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Background: Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is associated with high mortality following liver resection. There have been limited studies evaluating predictors of PHLF and clinically significant PHLF in non-cirrhotic patients., Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (NSQIP) to evaluate 8,093 non-cirrhotic patients undergoing hepatectomy from 2014 to 2018. Primary endpoints were PHLF and clinically significant PHLF (PHLF grade B or C)., Results: Among all patients, 4.74% (n = 383) developed PHLF and 2.5% clinically significant PHLF (n = 203). The overall 30-day mortality was 1.35% (n = 109), 11.5% (n = 44) in patients with PHLF, and 19.2% in those with clinically significant PHLF. Factors associated with PHLF were: metastatic liver disease (OR = 1.84, CI = 1.14-2.98), trisectionectomy (OR = 3.71, CI = 2.59-5.32), right total lobectomy (OR = 4.17, CI = 3.06-5.68), transfusions (OR = 1.99, CI = 1.52-2.62), organ/space SSI (OR = 2.84, CI = 2.02-3.98), post-operative pneumonia (OR = 2.43, CI = 1.57-3.76), sepsis (OR = 2.27, CI = 1.47-3.51), and septic shock (OR = 5.67, CI = 3.43-9.36). Patients who developed PHLF or clinically significant PHLF had 2-threefold increased risk of perioperative mortality. Post-hepatectomy renal failure (OR = 8.47, CI = 3.96-18.1), older age (OR = 1.04, CI = 1.014-1.063), male sex (OR = 1.83, CI = 1.07-3.14), sepsis (OR = 2.96, CI = 1.22-7.2), and septic shock (OR = 3.92, CI = 1.61-9.58) were independently associated with 30-mortality in patients with clinically significant PHLF., Conclusion: PHLF in non-cirrhotic patients increased the risk of perioperative mortality and is associated with the extent of hepatectomy and infectious complications. Careful evaluation of the liver remnant, antibiotic prophylaxis, nutritional assessment, and timely management of post-operative infections could decrease major morbidity and mortality following hepatectomy., (© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Société Internationale de Chirurgie.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Pathologists diagnose prostate cancer by core needle biopsy. In low-grade and low-volume cases, they look for a few malignant glands out of hundreds within a core. They may miss a few malignant glands, resulting in repeat biopsies or missed therapeutic opportunities. This study developed a multi-resolution deep-learning pipeline to assist pathologists in detecting malignant glands in core needle biopsies of low-grade and low-volume cases. Analyzing a gland at multiple resolutions, our model exploited morphology and neighborhood information, which were crucial in prostate gland classification. We developed and tested our pipeline on the slides of a local cohort of 99 patients in Singapore. Besides, we made the images publicly available, becoming the first digital histopathology dataset of patients of Asian ancestry with prostatic carcinoma. Our multi-resolution classification model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) value of 0.992 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.985-0.997) in the external validation study, showing the generalizability of our multi-resolution approach., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Oxygen is probably the most commonly prescribed drug in the emergency setting and is a life-saving modality as well. However, like any other drug, oxygen therapy may also lead to various adverse effects. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may develop hypercapnia during supplemental oxygen therapy, particularly if uncontrolled. The risk of hypercapnia is not restricted to COPD only; it has also been reported in patients with morbid obesity, asthma, cystic fibrosis, chest wall skeletal deformities, bronchiectasis, chest wall deformities, or neuromuscular disorders. However, the risk of hypercapnia should not be a deterrent to oxygen therapy in hypoxemic patients with chronic lung diseases, as hypoxemia may lead to life-threatening cardiovascular complications. Various mechanisms leading to the development of oxygen-induced hypercapnia are the abolition of 'hypoxic drive', loss of hypoxic vasoconstriction and absorption atelectasis leading to an increase in dead-space ventilation and Haldane effect. The international guideline recommends a target oxygen saturation of 88% to 92% in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and other chronic lung diseases at risk of hypercapnia.  Oxygen should be administered only when oxygen saturation is below 88%. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the CINAHL from inception to June 2022. We used the following search terms: "Hypercapnia", "Oxygen therapy in COPD", "Oxygen-associated hypercapnia", "oxygen therapy", and "Hypoxic drive". All types of study are selected. This review will focus on the physiological mechanisms of oxygen-induced hypercapnia and its clinical implications.

Flowering is one of the most important physiological processes of plants that ensures continuity of genetic flow from one generation to the next and also maintains food security. Therefore, impact of various climate-related abiotic stresses on flowering have been assessed to evaluate the long-term impact of global climate change. In contrast to the enormous volume of research that has been conducted at the genetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and protein level, much less attention has been paid to understand the role of various metabolites in flower induction and floral organ development during normal growth or in stressed environmental condition. This review article aims at summarizing information on various primary (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acid derivatives, protein and amino acids) and secondary metabolites (e.g., polyamines, phenolics, neuro-indoles, phenylpropanoid, flavonoids and terpenes) that have so far been identified either during flower induction or in individual floral organs implying their possible role in organ development. Specialized metabolites responsible for flower colour, scent and shape to support plant-pollinator interaction have been extensively reviewed by many research groups and hence are not considered in this article. Many of the metabolites discussed here may be used as metabolomarkers to identify tolerant crop genotypes. Several agrochemicals have been successfully used to release endodormancy in temperate trees. Along the same line, a strategy that combines metabolite profiling, screening of small-molecule libraries, and structural alteration of selected compounds has been proposed in order to identify novel lead compounds that can regulate flowering time when applied exogenously., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has a worldwide prevalence and is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Due to its high prevalence and higher rates of ischemic cardiovascular and lower-extremity events, its treatment is essential. Increased levels of oxidative stress cause disease. This review aimed to evaluate different studies of antioxidant treatments for PAD patients. A systematic search for relevant studies was performed on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect databases, and 18 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In total, 16.6% of the studies used natural antioxidants, and 83.3% used synthetic antioxidants. The reviewed studies show that natural antioxidants were completely effective in treating PAD, and synthetic antioxidants showed effective results in only 53% of the studies. A less-than-optimal pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance does not improve the symptoms of PAD. In conclusion, antioxidants in their natural forms are more effective for PAD patients, and ensuring the optimal pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance is an effective method for managing treatment with antioxidants.

