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In this paper we present the description of male genitalia and additional information on taxonomy of three recently described and poorly known Chinese endemic members of the genus Meligethes Stephens, 1830, Meligethes (Odonthogethes) brassicogethoides Audisio, Sabatelli & Jelínek, 2015, M. (O.) inexpectatus Liu, Huang, Cline, Sabatelli & Audisio, 2017, and M. (O.) tricuspidatus Liu, Huang, Cline & Audisio, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraphimosis is the inability of the horse to retract the penis into the prepuce. Trauma to the male genital area is a common cause for paraphimosis. 3 stallions with paraphimosis were presented to the teaching hospital at College of Veterinary Medicine at University of Tripoli, with clinical signs of general fatigue, dullness and protruded penis and obvious swellings on the penis. Other clinical signs include. On the history report, the average age of the stallions was 6 years old with penile swelling age ranged from 3 to 6 weeks old. For treatment, the penile swelling was first washed and immersed in an antiseptic solution 1.5% Potassium permanganate (PP) for 10 minutes once a day, followed by manual massage to reduce oedema, after that, an antibacterial ointment was applied to the lesions (Fucidin ointment). In addition, systemic anti-inflammatory and antibiotic was prescribed to help reduce pain and swelling. The penile swelling in all affected stallions were reduced after twenty-two days from the initial of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callerebia dibangensis was recently described from a single specimen collected in 1987 from Upper Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh along with comparison of wing morphology of this single male individual with the congeners. However, there is no other information on the species. The current study recorded a large number of live individuals of such a species around Mayodia pass and was thus able to note the variations in wing morphology, the wing morphology of the female, distinguishing features between the sexes, observations on biology and ecology of C. dibangensis from Mayodia pass (1,900–2,265 m) in lower Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India along with comparison of male genitalia of C. dibangensis with its closest ally C. scanda opima from the same locality.

Aim To determine the incidence and etiological agents of dermatophytosis of male genitalia in Sarajevo area, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during a 5-year period (2009-2013). Methods A total of 313 male patients with confirmed dermatophyte infection elsewhere in the body was analyzed. All samples (skin scrapings and hairs) were treated with lactophenol to detect a possible presence of fungal elements and then cultured on Sabouraud glucose agar. Dermatophytes species were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Results Dermatopyte infection of penis and/or scrotum was confirmed by positive cultures in 17 (5.4%) patients, of which four had lesions on the penis alone, five had lesions on scrotum and eight patients had lesions on both penis and scrotum. Majority of patients, 12 (70.0%) belonged to the age group 21-40. Fifteen patients (88.2%) had associated foci of dermatophyte infection, but the inguinal area was most frequently affected, in 10 (66.6%) patients. Microsporum canis was the most frequent dermatophyte found on culture, in 10 (58.8%) patients. Conclusion Dermatophytosis of male genitalia is a rare entity, occurring more often in young males and the main causative species is Microsporum canis.

Applying consistent terminology for morphological traits across different taxa is a highly pertinent task in the study of morphology and evolution. Different terminologies for the same traits can generate bias in phylogeny and prevent correct homology assessments. This situation is exacerbated in the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, and specifically in Ichneumonoidea, in which the terminology is not standardized and has not been fully aligned with the rest of Hymenoptera. In the current contribution, we review the terms used to describe the skeletal features of the male genitalia in Hymenoptera, and provide a list of authors associated with previously used terminology. We propose a unified terminology for the male genitalia that can be utilized across the order and a list of recommended terms. Further, we review and discuss the genital musculature for the superfamily Ichneumonoidea based on previous literature and novel observations and align the terms used for muscles across the literature., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no competing interests., (©2023 Dal Pos et al.)

