siswa untuk mengembangkan model pembelajaran kooperatif dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat siswa. Model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT (Numbered Heads Together) perlu terus dikembangkan dan diterapkan pada pokok bahasan yang lain dan perlu adanya penelitian lebih lanjut sebagai pengembangan dari penelitian ini

Abstract Acute colonic diverticulitis is one of the most common clinical conditions encountered by surgeons in the acute setting. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts from the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) updated its guidelines for management of acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis (ALCD) according to the most recent available literature. The update includes recent changes introduced in the management of ALCD. The new update has been further integrated with advances in acute right-sided colonic diverticulitis (ARCD) that is more common than ALCD in select regions of the world.

Coronavirus or what has been termed COVID-19 is one of the infectious diseases that have been recently classified as a pandemic. Currently, it is considered as the activist and the most dangerous disease that is rapidly spreaded around the world causing thousands of death cases. COVID-19 spreads between people through the contact with the infected ones when they sneeze, cough, or droplets of saliva. In this article, we investigated the impact of the spatial aspects and the movement patterns on COVID-19 infection spreading. We considered three aspects, namely, mobility patterns, curfew (stay-at-home) impact, and the distribution of people within places. The results show that spatial aspects can be considered as one of the factors that play a significant role in spreading the virus.

Abstract Appropriate measures of infection prevention and management are integral to optimal clinical practice and standards of care. Among surgeons, these measures are often over-looked. However, surgeons are at the forefront in preventing and managing infections. Surgeons are responsible for many of the processes of healthcare that impact the risk for surgical site infections and play a key role in their prevention. Surgeons are also at the forefront in managing patients with infections, who often need prompt source control and appropriate antibiotic therapy, and are directly responsible for their outcome. In this context, the direct leadership of surgeons in infection prevention and management is of utmost importance. In order to disseminate worldwide this message, the editorial has been translated into 9 different languages (Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Russian, and Turkish).

This article has a main focus in examining the humanistic content, the verses of the Koran which have humanist educational values, and their development in spiritual pedagogical practices. This research is in the form of a descriptive narrative with a literature study method, which shows the results of the research consisting, about Humanistic Psychological theories, Spiritual Pedagogics with studies some verses about Spiritual Pedagogics, and the last this article talk about the implications of these verse in the development of PAI learning. The obligation to recover psychological learners is very convincing for all educators without exception. Education will have a better quality, when educators carry out their duties as instructors, mentors, facilitators, and motivators, as exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad. in educating all Muslims to this day. This article implied that human have fluctuating level of faith, so it takes continuous contextual learning in every moment, and the important thing is teacher must have high optimism, if wanted spiritual of student strengthen up.

Soils with highly gypsum content signify known as soils that exhibit collapsibility and sudden failure when being submerged to wetting. Many of the constructions built on this soil showed cracked and/or collapsed at some parts as these soils immersed or leached with water. The utilization of extremely fine materials, for example, Microscale or Nanoscale, is generally utilized these days. This research compared the use of Silica fume (SF) (micro material) and Nano Silica fume (NSF) (Nanomaterial) to explore the capability of these very fine materials to mend the shear strength and collapsibility properties of highly gypseous soils. The soil as Poorly Graded Sand (SP) was used, with a gypsum amount equal to 62%. A succession of direct shear tests and double odometer tests were carried on dry and submarined specimens of soil at various percentages of SF and NSF. The obtained results indicate that mixing the highly gypseous soils with SF or NSF improved the engineering properties of these soils, especially for the wet condition. The average increment in apparent cohesion when adding SF (5-20) percentage varies between (140-310) % in dry soil and (20-40) % in soaked soil. Same results obtained when mixing the gypseous soils with (1-5) % of NSF. Also, the Nanomaterial provided an improvement of the friction angle in dry and submerged cases respectively. Considering that, the SF gives adverse results upon the friction angle of the soil. The SF and the NSF both condensed the dangers of gypseous soil collapsibility. Consequently, the use of NSF can be assertively suggested to improve the engineering characteristics of highly gypseous soils when compared with SF, where only mixing of 3% of NSF gives the best results.

Abstract Background All over the world, analgesics are considered one of the most widely used and abused medications. Painkillers such as paracetamol (acetaminophen), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and aspirin currently represent the principal means of pain management. Unfortunately, paracetamol and NSAIDs have dangerous side effects primarily when they are used improperly and without respect to safety rules. This study aims to assess the awareness of the indications, complications, and contraindications of commonly used analgesics. Results A total of 1554 participants responded to the survey, and the findings indicated that the main analgesic used is paracetamol. A proportion of 68.1% of the total number of respondents received their information about analgesic medications from a physician or pharmacist; 95.7% used analgesics when needed, and 70.9% mentioned that they would consult a physician or pharmacist if the pain was not relieved after the use of over-the-counter medications. Nearly 29% were not aware of the possibility of adverse effects of analgesic use. Conclusion The most commonly used analgesic is paracetamol, and most of the participants had a poor level of awareness regarding the complications and side effects of analgesics in general. Our recommendation is to conduct a continuous health education campaign about the use of analgesics.