Groundwater contamination becomes an alarming threat to the provision of ecosystem services and natural resources. A very high level of groundwater contamination has been observed in the northeastern states particularly in North Tripura district. Therefore, the present study considered the region as a case study to evaluate the hydrogeochemical facies, heavy metal pollution and irrigation indices, and their impact on human health. For the investigation, we have collected a total of 35 groundwater samples from North Tripura district. Hydrogeochemical facies through Piper plot reflect Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -HCO 3 - and Na + -HCO 3 - as dominant water types. Gibbs plot identifies the dominance of rock-water interaction process in groundwater hydrochemistry. Geochemical plots indicate the dominance of silicate weathering, ion exchange and carbonate dissolution processes in groundwater mineralisation. The order of trace metal contaminations follows Fe > As > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb. Results of heavy metal indices suggest above 80% samples are at high risk due to high Fe contamination. The risk of the heavy metal indices is associated with rising elevation in southern part of North Tripura. Findings of health risk assessment study imply that children face much carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks than adults because of unsafe levels of Fe and As. Multivariate statistical tools are applied to unravel interrelationships among all ions and trace metals as well as probable hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater. Results of Wilcox and USSL plots suggest 77% samples meet irrigation suitability criteria. Besides, the analysis suggests a better insight to identify hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry and the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purposes. The study also suggests treatment and sustainable management of groundwater resources is compulsory to reduce trace metal contaminations before public use., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family Coronaviridae. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a positive sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Globally, several newer variants have been identified; however, only a few of them are of concern (VOCs). VOCs differ in terms of infectivity, transmissibility, disease severity, drug efficacy, and neutralization efficacy by monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, or vaccines. VOCs reported from various parts of the world include B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617/B.1.617.2 (Delta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). These VOCs are the result of mutations, with some based on spike proteins. Mutations may also cause molecular diagnostic tests to fail to detect the few VOCs, leading to a delayed diagnosis, increased community spread, and delayed treatment. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Covariant, Stanford variants database, and CINAHL from December 2019 to February 2022 using the following search terms: Variant of Concern, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, etc. All types of research were chosen. All research methods were considered. This review discusses the various VOCs, as well as their mutations, infectivity, transmissibility, and neutralization efficacy.

The recent increase in publicly available metagenomic datasets with geospatial metadata has made it possible to determine location-specific, microbial fingerprints from around the world. Such fingerprints can be useful for comparing microbial niches for environmental research, as well as for applications within forensic science and public health. To determine the regional specificity for environmental metagenomes, we examined 4305 shotgun-sequenced samples from the MetaSUB Consortium dataset-the most extensive public collection of urban microbiomes, spanning 60 different cities, 30 countries, and 6 continents. We were able to identify city-specific microbial fingerprints using supervised machine learning (SML) on the taxonomic classifications, and we also compared the performance of ten SML classifiers. We then further evaluated the five algorithms with the highest accuracy, with the city and continental accuracy ranging from 85-89% to 90-94%, respectively. Thereafter, we used these results to develop Cassandra, a random-forest-based classifier that identifies bioindicator species to aid in fingerprinting and can infer higher-order microbial interactions at each site. We further tested the Cassandra algorithm on the Tara Oceans dataset, the largest collection of marine-based microbial genomes, where it classified the oceanic sample locations with 83% accuracy. These results and code show the utility of SML methods and Cassandra to identify bioindicator species across both oceanic and urban environments, which can help guide ongoing efforts in biotracing, environmental monitoring, and microbial forensics (MF).

Significance: Dll1+ breast cancer cells activate Notch signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts that increases Wnt ligand secretion and leads to β-catenin-driven radioresistance and metastasis, opening new therapeutic avenues for breast cancer., (©2022 American Association for Cancer Research.)