Kodormusdavidmartinsi sp. nov. Barber, 1930, including the description of their male genitalia, are provided. The record of Kodormus Barber, 1930, including the description of their male genitalia, are provided. The record of Kodormusbruneosus Barber, 1930 from Brazil and information about the female of the species are presented for the first time. A redescription of Kodormus and a key for its species are provided. Photographs of the holotypes of K.barberi (Costa Lima, 1941), K.bruneosus , and of a paratype of K.oscurus Maldonado & Bérenger, 1996 are presented., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Hélcio R. Gil-Santana, Jean-Michel Bérenger, Jader Oliveira.)

The Caucasian subgenus Plumiger Horváth, 1927 of the halticine genus Myrmecophyes Fieber, 1870 is revised. A key, updated diagnoses, and data on distribution are given for the subgenus and its four species, including M. tomi sp. n. (Georgia and Dagestan), and the previously unknown male of M. armeniacus Drapolyuk, 1989. Illustrations of the male and female genitalia, photographs of the dorsal habitus, and SEM micrographs of selected structures are provided for all species of the subgenus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrative taxonomic study of three species of the genus Tylostega revealed that the genetic distances of the COI gene among the tested species was relatively large (3.27-7.60%). The Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) system performed better than the Barcode Index Number (BIN) in discriminating closely related species. This work provides a molecular baseline for future integrative taxonomic study of Crambidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Dicyphus (Dicyphus) (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae: Dicyphini) are routinely used as biocontrol agents of vegetable crop pests in the Northern Hemisphere. However, they are notoriously difficult to identify. In response, we employed an integrative approach, combining molecular, morphometrics and morphological data, for the delimitation of species. Sequences of three mitochondrial genes (COI, 16S and 12S) for 15 putative Dicyphus (Dicyphus) species were analysed using phylogenetic and genetic methods. Morphometric data were analysed using PCA and Ctree analyses to test their previous use in species differentiation. External and male genitalia morphology were re-examined as an additional partition for testing species boundaries. Twenty-one Dicyphus (Dicyphus) species, based on genetic distances >1%, external and male genitalic characters were determined. The subgenus and all of the included species are diagnosed, and previously recognized species that we determined as valid are redescribed. The following new synonyms are proposed: D. marocannus Wagner and D. bolivari altanticus Wagner are synonymized with D. bolivari Lindberg; D. umbertae Sanchez and Cassis is synonymized with D. cerastii Wagner; and, D. baezi Ribes is synonymized with D. rubicundus Blote. Two new species from Spain (D. argensis sp. nov.) and Turkey (D. caycumensis sp. nov.) are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first comprehensive genus-level phylogeny of the subfamily Sarcophaginae is presented. A morphology-based phylogenetic analysis using parsimony is performed with 141 terminal taxa representing all 50 nominal genera of Sarcophaginae. In total, 222 morphological characters are coded, 150 of which are from the male terminalia. The homology of relevant male terminalia structures is assessed for the first time across the entire subfamily. Of 38 polyspecific genera represented by more than one species, the monophyly of 33 genera was recovered. This cladistic study found the genera Lepidodexia , Retrocitomyia , Sarcodexiopsis and Titanogrypa to be non-monophyletic as currently defined. Of nine monospecific genera, Mecynocorpus changes its status from monospecific to polyspecific with the discovery of a new species, Promayoa also becomes polyspecific with the transfer of one Titanogrypa species, and the remaining seven monospecific genera remain as such. Support was obtained for treating Sarcodexia as a subgenus of Peckia , and for treating Helicobia and Lipoptilocnema as valid genera rather than subgenera of Sarcophaga , and Halliosca as a valid genus rather than a subgenus of Lepidodexia. Morphological synapomorphies are discussed for all genera, including reviewed character interpretations of previous authors. We are here presenting a much more unifying interpretation of the Sarcophaginae acrophallus. New insights into the functional aspects of the sarcophagine phallus are presented. Our phylogeny shows the early lineages in Sarcophaginae as being mostly dung breeding, while lineages emerging later have more diverse life habits, including necrophagy and parasitism. Based on our phylogeny, 46 genera are recognized. The following nominal genus-group taxa are synonymized, with the junior synonym receiving a new status as subgenus under its respective senior synonym: under genus Dexosarcophaga