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Rhinoleucophenga obesa Drosophila obesa Loew (1872): 102 –103. Phortica hirtifrons Johnson (1913): 88. (synonym) Pseudophortica obesa. Sturtevant (1918): 37. Rhinoleucophenga obesa. Malloch & McAtee (1924): 33; Vilela & Bächli (2019)., Published as part of Poppe, Jean Lucas, Gottschalk, Marco Silva, Deprá, Maríndia, Schmitz, Hermes José & Valente, Vera Lúcia Silva, 2019, The identity of some specimens previously (mis) identified as Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Brazil, based on morphological and molecular data, with implications on distribution, pp. 310-334 in Zootaxa 4656 (2) on page 314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3368686, {"references":["Loew, H. (1872) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 16, 49 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 1872016011 0","Malloch, J. R. & McAtee, W. L. (1924) Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the district of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 37, 25 - 42.","Vilela, C. R. & Bachli, G. (2019) On the identities of Rhinoleucophenga pallida Hendel and Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew) (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with description of a new sibling species from Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rbe. 2019.01.001"]}

Rhinoleucophenga Hendel is an endemic genus of the New World with most species recorded in Brazil. Rhinoleucophenga obesa (Loew) seemed to be the most widespread species, being recorded in the United States of America, Mexico and Brazil. In the Neotropical region, identifications of R. obesa were commonly based on the description of non-type specimens determined by Costa Lima (1935) and Malogolowkin (1946), although their identities were doubtful. However, the recent redescription of R. obesa from the type-series from Texas, USA, confirmed a long period of misidentifications and a new species, R. cantareira Vilela & Bächli, was proposed based on Brazilian specimens. Thus, review of morphological and molecular traits of specimens previously identified as R. obesa in Neotropical biomes are necessary to check the identity and distribution of a group of sibling species: R. obesa, R. cantareira, R. gigantea (Thomson), R. pallida Hendel and R. pampeana Poppe et al. In the present paper, specimens previously determined as R. obesa, sampled in different Brazilian localities, were compared by morphological and molecular traits. Plates of female terminalia of R. cantareira and R. gigantea are presented for the first time. The spermathecal capsules (as well as the male epandrium) revealed useful characteristics to differentiate those species; these morphological differences were corroborated by a sequence fragment of COI. The specimens on which were based the descriptions of Rhinoleucophenga obesa sensu Costa Lima (1935) and sensu Malogolowkin (1946) were reviewed and confirmed as R. cantareira. Other Brazilian specimens from different localities, previously misidentified as R. obesa, were determined as R. gigantea or R. cantareira, with new records for both species. Therefore, the present study corresponds to the advance of identity definition and distribution of sibling species of Rhinoleucophenga commonly sampled in Neotropical inventory studies.

The objectives of this study were to fit mathematical models to the experimental data of the drying of the pequi mesocarp, determine the effective diffusion coefficient, and to obtain activation energy and thermodynamic and nutritional properties in different drying conditions. The mesocarp of pequi fruits, with an initial moisture content of 5.05 (decimal, dry basis), was dried in a forced ventilation oven at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C until the final moisture content of 0.15 ± 0.01 (decimal, dry basis). The mathematical models were adjusted by non-linear regression analysis using the Gauss-Newton method, considering the magnitude of the coefficient of determination (R2), the mean relative error (P) and the estimated mean error (SE). Among the models analyzed, the Midilli model presented the best fit. The effective diffusion coefficient increased with increase in temperature, and the activation energy on drying was 11.011 kJ mol-1. The enthalpy decreased with an increase in the drying temperature, while the entropy and Gibbs free energy increased with the drying temperature. The product obtained from drying has low lipid and high carbohydrate concentration, while temperatures above 70 °C could cause denaturation and/or protein complexation. The temperature of 60 °C is most suitable to obtain flour of pequi mesocarp, due to the shorter processing time while maintaining the nutritional quality. RESUMO Objetivou-se ajustar modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais da secagem do mesocarpo externo do pequi, determinar o coeficiente de difusão efetivo, e obter a energia de ativação e as propriedades termodinâmicas e nutricionais em diferentes condições de secagem. O mesocarpo dos frutos de pequi com teor de água inicial de 5,05 (base seca, decimal), foi submetido à secagem em estufa de ventilação forçada nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 °C até atingir o teor de água final de 0,15 ± 0,01 (base seca, decimal). Os modelos matemáticos foram ajustados por análise de regressão não linear pelo método Gauss-Newton, sendo considerada a magnitude do coeficiente de determinação (R2), do erro médio relativo (P) e do erro médio estimado (SE). Entre os modelos analisados, Midilli apresentou o melhor ajuste aos resultados. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo aumentou com a elevação da temperatura, e a energia de ativação para a difusão líquida na secagem foi de 11,011 kJ mol-1. A entalpia de ativação diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura de secagem, enquanto a entropia e a energia livre de Gibbs de ativação aumentaram com o acréscimo da temperatura de secagem. O produto obtido a partir da secagem possui baixo teor lipídico e elevado teor de carboidratos, enquanto que temperaturas a partir de 70 °C podem causar desnaturação e/ou complexação proteica. A temperatura de 60 °C é mais indicada para obtenção do farináceo do mesocarpo do pequi, devido ao menor tempo de processamento com manutenção da qualidade nutricional.

This paper presents the exciting use of robotics to teach technologies in an approach that motivates the students through intuitive learning. MSc degree programme students are engaged in strong team-building, while developing and testing new algorithms for mobile robotics and electronics areas. This project endows students with intuitive learning, and experimental results revealed that the integration of skills allows the students to develop applications for real scenarios. In this work it is described an application to control with hand gestures, several differential driven robots.

The Neotropical region harbors an astonishing diversity of species, but still encompasses the least studied biogeographic region of the world. These properties apply for different taxonomic groups, and can be exemplified by drosophilids. In fact, high levels of cryptic diversity have recently been discovered for Neotropical species of the Zygothrica genus group, but relationships among these species, or them and other Drosophilidae species still remains to be addressed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships between fungus-associated Neotropical species of the genera Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila and Zygothrica, which together with Paramycodrosophila and Paraliodrosophila compose the Zygothrica genus group. For this, fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunits I (COI) and II (COII) genes, and the nuclear alpha methyldopa (Amd) and dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) genes were newly characterized for 43 Neotropical specimens of fungus-associated drosophilids, and analyzed in the context of 51 additional Drosophilinae sequences plus one Steganinae outgroup. Based on the resulting phylogeny, the evolution of breeding sites usage was also evaluated through ancestral character reconstructions. Our results revealed the Zygothrica genus group as a monophyletic lineage of Drosophila that branches after the subgenera Sophophora and Drosophila. Within this lineage, Mycodrosophila species seem to encompass the early offshoot, followed by a grade of Hirtodrosophila species, with derived branches mostly occupied by representatives of Zygothrica. This genus, in particular, was subdivided into five major clades, two of which include species of Hirtodrosophila, whose generic status needs to be reevatuated. According to our results, the use of fungi as breeding sites encompasses a symplesiomorphy for the Zygothrica genus group, since one of the recovered clades is currently specialized in using flowers as breeding sites whereas a sole species presents a reversal to the use of fruits of a plant of Gentianales. So, in general, this study supports the paraphyly of Drosophila in relation to fungus-associated Neotropical species of Drosophilidae, providing the first molecular insights into the phylogenetic patterns related to the evolution of this diverse group of species and some of its characteristic traits.

Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. (Figs. 24���33, 46) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled ��� Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 3��6'21.36"S, 60��34'38.06"W, Jo��o Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Hol��tipo���. Paratypes. 1 ♂ labeled ��� Brasil. PA. Melga��o. Flona de Caxiuan��, 01��44'14"S, 51��27���25���W, Stela Machado col. 20.v.2012. Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Par��tipo���. All specimens had their post-abdomen dissected. Type locality. Haras Poco Sul, municipality of Colorado do Oeste, state of Rondonia, Brazil (03��06'21.36"S, 60��34'38.06"W). Diagnosis. Pleurae without a dark strip below the postpronotum and wing base (Fig. 24). Epandrium with few setulae in a small squared ventral lobe (Fig. 28). Surstylus bearing 6 peg-like prensisetae, without a crescent process above them (Fig. 30). Aedeagus bearing small scales when in lateral and dorsal views (Figs. 31���33). Apex of aedeagus ventrally projected. Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 26���27). Yellow. Frons and face yellow, fronto-orbital plates indistinct with the same color of the front. Length ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.30 (0.27���0.33), length ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.32 (0.27���0.37), vt index = 0.90 (0.80���1.00), ocellar triangle yellowish about 25% (22��� 28%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent with the same color of the frons. Antennae yellow with flagellomeres slightly grey, aristae with 4���5 dorsal and one ventral branches, plus terminal fork. Palpus yellowish with an apical setae and two or three smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short piles. Gena yellow, first genal setae about 26% (25���27%) of the vibrissae length. Cheek index = 0.22 (0.21���0.24), eye index = 1.01 (1.00���1.03). Thorax (Figs. 24���25). Main color yellow. Length = 0.63 (0.53���0.70) mm, width = 0.46 (0.44���0.48) mm, 6 irregular rows of acrostichal, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.50 (0.45���0.55). Scutellum yellowish. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 0.66 (0.63���0.70). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 37% (32���41%) of the posterior one. Pleurae and legs yellow. Wings (Fig. 46). Yellow with veins dark yellow. Length = 1.28 (1.14���1.42) mm. Length to width ratio = 0.62 (0.60���0.65). Indices: C = 1.37 (1.32���1.42); 4v = 1.83 (1.73���1.93); 5x = 2.58 (2.50���2.66); 4c = 1.36 (1.33���1.40); M = 0.60 (0.53���0.66); hb = 1.75 (1.60���1.90); prox. x = 0.33 (0.33���0.33). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II���V with posterior fainted brown marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length = 1.50 mm. Terminalia (Figs. 28���33). Epandrium microtrichose, smaller than in Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov., with 6 upper and 10 lower setae, 4 of the latter located on ventral lobe (Fig. 28). Ventral lobe not microtrichose, not covering the surstylus. Cerci not fused with epandrium, microtrichose. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 6 peg-like prensisetae, about 5 inner and no outer setae. Decasternum narrow (Fig. 30). Hypandrium longer than epandrium, without a posterior hypandrial process; gonopod fused to hypandrium, each bearing one seta (Fig. 29). Paraphysis microtrichose, with two small setulae. Aedeagus bearing small scales dorsally and laterally, apical region with a projection easier to recognize in lateral view, when in ventral view the lateral margin presents a serrated aspect. Aedeagal apodeme fused with and longer than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Relationship. The male terminalia of H. jukyry sp. nov. are similar to H. grisea (see Grimaldi 2018), differing by the smaller surstylus, the lower number of inner bristles and the absence of the crescent process. The aedeagus of these species is quite similar too, varying mainly in the shape of the apex in dorsoventral view (rounded in H. grisea), the absence of the ventral scales in the apical region (as presented by Grimaldi (2018) in Fig. 25B, page 421), and being shorter than the aedeagal apodeme. Despite the great similitude regarding the male terminalia, the body morphology and coloration is very different. Etymology. The name ��� jukyry��� means ���yellow��� in the Tupi-Guarani language and it is an allusion to the body color of the species. Geographic distribution. Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. was collected at the same sites as H. nungara sp. nov., at the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuan��, municipality of Melga��o, state of Par�� (01��47'32.3"S; 1��26���2.5���W) and at the municipality of Colorado do Oeste, state of Rond��nia (13��00'37.7"S; 60��35'24.9"W) (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Junges, Jo��o, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline & Gottschalk, Marco Silva, 2019, Four new Neotropical species in the Hirtodrosophila hirticornis species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 276-292 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on pages 284-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2594970, {"references":["Grimaldi, D. (2018) Hirtodrosophila of North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 421, 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 - 421.1.1"]}

Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. (Figs. 24–33, 46) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled “ Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 3°6'21.36"S, 60°34'38.06"W, João Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Holótipo”. Paratypes. 1 ♂ labeled “ Brasil. PA. Melgaço. Flona de Caxiuanã, 01°44'14"S, 51°27′25″W, Stela Machado col. 20.v.2012. Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Parátipo”. All specimens had their post-abdomen dissected. Type locality. Haras Poco Sul, municipality of Colorado do Oeste, state of Rondonia, Brazil (03°06'21.36"S, 60°34'38.06"W). Diagnosis. Pleurae without a dark strip below the postpronotum and wing base (Fig. 24). Epandrium with few setulae in a small squared ventral lobe (Fig. 28). Surstylus bearing 6 peg-like prensisetae, without a crescent process above them (Fig. 30). Aedeagus bearing small scales when in lateral and dorsal views (Figs. 31–33). Apex of aedeagus ventrally projected. Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 26–27). Yellow. Frons and face yellow, fronto-orbital plates indistinct with the same color of the front. Length ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.30 (0.27–0.33), length ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.32 (0.27–0.37), vt index = 0.90 (0.80–1.00), ocellar triangle yellowish about 25% (22– 28%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent with the same color of the frons. Antennae yellow with flagellomeres slightly grey, aristae with 4–5 dorsal and one ventral branches, plus terminal fork. Palpus yellowish with an apical setae and two or three smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short piles. Gena yellow, first genal setae about 26% (25–27%) of the vibrissae length. Cheek index = 0.22 (0.21–0.24), eye index = 1.01 (1.00–1.03). Thorax (Figs. 24–25). Main color yellow. Length = 0.63 (0.53–0.70) mm, width = 0.46 (0.44–0.48) mm, 6 irregular rows of acrostichal, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.50 (0.45–0.55). Scutellum yellowish. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 0.66 (0.63–0.70). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 37% (32–41%) of the posterior one. Pleurae and legs yellow. Wings (Fig. 46). Yellow with veins dark yellow. Length = 1.28 (1.14–1.42) mm. Length to width ratio = 0.62 (0.60–0.65). Indices: C = 1.37 (1.32–1.42); 4v = 1.83 (1.73–1.93); 5x = 2.58 (2.50–2.66); 4c = 1.36 (1.33–1.40); M = 0.60 (0.53–0.66); hb = 1.75 (1.60–1.90); prox. x = 0.33 (0.33–0.33). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II–V with posterior fainted brown marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length = 1.50 mm. Terminalia (Figs. 28–33). Epandrium microtrichose, smaller than in Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov., with 6 upper and 10 lower setae, 4 of the latter located on ventral lobe (Fig. 28). Ventral lobe not microtrichose, not covering the surstylus. Cerci not fused with epandrium, microtrichose. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 6 peg-like prensisetae, about 5 inner and no outer setae. Decasternum narrow (Fig. 30). Hypandrium longer than epandrium, without a posterior hypandrial process; gonopod fused to hypandrium, each bearing one seta (Fig. 29). Paraphysis microtrichose, with two small setulae. Aedeagus bearing small scales dorsally and laterally, apical region with a projection easier to recognize in lateral view, when in ventral view the lateral margin presents a serrated aspect. Aedeagal apodeme fused with and longer than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Relationship. The male terminalia of H. jukyry sp. nov. are similar to H. grisea (see Grimaldi 2018), differing by the smaller surstylus, the lower number of inner bristles and the absence of the crescent process. The aedeagus of these species is quite similar too, varying mainly in the shape of the apex in dorsoventral view (rounded in H. grisea), the absence of the ventral scales in the apical region (as presented by Grimaldi (2018) in Fig. 25B, page 421), and being shorter than the aedeagal apodeme. Despite the great similitude regarding the male terminalia, the body morphology and coloration is very different. Etymology. The name “ jukyry” means “yellow” in the Tupi-Guarani language and it is an allusion to the body color of the species. Geographic distribution. Hirtodrosophila jukyry sp. nov. was collected at the same sites as H. nungara sp. nov., at the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, municipality of Melgaço, state of Pará (01°47'32.3"S; 1°26′2.5″W) and at the municipality of Colorado do Oeste, state of Rondônia (13°00'37.7"S; 60°35'24.9"W) (Fig. 1).

Hirtodrosophila Duda, 1923 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is a worldwide genus associated with fungi that encompasses 30 Neotropical species. They are gathered into four clusters: glabrifrons species group (Burla 1956), hirticornis species group (Burla 1956), magnarcus species group (Frota-Pessoa 1951), and thoracis species group (Grimaldi 1987), although there are still some ungrouped species. Nevertheless, their species richness is highly underestimated, and several unknown species of the genus have been sampled in different Brazilian regions. The known Neotropical flies of the hirticornis group belong to a set of four yellow sibling species, which are very difficult to identify based only on external morphology, a fact that partially explains the knowledge gap regarding ecology, biology, and evolution of the group. However, these species are easily sampled around some fungi fruiting bodies, particularly over Auricularia spp. (Auriculariales, Auriculariaceae). In the last years, we collected some hundreds of specimens, which allowed us to detect some common but yet undescribed species. Thus, here we describe four new Neotropical species in the hirticornis group.

Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. (Figs. 34���43, 47) Hirtodrosophila morgani aff. (Valer et al. 2016) Hirtodrosophila morgani affinis Sul (Machado et al. 2017) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled ��� Brasil, RS. Pelotas. Horto Bot��nico-UFPel, 31��46'02.05''S, 52��26'55.34W, Felipe B. Valer and Monica L. Blauth col., 27.v.2011 / Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Hol��tipo���. Paratypes. 4 ♂ labeled ��� Brasil, RS. S��o Luiz Gonzaga. Fragmento Florestal, 28��31' 32.21"S, 54��58'58.41"W, Stela Machado col., 20.v.2012 / Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂ Par��tipo��� and 1 ♂ labeled ��� Brasil, RS. S��o Luiz Gonzaga. Fragmento Florestal, 28��31'32.21"S, 54��58'58.41"W, Stela Machado col., 20.v.2012 / Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂ Par��tipo.��� All specimens had their post-abdomen dissected. Type locality. Horto Bot��nico Irm��o Teodoro Luis, municipality of Cap��o do Le��o, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (31��46'02.05''S, 52��26'55.34W). Diagnosis. Notum darkish yellow, with a grey aspect (Fig. 35); pleurae yellow bearing a slightly darker strip from below the postpronotum to below wing base (Fig. 34). Abdomen yellow, with diffuse darker bands, although more distinct than in the other species on tergites II���V. Aedeagus with a rounded apex in ventral and dorsal views and flattened in lateral view, with small scales laterally (Figs. 41���43). Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 36���37). Yellow. Frons and face brownish yellow, fronto-orbital plates with the same color of the frons. Ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.42 (0.33���0.50 ), ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.36 (0.25���0.42), vt index = 1.14 (1.00���1.25), ocellar triangle greyish yellow about 30% (22���37%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent with the same color of the frons. Antennae yellow with flagellomeres greyish yellow, aristae with 5 dorsal and one ventral branches, 4���6 internal branches. Palpus greyish yellow with an apical seta and 6 smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short piles. Genae brownish yellow with a dark diffuse band the eye, first genal setae about 24% (22���38%) of the vibrissae. Cheek index = 0.22 (0.19���0.27), eye index = 1.18 (1.11���1.31). Thorax (Figs. 34���35). Main color yellow, sometimes the notum presents an aspect greyish yellow. Length = 1.15 (1.05���1.27) mm, width = 0.90 (0.82���0.97) mm, 10 irregular rows of acrostichal setae, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.67 (0.53���0.80). Scutellum yellowish. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 1.16 (0.93���1.16). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 46% (33���54%) of the posterior one. Pleurae yellow with a diffuse horizontal stripe extending from below postpronotum to wing base. Wings (Fig. 47). Dark yellow with veins dark yellow. Length = 2.49 (2.40���2.66) mm. Length to width ratio = 1.09 (0.95���1.16). Indices: C = 2.86 (2.64���3.17); Ac: 3.38(3.14���3.83), 4v = 2.10 (2.04���2.17); 5x = 1.98 (1.76��� 2.13); 4c = 0.97 (0.86���1.08); M = 0.68 (0.64���0.75); hb = 1.91 (1.15���2.44); prox. x = 0.47 (0.41���0.56). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II���V with fainted brown posterior marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length could not be measured because all specimens had already been dissected when these measurements were taken. Terminalia (Figs. 38���43). Epandrium microtrichose, with 4 upper and 18 lower setae; 8 of the latter located on ventral lobe (Fig. 38). Ventral lobes not microtrichose, not covering surstyli. Cerci not fused with epandrium. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 6 peg-like prensisetae, about 15 inner and no outer setae. Decasternum narrow (Fig. 40). Hypandrium longer than wide, rectangular-shaped. Gonopod partially fused to the hypandrium, bearing one seta. Paraphysis highly microtrichose and the small setulae, if they are present, were not observed. Aedeagus with rounded apex bearing small scales laterally. Apical portion of aedeagus flattened in lateral view. Aedeagal apodeme fused with and shorter than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Note. Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. was previously studied by Machado (2017) regarding sequences of the mitochondrial genome (in this study was coded as H. morgani affinis Sul) and compared with H. gilva, H. mendeli, H. morgani and H. subgilva using the DNA barcoding approach. Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. met all the criteria proposed for distinguishing among the other species, such as the tree-based criterium, the Barcode GAP criterium, and the molecular diagnostic character. Relationship. The terminalia of H. crioula sp. nov., H. grisea (see Grimaldi, 2018), H. morgani (see Vilela and B��chli, 2004) and H. prognatha (see Grimaldi, 2018) are quite similar, mainly by the shape and the presence of scales on the surface of the aedeagus, and by the morphology of the epandrium, cerci and surstyli. However, H. crioula sp. nov. differs from H. grisea by the shape of the ventral lobe of the epandrium, by the lower number of inner setulae in the surstylus, by the more elongated hypandrium, by the shape of the gonopods and by the shape of the aedeagus, not recurved dorsally at the apex. When compared to H. morgani and H. prognatha, H. crioula sp. nov. differs by the shape of the ventral lobe of the hypandrium and surstylus, and by the absence of a medial apical reentrance in dorsoventral view in the aedeagus. Etymology. The name ��� crioula��� is a pampean common-sense word synonymous with autochthonous, meaning born in the region where it inhabits, and it refers to the known distribution of the species in Pampa biome. Geographic distribution. Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. was collected in areas from the Pampa biome, in the municipalities of Pelotas (31��46'02.05''S 52��26'55.34W), Bossoroca (28��31' 32.21"S, 54��58'58.41"W), Santa Maria (29��37���95������S, 53��36���01������W) and Santiago (29��12���51���S, 54��51���27���), all in state of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 1). Ecological notes. All species here described seem to have an ecological relationship with Auricularia fungi, since in all sampling, the imagoes were flying over their fruiting bodies. For the Amazonian species, H. rondonia sp. nov., H. nungara sp. nov. and H. jukyry sp. nov., the use of Auricularia as a breeding site needs to be confirmed. However, H. crioula sp. nov. was the most abundant species emerging from Auricularia spp. in the survey of Valer et al. (2016), presenting their very close relationship with this fungus. Another striking observation refers to the frequent sympatry and syntopy detected among H. rondonia sp. nov., H. nungara sp. nov. and H. jukyry sp. nov. in our samples., Published as part of Junges, Jo��o, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline & Gottschalk, Marco Silva, 2019, Four new Neotropical species in the Hirtodrosophila hirticornis species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 276-292 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on pages 287-290, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2594970, {"references":["Valer, F. B., Mendes, M. F., Bernardi, E., Blauth, M. L. & Gottschalk, M. S. (2016) Diversity and associations between Drosophilidae (Diptera) species and Basidiomycetes in a Neotropical forest. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 88, 705 - 718. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765201620150366","Machado, S., Junges-dos-Santos, J. P., Fonseca, P. M., Bolzan, A. R., David, J., Loreto, E. L. S., Gottschalk, M. S. & Robe, L. J. (2017) Neotropical mycophagous drosophilids (Diptera: Drosophilidae): DNA barcoding as a way of overcoming the taxonomic impediment. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 10, 271 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / icad. 12223","Grimaldi, D. (2018) Hirtodrosophila of North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 421, 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 - 421.1.1"]}

Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. (Figs. 34–43, 47) Hirtodrosophila morgani aff. (Valer et al. 2016) Hirtodrosophila morgani affinis Sul (Machado et al. 2017) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled “ Brasil, RS. Pelotas. Horto Botânico-UFPel, 31°46'02.05''S, 52°26'55.34W, Felipe B. Valer and Monica L. Blauth col., 27.v.2011 / Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Holótipo”. Paratypes. 4 ♂ labeled “ Brasil, RS. São Luiz Gonzaga. Fragmento Florestal, 28°31' 32.21"S, 54°58'58.41"W, Stela Machado col., 20.v.2012 / Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂ Parátipo” and 1 ♂ labeled “ Brasil, RS. São Luiz Gonzaga. Fragmento Florestal, 28°31'32.21"S, 54°58'58.41"W, Stela Machado col., 20.v.2012 / Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂ Parátipo.” All specimens had their post-abdomen dissected. Type locality. Horto Botânico Irmão Teodoro Luis, municipality of Capão do Leão, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (31°46'02.05''S, 52°26'55.34W). Diagnosis. Notum darkish yellow, with a grey aspect (Fig. 35); pleurae yellow bearing a slightly darker strip from below the postpronotum to below wing base (Fig. 34). Abdomen yellow, with diffuse darker bands, although more distinct than in the other species on tergites II–V. Aedeagus with a rounded apex in ventral and dorsal views and flattened in lateral view, with small scales laterally (Figs. 41–43). Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 36–37). Yellow. Frons and face brownish yellow, fronto-orbital plates with the same color of the frons. Ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.42 (0.33–0.50 ), ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.36 (0.25–0.42), vt index = 1.14 (1.00–1.25), ocellar triangle greyish yellow about 30% (22–37%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent with the same color of the frons. Antennae yellow with flagellomeres greyish yellow, aristae with 5 dorsal and one ventral branches, 4–6 internal branches. Palpus greyish yellow with an apical seta and 6 smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short piles. Genae brownish yellow with a dark diffuse band the eye, first genal setae about 24% (22–38%) of the vibrissae. Cheek index = 0.22 (0.19–0.27), eye index = 1.18 (1.11–1.31). Thorax (Figs. 34–35). Main color yellow, sometimes the notum presents an aspect greyish yellow. Length = 1.15 (1.05–1.27) mm, width = 0.90 (0.82–0.97) mm, 10 irregular rows of acrostichal setae, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.67 (0.53–0.80). Scutellum yellowish. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 1.16 (0.93–1.16). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 46% (33–54%) of the posterior one. Pleurae yellow with a diffuse horizontal stripe extending from below postpronotum to wing base. Wings (Fig. 47). Dark yellow with veins dark yellow. Length = 2.49 (2.40–2.66) mm. Length to width ratio = 1.09 (0.95–1.16). Indices: C = 2.86 (2.64–3.17); Ac: 3.38(3.14–3.83), 4v = 2.10 (2.04–2.17); 5x = 1.98 (1.76– 2.13); 4c = 0.97 (0.86–1.08); M = 0.68 (0.64–0.75); hb = 1.91 (1.15–2.44); prox. x = 0.47 (0.41–0.56). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II–V with fainted brown posterior marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length could not be measured because all specimens had already been dissected when these measurements were taken. Terminalia (Figs. 38–43). Epandrium microtrichose, with 4 upper and 18 lower setae; 8 of the latter located on ventral lobe (Fig. 38). Ventral lobes not microtrichose, not covering surstyli. Cerci not fused with epandrium. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 6 peg-like prensisetae, about 15 inner and no outer setae. Decasternum narrow (Fig. 40). Hypandrium longer than wide, rectangular-shaped. Gonopod partially fused to the hypandrium, bearing one seta. Paraphysis highly microtrichose and the small setulae, if they are present, were not observed. Aedeagus with rounded apex bearing small scales laterally. Apical portion of aedeagus flattened in lateral view. Aedeagal apodeme fused with and shorter than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Note. Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. was previously studied by Machado (2017) regarding sequences of the mitochondrial genome (in this study was coded as H. morgani affinis Sul) and compared with H. gilva, H. mendeli, H. morgani and H. subgilva using the DNA barcoding approach. Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. met all the criteria proposed for distinguishing among the other species, such as the tree-based criterium, the Barcode GAP criterium, and the molecular diagnostic character. Relationship. The terminalia of H. crioula sp. nov., H. grisea (see Grimaldi, 2018), H. morgani (see Vilela and Bächli, 2004) and H. prognatha (see Grimaldi, 2018) are quite similar, mainly by the shape and the presence of scales on the surface of the aedeagus, and by the morphology of the epandrium, cerci and surstyli. However, H. crioula sp. nov. differs from H. grisea by the shape of the ventral lobe of the epandrium, by the lower number of inner setulae in the surstylus, by the more elongated hypandrium, by the shape of the gonopods and by the shape of the aedeagus, not recurved dorsally at the apex. When compared to H. morgani and H. prognatha, H. crioula sp. nov. differs by the shape of the ventral lobe of the hypandrium and surstylus, and by the absence of a medial apical reentrance in dorsoventral view in the aedeagus. Etymology. The name “ crioula” is a pampean common-sense word synonymous with autochthonous, meaning born in the region where it inhabits, and it refers to the known distribution of the species in Pampa biome. Geographic distribution. Hirtodrosophila crioula sp. nov. was collected in areas from the Pampa biome, in the municipalities of Pelotas (31°46'02.05''S 52°26'55.34W), Bossoroca (28°31' 32.21"S, 54°58'58.41"W), Santa Maria (29°37’95’’S, 53°36’01’’W) and Santiago (29°12’51”S, 54°51’27”), all in state of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 1). Ecological notes. All species here described seem to have an ecological relationship with Auricularia fungi, since in all sampling, the imagoes were flying over their fruiting bodies. For the Amazonian species, H. rondonia sp. nov., H. nungara sp. nov. and H. jukyry sp. nov., the use of Auricularia as a breeding site needs to be confirmed. However, H. crioula sp. nov. was the most abundant species emerging from Auricularia spp. in the survey of Valer et al. (2016), presenting their very close relationship with this fungus. Another striking observation refers to the frequent sympatry and syntopy detected among H. rondonia sp. nov., H. nungara sp. nov. and H. jukyry sp. nov. in our samples.

Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov. (Figs 3–13, 44) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled “ Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 03°06'21.36"S, 60°34'38.06"W, João Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Holótipo”. Paratypes. 2 ♂ labeled “ Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 03°06'21.36"S, 60°34'38.06"W, João Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov. Junges, Robe e Gottschalk ♂ Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 5–6). Yellow. Frons and face yellow; fronto-orbital plates indistinct, with the same color as the frons. Length ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.41 (0.30–0.50), length ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.54 (0.37–0.66), vt index = 0.91, ocellar triangle yellow about 36% (27–60%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent, with the same color as the frons. Antennae yellow, with flagellomeres slightly grey, aristae with 4–5 dorsal and one ventral branches plus terminal fork. Palpus yellow with an apical seta and two or three smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short pile. Genae yellow, first genal setae about 25% (23–27%) of the vibrissae. Cheek index = 0.21 (0.18–0.24), eye index = 1.05 (1.00–1.14). Thorax (Figs. 3–4). Yellow. Length = 0.73 (0.64–0.80) mm, width = 0.56 (0.51–0.66) mm, 6 irregular rows of acrostichals, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.54 (0.46–0.60). Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 0.76 (0.63–0.91). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 54% of the posterior one. Pleurae and legs yellow. Wing (Fig. 44). Yellow with veins darkish yellow. Length = 1.48 (1.65–1.35) mm. Length to width ratio = 0.71 (0.62–0.77). Indices: C = 1.47 (1.29–1.59); 4v = 2.09 (1.41–2.52); 5x = 2.27 (1.80–2.57); 4c = 1.38 (1.00–1.65); M = 0.66 (0.43–0.78); hb = 1.85 (1.66–2.00); prox. x = 0.45 (0.36–0.52). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II–V with fainted brown posterior marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length = 1.55 (1.35–1.70) mm. Terminalia (Figs. 7–13). Epandrium microtrichose with about 6 upper setae; ventral lobe prominent but not covering surstylus, with about 15 large setae (Fig. 7). Cerci microtrichose, not fused with epandrium. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 4 peg-like prensisetae, two smaller setulae following prensisetae row and about 13 inner and no outer setae; a crescent process (sensu Vilela and Bächli, 2004) dorsally to the prensisetae (Figs. 8–9). Decasternum narrow, like a bridge (Fig. 9). Hypandrium tapered and rounded anteriorly, fused with gonopods (Fig. 7). Gonopod containing one seta, linked with paraphysis by membranous tissue. Paraphysis with three upper and two median small setulae. Aedeagus (Figs. 11–13) with apex rounded and membranous, facing backwards; subapical portion with small scales; laterally bearing small structures similar to outwards spurs in H. subgilva. Aedeagus with a remarkable lumpy mark in the middle of anterior region. Aedeagal apodeme concave, fused with and shorter than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Etymology. The name “rondonia” refer to the Brazilian state of Rondonia, from where the holotype was collected. Geographic distribution. This species is known from the type locality and to Pará, in the Caxiuanã National Forest (01°44'14"S, 51°27′25″W).

Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. (Figs. 14–23, 45) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled “ Brasil. PA. Melgaço. Flona de Caxiuanã, 01°44'14"S, 51°27′25″W, Stela Machado col. 20.v.2012. Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Holótipo”. Paratypes. 1 ♂ labeled “ Brasil. PA. Melgaço. Flona de Caxiuanã, 01°44'14"S, 51°27′25″W, Stela Machado col 20.v.2012. Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂, Parátipo” and 1 ♂ labeled “ Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 3°6'21.36"S, 60°34'38.06"W, João Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂, Parátipo”. All specimens had their post-abdomen dissected. Type locality. Caxiuanã National Forest, municipality of Melgaço, state of Pará, Brazil (01°44'14"S, 51°27′25″W). Diagnosis. Pleurae without a dark strip below postpronotum and wing base (Fig. 14). Epandrium with large setae in ventral lobe and surstylus with 5 peg-like prensisetae and a crescent process dorsal to prensisetae (Fig. 18). Aedeagus arrow-shaped with tip membranous and bearing two subapical lateral spurs, with three overlapping bends apically (Figs. 21–23). Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 16–17). Yellow. Frons and face yellow, fronto-orbital plates indistinct with the same color of the frons (as in H. rondonia sp. nov.). Length ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.42 (0.33–0.50), length ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.44 (0.33–0.56), vt index = 1.20, ocellar triangle yellowish about 35% (26–46%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent, with the same color of the frons. Antennae yellowish with flagellomeres slightly grey, aristae with 4–5 dorsal and one ventral branches, plus terminal fork. Palpus yellowish with an apical seta and two or three smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short piles. Genae yellow, first genal setae about 17% (16–18%) of the vibrissae length. Cheek index = 0.20 (0.15–0.24), eye index = 1.13 (1.11– 1.16). Thorax (Fig. 14–15). Yellow. Length = 0.65 (0.60–0.68) mm, width = 0.51 (0.50–0.53) mm, 6 irregular rows of acrostichals, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.44 (0.44–0.44). Scutellum yellow. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 0.73 (0.70–0.80). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 51% (38–60%) of the length of posterior one. Pleurae and legs yellow. Wings (Fig. 45). Yellow with veins dark yellow. Length = 1.25 (1.04–1.37) mm. Length to width ratio = 0.63 (0.60–0.67). Indices: C = 1.52 (1.33–1.75); 4v = 1.67 (1.50–1.92); 5x = 2.52 (2.00–3.00); 4c = 1.26 (1.12–1.38); M = 0.63 (0.56–0.72); hb = 2.02 (1.80–2.28); prox. x = 0.41 (0.37–0.46). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II–V with fainted brown posterior marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length = 1.38 (1.27–1.52) mm. Terminalia (Figs. 18–23). Epandrium microtrichose, with four upper and 14 lower setae, 11 of lower ones located on ventral lobe (Fig. 18). Cerci microtrichoses, not fused with epandrium. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 5 peg-like prensisetae, two smaller setulae following prensisetae row, about 10 inner and no outer setae. Surstyli not covered by ventral lobe of epandrium. Decasternum broad (Fig. 20). Hypandrium with the anterior margin wider than in Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov., gonopods fused with hypandrium, each bearing a seta near outer margin (Fig. 19). Paraphysis with 5 upper and 3 median small setulae on inner margin. Aedeagus arrow-shaped with a membranous tip, subapical portion convex in lateral view. Lateral outwards spurs (as in H. subgilva) with three small overlapping bends (Fig. 21–23). Aedeagal apodeme fused with and shorter than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Etymology. The name “nungara” means “similar” in the Tupi-Guarani language and it is an allusion to its similarity with H. gilva. Geographic distribution. Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. was found in two areas from the Brazilian Amazon biome, at the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, municipality of Melgaço, state of Pará (01°47'32.3"S; 01°26′2.5″W) and at the municipality of Colorado do Oeste, state of Rondonia (13°00'37.7"S; 60°35'24.9"W) (Fig. 1).

Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. (Figs. 14���23, 45) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled ��� Brasil. PA. Melga��o. Flona de Caxiuan��, 01��44'14"S, 51��27���25���W, Stela Machado col. 20.v.2012. Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Hol��tipo���. Paratypes. 1 ♂ labeled ��� Brasil. PA. Melga��o. Flona de Caxiuan��, 01��44'14"S, 51��27���25���W, Stela Machado col 20.v.2012. Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂, Par��tipo��� and 1 ♂ labeled ��� Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 3��6'21.36"S, 60��34'38.06"W, Jo��o Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk, ♂, Par��tipo���. All specimens had their post-abdomen dissected. Type locality. Caxiuan�� National Forest, municipality of Melga��o, state of Par��, Brazil (01��44'14"S, 51��27���25���W). Diagnosis. Pleurae without a dark strip below postpronotum and wing base (Fig. 14). Epandrium with large setae in ventral lobe and surstylus with 5 peg-like prensisetae and a crescent process dorsal to prensisetae (Fig. 18). Aedeagus arrow-shaped with tip membranous and bearing two subapical lateral spurs, with three overlapping bends apically (Figs. 21���23). Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 16���17). Yellow. Frons and face yellow, fronto-orbital plates indistinct with the same color of the frons (as in H. rondonia sp. nov.). Length ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.42 (0.33���0.50), length ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.44 (0.33���0.56), vt index = 1.20, ocellar triangle yellowish about 35% (26���46%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent, with the same color of the frons. Antennae yellowish with flagellomeres slightly grey, aristae with 4���5 dorsal and one ventral branches, plus terminal fork. Palpus yellowish with an apical seta and two or three smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short piles. Genae yellow, first genal setae about 17% (16���18%) of the vibrissae length. Cheek index = 0.20 (0.15���0.24), eye index = 1.13 (1.11��� 1.16). Thorax (Fig. 14���15). Yellow. Length = 0.65 (0.60���0.68) mm, width = 0.51 (0.50���0.53) mm, 6 irregular rows of acrostichals, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.44 (0.44���0.44). Scutellum yellow. Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 0.73 (0.70���0.80). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 51% (38���60%) of the length of posterior one. Pleurae and legs yellow. Wings (Fig. 45). Yellow with veins dark yellow. Length = 1.25 (1.04���1.37) mm. Length to width ratio = 0.63 (0.60���0.67). Indices: C = 1.52 (1.33���1.75); 4v = 1.67 (1.50���1.92); 5x = 2.52 (2.00���3.00); 4c = 1.26 (1.12���1.38); M = 0.63 (0.56���0.72); hb = 2.02 (1.80���2.28); prox. x = 0.41 (0.37���0.46). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II���V with fainted brown posterior marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length = 1.38 (1.27���1.52) mm. Terminalia (Figs. 18���23). Epandrium microtrichose, with four upper and 14 lower setae, 11 of lower ones located on ventral lobe (Fig. 18). Cerci microtrichoses, not fused with epandrium. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 5 peg-like prensisetae, two smaller setulae following prensisetae row, about 10 inner and no outer setae. Surstyli not covered by ventral lobe of epandrium. Decasternum broad (Fig. 20). Hypandrium with the anterior margin wider than in Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov., gonopods fused with hypandrium, each bearing a seta near outer margin (Fig. 19). Paraphysis with 5 upper and 3 median small setulae on inner margin. Aedeagus arrow-shaped with a membranous tip, subapical portion convex in lateral view. Lateral outwards spurs (as in H. subgilva) with three small overlapping bends (Fig. 21���23). Aedeagal apodeme fused with and shorter than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Etymology. The name ���nungara��� means ���similar��� in the Tupi-Guarani language and it is an allusion to its similarity with H. gilva. Geographic distribution. Hirtodrosophila nungara sp. nov. was found in two areas from the Brazilian Amazon biome, at the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuan��, municipality of Melga��o, state of Par�� (01��47'32.3"S; 01��26���2.5���W) and at the municipality of Colorado do Oeste, state of Rondonia (13��00'37.7"S; 60��35'24.9"W) (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Junges, Jo��o, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline & Gottschalk, Marco Silva, 2019, Four new Neotropical species in the Hirtodrosophila hirticornis species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 276-292 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on pages 281-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2594970

Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov. (Figs 3���13, 44) Type material. Holotype. ♂ (MZSP), labeled ��� Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 03��06'21.36"S, 60��34'38.06"W, Jo��o Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov. Junges, Robe, Gottschalk ♂ Hol��tipo���. Paratypes. 2 ♂ labeled ��� Brasil, RO. Colorado do Oeste. Haras Poco Sul, 03��06'21.36"S, 60��34'38.06"W, Jo��o Junges col. 12.i.2012 / Hirtodrosophila rondonia sp. nov. Junges, Robe e Gottschalk ♂ Description. ♂. Head (Figs. 5���6). Yellow. Frons and face yellow; fronto-orbital plates indistinct, with the same color as the frons. Length ratio of mid to anterior orbital setae = 0.41 (0.30���0.50), length ratio of mid to posterior orbital setae = 0.54 (0.37���0.66), vt index = 0.91, ocellar triangle yellow about 36% (27���60%) of frontal length. Facial carina not prominent, with the same color as the frons. Antennae yellow, with flagellomeres slightly grey, aristae with 4���5 dorsal and one ventral branches plus terminal fork. Palpus yellow with an apical seta and two or three smaller preapical setae. Red eyes with short pile. Genae yellow, first genal setae about 25% (23���27%) of the vibrissae. Cheek index = 0.21 (0.18���0.24), eye index = 1.05 (1.00���1.14). Thorax (Figs. 3���4). Yellow. Length = 0.73 (0.64���0.80) mm, width = 0.56 (0.51���0.66) mm, 6 irregular rows of acrostichals, no prescutellar setae. Dc index = 0.54 (0.46���0.60). Basal scutellar setae convergent. Scut position index = 0.76 (0.63���0.91). Two prominent katepisternal setae and a row of setulae between them. Anterior katepisternal about 54% of the posterior one. Pleurae and legs yellow. Wing (Fig. 44). Yellow with veins darkish yellow. Length = 1.48 (1.65���1.35) mm. Length to width ratio = 0.71 (0.62���0.77). Indices: C = 1.47 (1.29���1.59); 4v = 2.09 (1.41���2.52); 5x = 2.27 (1.80���2.57); 4c = 1.38 (1.00���1.65); M = 0.66 (0.43���0.78); hb = 1.85 (1.66���2.00); prox. x = 0.45 (0.36���0.52). Abdomen. Main color yellow. Tergites II���V with fainted brown posterior marginal bands not reaching lateral area. Body length = 1.55 (1.35���1.70) mm. Terminalia (Figs. 7���13). Epandrium microtrichose with about 6 upper setae; ventral lobe prominent but not covering surstylus, with about 15 large setae (Fig. 7). Cerci microtrichose, not fused with epandrium. Surstylus not microtrichose, with 4 peg-like prensisetae, two smaller setulae following prensisetae row and about 13 inner and no outer setae; a crescent process (sensu Vilela and B��chli, 2004) dorsally to the prensisetae (Figs. 8���9). Decasternum narrow, like a bridge (Fig. 9). Hypandrium tapered and rounded anteriorly, fused with gonopods (Fig. 7). Gonopod containing one seta, linked with paraphysis by membranous tissue. Paraphysis with three upper and two median small setulae. Aedeagus (Figs. 11���13) with apex rounded and membranous, facing backwards; subapical portion with small scales; laterally bearing small structures similar to outwards spurs in H. subgilva. Aedeagus with a remarkable lumpy mark in the middle of anterior region. Aedeagal apodeme concave, fused with and shorter than aedeagus. ♀. Unknown. Etymology. The name ���rondonia��� refer to the Brazilian state of Rondonia, from where the holotype was collected. Geographic distribution. This species is known from the type locality and to Par��, in the Caxiuan�� National Forest (01��44'14"S, 51��27���25���W)., Published as part of Junges, Jo��o, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline & Gottschalk, Marco Silva, 2019, Four new Neotropical species in the Hirtodrosophila hirticornis species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), pp. 276-292 in Zootaxa 4567 (2) on pages 278-281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2594970

A new species of Rhinoleucophenga Hendel from the Brazilian Amazon, R. hesperides sp. nov., was described based on morphology of male and female specimens. The larvae are predators of the eggs and adult females of ensign scales Praelongorthezia praelonga (Douglas) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Ortheziidae). Female P. praelonga also serve as a source of honeydew for adult R. hesperides sp. nov. In addition, the puparium of this species was described.

This paper describes a project-based learning example used to promote academic success on electrical engineering, BSc and MSc degrees. The project aims to implement an aerial drone devoted to environmental surveillance, through identification and prevention of forest fires, effects of floods, and industrial flammable gases leaks to the atmosphere using an extensive set of gas sensors. The project was carried out using a hexacopter drone platform and combines knowledge of different areas, namely electronics, communications, and instrumentation. The wireless transmission of the acquired data is the main focus of the project. The results obtained from this project-based learning educational experience show that a practical-learning approach usage in conjunction with highly motivating topics promotes academic success and improves the understanding of theoretical concepts. Students increased their knowledge and skills during the problem resolution, and achieved a real solution according to their options. Moreover, this approach provides students an extensive learning experience on current technologies, modules and programming languages.

Background: Suppressor of Tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) is an IL33 receptor detected in the mucosa and serum of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. We evaluated soluble ST2 (sST2) as a surrogate biomarker of disease outcome and therapeutic response, in moderate-to-severe UC patients treated with golimumab. Methods: We conducted an open-label single-arm multicentre prospective study. At screening/baseline, week 6 (W6) and week 16 (W16), clinical and endoscopic activity (total Mayo score), histologic activity (Geboes index) and biomarkers were evaluated. Results: From 38 patients, 34 (89.5%) completed W6 and 29 (76.3%) completed W16. Mean age (±SD) was 34.6 ± 12.6 years; 55.9% were female. At W16, 62.1% achieved clinical response. Patients with endoscopic activity at W6 ( n = 20) had higher baseline sST2 (median, 24.5 versus 18.7 ng/ml, p = 0.026) and no decrease from baseline (median change, 0.8 versus −2.7, p = 0.029). At W6, sST2 levels correlated with endoscopic activity ( rs = 0.45, p = 0.007) but not with histological activity ( rs = 0.25, p = 0.151). The best cut-offs for endoscopic activity were sST2 = 16.9 ng/ml (sensitivity = 85%; specificity = 71%) and faecal calprotectin (FC) = 353 μg/g (sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 67%). Patients with histological activity at W6 ( n = 27) had higher baseline ST2 levels (median, 23.0 versus 13.7 ng/ml, p = 0.035). sST2 did not correlate with FC or serum C-reactive protein. FC levels correlated with histological activity and baseline FC were higher when Geboes ⩾3.1 at W6. Conclusions: sST2 may be a surrogate biomarker of UC activity and therapeutic response as it correlates with endoscopic and clinical activity at W6 of golimumab treatment, and subjects with endoscopic and histological activity at W6 had higher baseline ST2 levels.

The present work aimed to obtain and characterize edible films produced with liquid whey and cassava starch. The films were produced with different proportions of whey (63.75&ndash, 67.50%) and cassava starch (7.50&ndash, 11.25%) and characterized in relation to physical, thermal, and microstructural properties. The films showed reduced solubility with increasing concentrations of cassava starch, and those with the highest proportions of whey were more stable to thermal decomposition. The increase in concentration of cassava starch altered the microstructure of the films, making them more irregular and with an accumulation of matter. The production of biodegradable polymer blend films is an important step in the development of films for use in packaging, with the formulation of 67.50/7.50% whey/cassava starch being the best film for continued future work.

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, color and sensory profile of fermented milk drink with murici and passion fruit bark flour (FCM). Four milk drink formulations were processed: 0% FCM + 5% murici pulp (Treatment 1 - control); 0.5% FCM + 5% murici pulp (Treatment 2); 1.0% FCM + 5% murici pulp (Treatment 3) and 1.5% FCM + 5% murici pulp (Treatment 4). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of FCM presented quite irregular particles and the presence of starch of circular shape and fibrous compounds connected to fragmented walls. After the analyses of milk drinks, a slight decrease in the mean pH values and an increase in the antioxidant activity according to the increase in FCM content in milk drinks were observed. The color of milk drinks tended to yellow and red in samples added of FCM due to the presence of carotenoids. In the sensory profile, the highest mean value was for the texture of yogurt without addition of FCM, and the lowest mean value was for taste of yogurt with 1.50% FCM. Key words: Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich.), Passiflora edulis Sims, functional drinks.

Dairy foods including dairy based drinks play an important role in human nutrition. The flour of the passion fruit peel has high potential for use in the enrichment dairy drinks improving the nutritional and technological qualities besides an alternative to reduce waste by-products in the food industry. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical parameters, texture, color, chemical composition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), phenolic compounds, antioxidant, viability of lactic bacteria and sensory profile of milk drinks added mangaba pulp and passion fruit peel flour of the (FPFP). Four milk drinks formulations were processed with concentrations of 5; 10; 15 and 20% mangaba pulp and 1% of passion fruit peel flour. The dairy beverages showed results physical and chemical, microbiological and sensory consistent with those described in the literature and as expected, with a high sensory acceptability of milk drinks with increased by 10% mangaba pulp. Keywords: Color, fermented milk, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), viability