In recent decades, dengue has been expanding rapidly in the tropical cities. Even though environmental factors and landscape features profoundly impact dengue vector abundance and disease epidemiology, significant gaps exist in understanding the role of local environmental heterogeneity on dengue epidemiology in India. In this study, we assessed the role of remotely sensed climatic factors (rainfall, temperature and humidity) and landscape variables (land use pattern, vegetation and built up density) on dengue incidence (2012-2019) in Bhopal city, Central India. Dengue hotspots in the city were assessed through geographical information system based spatial statistics. Dengue incidence increased from 0.59 cases in 2012 to 9.11 cases in 2019 per 10,000 inhabitants, and wards located in Southern Bhopal were found to be dengue hotspots. Distributed lag non-linear model combined with quasi Poisson regression was used to assess the exposure-response association, relative risk (RR), and delayed effects of environmental factors on dengue incidence. The analysis revealed a non-linear relationship between meteorological variables and dengue cases. The model shows that the risk of dengue cases increases with increasing mean temperature, rainfall and absolute humidity. The highest RR of dengue cases (~2.0) was observed for absolute humidity ≥60 g/m3 with a 5-15 week lag. Rapid urbanization assessed by an increase in the built-up area (a 9.1% increase in 2020 compared to 2014) could also be a key factor driving dengue incidence in Bhopal city. The study sheds important insight into the synergistic effects of both the landscape and climatic factors on the transmission dynamics of dengue. Furthermore, the study provides key baseline information on the climatic variables that can be used in the micro-level dengue prediction models in Bhopal and other cities with similar climatic conditions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction: The worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity over the years has emerged as a global health concern. The growing rate of obesity in women of child bearing age is particularly a matter of concern. Obesity is considered a risk factor that predisposes an individual to a proinflammatory state through the release of the inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have shown a positive correlation between the severity of inflammation and an increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA) and high sensitivity C- reactive protein (hs-CRP). Obese pregnancy women are at a higher risk for developing inflammation-mediated pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm delivery. Considering the fact that pregnancy, obesity and inflammation are closely linked, this study evaluated the inflammation associated with obesity during pregnancy by estimating changes in ADA and hs-CRP., Materials and Methods: The current study aimed to evaluate the levels of inflammation in obese pregnant women compared to non-obese pregnant women by correlating BMI with levels of ADA / hs-CRP. The study also aimed to examine the change in ADA and hs-CRP levels with gestational age (between the 1 st and the 3 rd trimester) in obese pregnant women as compared to non-obese pregnant women. We also examined whether changes in the levels of ADA correlate with changes in the levels of hs-CRP particularly in obese pregnant women.Blood samples were collected from obese and non-obese pregnant women. ADA activity and hs-CRP levels were estimated by biochemical assays. BMI was evaluated in the 1 st trimester and those women with BMI > 30 kg/m 2 were considered as obese. Thirty subjects were included in each of the two groups., Results: ADA and hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in obese pregnant women in both the 1 st and 3 rd trimesters compared to non-obese participants (P value<0.05). Statistically significant higher values of ADA and hs-CRP were seen in obese participants in the 3 rd trimester compared to the 1 st trimester.A significant linear positive correlation was found between BMI and 3 rd trimester ADA, and a linear positive correlation between BMI and hs-CRP both in the 1 st and 3 rd trimester. The relationship between ∆ ADA and ∆ hs-CRP was non- significant., Conclusions: The observations of this study reveal increased inflammatory responses in obese pregnant women and suggests the importance of ADA and hs-CRP as early indicators of obesity-related complications prevailing thereafter, these markers can be useful for clinical diagnosis of impending maternal and neonatal complications., Competing Interests: Authors state no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Bright, energetic, and directional electron bunches are generated through efficient energy transfer of relativistic intense (~ 10 19  W/cm 2 ), 30 femtosecond, 800 nm high contrast laser pulses to grating targets (500 lines/mm and 1000 lines/mm), under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions. Bi-directional relativistic electron bunches (at 40° and 150°) are observed exiting from the 500 lines/mm grating target at the SPR conditions. The surface plasmon excited grating target enhances the electron flux and temperature by factor of 6.0 and 3.6, respectively, compared to that of the plane substrate. Particle-in-Cell simulations indicate that fast electrons are emitted in different directions at different stages of the laser interaction, which are related to the resultant surface magnetic field evolution. This study suggests that the SPR mechanism can be used to generate multiple, bright, ultrafast relativistic electron bunches for a variety of applications., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Emojis are used to communicate emotional content as conversational indicators. Emojis of human faces are unrivaled in communication since they can discern between several basic emotions with great precision while also being universal., Aim: Assessment of children's emotions before, during, and after the dental treatment procedure: An emoji-based study., Materials and Methods: A total of 85 children, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years, were separated into four groups. Group 1 required local anesthetic for restoration, while Group 2 required extraction. Pulp treatment was in Group 3 and oral prophylaxis was in Group 4. All groups used an animated emoji scale (AES) to quantify anxiety before, during, and after the dental treatment procedure., Results: There was a statistically significant difference when the mean scores of the four treatment groups were compared before, during, and after the procedure. When Group 2 was compared to Groups 1, 3, and 4 there was a statistically significant difference in the anxiety of the research participant before, during, and after the procedures (P = 0.01). Groups 2, 3, and 4 were statistically significant after the treatment procedure (P = 0.01)., Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the AES can be a useful tool in tracking a patient's emotions during the dental treatment procedure to initiate appropriate behavior management.

Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the Covid-19 pandemic has proved itself as the deadliest pathogen. A major portion of the population has become susceptible to this strain. Scientists are pushing their limits to formulate a vaccine against Covid-19 with the least side effects. Although the recent discoveries of vaccines have shown some relief from the covid infection rate, however, physical fatigue, mental abnormalities, inflammation and other multiple organ damages are arising as post-Covid symptoms. The long-term effects of these symptoms are massive. Patients with such symptoms are known as long-haulers and treatment strategy against this condition is still unknown. In this study, we tried to explore a strategy to deal with the post-Covid symptoms. We targeted three human proteins namely ACE2, Interleukin-6, Transmembrane serine protease and NRP1 which are already reported to be damaged via Covid-19 proteins and upregulated in the post-Covid stage. Our target plant in this study is Cannabis (popularly known as 'Ganja' in India). The molecular docking and simulation studies revealed that Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabivarin (CVN) obtained from Cannabis can bind to post-Covid symptoms related central nervous system (CNS) proteins and downregulate them which can be beneficial in post-covid symptoms treatment strategy. Thus we propose Cannabis as an important therapeutic plant against post-Covid symptoms.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Background: Recent studies have proved the importance of intact lateral trochanteric wall, thus buttressing/fixing the broken lateral trochanteric wall irrespective of the implant, is likely to improve the alignment and outcome. We compared the outcome of lateral wall buttressing by trochanteric buttress plate (TBP) supplemented to proximal femoral nailing versus proximal femoral nailing alone in patients of broken lateral wall intertrochanteric fractures., Material and Method: Sixty patients of intertrochanteric factures (IT) of femur with broken lateral wall were randomized into group A or B and were treated with either proximal femoral nail (PFN) alone or proximal femoral nail augmented with trochanteric buttress plate (PFN + TBP), respectively. The TBP plate used was primarily fixed to proximal femur via 8 mm hip screw and 6.4 mm antirotation screw of the PFN. Operative time, blood loss, radiation exposure, quality of reduction, functional outcome, union time, and complications were compared., Result: The mean age was 60.03 + 7.60 (range 42 to 70 years), with male to female ratio of 4:1 and left to right ratio of approximately 1:1. The mean follow up in the series was 16.2 months (range 13 to 36 months). Mean duration of surgery, mean intra-operative blood loss, and mean number of exposures in group A (PFN alone) were 64.88 + 12.24 min (48 to 88), 93 + 1.18 ml (60 to 120), and 32.13 (24 to 46) and in group B (PFN with TBP plate) were 91.86 + 12.78 min (70 to 122 min), 144.8 + 3.6 ml (116 to 208 ml), and 56.6 (38 to 112), respectively. Twenty-five patients and 28 patients in groups A and B respectively achieved score of 4 Chang quality reduction. Mean union time was 13.4 weeks in group A whereas in group B was 11.6 weeks. Mean HHS score in group A was 87.86 with 90% patients in comparison to 94.13 and 97% cases having excellent to good results in group B. In group A, 24 patients, while 29 patients in group B, had excellent to good results. Four patients had hip pain, four had impingement of screws, two had screw migration, three had Z/reverse effect, and four patients had shortening of more than 1 cm in group A. In group B, only one patient had impingement and none of the patient had hip pain, infection, implant failure, Z effect, or shortening., Conclusion: The lateral trochanteric wall in IT fractures is significantly important, and when the lateral wall is broken, it can lead to poor results. TBP plate which is applied laterally on femur along with nail and fixing the plate with hip screw and antirotational screw provides faster union, early weight bearing, better reduction, and so better hip functions. TBP can be used successfully to augment, fix, or buttress the lateral trochanteric wall giving excellent to good results but at the cost of surgical time, blood loss, and radiation exposure., (© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to SICOT aisbl.)