Townsend, 1917 is subgenus Cistudinomyia Townsend, 1917, syn. nov. & stat. nov. ; under Lepidodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891 is subgenus Archimimus Reinhard, 1952, syn. nov. & stat. nov. ; under Malacophagomyia Lopes, 1966 is subgenus Dodgeisca Rohdendorf, 1971, syn. nov. & stat. nov. ; under Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall, 1933 is subgenus Pacatuba Lopes, 1975, syn. nov. & stat. nov. ; and under Udamopyga Hall, 1938 is subgenus Carinoclypeus Dodge, 1965, syn. nov. & stat. nov. One nominal taxon is raised from subgenus to valid genus: Halliosca Lopes, 1975, stat. nov. (from Lepidodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1891). A morphological circumscription is provided for all the genera of Sarcophaginae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ponera guangxiensis Zhou, 2001 was originally described from Guangxi Province, China, based on workers only. Since then, no further information on this species became available. Recently, we successfully retrieved a complete colony series of P. guangxiensis in the northernmost part of Vietnam, close to Guangxi Province. We herein redescribe the worker of P. guangxiensis and describe the queen, male, pupa, and larvae for the first time. Furthermore, the utility of using male genitalia morphology for discriminating Ponera species is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian plant bug family Miridae is hyperdiverse in Australia, including a remarkable radiation of undescribed species belonging to the tribe Orthotylini. This study includes a comparative morphological and phylogenetic study of a group of orthotylines, mostly associated with woody shrubs. Parsimony-based analysis of 49 morphological characters was undertaken, resulting in the recognition of a monophyletic supraspecific group with elongate heads, the Palassocoris complex, as well as three monophyletic genera with multiple species, and two monotypic genera. Five new genera (Austroloxops, gen. nov., Harpemiris, gen. nov., Hypospicula, gen. nov., Palassocoris, gen. nov. and Wallagootacoris, gen. nov.) and 10 species (Austroloxops juriensis, sp. nov., Harpemiris hibbertiaphila, sp. nov., Hypospicula banksiaphila, sp. nov., Hypospicula finkensis, sp. nov., Palassocoris elongatus, sp. nov., Palassocoris emuensis, sp. nov., Palassocoris jambrecinae, sp. nov., Palassocoris samphirensis, sp. nov., Wallagootacoris schwartzi, sp. nov., Wallagootacoris tasmaniensis, sp. nov.) are described as new to science. The Palassocoris complex was found to be the sister-group to two species of the Lattinova complex, the latter previously assigned to the tribe Austromirini, rendering the Orthotylini as paraphyletic. The classificatory implications of this finding are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifts of functional traits are important because phenotypic responses of species to environmental changes caused by natural and anthropogenic disturbances are fundamental in determining the risk of population extinction. This study tested the effect of forest thinning on the body shape and male genital size of an endemic ground beetle species Carabus masuzoi (Imura and Satô 1989) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in cypress plantations started approximately 30 yr ago in central Taiwan. The beetles were sampled and compared from 1) natural broadleaf forest, 2) non-thinned cypress plantation, and 3) 45% thinned cypress plantation. Female prothorax length from the non-thinned plantation was significantly greater than that of the natural forest, and the 45% thinned plantation had a higher frequency of the small (S-type) and a lower frequency of the large (L-type) male genitalia than in the natural forest. The results indicated that, within a short ecological time frame, the prothorax shapes and male genital sizes of C. masuzoi populations might respond to changes induced by different forest types and forest thinning, respectively. We hypothesized that the difference in prothoracic shape was related to locomotory ability in forest understories, whereas the changes in male genital sizes might have been a result of different levels of intraspecific sexual selection, random effects of population fluctuations/dispersal, or pleiotropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All birds reproduce by internal fertilization, but only 3% of birds have external genitalia. Hormone secretions and body size influence genital growth, but the actual regulatory mechanism is rarely reported. Thus, using 35 geese as experimental material, the regulatory mechanism of goose external genitalia growth was explored by measuring body size parameters, serum hormone concentrations, and related gene expression. In this study, genital growth was different among tested geese, but histological and morphological results showed that all geese external genitalia contained complete tissues. Measurements of hormone levels showed that at puberty, as the genital length increased, irregular decreases were observed