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Progressive functional decline in the epilepsies is largely unexplained. We formed the ENIGMA-Epilepsy consortium to understand factors that influence brain measures in epilepsy, pooling data from 24 research centres in 14 countries across Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Australia. Structural brain measures were extracted from MRI brain scans across 2149 individuals with epilepsy, divided into four epilepsy subgroups including idiopathic generalized epilepsies (n =367), mesial temporal lobe epilepsies with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE; left, n = 415; right, n = 339), and all other epilepsies in aggregate (n = 1026), and compared to 1727 matched healthy controls. We ranked brain structures in order of greatest differences between patients and controls, by meta-Analysing effect sizes across 16 subcortical and 68 cortical brain regions. We also tested effects of duration of disease, age at onset, and age-by-diagnosis interactions on structural measures. We observed widespread patterns of altered subcortical volume and reduced cortical grey matter thickness. Compared to controls, all epilepsy groups showed lower volume in the right thalamus (Cohen's d = â '0.24 to â '0.73; P < 1.49 × 10 â '4), and lower thickness in the precentral gyri bilaterally (d = â '0.34 to â '0.52; P < 4.31 × 10 â '6). Both MTLE subgroups showed profound volume reduction in the ipsilateral hippocampus (d = â '1.73 to â '1.91, P < 1.4 × 10 â '19), and lower thickness in extrahippocampal cortical regions, including the precentral and paracentral gyri, compared to controls (d = â '0.36 to â '0.52; P < 1.49 × 10 â '4). Thickness differences of the ipsilateral temporopolar, parahippocampal, entorhinal, and fusiform gyri, contralateral pars triangularis, and bilateral precuneus, superior frontal and caudal middle frontal gyri were observed in left, but not right, MTLE (d = â '0.29 to â '0.54; P < 1.49 × 10 â '4). Contrastingly, thickness differences of the ipsilateral pars opercularis, and contralateral transverse temporal gyrus, were observed in right, but not left, MTLE (d = â '0.27 to â '0.51; P < 1.49 × 10 â '4). Lower subcortical volume and cortical thickness associated with a longer duration of epilepsy in the all-epilepsies, all-other-epilepsies, and right MTLE groups (beta, b < â '0.0018; P < 1.49 × 10 â '4). In the largest neuroimaging study of epilepsy to date, we provide information on the common epilepsies that could not be realistically acquired in any other way. Our study provides a robust ranking of brain measures that can be further targeted for study in genetic and neuropathological studies. This worldwide initiative identifies patterns of shared grey matter reduction across epilepsy syndromes, and distinctive abnormalities between epilepsy syndromes, which inform our understanding of epilepsy as a network disorder, and indicate that certain epilepsy syndromes involve more widespread structural compromise than previously assumed.

4. Anamenia coriacea Vent., Jard. Malmaison 1: tab. 22. 1803. Lectotypus (designated by Rasmussen, 1979: 27): [SOUTH AFRICA]: Hort. Malmaison, Ventenat s.n. (P-JU n�� 10574 [P00667188]!; isolecto-: G [G00406216]!, G-DC [G00144870]!). = Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl Notes. ��� Rasmussen (1979: 27) designated a lectotype at P-JU for Anemone coriacea now accepted under the name A. vesicatoria. The collection held at P-JU is clearly a duplicate of the one at G, both representing the same gathering from the plant cultivated at Malmaison with Ventenat���s handwriting. Rasmussen (1979) ���s lectotypification on a specimen at P-JU is unfortunate, but has priority. The G specimens (in G and G-DC) are considered here as isolectotypes., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919, {"references":["Rasmussen, H. N. (1979). The genus Knowltonia (Ranunculaceae). Opera Bot. 53."]}

19. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., Jard. Malmaison 1: tab. 25. 1803. Lectotypus (designated here): [INDONESIA. Java]: Hort. Cels, Ventenat s.n. (G [G00341557]!). = Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Notes. ��� When validating the name Clerodendrum viscosum Ventenat specifically wrote that his species concept excluded what was named C. infortunatum L. in P-JU. Two collections exist in Ventenat���s herbarium. A cultivated specimen from Cels���s garden and a second with two leaves with a label ���Dedit Juss., exclusis syn. et figuris Rhumphii et Burmanii��� and two additional leaves with a blank label attached. The two leaves ���Dedit Juss.��� clearly represent what Ventenat called C. infortunatum and should not be considered as type material of his C. viscosum. No further material has been located at P-JU. In spite of any additional information regarding the two leaves present on the sheet we prefer to consider this specimen [G00341644] as original material whereas the cultivated plant from Cels���s garden is designated here as the lectotype., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

30. Illicium parviflorum Michx. ex Vent., Tabl. R��gn. V��g. 3: 71. 1799 [cited in Descr. Pl. Nouv.: tab. 22. 1801]. Lectotypus (designated here): UNITED STATES. Florida: Lake George, Michaux s.n. (G [G00341506]!; isolecto-: P [P01656597 upper specimen]!, P-MICH [P00667213]!). Notes. ��� Lin (2000: 177) in his revision of the genus cited the type of the name of this species as: ��� U.S. Lake George, details unkown���. This cannot be accepted as an implicit lectotypification. Two specimens exist at G: the cultivated specimen from Cels���s garden [G00341505] and the collection from Michaux. The latter is designated as the lectotype as it is more complete and two isolectotypes have been located in the P and in P-MICH herbaria respectively. A specimen annotated in Ventenat���s hand ��� Illicium parviflorum H. Cels t. 22��� and in D. F. K. v. Schlechtendal���s hand ���Ventenat. W [illdenow]��� [B-W 10382-01 0] is also available for interpretation of this name., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919, {"references":["Lin, Q. (2000). Taxonomic notes on the genus Illicium Linn. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 38: 167 - 181."]}

24. Diosma cerefolia Vent., Jard. Malmaison 2: tab. 83. 1805. �� Agathosma cerefolia (Vent.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. Lectotypus (designated here): [SOUTH AFRICA]: Hort. Malmaison, Ventenat s.n. (G [G00006331]!; isolecto-: G-DC [G00219310]!). Notes. ��� Two specimens of a single gathering have been located: one in Ventenat���s herbarium at G and a fragment in G-DC with the mention ��� M. B. Delessert 1816���. The later was therefore part of Ventenat���s herbarium before Delessert gave this fragment to Candolle (see introduction). The collection in Ventenat���s herbarium is designated here as the lectotype. Another collection in G-DC [G00219309] originating from Malmaison has been collected after the validation of the name Diosma cerefolia and cannot be considered as original material., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

21. Correa revoluta Vent., Jard. Malmaison 1: sub tab. 13. 1803. = Correa reflexa (Labill.) Vent. Typus: A USTRALIA: sine loc., Ne�� s.n. (holo-: G [G00439910]!; iso-: MA-305905!, MA-305906!). Notes. ��� The name Correa revoluta was validated with a short latin diagnosis ending in the note: ���Specimen a Dom. Cavanilles datum���. The only collection we found at G bears a label in Cavanilles���s handwriting but provides no details on the collector. A visit at MA revealed that two duplicates exist in the general collection with Cavanilles���s handwriting: ���Mazentoxerum reflexum? Correa Smith ���, which is the same text as on the label in Ventenat���s herbarium. This collection is in fact from Luis Ne�� (1734-1803), who was one of the two botanists besides Thadd��us Haenke (1761-1817) who took part in the Malaspina Expedition (1789-1794) (Mu��oz Garmendia, 2001) which aimed to establish a rational and coherent description of the possessions of the Spanish monarchy. The plants collected by Ne�� during this expedition served for the descriptions of new species by several botanists, among them Cavanilles and Candolle (Galera, 2016)., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919, {"references":["Munoz Garmendia, F. (2001). La botanica y los botanicos de la expedicion Malaspina, Luis Nee y Tadeo Haenke. In: San Pio, P. (ed.), La armonia natural. La naturaleza en la expedicion maritima de Malaspina y Bustamante (1789 - 1794): 63 - 82. Lunwerg Editores.","Galera, A. (ed.) (2016). El Arca de Nee: plantas recolectadas por el botanico Luis Nee durante la Expedicion Malaspina. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Real Jardin Botanico, Madrid."]}