Scaffold architecture in the sectors of biotechnology and drug discovery research include scaffold hopping and molecular modelling techniques and helps in searching for potential drug candidates containing different core structures using computer-based software, which greatly aids medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry. Going ahead, the computational method of scaffold architecture is thought to produce new scaffolds, and the method is capable of helping search engines toward producing new scaffolds that are likely to represent potent compounds with high therapeutic applications, which is a possibility in this case as well. Here we probate a different interactive design by natural product hopping, molecular modelling, pharmacophore modelling, modification, and combination of the phytoconstituents present in different medicinal plants for developing a pharmacophore-guided good drug candidate for the variants of SARS-CoV-2 or Covid 19. In the modern era, these approaches are carried out at every level of development of scaffold queries, which are increasingly summarized from chemical structures. In this context, we report on a successfully designed drug-like candidate having a high-binding-affinity "compound SLP" by understanding the relationships between the compounds' pharmacophores, scaffold functional groups, and biological activities beyond their individual applications that abide by Lipinski's rule of five, Ghose rule, Veber rule etc. The new scaffold generated by altering the core of the known phyto-compounds holds a good predicted ADMET profile and is examined with iMODS server to check the molecular dynamics simulation with normal mode analysis (NMA). The scaffold's three-dimensional (3D) structure yields a searchable natural product koenimbine from a conformer database having good ADMET property and high availability in spice Murraya koenigii leaves. M. koenigii leaves are easily available in the market, and might ensure the immunity, good health, and well-being of people if affected with any of the variants of Covid 19. The cell viability studies of koenimbine on murine colorectal carcinoma cell line (CT-26) showed no toxicity on normal mice lymphocyte cells (MLCs). The anticancer mechanism of koenimbine was displayed by its enhanced capacity to produce intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the colorectal carcinoma cell line., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating condition of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by immune-mediated damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a significant role. Unfortunately, the knowledge of therapeutic modalities in MS remains very limited, necessitating the need for novel therapeutic strategies. In the previous decade, there has been an influx of studies on the gut microbiome and its link to various neurological conditions, including MS. Various diets may have favorable effects on the gut microflora and may significantly alter the progression and outcomes of MS. Thus, identifying the merits of various diets and modulating them according to the specific nutritional requirements of MS patients can go a long way toward slowing the progression of the disease. Nutritional interventions and the use of the gut microbiome as diagnostic and therapeutic modalities open a host of new possibilities regarding the disease. In this review, we investigate the role of diet and the gut microbiome in the progression of MS. The functions of the gut-brain axis, antioxidants, vitamins, obesity, and various diets are also covered in this article., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Jayasinghe et al.)

Background: Buerger's disease (BD) remains a debilitating condition. Despite multiple published diagnostic criteria for BD, none is universally accepted as a gold standard., Methods: We conducted a 2-round modified Delphi consensus study to establish a consensus on the diagnostic. The questionnaire included statements from several commonly used diagnostic criteria for BD. Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were performed. An agreement level of 70% was applied., Results: Twenty nine experts from 18 countries participated in this study. Overall, 75 statements were circulated in Round 1. Of these, 28% of statements were accepted. Following comments, 21 statements were recirculated in Round 2 and 90% were accepted. Although more than 90% of the experts did not agree that the diagnosis of BD can be based only on clinical manifestation, none of the nonclinical manifestations of BD were agreed as a part of the diagnostic criteria. There was an agreement that a history of tobacco consumption in any form, not necessarily confined to the current use, should be a part of the diagnostic criteria of BD. The history of thrombophlebitis migrans, even if not present at presentation, was accepted as a clue for BD diagnosis. It was also agreed that discoloration of the toes or fingers could be included in the diagnostic criteria of BD. Experts agreed that histology results could differentiate BD from atherosclerosis obliterans and other types of vasculitis. The presence of corkscrew collaterals on imaging and burning pain reached the agreement at the first round but not at the second. There was no consensus regarding age cut-off, the requirement of normal lipid profile, and normal blood glucose for BD diagnosis., Conclusions: The present study demonstrated discrepancies in the various published diagnostic criteria for BD and their selective utilization in routine clinical practice worldwide. We propose that all published diagnostic criteria for BD be re-evaluated for harmonization and universal use., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Ascariasis no longer widespread within Europe and so experience in diagnosis and treatment is limited for many specialists. On the other hand, clinicians face increasing numbers of migrants from high prevalence countries and are therefore, challenged to update in this field of infectious diseases. Here we present imaging features and current knowledge of this infection.