in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas an irregular increase was observed in the levels of testosterone (T); furthermore, the levels of testosterone (T) gradually increased to a peak at 34 weeks. Based on RT-PCR results, as the genital length increased, only the expression of 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase (CYP17) mRNA slightly decreased at first, and then significantly increased to a peak, whereas the expression patterns of other genes were irregular. Furthermore, the CYP17 immunohistochemistry results also showed a pattern that was highly consistent with the patterns of mRNA expression and T secretion. In addition, based on body measurements, as body weight increased, the genital length increased. Thus, these results suggested that the CYP17 gene plays a key role in goose genital growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes an alternative surgical technique for performing scrotal ablation and orchiectomy in the adult male sugar glider ( Petaurus breviceps ) using electrosurgery. Eight animals from a local small mammal shelter group that presented for routine surgical castration for population control measures were included in this study. Mean surgical time was 4.37 ± 2.13 seconds. Mean anesthesia time was 12.32 ± 5.63 minutes. Mean recovery time was 8.37 ± 3.68 minutes. Mean total procedure time was 22.24 ± 5.69 minutes. No perioperative complications were reported. All animals appeared to have sufficient pain management with an analgesia and anti-inflammatory protocol using butorphanol and meloxicam. No over grooming and or self-injurious behaviors were reported by the local shelter during both the 24-hour and 14-day recheck examinations. Electrosurgery scrotal ablation and orchiectomy therefore offers an alternate route for the practicing veterinarian to perform safe and efficient castrations in male sugar gliders. Histologically, in the epididymis, 3 of the 8 sugar gliders had evidence of a well-defined region in the head, between the efferent ducts and the remaining epididymis. The lining cells differed morphologically from those constituting the remaining epithelial lining. The presence of eosinophilic vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the cells in this region suggests a secretory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trephionus Bates, 1883, a Japanese endemic genus in the subtribe Synuchina (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Sphodrini), is revised taxonomically based mainly on the shape of the endophallus, a membranous inner sac everted from the aedeagus of the male genitalia. Three known species from central Honshu, T. kinoshitai Habu, 1954; T. shibataianus Habu, 1978; and T. babai Habu, 1978, are re-defined based on this genital character, and five new species are described from the region: T. cylindriphallus Sasakawa, sp. n., T. niumontanus Sasakawa, sp. n., T. inexpectatus Sasakawa & Itô, sp. n., T. abiba Sasakawa & Itô, sp. n., and T. bifidilobatus Sasakawa & Itô, sp. n. The observed interspecies differences in endophallus morphology are discussed in terms of the species-level phylogeny and genus-level taxonomy of Trephionus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species Megachile pseudodisjuncta of the bee is being reported from Genus Megachile and Subgenus Callomegachile. It bears a close resemblance to M. disjuncta from which it has been distinguished on the basis of certain morphological characters and genitalia. Megachilid bees bear utmost significance because they are very good pollinators of both cultivated and wild fauna. Consequently, their taxonomic identification and conservation are very crucial. The detailed taxonomically important morphological characters of both the species were studied and photographed. Male sternum and genitalia were studied microscopically and photographed. The material examined and floral associations have also been presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raphe cysts are rare congenital malformations, and therefore underdiagnosed, affecting male genitalia. Due to an alteration in morphogenesis, in the process of melting genitourethral folds and urethral plate. Usually they are asymptomatic and present as translucent neoplasms features. The case of a pediatric patient treated with surgical removal is presented. A review of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment options is done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tailed Punch, Dodona eugenes, is widely distributed in East Asia with seven subspecies currently recognized. However, two of them, namely ssp. formosana and ssp. esakii found in Taiwan, are hard to distinguish from each other due to ambiguous diagnostic characters. In this study, their taxonomic status is clarified by comparing genitalia characters and phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial sequences, COI and COII (total 2211 bps). Our results show that there is no reliable feature to separate these two subspecies. Surprisingly