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Objectives: The aim of the article was to evaluate Ki-67 expression in oral leukoplakia in snuff users and non-users. Study Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Setting: At different hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Period: From August 2016 –March 2017. Material & Methods: Clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of oral leukoplakia in snuff users and non-users 30 cases each were immunohistochemically examined and percentage expression of nuclear Ki-67 was evaluated by a semi quantitative method in basal, parabasal and suprabasal layers of the lining epithelium. Results: The relationship of expression of Ki-67 in parabasal and suprabasal layers of affected epithelium in snuff users was found to be statistically significant with a p value of 0.007 and 0.002 respectively. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the proliferative index is high in snuff users as compared to non-users which can be a factor for malignant transformation.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important cash crop of Pakistan. Groundnut has nutritional features like calcium, phosphorous, iron, zinc, proteins vitamin E and vitamin B complex. Little work has been done so far on groundnut quality aspects. Keeping this in mind present study was conducted comprising of eight groundnut genotypes collected from Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) Chakwal which were evaluated for quality traits and their inheritance mechanism during Kharif season, 2016. Biochemical analysis for different traits were performed like protein content, oil content, calcium, phosphorous, iron, amino acid and Aflatoxin. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis for ascertaining the significance of traits. Genotype 11CG005 gave good performance regarding oil content, iron content while genotype 11CG004 performed best for protein content and calcium content and it was also in safer limits for aflatoxin content. For phosphorous content, genotype 10CG008 gave best performance whereas genotype 11CG003 showed better results for amino acid content. High heritability with high genetic advance was showed by oil content, calcium content and protein content which indicated additive type of gene action for these traits while aflatoxin, amino acid, phosphorus and iron showed moderate heritability with little genetic advance which indicated predominance of non-additive type of gene action for the studied traits. The study is helpful in generating detailed information on quality traits of groundnut that can be used in future groundnut breeding programs of the country.

The IP multimedia subsystem represents an architectural framework to support multimedia-based services using internet protocol over wired and wireless media. These IP-based multimedia services rely on session initiation protocol (SIP) for creating, maintaining and terminating the communicative sessions, which underscores the efficiency and security of SIP protocol. Many SIP based authentication schemes have been put forward in the last decade, however with many limitations. Recently, Lu et al. and Chaudhary et al. presented SIP based authentication protocols. Then, Dongqing et al. discovered limitations in Lu et al. and Chaudhary et al. schemes, and presented an improved SIP authentication protocol. Nonetheless, we ascertain that Dongqing et al.’s protocol is prone to privileged insider attack, denial of service attack, and session specific ephemeral secret-leakage attack. Besides, this protocol assumes a strictly time synchronized system, which limits the practical effectiveness of the protocol for a real environment. We also propose an improved SIP authentication protocol that covers the limitations of Dongqing et al. protocol. Our scheme is formally proved as secure using BAN logic analysis. The performance analysis illustrates the comparison for related schemes with proposed scheme, which depicts the efficiency and robustness of the scheme over previous schemes.

Contamination of pre-urban arable land, by untreated municipal/industrial effluents derived heavy metals, is causing serious health hazards to human beings and abiotic components of the ecosystem. In this study, phytoremedial potential of four non-eatable floriculture plants, i.e. antirrhinum, pansy, calendula, and marigold, was explored by growing in heavy metal contaminated soil (collected from pre-urban area under untreated wastewater irrigation for more than 20 years) amended with bacterial inoculum and EDTA amended soils under greenhouse conditions for 75 days. Bacterial inoculation gave a maximum increase in the root (47.1%) and shoot (30.9%) biomass, while EDTA amendment gave 37.1 and 21.4%, respectively. However, EDTA application increases more metal concentrations in the root (65%) and shoot (36%) than that of bacterial inoculum, i.e. 37 and 27%, respectively. The values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) of all the plants for Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were significantly increased by EDTA application and bacterial inoculum over control. The BCF values were either ≈1 or1 in all the treatments in case of Cr. Ni and Pb. Contrarily, reduction in translocation factor (TF) values of all the flowering plants for all the metals were observed over control when the growth medium was treated with EDTA and bacterial inoculum.

