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Abstract Background Full-thickness articular cartilage injury of the knee is a major cause of disability. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of patients treated with differentiated to chondrocytes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) cultured on a collagen type I/III (Chondro-Gide®) scaffold. The secondary aim was to confirm the absence of adverse events. Methods Fifteen patients (19 knees) with symptomatic full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee were enrolled. Bone marrow was harvested from the iliac crest, BM-MSCs were prepared, and expanded cells were grown in a standard medium or in a standard culture medium containing TGF-β. BM-MSCs differentiated to chondrocytes were seeded in a porcine collagen type I/III scaffold (Chondro-Gide®) and cultured in TGF-β containing media. After 4 weeks, the membrane was sutured on the cartilage defect. All patients underwent plain radiographs (antero-posterior, lateral, and axial view of the patella) and MRI of the affected knee. The Oxford knee score, the Lyhsolm scale, and the VAS score were administered to all patients. At final follow-up a MRI for the study of articular cartilage was undertaken. Results The mean size of the cartilage lesions was 20 × 17 mm (range, 15 × 10 mm–30 × 30 mm). At final follow-up, the median Oxford knee score and Lyhsolm scale scores significantly improved from 29 (range 12–39; SD 7.39) to 45 (range 24–48; SD 5.6) and from 55.5 (range 25–81; SD 17.7) to 94.5 (58–100; SD 10.8), respectively. Pain, according to the VAS score, significantly improved. Sixty percent of patients reported their satisfaction as excellent, 20% as good, 14% as fair, and 1 patient as poor. Conclusion The treatment of full-thickness chondral injuries of the knee with differentiated to chondrocytes BM-MSCs and Chondro-Gide® scaffold showed encouraging outcomes. Further studies involving more patients, and with longer follow-up, are required to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and the long-term results.

Piscirickettsiosis is one of the most important diseases affecting farmed salmonid in Chile. Several studies have demonstrated the survival of Piscirickettsia salmonis in seawater and the horizontal transmission from infected to non-infected fish; however, the extent of waterborne transmission between farms has not been quantified. In this study, we used a stochastic hydrodynamic connectivity-based disease spread model to determine the role of hydrodynamic connectivity and the effect of seawater temperature and salinity on the dynamics of piscirickettsiosis in the Los Lagos region of Chile. Results demonstrate that environmental dynamics play a major role in disease prevalence. The strongest determinants of piscirickettsiosis prevalence were the number of infected farms in upstream waters and the extent of disease outbreaks in upstream waters (total mortality), followed by seawater salinity and temperature. In farms downstream from infected farms, observed disease prevalence 25 wk into the farming cycle was close to 100%, while in farms with little or no exposure to upstream, infected farms, prevalence reached only ~10% by the end of the farming cycle (Week 56). No previous studies have quantified the scales of connectivity associated with piscirickettsiosis or provided risk metrics of waterborne transmission of the disease among farms; these are a novel aspect of this research. The above knowledge regarding the use of the epidemiological model will allow industry and regulators to better target disease control strategies for more effective control of piscirickettsiosis in the study area.

Summary The utilization of S. eubayanus has recently become a topic of interest due to the novel organoleptic properties imparted to beer. However, the utilization of S. eubayanus in brewing requires the comprehension of the mechanisms that underlie fermentative differences generated from its natural genetic variability. Here, we evaluated fermentation performance and volatile compound production in ten genetically distinct S. eubayanus strains in a brewing fermentative context. The evaluated strains showed a broad phenotypic spectrum, some of them exhibiting a high fermentation capacity and high levels of volatile esters and/or higher alcohols. Subsequently, we obtained molecular profiles by generating ‘end‐to‐end’ genome assemblies, as well as metabolome and transcriptome profiling of two Patagonian isolates exhibiting significant differences in beer aroma profiles. These strains showed clear differences in concentrations of intracellular metabolites, including amino acids, such as valine, leucine and isoleucine, likely impacting the production of 2‐methylpropanol and 3‐methylbutanol. These differences in the production of volatile compounds are attributed to gene expression variation, where the most profound differentiation is attributed to genes involved in assimilatory sulfate reduction, which in turn validates phenotypic differences in H2S production. This study lays a solid foundation for future research to improve fermentation performance and select strains for new lager styles based on aroma and metabolic profiles.