25. Echium thyrsoideum Juss. ex Vent., Jard. Malmaison 2: sub tab. 97. 1805. Lectotypus (designated here): EUROPE: Anon. s.n. (P-JU n�� 6609 [P00667187]!). = Echium maculatum L. Notes. ��� Ventenat clearly referred to a plant that was communicated to him by Jussieu. No material was found at G and the collection in the P-JU herbarium is designated here as the lectotype., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

23. Dianthus monadelphus Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv.: tab. 39. 1801. Lectotypus (designated here): [SYRIA]: (Ventenat, Descr. Pl. Nouv.: tab. 39. 1801). Notes. ��� No trustful collection of this species has been located. Among the undetermined specimen of Dianthus L. kept in P and originating from Asia, we found three collections gathered by Brugui��re and Olivier [P04982230, P04982231, P04982239]. These collections may represent type material but we prefer to designate the plate tab. 39 as the lectotype until trustful type material can be assigned to this species., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

16. Cheiranthus linearis Vent., Jard. Malmaison 2: sub tab. 83. 1804 [nom. illeg.] [non C. linearis Forssk.]. Lectotypus (designated here): [S PAIN. Canary Islands, Tenerife]: Hort. Cels, Ventenat s.n. (G [G00341602]!). = Erysimum semperflorens (Schousb.) Wettst. Notes. ��� Two specimens are present in Ventenat���s herbarium that clearly represent two gatherings. One of the collections came from Cels���s garden and the other from Malmaison [G00341604]. The first gathering is a better specimen and is here designated as the lectotype. Other collections exist from the material brought back by Broussonet while he served as Commissioner of commercial relations in Tenerife in the early 19 th century (Candolle, 1809). Those collections are here considered as elements of original material (G-DC [G00149541])., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 100, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919, {"references":["Candolle, A. P. de (1809). Eloge historique de Mr Auguste Broussonet. Montpellier."]}

62. Poitea galegoides Vent. in M��m. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 8: 17. 1807 [cited in Choix Pl.: tab. 36. 1807]. Typus: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC / HAITI: sine loc., Poiteau s.n. (holo-: G [G00370600]!; iso-: P [P02925169]!). Notes. ��� Lavin (1992: 45) in his revision of the genus Poitea cited a Poiteau collection as holotype in G-DC herbarium. The collection held at G in Ventenat���s herbarium is clearly the holotype and no duplicate has been located in G-DC. Another Poiteau collection at P is considered as an isotype., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 112, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919, {"references":["Lavin, M. (1992). Biogeography and systematics of Poitea (Leguminosae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 37."]}

48. Myrtus horizontalis Vent., Jard. Malmaison 1: tab. 60. 1804. Lectotypus (designated here): [WEST INDIES]: Hort. Malmaison, Ventenat s.n. (G [G00341464]!; isolecto-: G-DC [G00658454]!). = Eugenia disticha (Sw.) DC. Notes. ��� Two specimens of a single gathering have been located: one in Ventenat���s herbarium at G and a fragment in G-DC with the mention ��� M. B. Delessert 1816���. The later was therefore part of Ventenat���s herbarium before Delessert gave this fragment to Candolle (see introduction). The collection in Ventenat���s herbarium is designated here as the lectotype., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 108, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

75. Spartium parviflorum Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv.: tab. 87. 1802. Lectotypus (designated here): [TURKEY]: Hort. Cels, Ventenat s.n. (G [G00341544]!; isolecto-: G [G00341537]!). = Gonocytisus angulatus (L.) Spach Notes. ��� The name Spartium parviflorum was validated in Descriptions in 1802. It is based on a specimen cultivated in Cels���s garden originating from a Brugui��re and Olivier collection from Turkey (Mundania). Two specimens in Ventenat���s herbarium from Cels���s garden have been located and the more complete collection [G00341544] is here designated as the lectotype. Five specimens collected in Turkey by Brugui��re and Olivier have been located in G-BOIS [G00341543], G-DC [G00477269] and P [P02953058, P02953060, P02953062]. These are all considered as elements of original material., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 116, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

