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Turbulent Taylor-vortex flows over regularly spaced square ribs mounted on a rotating inner cylinder surface were investigated using direct numerical simulations (DNSs) for a Reynolds number of 3200 (based on the inner-wall velocity and the gap width between two cylinders) in an apparatus with an inner-to-outer radius ratio of 0.617, while varying the streamwise interval of the ribs. We examined the flow and pressure fields around each rib, focusing on the recirculation zone, the frictional drag coefficient, and the pressure (form) drag. Our results for the Taylor-Couette flows were compared to DNS for plane Poiseuille flows over ribbed surfaces performed by Leonardi et al. (2003). We determined the qualitative consistency between them with respect to the roughness effect, which depends significantly on the rib interval, but the rate of increase in the flow resistance was remarkably dampened by roughness in the present flows. Taylor vortices remaining over roughened cylinder surfaces were found to induce quick pressure recovery behind each rib, leading to less pressure drag and an enhanced backflow in the recirculation zone.

In a society where drivers and users are older than ever, the combination of universal design and eco-design needed for the prevalence of electric buses. We have revealed what types of electric buses are better for the companies and users through a social survey. Concretely speaking, we carried out a fact-finding survey intended for bus companies in eight prefectures including Tokyo metropolitan area and sent questionnaires to 216 users in eight prefectures including Tokyo metropolitan area. we have classified the results of the survey into three of electric buses as dissemination bus models.

The stable vitamin C derivative, L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg (AMP), was used as a supplement in practical diets for Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Optimum growth, liver ascorbic acid (AA) saturation, and wound healing were determined. Sea bass (78.9±0.4 g) were fed a maintenance diet without vitamin C supplement for 25 days, then distributed into fifteen 1500-l oval fiberglass tanks at 30 fish each and fed one of five practical diets containing 0, 50, 100, 200, or 400 AMP mg/kg diet for 14 weeks. Fish fed the AMP-free diet exhibited clinical signs of vitamin C deficiency and significantly poorer final average weight, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed conversion ratio, and hematocrit level (p

Growth and feed efficiency were determined in red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775), fed diets containing L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg (AMP). Fish (13.39±0.08 g) were fed a practical diet without vitamin C supplement for four weeks then stocked in twelve 650-l tanks at 30 fish/tank and fed one of four practical diets containing AMP at 0, 60, 180, or 540 mg/kg dry diet for 17 weeks. Survival rates in all treatments were similar (88.9-98.9%). Fish fed the 0 or 540 ppm diets had inferior final average weights, protein efficiency ratios, and feed conversion ratios than fish fed the 60 or 80 ppm diets (p

A study has been made on the evaluation of the mechanistic condition for the critical behavior of Quasi-Cleavage (QC) and Intergranular (IG) cracks in the hydrogen charged quenched and tempered ASTM A-490 steel. SEM fractographic examination revealed that the QC facet can be regarded as the critical length of the Griffith Crack independent of the variety of hydrogen charging condition ; i.e., the transitional behaviour of QC to IG can be formulated as the following equation. σ·d0.51max=6.2{σ : stress [MPa], dmax : QC fracture length [m]} Transition of fracture mode from IG crack to MVC could be dependent on the amount of hydrogen. This transitional behaviour of the crack from IG to MVC was also discussed with the measurements of the distance from the surface to the crack front of both QC and IG facets on the fractured surface.

"A 40-day feeding experiment was conducted to assess the effect and requirements of dietary vitamin A (vitA) of juvenile Kuruma Prawn Marsupenaenus japonicus. Nine semi-purified diets were prepared with supplementations of 0, 3,000, 6,000, 9,000, 12,000, 15,000, 18,000, 21,000 and 24,000 international units of vitA per kg (IU vitA/kg) and fed once a day to triplicate groups of 15 juveniles per tank (initial weight of 0.14 ± 0.001 g, mean ± standard error). Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feeding efficiency ratio (FER) were significantly lower in the juveniles fed with the diets contained 0 and 3,000 IU vitA/kg than in the other groups. Similar values of total retinol (ROL) in whole body were detected only in the juveniles fed on the diets supplemented with 21,000 and 24,000 IU vitA/kg: 10.22 ± 2.74 and 10.70 ± 0.14 ug ROL /g of wet weight, respectively (mean ± standard error). It was not possible to detect retinal in the whole body samples in any of the experimental groups. According to the WG analyzed by the broken line regression, the dietary requirements of vitA should be of 7,500 IU vitA/kg."