Aims: Until recently, the pluripotency factor Octamer (ATGCAAAT)-binding transcriptional factor 4 (OCT4) was believed to be dispensable in adult somatic cells. However, our recent studies provided clear evidence that OCT4 has a critical atheroprotective role in smooth muscle cells. Here, we asked if OCT4 might play a functional role in regulating endothelial cell (EC) phenotypic modulations in atherosclerosis., Methods and Results: Specifically, we show that EC-specific Oct4 knockout resulted in increased lipid, LGALS3+ cell accumulation, and altered plaque characteristics consistent with decreased plaque stability. A combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and EC-lineage-tracing studies revealed increased EC activation, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitions, plaque neovascularization, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the absence of OCT4. Furthermore, we show that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) transporter, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G2 (ABCG2), is a direct target of OCT4 in EC and establish for the first time that the OCT4/ABCG2 axis maintains EC metabolic homeostasis by regulating intracellular heme accumulation and related reactive oxygen species production, which, in turn, contributes to atherogenesis., Conclusions: These results provide the first direct evidence that OCT4 has a protective metabolic function in EC and identifies vascular OCT4 and its signalling axis as a potential target for novel therapeutics., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: none declared., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2022. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Despite phenomenal clinical success, the efficacy of platinum anticancer drugs is often compromised due to inherent and acquired drug resistant phenotypes in cancers. To circumvent this issue, we designed two heterobimetallic platinum (II)-ferrocene hybrids that display multi-pronged anticancer action. In cancer cells, our best compound, 2, platinates DNA, produces reactive oxygen species, and has nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum as potential targets. The multi-modal mechanism of action of these hybrid agents lead to non-apoptotic cell death induction which enables circumventing apoptosis resistance and significant improvement in platinum cross resistance profile. Finally, in addition to describing detail mechanistic insights, we also assessed its stability in plasma and demonstrate anticancer efficacy in an in vivo A2780 xenograft model. Strikingly, compared to oxaliplatin, our compound displays better tolerability, safety profile and efficacy in vivo., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmological emergency characterized by partial or complete occlusion of the central retinal artery. It is the ocular equivalent of an ischemic cerebral stroke. Patients frequently present with a significant, abrupt, painless loss of vision in one eye, with only around 20% of those affected getting functional visual acuity restored in the affected eye. Despite more than 150 years of clinical research, no consensus has been achieved regarding the most effective method of treating CRAO. The efficacy of all proposed treatments is debatable, and many of them have ambiguous risk profiles that present particular diagnostic and management difficulties and cause variations in clinical practice. In certain circumstances, thrombolysis may be attempted as a treatment option. However, the evidence to support the general use of thrombolytics in treating acute CRAO remains elusive. It is known that the risk factors predisposing to other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events are often present in CRAO. Accordingly, identifying patients at the highest risk of stroke and secondary prevention of ischemic events remains the primary focus of management. This review offers a summary of all the current treatment options available for managing CRAO, with particular reference to their limitations and inconsistent results found in relevant studies until 2022., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Jayasinghe et al.)

During B lymphopoiesis, B cell progenitors progress through alternating and mutually exclusive stages of clonal expansion and immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangements. Great diversity is generated through the stochastic recombination of Ig gene segments encoding heavy and light chain variable domains. However, this commonly generates autoreactivity. Receptor editing is the predominant tolerance mechanism for self-reactive B cells in the bone marrow (BM). B cell receptor editing rescues autoreactive B cells from negative selection through renewed light chain recombination first at Ig κ then Ig λ loci. Receptor editing depends on BM microenvironment cues and key transcription factors such as NF-κB, FOXO, and E2A. The specific BM factor required for receptor editing is unknown. Furthermore, how transcription factors coordinate these developmental programs to promote usage of the λ chain remains poorly defined. Therefore, we used two mouse models that recapitulate pathways by which Igλ light chain-positive B cells develop. The first has deleted J kappa (Jκ) genes and hence models Igλ expression resulting from failed Ig κ recombination (Igκ del ). The second models autoreactivity by ubiquitous expression of a single-chain chimeric anti-Igκ antibody (κ-mac). Here, we demonstrated that autoreactive B cells transit asymmetric forward and reverse developmental trajectories. This imparted a unique epigenetic landscape on small pre-B cells, which opened chromatin to transcription factors essential for Ig λ recombination. The consequences of this asymmetric developmental path were both amplified and complemented by CXCR4 signaling. These findings reveal how intrinsic molecular programs integrate with extrinsic signals to drive receptor editing.

Background: The human heart has limited capacity to generate new cardiomyocytes and this capacity declines with age. Because loss of cardiomyocytes may contribute to heart failure, it is crucial to explore stimuli of endogenous cardiac regeneration to favorably shift the balance between loss of cardiomyocytes and the birth of new cardiomyocytes in the aged heart. We have previously shown that cardiomyogenesis can be activated by exercise in the young adult mouse heart. Whether exercise also induces cardiomyogenesis in aged hearts, however, is still unknown. Here, we aim to investigate the effect of exercise on the generation of new cardiomyocytes in the aged heart., Methods: Aged (20-month-old) mice were subjected to an 8-week voluntary running protocol, and age-matched sedentary animals served as controls. Cardiomyogenesis in aged hearts was assessed on the basis of 15 N-thymidine incorporation and multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry. We analyzed 1793 cardiomyocytes from 5 aged sedentary mice and compared these with 2002 cardiomyocytes from 5 aged exercised mice, followed by advanced histology and imaging to account for ploidy and nucleation status of the cell. RNA sequencing and subsequent bioinformatic analyses were performed to investigate transcriptional changes induced by exercise specifically in aged hearts in comparison with young hearts., Results: Cardiomyogenesis was observed at a significantly higher frequency in exercised compared with sedentary aged hearts on the basis of the detection of mononucleated/diploid 15 N-thymidine-labeled cardiomyocytes. No mononucleated/diploid 15 N-thymidine-labeled cardiomyocyte was detected in sedentary aged mice. The annual rate of mononucleated/diploid 15 N-thymidine-labeled cardiomyocytes in aged exercised mice was 2.3% per year. This compares with our previously reported annual rate of 7.5% in young exercised mice and 1.63% in young sedentary mice. Transcriptional profiling of young and aged exercised murine hearts and their sedentary controls revealed that exercise induces pathways related to circadian rhythm, irrespective of age. One known oscillating transcript, however, that was exclusively upregulated in aged exercised hearts, was isoform 1.4 of regulator of calcineurin, whose regulation and functional role were explored further., Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that voluntary running in part restores cardiomyogenesis in aged mice and suggest that pathways associated with circadian rhythm may play a role in physiologically stimulated cardiomyogenesis.