we found that Dodona in Taiwan is more closely related to the Orange Punch, D. egeon, than to other subspecies of D. eugenes. Therefore, the following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Dodona eugenes formosana is revised to specific status as Dodona formosana Matsumura, 1919, stat. rev, and ssp. esakii is sunk to a junior synonym of Dodona formosana syn. n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent investigations into relationships among the cosmopolitan Belostomatidae have led to recognition of the Belostomatinae, Horvathiniinae and Lethocerinae clades. Here we investigate the relationships among the genera of this family (with Appasus, Benacus and Kirkaldyia now resurrected, and three fossils: Cratonepa, Iberonepa and Lethocerus vetus) by including modifications or clarifications of both somatic and genitalic characters (including some spermatheca traits), as well as multiple genes (COI, 18S rDNA and 16S rDNA). A comparative study of these genera yielded putative homology hypotheses coded as 104 morphological characters and 1829 aligned characters. A majority-rule tree utilizing the Bayesian method [the 'master' tree with highlighted clades estimated by maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML)] is as follows: (Cratonepa, Iberonepa, (Benacus, Kirkaldyia, Lethocerus), (((Horvathinia, Hydrocyrius), Limnogeton), (((Abedus, Weberiella), Belostoma), (Appasus, Diplonychus))))). Lethocerinae and Belostomatinae (now with Horvathinia included) form two monophyletic groups. Weberiella appears as the sister group of Abedus, and Belostomatini had to be reformulated. In all trees, the monophyly of Diplonychini trib. nov. (Appasus+Diplonychus) was recovered with high support indices. This study highlights a global tree based on combining the molecular and morphological data representing topologies from separate analyses, irrespective of the existence of missing data and the type of dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periscelis (Periscelis) fugax sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on series of specimens from Portugal and the Czech Republic. It is probably widespread in Europe but has not been previously recognized from the closely related and externally very similar P. (P.) winnertzii Egger, 1862. The new species differs from P. winnertzii not only in structures of the male and female terminalia (illustrated) but also in colour pattern of pedicel and mesonotum. Morphology of the male and female terminalia is studied in detail in both these species and terminology of their structures is discussed and redefi ned. A new modern key to Palaearctic species of Periscelis (s. str.) species is constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bifoveolatum group comprises three known species ( Belostoma angustum Lauck, B. bifoveolatum (Spinola), and B. elegans (Mayr)), with representatives occurring in southern and south-eastern South America, as well as along the Andes. These species, however, are cryptic with regard to body dimensions and male genitalia. Much of this cryptic variation in male genitalia is still misunderstood, so that proposed keys to bifoveolatum species are scarce and have been based only on body dimensions. In fact, it is not understood whether different parts of male genitalia covary themselves in the integrated way, or if parameres are somehow associated with male genitalia. This paper investigates whether there is expressive variation and integration in the shape of intromitent parts of male genitalia and parameres through specimens of those species from different southern South American localities, by using geometric morphometrics. We also test the hypotheses that the base of phallotheca [PHA]/dorsal arms [DA] subdivision, as well as base/apex of parameres, constitute separate modules. We semi- and landmarked PHA and DA, as well as the right paramere [PA], of 89 B. angustum males, four males of B. bifoveolatum and eight of B. elegans . To eliminate all non-shape variation, point configurations were subjected to the generalised least-squares Procrustes superimposition. A multilevel approach showed that the patterns of integration within individual, among individual and among populations centred by species are similar, with total variation concentrated in a few of the available dimensions. Accordingly, this correspondence is apparent with the very high values of matrix correlations between the covariance matrices for within-species-locality and among localities ( r = 0.91 for PHA + DA and r = 0.86 for VD). Fluctuating asymmetry was not negligible for PHA + DA and it seems that there might be little agreement between it and the other levels of variation (matrix correlation using individual variation, r = 0.34. P < 0.0001; matrix correlation using variation among population, r = 0.29, P < 0.0001). After eliminating size effects, morphological integration between PHA + DA and PA was significant (RV = 0.058, P = 0.0313), which might have enabled greater elaboration of these parts