Comprender las memorias sobre las prácticas de eliminación y destrucción de libros “peligrosos” en la región de Valparaíso durante la dictadura militar de 1973 en Chile adquiere potencial impacto, considerando que los estudios sobre las prácticas de destrucción del libro, control editorial y allanamiento de las bibliotecas son casi inexistentes en la literatura nacional. El presente estudio pretender contribuir con su propuesta a replicar la investigación en otros contextos, nacionales e internacionales, y ampliar la producción de memorias sobre la temática. La metodología empleada es de tipo cualitativa y enfatiza en la comprensión de las memorias como procesos subjetivos anclados en experiencias, en marcas simbólicas y materiales en objeto de disputas, conflictos y luchas. Como técnicas de producción de información se empleó el análisis de documentos y las entrevistas cualitativas. Los resultados de la investigación se produjeron a través del análisis de contenido cualitativo, generándose categorías analíticas y emergentes que permitieron describir las prácticas de destrucción de libros y el contexto de realización.

Between 2003 and 2015 we developed ethnographic case studies with sikuri musicians who play their instruments while ascending to the Abra of Punta Corral from Tilcara, Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, in the north of Argentina and on the border with Bolivia. Through participant observation in our role as sikuris, we analyze the relevance of this celebration for the local community, the significance of music in the dynamics of identity, and the mechanisms of ethnogenesis that its protagonists experience. We suggest that the emergence, consolidation, and reproduction of the siku and its practice in this festival during the twentieth century, and even more in the twenty-first, has allowed the participants’ devotion to crystallize through this art. In addition, we argue that its practice has been accompanied by a questioning of the local identities of the Argentine, indigenous descendants of Bolivians, living on the border. Drawing on audiovisual anthropology and analyses of ethnicity and boundaries in Latin America, we reflect on the reach and relevance of music, identity, and devotion in the Abra of Punta Corral and the Quebrada of Humahuaca, exploring contrasting imaginaries of the Bolivian and the kolla and their historical construction by elites in Jujuy, Argentina.

Gas infall motions play a crucial role in high-mass star formation and are characterized by observable signatures of blueshifted asymmetric spectral line profiles (“blue profiles”). However, the connection between blue profiles and infall motions is unclear due to complex gas motions at parsec scales. In this study, we present the results of an HCN (4–3) mapping survey conducted with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, toward 38 massive clumps exhibiting blue profiles in HCO ^+ (3–2). We extract 34 HCN cores from the 38 observed fields. The core-averaged spectra show various line profiles, indicating that blue-profile HCO ^+ (3–2) does not guarantee the same in HCN (4–3). Through non-LTE radiative-transfer calculations, we attribute the low detection rate of high- J blue profiles to a combination of insufficient HCN (4–3) opacity and the intricate gas motion across different density layers. A comparison between the MALT90 and Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey line surveys highlights the importance of appropriate tracers, high spectral resolution, and column density thresholds when searching for blue profiles. We select 11 reliable infall candidates and adopt the Hill5 model to fit the infall velocity of 0.2–1.6 km s ^−1 , corresponding to 5%–74% of freefall velocity. Assuming a spherically collapsing model, we estimate the median and mean mass infall rates to be 4.5 × 10 ^−3 and 7.6 × 10 ^−3 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , respectively. The consistency of the mass infall rates among different transitions suggests a steady accretion process from the clump gas envelope to the inner region.

Models of the protostellar source, B335, are developed using axisymmetric three-dimensional models to resolve conflicts found in one-dimensional models. The models are constrained by a large number of observations, including ALMA, Herschel, and Spitzer data. Observations of the protostellar source B335 with ALMA show redshifted absorption against a central continuum source indicative of infall in the HCO ^+ and HCN J = 4 → 3 transitions. The data are combined with a new estimate of the distance to provide strong constraints to three-dimensional radiative transfer models including a rotating, infalling envelope, outflow cavities, and a very small disk. The models favor ages since the initiation of collapse between 3 × 10 ^4 and 4 × 10 ^4 yr for both the continuum and the lines, resolving a conflict found in one-dimensional models. The models underpredict the continuum emission seen by ALMA, suggesting an additional component such as a pseudo-disk. The best-fitting model is used to convert variations in the 4.5 μ m flux in recent years into a model for a variation of a factor of 5–7 in luminosity over the last 8 yr.