During the early wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) designated a "black out" period between March 12, 2020, and June 12, 2020, for transplant outcomes reporting. We discuss the implications and potential bias it has introduced as it may selectively favor the outcomes for certain regions and harm other regions due to varied effects of different waves of COVID-19 infections across the United States., (© 2022 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Activating mutations in RAS GTPases drive nearly 30% of all human cancers. Our prior work described an essential role for Argonaute 2 (AGO2), of the RNA-induced silencing complex, in mutant KRAS -driven cancers. Here, we identified a novel endogenous interaction between AGO2 and RAS in both wild-type (WT) and mutant HRAS / NRAS cells. This interaction was regulated through EGFR-mediated phosphorylation of Y393-AGO2, and utilizing molecular dynamic simulation, we identified a conformational change in pY393-AGO2 protein structure leading to disruption of the RAS binding site. Knockdown of AGO2 led to a profound decrease in proliferation of mutant HRAS / NRAS -driven cell lines but not WT RAS cells. These cells demonstrated oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) as evidenced by β-galactosidase staining and induction of multiple downstream senescence effectors. Mechanistically, we discovered that the senescent phenotype was mediated via induction of reactive oxygen species. Intriguingly, we further identified that loss of AGO2 promoted a novel feed forward pathway leading to inhibition of the PTP1B phosphatase and activation of EGFR-MAPK signaling, consequently resulting in OIS. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the EGFR-AGO2-RAS signaling axis is essential for maintaining mutant HRAS and NRAS -driven malignancies., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences.)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by inadequate or absent insulin production due to the autoimmune destruction of beta (β) cells in the pancreas. It was once called "juvenile diabetes" since the disease frequently occurs in children, but it can also develop in adults. According to the International Diabetes Federation, an estimated 700 million adults will suffer from diabetes by 2045. Although the exact cause of diabetes remains unknown, it is hypothesized that genetic factors, environmental factors, and exposure to certain viruses play a role in the development of T1D. To date, exogenous insulin is the most common treatment for T1D. However, it is not a cure for the disease. Islet cell transplantation and pancreatic transplantation are two additional treatments that have gained popularity in recent years, but their clinical application may be limited by the need for high doses of immunosuppressants, the rarity of human cadaveric islets, and the need for extensive surgery in pancreatic transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a highly promising novel treatment for T1D and their discovery has advanced biological sciences by allowing for modification of cell fate and the development of higher-order cellular structures. They play an essential role in lowering levels of fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, and C-peptide, and in treating microvascular complications associated with T1D. However, some of the disadvantages of its use in clinical practice are limited to its method of collection, proliferation rate, cell activity with age, and the risk of tumour formation identified in some studies. Large-scale studies are required to discover the mechanism of action of MSCs after administration as well as the optimal route, dose, and timing to maximize the benefits to patients. This article focuses primarily on the role of MSCs in the treatment of T1D and compares the feasibility, benefits, and drawbacks of MSCs in the treatment of T1D., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Jayasinghe et al.)

Biocatalysis is an important area of modern research and is extensively explored by various industries to attain greener methods in various applications. Supramolecular interactions of short peptides have been under the scanner for developing artificial smart materials inspired from natural systems. Peptide-based artificial enzymes have been proved to show various enzyme-like activities. Therefore, immobilization of catalytic peptides on solid surfaces can be an extremely useful breakthrough for development of cost-effective catalytic formulations. In this work, a series of peptide amphiphiles (PAs) have been systematically analyzed to find the most effective catalyst with esterase like activity. The PA, containing a catalytic triad, 'Asp(Ser)His' in a branched manner, was further immobilized onto silica nanoparticles through covalent bonding method to obtain surface coated catalytic silica nanoparticles. The heterogenous catalytic formulation not only showed enhanced esterase activity than the self-assembled PA in homogenous phase, but also exceeded the activity of natural CV lipase. The catalytic formulation showed high stereoselectivity towards chiral esters. Moreover, the catalyst remained stable at higher temperature, in presence of various denaturant and retained its activity after several catalytic cycles. The ease of separation, robust nature, reusability and high stereoselectivity of the catalyst opens up the possibility of creating new generation heterogeneous catalysts for further industrial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a unilateral, paroxysmal, sharp, shooting, or jabbing pain that occurs in the trigeminal nerve divisions, including the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves. Typically, an episode is triggered by anything touching the face or teeth. TN is a clinical diagnosis with no specific diagnostic test; it is determined by the patient's medical history and pain description. Imaging is necessary to exclude secondary causes. The precise reason for TN is uncertain, but it is commonly believed to result from vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root, typically near its origin in the pons. There are numerous surgical and medical treatment options available. The most frequently applied medical treatment therapies are carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. Surgical alternatives are reserved for patients who do not respond to medical treatment. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has emerged as a novel and promising alternative to surgery for individuals whose pain is unresponsive to medication. Multiple studies have established the safety and usefulness of BTX-A in treating TN, with the most significant benefits occurring between six weeks and three months after the surgery. This article reviews various studies published in the last 10 years regarding the therapeutic use of BTX-A in TN. These studies include various observational, clinical, pilot, and animal studies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Kayani et al.)

A BOPHY-based organotellurium-containing probe was synthesized and characterized via single crystal XRD for the selective and sensitive detection of Hg 2+ over other metal ions. The probe detects Hg 2+ in less than 1 s with a 2.5-fold enhancement in fluorescent intensity. Due to the chalcogenophilicity of mercury, Hg 2+ was facilely trapped in the NTe 2 chelating cavity of the probe. The probe can detect Hg 2+ in the nanomolar range (62 nM) and it showed reversibility with S 2- ions. The sensitivity of the probe for the detection of Hg 2+ was confirmed in living HeLa cells.

Magnetic nano- and microswimmers provide a powerful platform to study driven colloidal systems in fluidic media and are relevant to futuristic medical technologies requiring precise yet minimally invasive motion control at small scales. Upon the action of a rotating magnetic field, the helical microswimmers rotate and translate, generating flow in the surrounding fluid. In this paper, we study the fluid flow induced by the rotating helices using a combination of experiments, numerical simulations, and theory. The microhelices are actuated either in a fluid bulk or in proximity to the bottom wall using typical microfluidic device setup. We conclude that the mean hydrodynamic flow due to the helix actuation can be closely approximated by a system of rotlets line distributed along the helical axis (i.e., representing the flow due to rotating cylinder) which gets modified close to a wall through appropriate contributions from image multipoles. As the mean flow can be obtained in closed form, this study can be further applied towards modeling of the dynamics in a swarm of driven microswimmers interacting hydrodynamically near a bounding surface.