Current reuse low-noise-amplifiers CRLNAs have been the norm to achieve high-gain and low-noise figure under low-power budgets. However, conventional CRLNAs suffer from a severe lack of large-signal linearity, especially in conventional cascaded CRLNAs. This main drawback is related with the typical biasing method imposed in the output stage. To prove our point, a large-signal study is performed for a single stage common-source in two distinct biasing situations: voltage biased and current biased. On the basis of the gathered results, a new CRLNA solution is proposed to relief the large-signal bottleneck. The suggested design is analyzed in a 0.13µm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor CMOS standard process. Post-layout simulations show 8dB compression point improvement compared with the conventional CRLNA solution. The CRLNA draws a current of 650µA from a 1.2V supply. At 2.45GHz, a power gain of 25.3dB and a NF of 2.3dB are achieved, while the IIP3 is -9dBm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Drosophilidae is one of the most representative families of insects that occurs in fungal fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes; however, the diversity and community structure of mycophagous Drosophilidae in the Neotropical region is poorly known. The aims of the present study were to describe the diversity of mycophagous Drosophilidae and to investigate its colonization of fungal hosts in a forest of southern Brazil. From 120 fungal samples (patches of mushrooms) of 17 Basidiomycetes genera, flies were recorded emerging from 70 samples and collected in adult stages of 25 fungal samples, for a total of 4897 drosophilids belonging to 31 species and 5 genera. Drosophila Fallén was the most species-rich genus, whereas Hirtodrosophila Duda was the dominant genus. Studies performed in the Holarctic region indicate that mycophagous drosophilid have generalist habits; however, our results showed that most drosophilids use fewer than two fungal hosts, and most species of Hirtodrosophila and Leucophenga were restricted to abundant fungal species, suggesting a specialization for these resources. The most specialized fauna emerged from Auricularia, which was the most frequent fungal genus in our collection, and this result supports the assumption that specialization depends on the availability of fungal resources over time. RESUMO Drosophilidae é uma das mais representativas famílias de insetos presentes em corpos de frutificação de fungos Basidiomicetes; no entanto, a diversidade e a estrutura da comunidade de Drosophilidae micófagos na região Neotropical é pouco conhecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a diversidade de Drosophilidae micófagos e investigar sua colonização em fungos hospedeiros em uma mata no sul do Brasil. De 120 amostras de fungos (agrupamentos de cogumelos), de 17 gêneros de Basidiomycetes, foram registradas moscas emergentes de 70 amostras e coletadas em estágio adulto de 25 amostras de fungos, totalizando 4.897 drosofilídeos pertencentes a 31 espécies e 5 gêneros. Drosophila Fallén foi o gênero com maior riqueza, enquanto Hirtodrosophila Duda foi o gênero dominante. Estudos realizados na região Holártica sugerem que drosofilídeos micófagos apresentam hábitos generalistas; no entanto, nossos resultados mostraram que a maioria dos drosofilídeos usam menos do que dois fungos hospedeiros, e que a maioria das espécies de Hirtodrosophila e Leucophenga foram restritas às duas espécies mais abundantes de fungos, indicando uma especialização por estes recursos. A fauna mais especializada emergiu de Auricularia, o qual foi o gênero fúngico mais frequente em nossa amostragem, e este resultado corrobora a hipótese de que a especialização depende da disponibilidade dos recursos fungícos ao longo do tempo.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy and the acquisition of tissue samples are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases of the digestive system. However, given the differences between the recommendations and the clinical practice, the inexorable increase of requests for endoscopic examinations and the financial burden associated with it, it is crucial that we concentrate on the challenge that endoscopic biopsies represent. In this review we describe the available evidence in the literature, including the more recent published guidelines, on when or not to perform endoscopic biopsies in upper and lower endoscopy, focusing on the precise diagnosis of the most common gastrointestinal diseases that motivate endoscopic examinations and on the rational use of available resources without compromising proper management of patients. A endoscopia digestiva e a aquisição de amostras tecidulares são essenciais para o diagnóstico e tratamento de diversas patologias do tubo digestivo. No entanto, tendo em conta a diferença entre as recomendações e a prática clínica, o inexorável aumento de pedidos de exames endoscópicos e os encargos financeiros associados, é fundamental que nos debrucemos sobre o desafio que as biópsias endoscópicas representam. Nesta revisão, pretendemos descrever a evidência disponível na literatura, incluindo as mais recentes guidelines publicadas, sobre quando ou não realizar biópsias em endoscopia digestiva alta e baixa, com foco no diagnóstico das mais comuns doenças gastrointestinais que motivam exames endoscópicos, e no uso racional dos recursos disponíveis, sem comprometer o bom acompanhamento dos doentes.

Entero-urinary fistulas (EUF) are observed in only 2-8% of Crohn's disease (CD) patients.To compare the outcome of patients with EUF, after surgical treatment, with those with non-penetrating and non-stenosing, penetrating, and stenosing phenotypes (B1, B2, and B3 phenotypes).Case-control study of 21 CD patients with EUF submitted to surgical treatment. Each patient with EUF was compared with six patients, two of each group: B1, B2, and B3 phenotypes. They were randomly selected from inflammatory bowel disease database and had the same extent of disease, smoking status, perianal disease, and age at diagnosis.One hundred and forty-seven patients were included (n = 21 EUF; n = 42 of each group B1, B2, and B3). Comparing B3 group with EUF, the former was more steroid-dependent and resistant (54.8% versus 19.0%, p = 0.037) and needed anti-TNF therapy more frequently (59.5% versus 23.8%, p = 0.004). Moreover, B3 patients had a poorer response to anti-TNF therapy without remission free of steroid therapy in comparison with EUF patients (45.2% versus 95.2%, p 0.001). EUF patients did not differ from B2 group regarding anti-TNF therapy (p = 0.956) and steroid-dependence or resistance (p = 0.141). Surgery rate after index surgery was inferior in EUF in comparison with B2 and B3 groups. Hospital admission rate of patients with EUF was also lower than the B3 group.Early surgery seems to be a good choice for patients with EUF as their response to surgery appears not to differ from B2 patients and had a better prognosis than phenotype B3 patients.

A fuzzy logic model for modeling regenerative braking systems is presented.Model output is the ratio of regenerative braking force to the total braking force.Model can be adapted to be used in traffic simulators like the SUMO simulator.Real data was gathered from short and long-distance field tests with a Nissan LEAF.Results were compared with real-world data obtained with a Nissan LEAF in road tests. This paper presents a fuzzy logic model of regenerative braking (FLmRB) for modeling EVs' regenerative braking systems (RBSs). The model has the vehicle's acceleration and jerk, and the road inclination as input variables, and the output of the FLmRB is the regeneration factor, i.e. the ratio of regenerative braking force to the total braking force. The regeneration factor expresses the percentage of energy recovered to the battery from braking. The purpose of the FLmRB development is to create realistic EV models using as least as possible manufacturers intellectual property data, and avoiding the use of EV on-board sensors. To tune the model, real data was gathered from short and long-distance field tests with a Nissan LEAF and compared with two types of simulations, one using the proposed FLmRB, and the other considering that all the braking force/energy is converted to electric current and returned back to charge the battery (100% regeneration). The results show that the FLmRB can successfully infer the regenerative braking factor from the measured EV acceleration and jerk, and road inclination, without any knowledge about the EV brake control strategy.

Niche conservatism (NC) presence is a controversial question in evolutionary ecology. In Drosophila, little is known about which is the preponderant evolutionary pattern, since the adaptive radiation hypothesis first proposed by Throckmorton assumed niche divergence (ND) according to a niche occupancy scenario. Nevertheless, this hypothesis has not yet been straightforwardly tested. Our aim here was to test the role of NC patterns across evolution of American drosophilids belonging to the tripunctata and virilis-repleta lineages of the Drosophila subgenus, through measures of geographical, abiotic and biotic niche overlap and evaluations regarding the presence of phylogenetic signal or niche identity. We recovered phylogenetic signal attributable to phylogenetic niche conservatism when all species were analyzed together, but not in more restricted groups. Identity tests showed that niche equivalency was seldom rejected for the tripunctata lineage species. So, in general, neither the results for the Drosophila subgenus nor those for the tripunctata lineage support the hypothesis of an adaptive radiation. Notwithstanding, there were also several isolated cases supporting a scenario of ND, and ecological speciation was evident in some of the evaluated sister species pairs.

The regeneration factor, that expresses the ratio between the energy recovered to the battery during braking and the total braking energy, is difficult to be measured from independent instruments. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL) method is used to adjust and improve a fuzzy logic model for regenerative braking (FLmRB) for modeling Electric Vehicles’ (EV) regenerative braking systems (RBSs). With the proposed approach, a specialist can infer the regeneration factor, by tuning the model for a specific EV using real data gathered from field tests, using as inputs, only variables measured from independent instruments, namely EV acceleration and jerk, and road inclination. The proposed approach was tested with real data sets of the Nissan Leaf EV. Twelve short-distance data sets in urban areas were collected to learn the regeneration factor, and two long-distance data sets in urban and sub-urban areas were used to validate the learned models. The results show that the learning method can successfully learn the regenerative braking factor improving the previously proposed FLmRB model approach which is based on manual design of the model.

A deficiência de alimentos e o sedentarismo são fatores que influenciam na qualidade e expectativa de vida do ser humano, prejudicando sua imunidade a possíveis problemas de saúde, dando espaço a contaminação do vírus SARS-CoV-2 que afeta principalmente pessoas com má-absorção de nutrientes. O vírus da doença Covid-19 em contato com a boca, olhos e nariz onde se liga as células da mucosa criando novas células que se multiplicam contaminando células saudáveis que causam sintomas iniciais leves como dor de garganta, tosse e febre, alcançando sintomas mais graves que podem ser fatais pela dificuldade para respirar, abalando a saúde de idosos e pessoas vulneráveis com problemas respiratórios. Por meios de cuidados devemos nos precaver ao vírus, começando pela nossa alimentação como forma de cuidado e prevenção através da suplementação da vitamina D.