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the ∼10,000 au environment surrounding 21 protostars in the Orion A molecular cloud tracing outflows. Our sample is composed of Class 0 to flat-spectrum protostars, spanning the full ∼1 Myr lifetime. We derive the angular distribution of outflow momentum and energy profiles and obtain the first two-dimensional instantaneous mass, momentum, and energy ejection rate maps using our new approach: the pixel flux-tracing technique. Our results indicate that by the end of the protostellar phase, outflows will remove ∼2–4 M _⊙ from the surrounding ∼1 M _⊙ low-mass core. These high values indicate that outflows remove a significant amount of gas from their parent cores and continuous core accretion from larger scales is needed to replenish core material for star formation. This poses serious challenges to the concept of cores as well-defined mass reservoirs , and hence to the simplified core-to-star conversion prescriptions. Furthermore, we show that cavity opening angles, and momentum and energy distributions all increase with protostar evolutionary stage. This is clear evidence that even garden-variety protostellar outflows: (a) effectively inject energy and momentum into their environments on 10,000 au scales, and (b) significantly disrupt their natal cores, ejecting a large fraction of the mass that would have otherwise fed the nascent star. Our results support the conclusion that protostellar outflows have a direct impact on how stars get their mass, and that the natal sites of individual low-mass star formation are far more dynamic than commonly accepted theoretical paradigms.

Polyphenols are bioactive substances that participate in the prevention of chronic illnesses. High content has been described in Berberis microphylla G. Forst (calafate), a wild berry extensively distributed in Chilean–Argentine Patagonia. We evaluated its beneficial effect through the study of mouse plasma metabolome changes after chronic consumption of this fruit. Characterized calafate extract was administered in water, for four months, to a group of mice fed with a high-fat diet and compared with a control diet. Metabolome changes were studied using UHPLC-DAD-QTOF-based untargeted metabolomics. The study was complemented by the analysis of protein biomarkers determined using Luminex technology, and quantification of OH radicals by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thirteen features were identified with a maximum annotation level-A, revealing an increase in succinic acid, activation of tricarboxylic acid and reduction of carnitine accumulation. Changes in plasma biomarkers were related to inflammation and cardiovascular disease, with changes in thrombomodulin (−24%), adiponectin (+68%), sE-selectin (−34%), sICAM-1 (−24%) and proMMP-9 (−31%) levels. The production of OH radicals in plasma was reduced after calafate intake (−17%), especially for the group fed with a high-fat diet. These changes could be associated with protection against atherosclerosis due to calafate consumption, which is discussed from a holistic and integrative point of view.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the emergence of indirect trade flows prompted by the export interaction of the world’s economies. Using data on exports from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for the period 2016–2021, we construct an international trade network which is analyzed through the “forgotten effects theory” that identifies tuples of countries with an origin, intermediary countries, and a destination. This approach intends to spotlight something beyond the analysis of the direct trade network by the identification of second and third-order paths. The analysis using both network analyses, as well as the forgotten effect approaches, which show that the international trade network presents a hub-and-spoke behavior in contrast to most extant research finding a core-periphery structure. The structure is then comprised of three almost separated trade networks and a hub country that bridges commerce between those networks. The contribution of this article is to move the analysis forward from other works that utilize trade networks, including those of econometric nature—such as the ones based on gravity models—by incorporating indirect relationships between countries, which could provide distinctive and novel insights into the study of economic networks.