The Schiff-base probe H 2 VL [6,6'-((1E,1'E)-hydrazine-1,2 diylidenebis(methanylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol)] is synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). H 2 VL is able to detect selectively acetate ion (OAc-) colorimetrically over other anions with 1:1 co-ordination. The detection limit is found to be 4.93 µM. On the other hand, fluorescence intensity of the receptor is drastically enhanced with Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ in the presence of acetate as counter anion. N, N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF) or Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and acetate (OAc-) was the best solvent and counter anion for Zn 2+ /Cd 2+ -sensing compared with other solvents and anions, respectively. Detection limit for Zn 2+ and Cd 2+  are calculated to be 1.94 µM and 1.99 µM, respectively. The strong selective emissive behavior could be attributed to the CHEF (chelation-enhanced fluorescence) process. According to the changes in output emission intensity in DMSO in response to the set of ions (Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ and OAc¯) as input variables, the function of 3-input multifunctional molecular logic circuits has been demonstrated. The molecular docking studies of H 2 VL with DNA and BSA are also performed to confirm its possible bioactivity., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

A compartmental epidemiological model with distributed recovery and death rates is proposed. In some particular cases, the model can be reduced to the conventional SIR model. However, in general, the dynamics of epidemic progression in this model is different. Distributed recovery and death rates are evaluated from COVID-19 data. The model is validated by the epidemiological data for different countries, and it shows better agreement with the data than the SIR model. The time-dependent disease transmission rate is estimated., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society for Mathematical Biology.)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the weakness of voluntary muscles due to the loss of motor neurons. Symptoms ultimately culminate in the form of respiratory failure due to the involvement of the diaphragm. Unfortunately, there is no known cure for this disease. Hence, supportive therapy is the only available option in most terminal cases. However, Riluzole and Edaravone (EDA) are the only two known drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating this condition. In 2017, EDA was approved for the treatment of ALS. It is hypothesized that Riluzole and EDA work via a mechanism involving antioxidants, which nullifies the oxidative stress believed to be involved in ALS. However, most studies in several countries have found a wide range of disparities in the efficacy of this drug. In this review, we aim to summarize the differences in results from epidemiological studies across 10 different countries and hypothesize the potential causes of these differences., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Jayasinghe et al.)

Around 10 million fatalities were recorded worldwide in 2020 due to cancer and statistical projections estimate the number to increase by 60% in 2040. With such a substantial rise in the global cancer burden, the disease will continue to impose a huge socio-economic burden on society. Currently, the most widely used clinical treatment modality is cytotoxic chemotherapy using platinum drugs which is used to treat variety of cancers. Despite its clinical success, critical challenges like resistance, off-target side effects and cancer variability often reduce its overall therapeutic efficiency. These challenges require faster diagnosis, simultaneous therapy and a more personalized approach toward cancer management. To this end, small-molecule 'theranostic' agents have presented a viable solution combining diagnosis and therapy into a single platform. In this review, we present a summary of recent efforts in the design and optimization of metal-based small-molecule 'theranostic' anticancer agents. Importantly, we highlight the advantages of a theranostic candidate over the purely therapeutic or diagnostic agent in terms of evaluation of its biological properties., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Objective: To examine the association between remittances and food security in Bangladesh, controlling for other key factors., Design: The secondary data analysis was performed on the most recent (2016) nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey. We used logistic regression models to measure the association between food security of the household and remittances received. The household food security was measured based on expenditure on food items and the energy intake of the household members. The key explanatory variables included the receipt of remittances by the household and household-level socio-economic characteristics., Setting: Bangladesh., Participants: Totally, 45 977 households across seven divisions of Bangladesh., Results: Findings suggested that remittances have a significant positive effect on food security. Further, the households with female heads were significantly more likely to be food insecure. The wealth status and geographical locations were significantly associated with food security status in Bangladesh., Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of considering remittance as one of the key factors, while stakeholders implement nutritional interventions in Bangladesh and other low-income settings. Future research should consider this as an important determinant while further examining food security in such settings.

One common cause of vision loss after retinal detachment surgery is the formation of proliferative and contractile fibrocellular membranes. This aberrant wound healing process is mediated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hyper-proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Current treatment relies primarily on surgical removal of these membranes. Here, we demonstrate that a bio-functional polymer by itself is able to prevent retinal scarring in an experimental rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. This is mediated primarily via clathrin-dependent internalisation of polymeric micelles, downstream suppression of canonical EMT transcription factors, reduction of RPE cell hyper-proliferation and migration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signalling pathway was identified in a genome-wide transcriptomic profiling as a key sensor and effector. This study highlights the potential of using synthetic bio-functional polymer to modulate RPE cellular behaviour and offers a potential therapy for retinal scarring prevention., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) has immense potential as a bioenergy crop with the aim of producing biofuel as an end goal. Nitrogen (N)-related sustainability traits, such as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen remobilization efficiency (NRE), are important factors affecting switchgrass quality and productivity. Hence, it is imperative to develop nitrogen use-efficient switchgrass accessions by exploring the genetic basis of NUE in switchgrass. For that, we used 331 diverse field-grown switchgrass accessions planted under low and moderate N fertility treatments. We performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) in a holistic manner where we not only considered NUE as a single trait but also used its related phenotypic traits, such as total dry biomass at low N and moderate N, and nitrogen use index, such as NRE. We have evaluated the phenotypic characterization of the NUE and the related traits, highlighted their relationship using correlation analysis, and identified the top ten nitrogen use-efficient switchgrass accessions. Our GWAS analysis identified 19 unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 32 candidate genes. Two promising GWAS candidate genes, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase ( CCoAOMT ) and alfin-like 6 ( AL6 ), were further supported by linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis. Finally, we discussed the potential role of nitrogen in modulating the expression of these two genes. Our findings have opened avenues for the development of improved nitrogen use-efficient switchgrass lines., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Shrestha, Chhetri, Kainer, Xu, Hamilton, Piasecki, Wolfe, Wang, Saha, Jacobson, Millwood, Mazarei and Stewart.)