Okara has high nutritional value but its high moisture value is a large problem for use as ingredient for food development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and technological functional properties of okara flours (OFs) obtained by different drying processes in forced air oven (FAD at 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C), microwave (MWD), and freeze drying (FRD). The OFs showed acidity range of 3–5.7 mEq NaOH/100 g, pH of 5.4–5.9, soluble solid of 0.6–1.3 °Brix, luminosity of 78–85, and good technological functional properties (MWD-OF and FRD-OF showed ↑oil absorption capacity, and ↑emulsifying capacity, and FRD-OF showed foam capacity). The FAD70-OF, MWD-OF, and FRD-OF showed 58–63 g/100 g of dietary fiber and 28–30 g/100 g of protein content, antioxidant activity of 0.21–0.31 mM Trolox/100 g, amount of aglycone isoflavones between 1.5 and 1.9 μmol/g, and good source of iron (3.8–4.2 g/100 g), calcium (63–70 g/100 g), and zinc (1.4–1.6 g/100 g). Therefore, considering the growing interest in the preparation of functional foods (high dietary fiber and aglycone isoflavones contents), the conventional method of drying by the convection oven was the one that produced the okara flour of better nutritional quality.

Objetivou-se desenvolver queijos frescais com fermentado de kefir de leite e kefir de água para avaliação das propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais, além de avaliar as propriedades físicas dos grãos de kefir e perfil de consumidores. Inicialmente, foram processadas quatro formulações de queijos frescais com concentração de 1,0%, 2,0%, 3,0% e 4,0% de fermentado de kefir de leite e kefir de água em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), para identificar sensorialmente as melhores formulações. Em seguida foram processadas as formulações com menor concentração tendo em vista que os assessores da avaliação não identificaram diferenças entre as formulações. Para fabricação dos queijos foram constituídos dois tratamentos em DIC: 1) adicionado de kefir de leite; 2) adicionado de kefir de água, na concentração de 1,0 % de fermentado. Os queijos foram avaliados quanto à composição físico-química: gordura, proteína, pH, acidez, cor, umidade, cinzas e matéria seca. Os queijos frescais foram avaliados quanto às propriedades físico-químicas, aceitação e intenção de compra. A estrutura física do kefir de leite e kefir de água demonstrou a presença de bacilos, o que reforça a natureza probiótica destes produtos, porém, são necessárias pesquisas que avaliem a presença de microrganismos probióticos para indicar o potencial funcional. Devido o aumento da concentração de fermentado de kefir não interferir sensorialmente nos queijos frescais, recomenda-se processar formulações de queijos frescais com fermentado de kefir em menor concentração visando redução de custos durante processamento dos queijos. O tipo de fermentado de kefir não influenciou nos parâmetros nutricionais dos queijos frescais.

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a unique entity that contains mixed elements of both hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. We report a 62-year-old woman with alcoholic cirrhosis with elevated α-fetoprotein of 25.3 ng/mL. Abdominal computed tomography showed a poorly defined subcapsular nodular lesion in the VIII segment, showing enhancement during the arterial phase and washout in the delayed phase. Histological examination of hepatic segmentectomy revealed a malignant epithelial neoplasia constituted by 2 distinct components, consistent with the diagnosis of cHCC-CC, classical type. One year after surgical resection, the patient noticed a nodule in the right breast. Histological examination of core needle biopsy was compatible with a metastasis in the breast of the previously diagnosed liver cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of breast metastases from a cHCC-CC, denoting disseminated metastatic disease and poor prognosis.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) were associated with a disease free survival rate of disease of 50% at 5 years, but the actual natural history since the advent of imatinib is poorly described. Our objective was to evaluate the evolution in the treatment and prognosis of patients with GISTs since the start of imatinib. Retrospective analysis of GISTs diagnosed between January 2000 and June 2015 in a Portuguese large volume center. We included 131 patients, 55% female, with a mean age of 64±14 years, followed for a median of 30 months; 64% of cases had gastric involvement; 92% of the tumors were c-Kit positive; 95% of patients were operated. Imatinib was initiated in 25% of patients, as adjuvant therapy in 69%; 75% reported adverse effects, and 16% developed resistance. The recurrence rate was 4%, and was associated with age at diagnosis (P=0.037), tumor size (P=0.028), presence of metastases (P=0.019) and high-risk lesions (P=0.036). Survival at 1, 3 and 5 years was 87%, 71% and 61%, respectively. One year’s mortality was significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.021), stage IV at diagnosis (P=0.003), non-complete resection (P=0.002) and palliation with imatinib (P=0.035). Similar associations were observed at the 3 and 5 years. In the imatinib era there is an increased long-term survival in comparison with previous epidemiological data, and reduced recurrence rates. In more advanced cases survival remains limited in the short term.

Background and Aims: Despite the increasing use of noninvasive methods for the assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis, the effect of fasting and food intake on these parameters is not yet clear. Our aims were to evaluate the effect of food intake on liver stiffness (LS) (measured by transient elastography) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) in patients with different degrees of liver disease and healthyvolunteers, and secondarily, to assess possible factors associated with variations of LS and CAP. Methods: We performed a prospective single-center study including patients with liver disease and healthy volunteers. LS and CAP were evaluated using FibroScan® (Echosens, Paris, France), before (fasting ≥8 h) and 30 min after intake of a standardized breakfast. We used common cutoffs for LS: > 7 kPa for significant fibrosis (F2 to F4) and > 11 to 14 kPa (mean 12.5 kPa) for cirrhosis. Results: Fifty-nine (72%) patients with liver disease and 22 (28%) healthy volunteers were included. LS significantly increased 30 min after food intake (pre-meal 6.1 kPa [IQR: 4.7-9.8] vs. after-meal 6.8 kPa [IQR: 5.5-10.6]; p < 0.001). This difference was only significant in patients with chronic liver disease (p = 0.02) and not in healthy volunteers (p = 0.106). CAP values did not increase significantly after food intake. Gender, body mass index, mass of body fat, lean body mass, and percent of body fat were not related with significant variations of LS and CAP values after meal intake. Conclusions: Significant variations of LS were observed after ingestion of a standard meal, which may have consequences for patient management. CAP values were not significantly affected by food intake. Therefore, we consider that before the isolated evaluation of CAP, it is not necessary to perform any fasting period. Introdução e Objetivos: Apesar do uso crescente de métodos não invasivos para a avaliação da fibrose hepática e da esteatose, ainda não está claro o efeito do jejum e da ingestão alimentar na determinação destes parâmetros. Os nossos objetivos foram avaliar o efeito da ingestão de alimentos sobre a rigidez hepática (LS) (medida por elastografia transitória) e o parâmetro de atenuação controlada (CAP) em doentes com diferentes graus de doença hepática e voluntários saudáveis e, secundariamente, avaliar possíveis fatores associados às variações de LS e CAP. Métodos: Realizámos um estudo prospetivo, num único centro, incluindo doentes com doença hepática crónica e voluntários saudáveis. A LS e o CAP foram determinados com a utilização de FibroScan®, antes (jejum ≥8 h) e 30 minutos após a ingestão de um pequeno-almoço padronizado. Foram usados pontos de corte comuns para a elastografia: > 7 kPa para fibrose significativa (F2 a F4) e > 11-14 kPa (média 12.5 kPa) para cirrose. Resultados: Cinquenta e nove (72%) doentes com doença hepática crónica e 22 (28%) voluntários saudáveis foram incluídos. A LS aumentou significativamente 30 minutos após a ingestão de alimentos (pré-refeição 6.1 kPa [IQR: 4.7-9.8] versus após a refeição 6.8 kPa [IQR: 5.5-10.6], p < 0.001). Essa diferença foi significativa em doentes com doença hepática crónica (p = 0.02) mas não nos voluntários saudáveis (p = 0.106). Os valores da CAP não variaram significativamente após a ingestão de alimentos. O género, o IMC, a massa de gordura corporal, a massa corporal magra e a percentagem de gordura corporal não se associaram a variações significativas dos valores de LS e CAP após a ingestão da refeição. Conclusões: Verificaram-se variações significativas da LS após a ingestão de uma refeição padrão, o que pode ter consequências na avaliação dos doentes. Os valores da CAP não foram significativamente afetados pela ingestão de alimentos. Por isso, consideramos que perante a avaliação isolada de CAP não é necessário a realização de qualquer período de jejum.

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Condyloma acuminatum is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Individuals with condylomata acuminata are at an increased risk for anogenital cancers, mainly anal condylomas with dysplasia are precursors of anal squamous cell carcinoma. There are over 70 distinct HPV subtypes; approximately 35 types are specific for the anogenital epithelium and have varying potentials to cause malignant change, such as cervical or anal cancer (1).