GLUT1 is a facilitative glucose transporter that can transport oxidized vitamin C (i.e., dehydroascorbic acid) and complements the action of reduced vitamin C transporters. To identify the residues involved in human GLUT1’s transport of dehydroascorbic acid, we performed docking studies in the 5 Å grid of the glucose-binding cavity of GLUT1. The interactions of the bicyclic hemiacetal form of dehydroascorbic acid with GLUT1 through hydrogen bonds with the -OH group of C3 and C5 were less favorable than the interactions with the sugars transported by GLUT1. The eight most relevant residues in such interactions (i.e., F26, Q161, I164, Q282, Y292, and W412) were mutated to alanine to perform functional studies for dehydroascorbic acid and the glucose analog, 2-deoxiglucose, in Xenopus laevis oocytes. All the mutants decreased the uptake of both substrates to less than 50%. The partial effect of the N317A mutant in transporting dehydroascorbic acid was associated with a 30% decrease in the Vmax compared to the wildtype GLUT1. The results show that both substrates share the eight residues studied in GLUT1, albeit with a differential contribution of N317. Our work, combining docking with functional studies, marks the first to identify structural determinants of oxidized vitamin C’s transport via GLUT1.

Abstract Studies in Salvelinus alpinus, Arctic charr, indicate that it has a low capacity to hyposmorregulatory or adaption to sea in winter periods in Arctic waters. The investigation finds to determinate the rank optimum of salinity to can cultivate this species at Chile. The weight adequate was determined to join on the sea by analysis of gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity, that it was found between the ranks 80-130 g, with 14.5 U/mg. It underwent evaluation of fish growth of 72 g salinities from 0 (control), 18, 25 and 33 g/L (sea water) for 94 days. The results indicate that the largest increases were obtained in brackish water. T18 g/L and T25 g/L achieved growth of 25% and 19% on day 94 and term sampling respectively. It is important to mention that the 8% that survived in seawater introduced percentages growth 16.6% equivalent to brackish water and control. These results suggest that Salvelinus alpinus can grow in seawater, with levels of Na+, K+-ATPase similar to those submitted by Salmo salar with a weight not less than 80 g.

Abstract The management and use of native species under laboratory conditions is the main difficult for species proposal for its use in bioassays. The present study showed the results about management under controlled conditions of Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae), that is a parthenogenetic species with wide geographical distribution. It obtained its eggs from a pre Andean river from Araucania region (39° S), and it determined the conditions for larval rearing under artificial food, adults getting (manipulation), eggs (hatching sincronization) and larvae getting after hatching. The P.grimmii life cycle had larvae that late 23 days in get the pupa stage (stage I to IV), the adult within the next 48 hours deposits the eggs that hatched at 72 hours. It stablished laboratory conditions: incubation room temperature, water pH, and artificial feeding, photoperiod and larvae and eggs management techniques. In according to obtained results it managed all life cycles under laboratory conditions that can propose the use of this species as potential biological material for toxicity bioassays.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been shown to efficiently remove toxic microalgae from enclosed ballast waters and brackish lakes. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the side effects of mitigating toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates with H2O2. Five H2O2 concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) were used to control the cell abundances of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Karenia selliformis and the non-toxic dinoflagellates Lepidodinium chlorophorum and Prorocentrum micans. Photosynthetic efficiency and staining dye measurements showed the high efficiency of H2O2 for mitigating all dinoflagellate species at only 50 ppm. In a bioassay carried out to test cytotoxicity using the cell line RTgill-W1, control experiments (only H2O2) showed cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time- (0 to 24 h) dependent manner. The toxic dinoflagellates, especially K. selliformis, showed basal cytotoxicity that increased with the application of hydrogen peroxide. Unexpectedly, the application of a low H2O2 concentration increased toxicity, even when mitigating non-toxic dinoflagellates. This study suggests that the fatty acid composition of toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellate species can yield toxic aldehyde cocktails after lipoperoxidation with H2O2 that can persist in water for days with different half-lives. Further studies are needed to understand the role of lipoperoxidation products as acute mediators of disease and death in aquatic environments.