We investigate the climatic influence on COVID-19 transmission risks in 228 cities globally across three climatic zones. The results, based on the application of a Boosted Regression Tree algorithm method, show that average temperature and average relative humidity explain significant variations in COVID-19 transmission across temperate and subtropical regions, whereas in the tropical region, the average diurnal temperature range and temperature seasonality significantly predict the infection outbreak. The number of positive cases showed a decrease sharply above an average temperature of 10°C in the cities of France, Turkey, the US, the UK, and Germany. Among the tropical countries, COVID-19 in Indian cities is most affected by mean diurnal temperature, and those in Brazil by temperature seasonality. The findings have implications on public health interventions, and contribute to the ongoing scientific and policy discourse on the complex interplay of climatic factors determining the risks of COVID-19 transmission.

In urban ecosystems, microbes play a key role in maintaining major ecological functions that directly support human health and city life. However, the knowledge about the species composition and functions involved in urban environments is still limited, which is largely due to the lack of reference genomes in metagenomic studies comprises more than half of unclassified reads. Here we uncovered 732 novel bacterial species from 4728 samples collected from various common surface with the matching materials in the mass transit system across 60 cities by the MetaSUB Consortium. The number of novel species is significantly and positively correlated with the city population, and more novel species can be identified in the skin-associated samples. The in-depth analysis of the new gene catalog showed that the functional terms have a significant geographical distinguishability. Moreover, we revealed that more biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) can be found in novel species. The co-occurrence relationship between BGCs and genera and the geographical specificity of BGCs can also provide us more information for the synthesis pathways of natural products. Expanded the known urban microbiome diversity and suggested additional mechanisms for taxonomic and functional characterization of the urban microbiome. Considering the great impact of urban microbiomes on human life, our study can also facilitate the microbial interaction analysis between human and urban environment., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Mushrooms exist as an integral and vital component of the ecosystem and are very precious fungi. Mushrooms have been traditionally used in herbal medicines for many centuries., Scope and Approach: There are a variety of medicinal mushrooms mentioned in the current work such as Agaricus, Amanita, Calocybe, Cantharellus, Cordyceps, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Ganoderma, Grifola, Huitlacoche, Hydnum, Lentinus, Morchella, Pleurotus, Rigidoporus, Tremella, Trametes sp., etc., which play a vital role in various diseases because of several metabolic components and nutritional values. Medicinal mushrooms can be identified morphologically on the basis of their size, color (white, black, yellow, brown, cream, pink and purple-brown, etc.), chemical reactions, consistency of the stalk and cap, mode of attachment of the gills to the stalk, and spore color and mass, and further identified at a molecular level by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of gene sequencing. There are also other methods that have recently begun to be used for the identification of mushrooms such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), microscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), DNA sequencing, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), chemical finger printing, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-TOF) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Lately, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique is also used for the identification of fungi., Key Finding and Conclusion: Medicinal mushrooms possess various biological activities like anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, and many others that will be mentioned in this article. This manuscript will provide future direction, action mechanisms, applications, and the recent collective information of medicinal mushrooms. In addition to many unknown metabolites and patented active metabolites are also included., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Bhambri, Srivastava, Mahale, Mahale and Karn.)

The study is the first attempt to assess the role of climatic predictors in the rise of COVID-19 intensity in the Russian climatic region. The study used the Random Forest algorithm to understand the underlying associations and monthly scenarios. The results show that temperature seasonality (29.2 ± 0.9%) has the highest contribution for COVID-19 transmission in the humid continental region. In comparison, the diurnal temperature range (26.8 ± 0.4%) and temperature seasonality (14.6 ± 0.8%) had the highest impacts in the sub-arctic region. Our results also show that September and October have favorable climatic conditions for the COVID-19 spread in the sub-arctic and humid continental regions, respectively. From June to August, the high favorable zone for the spread of the disease will shift towards the sub-arctic region from the humid continental region. The study suggests that the government should implement strict measures for these months to prevent the second wave of COVID-19 outbreak in Russia.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an essential tool for metabolomics. In this research we have selected photosynthetic organs- leaf and sepal of a wild Indian tea tree from north-east India to study wild tea metabolites. The result of this study reveals that photosynthetic parts of wild Indian tea tree are rich in 'patchouli' components unlike established cultivated varieties which are known to be rich in polyphenols or flavonoids. Twenty six compounds were detected in sesquiterpene rich leaf while nineteen were detected in the waxy sepal. The remarkable outcome of this study is presence of fourteen 'patchouli' compounds including patchouli alcohol as the major compound (44.81% in leaf and 19.59% in sepal) which can promote this plant to a top-notch position in fields of botany, pharmaceuticals and essential oil industry by occupying the throne of patchouli.

Imaging in real time the complete dynamics of a process as fundamental as photoemission has long been out of reach because of the difficulty of combining attosecond temporal resolution with fine spectral and angular resolutions. Here, we achieve full decoding of the intricate angle-dependent dynamics of a photoemission process in helium, spectrally and anisotropically structured by two-photon transitions through intermediate bound states. Using spectrally and angularly resolved attosecond electron interferometry, we characterize the complex-valued transition probability amplitude toward the photoelectron quantum state. This allows reconstructing in space, time, and energy the complete formation of the photoionized wave packet.

The flow volume loop (FVL) is a graphic display of airflow against lung volumes at different levels obtained during the maximum inspiratory and expiratory maneuver. It is a simple and reproducible method of lung function assessment. A narrative review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were queried and reviewed for studies pertinent to the various FVLs abnormalities and their mechanisms from January 2020 to December 2020. We used the following search terms; flow-volume loop, upper airway obstruction, Obstructive airway disease, and spirometry.  Assessing the shape of the flow-volume loop is particularly helpful in diagnosing and localizing upper airway obstruction. They are also helpful in identifying bronchodilator response to treatment. Characteristic FVLs is also seen in patients with obstructive or restrictive lung disorders. Spirometry should be interpreted using the absolute values for flows and volumes as well as the flow volume and volume time curves.