We obtained a new cation radical salt of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (ET) with a κ-type packing motif, κ-(ET)2Ag(CN)[N(CN)2], by electrooxidation. In the salt, each ET layer is separated by polymeric {Ag(CN)[N(CN)2]−}∞ layers, which are composed of Ag(I) ions trigonally coordinated to form an infinite zigzag chain of –NC–Ag–NC–Ag– with pendant dicyanamides. The salt undergoes a superconducting transition with a midpoint critical temperature (Tc) of 6.6 K and an onset Tc of 7.2 K, thereby indicating the highest Tc among ET superconductors formed with a polymeric Ag(I) complex anion.

To replace or maintain many industrial plants developed in the 1960s is quite hard, because the documents of installed sequential control logics seldom remain. SPAIR is an automatic regeneration method of control logic to cope with this problem. In SPAIR, the control logic for operating plants is automatically regenerated from the input and output data of the control unit and supplementary specification by an inductive learning algorithm. When SPAIR is applied to the regeneration of real operating plants, it is necessary to verify if the regenerated sequential control programs can accurately control such plants. For this purpose, the SPAR-System, in which SPAIR is installed, has been developed. The SPAR-System can edit the data and logic of plants and can verify the inferred logic on the simulation plant model easily.

A method to regenerate the control logic automatically from plant operation data is proposed. In this method, the control logic is learned by the inductive learning algorithm. Almost the same control logic as the installed control logic is obtained in a simulation.

The protein requirement to give maximum body protein retention in the prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus was assessed by determining both daily protein needed for maintenance (M) and daily body protein increment (G) when the juvenile prawn was maintained on a diet containing high quality protein. The body protein increment was obtained by determining carcass nitrogen increment when the prawn was fed on casein-based diets. The protein required for maintenance was estimated by regressing weight gains of the prawn on the diets containing graded levels of casein. True daily increase or retention of body protein in the prawn corresponded to the sum of G and M, and it was 3.2 g protein per kg body weight per day. The dietary protein requirement of juvenile M. japonicus for maximum body protein retention was suggested to be about 10 g per kg body weight per day providing that the prawn was fed the casein-based diet containing 50% crude protein (net protein utilization = 32) at the feeding level of 2%.

Nearly isotropic two-dimensional sheets of partially oxidized Co(Pc)(CN)2 units were observed to form in a salt with PXX (PXX = peri-xanthenoxanthene), [PXX]2[Co(Pc)(CN)2]·CH3CN. The crystal is sem...

Multilayered direct nanoimprint is proposed to expand the heterojunction area of an organic solar cell without demolding using a built-in electrode mold. The mold is directly imprinted onto a conventional multilayered planar [poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)] heterostructure. The P3HT layer is lifted into the PCBM layer and the boundary of the junction area is successfully expanded, as investigated by simulation. The improvement in the short-circuit current of the photovoltaics as a result of adopting the nanoimprinted device is observed to be approximately 20% compared with planar heterostructured devices without nanopatterns formed under an equivalent sequence.

The fullerene salt, (TMP+)·(C60˙−)·C6H5CN (1), with a layered structure was obtained as single crystals (TMP+ is the N,N,N′-trimethylpiperazinium cation). The fullerene layers alternating with the TMP+–C6H5CN layers along the c-axis have a honeycomb arrangement of C60˙− in which each fullerene has three neighbors with interfullerene C⋯C contacts in the 3.13–3.38 A range. Despite the dense packing, the fullerene anions showed no intermolecular bond formation, even when down to helium temperatures. The structure of 1 was solved at 120 and 90 K. The fullerene molecules are disordered between three orientations at 120 K. The ordering transition observed in the 100–90 K range is accompanied by the trebling of the unit cell to provide three crystallographically independent fullerenes. The salt shows an asymmetric EPR signal down to 4 K which can be fitted by two Lorentzian lines with g1 = 1.9956 and a linewidth (ΔH) of 2.7 mT and g2 = 1.9815 and ΔH = 5.1 mT at room temperature. The ordering transition results in the abrupt narrowing of both lines in the 100–90 K range. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of 1 follows the Curie–Weiss law with a negative Weiss temperature of −11 K, indicating an antiferromagnetic interaction of spins in the fullerene layers. Salt 1 is non-conducting with a room temperature resistivity of 7 × 107 Ω cm, which is probably due to the orientational disorder of the fullerenes and a relatively weak interaction between C60˙− in the layers. Indeed, the AM1 molecular orbital calculations show essentially smaller and more anisotropic overlap integrals between fullerenes than those in the layered metal (MDABCO+)·(C60˙−)·TPC.