The selection of taxa/genotypes that have a rainfall interception that suits the conditions of each region is key to maintaining water stability and minimizing the effects of drought. This study evaluated rainfall interception on a seven-year-old plantation with the eight genotypes (Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens x globulus (high and low productivity), E. nitens, E. badjensis, E. smithii, and E. camaldulensis x globulus) in Yumbel, Bio-Bio, Chile. In addition, diameter (DBH), total height (H), and Leaf Area Index (LAI) were considered and compared with stemflow (Sf), throughfall (Tf), and interception (INT). The results showed that DBH and H did not infer the rainfall interception parameters. In contrast, Tf and Int varied in each genotype; E. badjensis and E. smithii had a LAI > 5.1 m2m−2 had the minimum Tf and maximum Int; in contrast, E. globulus and E. nitens x globulus with a LAI < 4.0 m2m−2 showed low Int and high Tf. With Sf did not show differences between genotypes. These suggest the opportunity to select genotypes considering canopy interception to balance productivity and water resources under climate change scenarios.

The construction of a professional identity is a key element in the transition to the teaching profession, which begins its development at the initial training, especially during professional training courses. Purpose: This article collects the experiences related to the construction of the teaching identity of teachers who graduated from two state universities of the Santiago Metropolitan Region in Chile. Methodology: Interpretative-qualitative research was carried out, framed in a phenomenological design. Semi-structured interviews were applied to 10 teachers who graduated from a course of Primary Education Teaching in 2014 and are still practicing the profession in the school system. Categories and subcategories were created from their tellings, establishing relationships between teacher identity and initial training. Results: This study shows that teachers value their initial training, especially regarding values, discipline, and experiences of training in different contexts as constitutive elements of their professional identity. However, both groups describe unsatisfactory situations experienced as beginner teachers, where they recognized the weaknesses of their initial training for overcoming the complexities of the school context. Conclusions: This study points to the need to strengthen the articulation in the process of training from university onwards and the support of the educational establishment.

Presently, three guidelines are used in Latin America to assess adequacy of maternal body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy: (1) the chart proposed by the Institute of Medicine of the United States (IOM), (2) the Rosso-Mardones Chart (RM), and (3) a modified RM chart proposed by Atalah et al. (AEA). The aim of the present review was to explore available information on the sensitivity, specificity, and both positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of these charts to detect women at risk of delivering babies with the following signs of abnormal fetal growth: (a) length at birth (BL)

Abstract Galaxias maculatus aquaculture objectives is to produce millions of eggs. Wild females are small (2 g), have quick sexual maturity and low mean fecundity (500 eggs/female), requiring larger fishes with higher fecundity. This study aim is to evaluate experimentally the effect of the levels of protein, lipid and dietary energy on weight increases in adults. Five independent experiments were performed at different sequential time periods at the UCT hatchery, Chile. Specimens were obtained from a) Crystalline sea return specimen catches in the Tolten estuary (4 -6 cm, 0.3-0.4 g.). b) Hatchery cultured fish. Fish were fed by hand ad libitum. In experiments 1 to 4, pelleted diets were prepared with 3 to 5 levels of protein (treatments 27 up to 57%), crumble size, three 100 L fibre ponds replicates. In experiment 5 the effect of two lipid levels (8 and 21%) was evaluated with commercial extruded Salmon Nutra Starter isoproteic crumble 1 diet at 63%, replicated in 4 ponds. The results show: A tendency to increased weight in all sizes with an increased protein level in the pelleted diet.A maximal adult growth is obtained with a diet containing a minimum of 37% crude protein, with 40% the optimal value. A higher % protein in the diet or growth in weight lower feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio in the extruded diet reaches up to 0.5 and in the pelleted vary from 0.7 to 1.5. Fish 0.6 g fed with 63% protein, extruded commercial diet with two different lipid levels (8 and 21%, 20.40 and 23.84 MJ kg-1, PE/TE 0.62 and 0.71) increased weight the first month 67 and 105% each. It has been established that high-energy diets with optimal levels of protein and lipid are a good short-term solution to obtain G. maculatus of higher weight.