resulting in their greater and faster diversification at the individual level. Our results indicated poor agreement between different levels of variation with regard to fluctuating asymmetry, such that direct developmental interaction is not important for all levels of covariation between PHA + DA and PA through bifoveolatum group of species. Our findings suggest the lack of diagnostic importance of the PHA + DA and VD to differentiate the species B. angustum and B. elegans , despite of their integration. Both DA/PHA and apex/base of PA modularity hypotheses were not refuted across all levels, which might be an indicative of the lack of integration between PA and PHA + DA at higher levels of organisation, such as among populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is extensive morphological variation of male genitalia across animals with internal fertilization, even among closely related species. Most studies attempting to explain this extraordinary diversity have focused on processes that occur post-copula (e.g. sperm competition, cryptic female choice). Only a few studies have focused on the pre-copula process of female preference. In addition, the extent to which this variation could be associated with the use of different reproductive tactics has yet to be explored. Here, we show that female preference for male genitalia length in two livebearing fishes depends on the type of reproductive tactic of the males being evaluated as well as the body condition of the female. In a species where all males coax females to acquire matings (courters), females preferred males with short genitalia. In a species with genetically influenced alternative reproductive tactics (courter males that only court and produce courter sons, sneaker males that use the coercive tactic of sneak chase and produce sneaker sons), female preference depended on an interaction between male tactic and female condition: females in good condition preferred courter males with short genitalia, and sneaker males with long genitalia. Our results suggest that female preference for male traits favourable to their sons may be an important factor contributing to the diversification of male genitalia. Despite the contrasting selection for genitalia length that our female preference tests suggest, we found no significant differences in genitalia length between coaxing (courters) and coercive (sneakers) males. Our study represents a starting point to more clearly understand the role of alternative reproductive tactics and variation in female mate preference in the evolution of male genitalia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Stingless Bees are a large and diverse taxon and more than 500 species are recorded worldwide. Based on the previous reports, totally seven species are reported from India. The present study reports male and female morphological characteristics of Tetragonula iridipennis belonging to Tetragonula subgenus in Nellithurai Village, Tamil Nadu, India. The species of Tetragonula group are extremely similar in the external morphology of the workers. The glabrous bands on mesoscutum of female bees and structure and arrangement of gonostylus and the penis valve of male bees are used to separate T. iridipennis from other species in this group. The identity of T. iridipennis is made based on the male and female key morphological characteristics in the previous literature.

Since 1984, Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus has been considered a mosquito species that is involved in the transmission of malaria in Colombia, after having been incriminated as such with epidemiological evidence from a malaria outbreak in Cunday-Villarrica, Tolima. Subsequent morphological analyses of females captured in the same place and at the time of the outbreak showed that the species responsible for the transmission was not An. lepidotus, but rather Anopheles pholidotus. However, the associated morphological stages and DNA sequences of An. pholidotus from the foci of Cunday-Villarrica had not been analysed. Using samples that were caught recently from the outbreak region, the purpose of this study was to provide updated and additional information by analysing the morphology of female mosquitoes, the genitalia of male mosquitoes and fourth instar larvae of An. pholidotus, which was confirmed with DNA sequences of cytochrome oxidase I and rDNA internal transcribed spacer. A total of 1,596 adult females were collected in addition to 37 larval collections in bromeliads. Furthermore, 141 adult females, which were captured from the same area in the years 1981-1982, were analysed morphologically. Ninety-five DNA sequences were analysed for this study. Morphological and molecular analyses showed that the species present in this region corresponds to An. pholidotus. Given the absence of An. lepidotus, even in recent years, we consider that the species of mosquitoes that was previously incriminated as the malaria vector during the outbreak was indeed An. pholidotus, thus ending the controversy.