Electrochemical oxidation of [MIII(Pc)(CN)2]− (M = Co and Fe, Pc = phthalocyaninato) and peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) in acetonitrile yields partially oxidized salts of [PXX]2[M(Pc)(CN)2]·CH3CN. In the crystal, the Pc ring is formally oxidized by 0.5 e and forms a two-dimensional double-sheet layer. These crystals show semiconducting behavior with small activation energy under ambient pressure, but show metallic behavior under high pressures. When M = Co, the metallic behavior is maintained down to 5 K. On the other hand, in the π–d system with M = Fe, the metallic behavior is disrupted by a steep increase in the resistivity at low temperatures. In this high resistivity state, negative differential resistance appears in the measurements of current–voltage characteristics, suggesting the development of charge disproportionation due to the π–d interaction. The magnetic susceptibility for M = Fe reflects anisotropic molecular magnetism of the Fe(Pc)(CN)2 unit, and shows an anomaly due to antiferromagnetic interaction between the Fe d-spins. The increase in the resistivity at low temperature under high pressures is suppressed by the application of a magnetic field. The magnitude of the negative magnetoresistance effect is extremely large; −99.8% was recorded at a field of 15 T at 3 K under 12 kbar.

The charge transport properties of a partially oxidized salt composed of Co(Pc)(CN) 2 units with a typical one-dimensional electronic system have been suggested to be determined by charge disproportionation. The current–voltage ( I – V ) characteristics show nonlinear behavior at low temperature, which is suppressed by applying pressure. The observed nonlinearity is considered to result from the electric-field-induced delocalization of carriers in the charge disproportionation state. In the isomorphous magnetic Fe(Pc)(CN) 2 system, the nonlinear behavior is observed at higher temperatures, suggesting that charge disproportionation is more developed in a system with local moments. The threshold voltage of negative differential resistance decreases when an external magnetic field is applied, confirming that the localization of charge carriers is released by magnetic field application.

An ultrasonic operation system comprises: a transmission cable that is connected detachably, through a connector, to a connector receptacle in a main apparatus unit; plural types of transducers provided with a connector receptacle each capable of detachably connecting the connector of the transmission cable, an identification element for outputting its own identification signal, and a ultrasonic vibrator, correspondingly; and a main apparatus unit for receiving the identification signals in an identification circuit, automatically controlling drive signals that a control circuit causes a drive signal generator unit to generate, and automatically displaying the identified instrument on a control-display unit.

An ultrasound treatment system comprises an ultrasonic transducer, a handpiece, a probe, a sheath, a clamping member, an operation unit, an operating member, a suction base, and a perfusion base. The ultrasonic transducer generates ultrasonic vibrations. The handpiece has the ultrasonic transducer incorporated therein. The probe is connected to the ultrasonic transducer for transmitting ultrasonic vibrations to a distal member realizing a stationary portion that is a treatment portion for treating a living tissue. The sheath serves as a protecting member for shielding the probe. The clamping member is opposed to the distal member at the distal end of the sheath for clamping a living tissue in cooperation with the distal member. The operation unit is manipulated for clamping a living tissue with the clamping member and distal member or freeing the living tissue therefrom.

Diets reduced in methionine (Met) and with oxidized oil were formulated to induce visual deficiencies in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys alivaceus(T. & S.), in an attempt to link vision with pigmentation development. Even though Met-deficient diets have proved to be cataractogenic in salmonids, no cataracts were formed in flounder eye. However, both diets produced an abnormal morphology in the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor outer segments of the fish retina. The high presence of dead nuclei in the photoreceptor inner segment suggests a loss in the visual capability of fish fed these two diets, which produced lower pigmentation success than the control. A significant correlation was also found between pigmentation success and fatty acid composition (docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid) of the head polar lipid fraction. The results suggest that a deficient intake of amino acids and fatty acids produces a change in retinal structure and composition, leading to reduced visual capability and suppression of the development of normal pigmentary pattern in flatfish.