Introduction: La esperanza de vida está aumentando en todo el mundo, así como la diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Estudios poblacionales han demostrado que la duración de la DM2 se ha asociado con el deterioro cognitivo. Sin embargo, a pesar de la alta prevalencia de DM2 y deterioro cognitivo en Chile, aún no se ha investigado la asociación entre años con DM2 y la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la duración de la diabetes mellitus 2 (DM2) y la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores chilenas. Métodos: Participaron 1.040 personas ≥60 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile (2009-2010). El deterioro cognitivo se evaluó mediante el Mini Examen del Estado Mental abreviado (MMSE). El número de años con DM2 fue categorizado en cuatro grupos. Para valorar la asociación entre MMSE alterado y el número de años con DM2, se utilizó una regresión de Poisson, ajustados a posibles factores de confusión sociodemograficos, de estilos de vida, adiposidad y salud. Resultados: Cuando se ajustaron los análisis por factores sociodemográficos, las personas con 15 a 24 y ≥25 años con DM2 presentaron 2,2 veces (IC 95%: 1,07; 3,33) y 5,8 veces (IC 95%: 3,81; 11,0) riesgo relativo (RR) de deterioro cognitivo, en comparación con aquellas sin DM2. Luego de ajustar adicionalmente los análisis para las covariables relacionadas con el estilo de vida y la salud, el RR para deterioro cognitivo fue 1,76 veces (IC 95%: 1,02; 2,50) y 4,54 veces (IC 95%: 2,70; 6,38) más alto para aquellas personas con 14-24 y ≥25 años de DM2. Conclusiones: Se asoció el número de años con DM2 con la sospecha de deterioro cognitivo. Una mayor duración de la DM2 se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de deterioro cognitivo en la población mayor chilena.

Sea lice (Caligus rogercresseyi) are external parasites that affect farmed salmonids in Chile, and the scale of their sanitary and economic impact cannot be overstated. Even though space–time patterns suppose parasite aggregation, specific locations related to different infestation levels, as well as their associated factors across the geographic range involved, had not been investigated as of the writing of the present article. The understanding of the effects and factors entailed by the presence of C. rogercresseyi may be deemed a key element of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In the present study, the multivariate spatial scan statistic was used to identify geographic areas and times of C. rogercresseyi infestation and to estimate the factors associated with such patterns. We used official C. rogercresseyi monitoring data at the farm level, with a set of 13 covariates, to provide adjustment within the analyses. The analyses were carried out for a period of 5 years (2012–2016), and they included three fish species (Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Oncorhynchus kisutch) in order to assess the consistency of the identified clusters. A retrospective multinomial, spatial, and temporal scan test was implemented to identify farm clusters of either of the different categories of C. rogercresseyi infested farms: baseline, medium, and high, based on the control chemical threshold established by the health authority. The baseline represents adequate farm performance against C. rogercresseyi infestation. Then, production and environmental factors of the medium and high infestation farms were compared with the baseline using regression techniques. The results revealed a total of 26 clusters (p < 0.001), of which 12 correspond to baseline, 1 to medium, and the remaining 13 to high infestation clusters. In general, baseline clusters are detected in a latitudinal gradient on estuarine areas, with increasing relative risks to complex island water systems. There is a spatial structure in specific sites, north of Los Lagos Region and central Aysén Region, with high infestation clusters and epidemic peaks during 2013. In addition, average weight, salmon species, chemotherapeutants, latitude, temperature, salinity, and year category are factors associated with these C. rogercresseyi patterns. Recommendations for an IPM plan are provided, along with a discussion that considers the involvement of stock density thresholds by salmon species and the spatial structure of the efficacy of chemical control, both intended to avoid the advance of resistance and to minimize environmental residues.

BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests that maternal prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain are risk factors for perinatal complications and subsequent maternal and child health. Postpartum weight retention is also associated with adverse birth outcomes and maternal obesity. Clinical guidelines addressing healthy weight before, during, and after pregnancy have been introduced in some countries, but at present a systematic accounting for these policies has not been conducted. The objective of the present study was to conduct a cross-national comparison of maternal weight guidelines.MethodsThis cross sectional survey administered a questionnaire online to key informants with expertise on the subject of maternal weight to assess the presence and content of preconceptional, pregnancy and postpartum maternal weight guidelines, their rationale and availability. We searched 195 countries, identified potential informants in 80 and received surveys representing 66 countries. We estimated the proportion of countries with guidelines by region, income, and formal or informal policy, and described and compared guideline content, including a rubric to assess presence or absence of 4 guidelines: encourage healthy preconceptional weight, antenatal weighing, encourage appropriate gestational gain, and encourage attainment of healthy postpartum weight.ResultsFifty-three countries reported either a formal or informal policy regarding maternal weight. The majority of these policies included guidelines to assess maternal weight at the first prenatal visit (90%), to monitor gestational weight gain during pregnancy (81%), and to provide recommendations to women about healthy gestational weight gain (62%). Guidelines related to preconceptional (42%) and postpartum (13%) weight were less common. Only 8% of countries reported policies that included all 4 fundamental guidelines. Guideline content and rationale varied considerably between countries, and respondents perceived that within their country, policies were not widely known.ConclusionsThese results suggest that maternal weight is a concern throughout the world. However, we found a lack of international consensus on the content of guidelines. Further research is needed to understand which recommendations or interventions work best with respect to maternal weight in different country settings, and how pregnancy weight policies impact clinical practices and health outcomes for the mother and child.

Tree volume equations for Eucalyptus plantations are essential to estimate productivity, generalize equations that consider different genotypes and low-bias water regimes, and simplify plantation management. Our study evaluated the possibility of a generalized tree volume equation for eight Eucalyptus genotypes under contrasting irrigation regimens. We evaluated a seven-year-old plantation with eight Eucalyptus genotypes in two contrasting irrigation regimens (summer-irrigated vs. non-irrigated conditions). Diameter (DBH) and total height (H) measurements were considered in the tree equations (Schumacher and Hall (1933), Honer (1967), and Clutter et al. (1983)). The equation with the best fit considered the coefficient of determination, mean square error, and AIC and BIC parameters. The results showed that it is possible to use a generalized tree volume equation; the genotype, irrigation regime, and their interaction were not statistically significant for all equations. The best tree volume equation was Schumacher and Hall (1933), which showed the best fit and minor bias, with a small trend of underestimating the total volume in trees with a DBH >18.3 cm. These results suggest that it is possible to use a generalized tree volume equation to simplify plantation productivity projections while maintaining a good fit and low bias.

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by recurrent hippocampal seizures. mTLE can develop after exposure to risk factors such as febrile seizure, trauma, and infection. Within the latent period between exposure and onset of epilepsy, pathological remodeling events occur that contribute to epileptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms responsible are currently unclear. We used the mouse intrahippocampal kainite model of mTLE to investigate transcriptional dysregulation in the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyrus (DG), representing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) and peri-ictal zone (PIZ). DG were analyzed after 3, 7, and 14 days by RNA sequencing. In both the EZ and PIZ, transcriptional dysregulation was dynamic over the epileptogenic period with early expression of genes representing cell signaling, migration, and proliferation. Canonical Wnt signaling was upregulated in the EZ and PIZ at 3 days. Expression of inflammatory genes differed between the EZ and PIZ, with early expression after 3 days in the PIZ and delayed expression after 7–14 days in the EZ. This suggests that critical gene changes occur early in the hippocampal seizure network and that Wnt signaling may play a role within the latent epileptogenic period. These findings may help to identify novel therapeutic targets that could prevent epileptogenesis.

Glycolipid glycosylation is an intricate process that mainly takes place in the Golgi by the complex interplay between glycosyltransferases. Several features such as the organization, stoichiometry and composition of these complexes may modify their sorting properties, sub-Golgi localization, enzymatic activity and in consequence, the pattern of glycosylation at the plasma membrane. In spite of the advance in our comprehension about physiological and pathological cellular states of glycosylation, the molecular basis underlying the metabolism of glycolipids and the players involved in this process remain not fully understood. In the present work, using biochemical and fluorescence microscopy approaches, we demonstrate the existence of a physical association between two ganglioside glycosyltransferases, namely, ST3Gal-II (GD1a synthase) and β3GalT-IV (GM1 synthase) with Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) in mammalian cultured cells. After GOLPH3 knockdown, the localization of both enzymes was not affected, but the fomation of ST3Gal-II/β3GalT-IV complex was compromised and glycolipid expression pattern changed. Our results suggest a novel control mechanism of glycolipid expression through the regulation of the physical association between glycolipid glycosyltransferases mediated by GOLPH3.