18. Chrysanthemum praealtum Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv.: tab. 43. 1801. Lectotypus (designated here): IRAN: Mt. Albourg, Brugui��re & Olivier s.n. (G [G00341493]!; probable isolecto-: G [G00341494]!). = Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. Notes. ��� Two gatherings have been located for this species: the specimen collected by Brugui��re and Olivier in Iran in Ventenat���s herbarium and the cultivated specimen from Cels���s garden in G-DC [G00450767]. A second collection in Ventenat���s herbarium has no information on its origin. The Brugui��re and Olivier collection is here designated as the lectotype. A second collection at G [G00341494] is considered as a probable isolectotype but could also represent a Cels���s garden collection and should then be considered as a duplicate of the material in G-DC., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

9. Ardisia crenulata Vent., Choix Pl.: tab. 5. 1803. �� Parathesis crenulata (Vent.) Hook. f. ex Hemsl. Ty p u s: D O M I N I C A N R E P U B L I C / H A I T I: ��� S t. Domingo ���, Poiteau s.n. (holo-: G [G00341511]; iso-: G [G00341669]!, P-JU n�� 7315+B [P00671356]!). Notes. ��� Howard (1989: 43) designated plate 5 [tab. 5] in Choix in 1803 as the lectotype. The finding of its holotype, Poiteau s.n., the only extant collection in the Ventenat herbarium, supersedes this lectotypification. Two duplicates of Poiteau���s collection have been located in the general herbarium at G and and in P-JU herbarium respectively and are here considered as isotypes. A specimen annotated by Carl Ludwig Willdenow ��� Ardisia crenula��� [sic] and by Dietrich Friedrich Karl von Schlechtendal ���Seidel Paris W [illdenow]��� [B-W 044901-01 0] was probably collected by the gardener Jacob Friedrich Seidel, albeit almost certainly after 1803 and therefore illegible for typification. The latter is reported to have worked from 1810 to c. 1812 in the ���Jardin des Plantes��� in Paris (Riedel & Riedel, 2010)., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919, {"references":["Riedel, M. & T. Riedel (2010). Der ' Kamelien-Seidel' war geschickt und originell. Dresdner Universitatsjournal 21 (5): 4."]}

60. Picridium ligulatum Vent., Jard. Malmaison 2: tab. 68. 1804. �� Reichardia ligulata (Vent.) G. Kunkel & Sunding Lectotypus (designated here): [MOROCCO]: Hort. Malmaison, Ventenat s.n. (G [G00341477]!). Notes. ��� Two gatherings have been located for this species. A collection in G-DC [G004922721] represents the original material from Broussonet and a collection of cultivated material is still extant in Ventenat���s herbarium. We therefore designate the cultivated plant still in Ventenat���s herbarium as the lectotype., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 112, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919

72. Salvia compressa Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv.: tab. 59. 1801. Lectotypus (designated here): [IRAQ]: Hort. Cels, Ventenat s.n. (G [G00341501]!; isolecto-: C [C10013209]!). Notes. ��� The name Salvia compressa was validated in Descriptions in 1801 based on a specimen cultivated in Cels���s garden originating from a Brugui��re and Olivier collection from Iraq (between Mosul and Baghdad). The only specimen in Ventenat���s herbarium from Cels���s garden is designated as the lectotype with a duplicate in C. Four specimens collected between Mosul and Baghdad by Brugui��re and Olivier have been located in G-BOIS [G00330751] and P [P02888639, P02888640, P02888641]. They are here considered as elements of original material. Hedge (1982: 426) in his revision for Fl. Iranica did not specify the herbarium where the type specimen has been desposited; this cannot be considered as an implicit lectotypification., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Durbin, Olivier D., Lack, Hans-Walter, Bungener, Patrick, Martin, Pascal & Gautier, Laurent, 2017, Etienne-Pierre Ventenat (1757 - 1808) and the gardens of Cels and Empress Jos��phine, pp. 87-132 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 116, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a8, http://zenodo.org/record/5721919, {"references":["Hedge, I. C. (1982). Salvia L. In: Rechinger, K. H. (ed.), Fl. Iranica 150: 403 - 476."]}