Heterosigma akashiwo is the only raphidophyte described for Chilean waters. A recent 2021 fish-killing bloom event of this raphidophyte ignited scientific research, but the ichthyotoxic mechanism and environmental conditions that promote its growth are still unclear. This is the first study confirming the occurrence of H. akashiwo in Chilean waters on the basis of the region D1/D2 of the 28S ribosomal gene. The pigment signature of the CREAN_HA03 strain revealed chlorophyll-a, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin as the most abundant pigments, but profiles were variable depending on culture and field conditions. A factorial temperature–salinity growth experiment showed a maximal growth rate of 0.48 d−1 at 17 °C and 35 in salinity, but reached a maximal cell abundance of ~50,000 cells mL−1 at 12 °C and 25 in salinity. The fatty acid profile included high levels of saturated (16:0) and polyunsaturated (18:4 ω3; 20:5 ω3) fatty acids, but superoxide production in this strain was low (~0.3 pmol O2– cell−1 h−1). The RTgill-W1 bioassay showed that the H. akashiwo strain was cytotoxic only at high cell concentrations (>47,000 cells mL−1) and after cell rupture. In conclusion, salmon mortality during H. akashiwo bloom events in Patagonian fjords is likely explained by the high production of long-chain PUFAs at high cell densities, but only in the presence of high ROS production.

Los suplementos deportivos que se etiquetan como ergogénicos son muchos, pero pocos son los que realmente han demostrado su efectividad como tal. Actualmente, su uso se ha masificado, tanto por falta de regulación en uso y venta, así como por su utilización en la población general, y no sólo en deportistas de alto rendimiento. Frente a estas limitantes ¿cuál es la efectividad de estos productos más allá de la moda? En esta comunicación breve se abordan algunos de los suplementos y plantas más utilizados como ergogénicos; no obstante, es necesario tener precaución al momento de generalizar los resultados obtenidos por algunos ergogénicos, ya que su efecto podría ser secundario y/o estar condicionado por otros factores.

Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) prevalence has significantly increased worldwide in recent years due to population age, obesity, and modern sedentary lifestyles. The projections estimate that 439 million people will be diabetic in 2030. T2DM is characterized by an impaired β-pancreatic cell function and insulin secretion, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and recently the epigenetic regulation of β-pancreatic cells differentiation has been underlined as being involved. It is currently known that several bioactive molecules, widely abundant in plants used as food or infusions, have a key role in histone modification and DNA methylation, and constituted potential epidrugs candidates against T2DM. In this sense, in this review the epigenetic mechanisms involved in T2DM and protein targets are reviewed, with special focus in studies addressing the potential use of phytochemicals as epidrugs that prevent and/or control T2DM in vivo and in vitro. As main findings, and although some controversial results have been found, bioactive molecules with epigenetic regulatory function, appear to be a potential replacement/complementary therapy of pharmacological hypoglycemic drugs, with minimal side effects. Indeed, natural epidrugs have shown to prevent or delay the T2DM development and the morbidity associated to dysfunction of blood vessels, eyes and kidneys due to sustained hyperglycemia in T2DM patients.

En el artículo se compara la celebración del Día de Muertos del cementerio de Flores y barrios del suroeste de Buenos Aires (Argentina) con la del Cementerio General y Cerro Blanco de Santiago (Chile). En el primer caso, la celebración la realizan migrantes aymara, qolla y quechua provenientes de los Andes centrales, y en el segundo mestizos urbanos que incorporan prácticas “andinas” como reapropiación simbólica identitaria. A partir de una participación observante se revisaron procesos de comunalización/comunalidad en la resignificación del festejo, con el centro en los repertorios interpretativos-culturales. Se concluye que en estas prácticas se han ido construyendo memorias festivas de resistencia, lo que ha producido nuevos sentidos de apego en dichos territorios.