One of the alternative ways of sugarcane sett planting is to sow excised sugarcane buds, popularly called as budchips. Despite the advantages of budchip technology, sugarcane growers are failed to achived higher production under field conditions due to rapid exhaustion of small sized storage tissue (budchip). Evaluate the role of varied concentrations of nephtahline acetic acid and calcium chloride on growth, production and quality of budships in semi-arid condition during two consecutive spring seasons of 2018 and 2019. Results from both years 2018 and 2019, showed that significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved in sprouting establishment (86%), leaf area index (11.98 and 11.96), leaf area duration (1272 and 1293 days), crop growth rate (11.58 and 11.02 g m-2 day-1), net assimilation rate (2.53 and 2.55 g m-2 day-1), cane height (203 and 224 cm), number of tillers m-2 (27 and 26), cane diameter (2.97 and 3.01 cm), stripped cane yield (101.98 and 98.52 t ha-1), commercial can sugar (14.45 and 14.39%), sugar yield (16.77 and 16.75 t ha-1) were recorded in budchips soaked with CaCl2 2% + NAA 2 ppm. In above studied traits, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) minimum was recorded in budchips soaked with CaCl2 0% + NAA 0 ppm (control). On the basis of above results, it might be recommended to farmers who want to adopt this budchip technology should soaked budchips within 2% solution of CaCl2 with 2 ppm NAA that was suitable for improving growth, yield and quality of sugarcane budchip.

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The present article discovers the new soliton wave solutions and their propagation in nonlinear low-pass electrical transmission lines (NLETLs). Based on an innovative Exp-function method, multitype soliton solutions of nonlinear fractional evolution equations of NLETLs are established. The equation is reformulated to a fractional-order derivative by using the Jumarie operator. Some new results are also presented graphically to understand the real physical importance of the studied model equation. The physical interpretation of waves is represented in the form of three-dimensional and contour graphs to visualize the underlying dynamic behavior of these solutions for particular values of the parameters. Moreover, the attained outcomes are generally new for the considered model equation, and the results show that the used method is efficient, direct, and concise which can be used in more complex phenomena.

Workers exposed to gender harassment and illegitimate tasks may experience adverse mental health outcomes such as depression and burnout. However, the longitudinal effects and the complex interrelationships between these variables remain largely unexplored. We investigated the cross-lagged relationships between gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and mental health outcomes among working adults in Sweden over a period of two years, as well as the gender differences in the cross-lagged effects. Additionally, the study examined whether illegitimate tasks mediated the relationship between gender harassment and negative mental health outcomes over time. Data were drawn from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH), covering 2796 working men and 4110 working women in a two-wave analysis from 2018 to 2020. We employed a structural equation model to examine the cross-lagged effects and the mediating effect between gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and mental health outcomes over time. Furthermore, we applied a multigroup analysis to determine gender differences in the cross-lagged effects. The results showed statistically significant cross-lagged relationships (forward, reverse, and reciprocal) between gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and mental ill-health. There were statistically significant gender differences in these cross-lagged relationships (burnout: △χ

This research article is aimed to investigate the behavior of 3D flow of nanofluid comprising of copper and aluminium oxide nanoparticles i.e. the importance of the solid particle to increase the thermal conductivity of nanofluid. The results confirm a high uptake of Cu-water nanofluid and Al2O3-water nanofluid compared to no, or low, uptake of the soluble nanomaterial. This article addresses incompressible viscous Cu-water and Al2O3-water nanofluid flow along a stretching cylinder. Influence of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are examined for the nanofluid. An encounter of entropy generation is also taken into account. The entire phenomena is considered for water as base fluid comprising nanoparticles (Copper and Aluminium Oxide). The equations obtained concerning the flow are being transformed using suitable transformations. The results are being evaluated numerically for the obtained equations. Graphical behavior of velocity, temperature, concentration and entropy generation is analyzed to perceive effect of diverse parameters. It is found that the larger values of curvature parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction enhances the velocity profile while the temperature profile decreases. The concentration at the surface decrease with the strength of the heterogeneous reaction parameter while show opposite trend for homogeneous reaction and Schmidt number. Entropy generation shows an enhancing trend for the curvature parameter, Eckert and Prandtl number while contradictory trend for temperature difference ratio parameter. Skin friction and Nusselt number are being examined through numerical values obtained.

We examine graphically the behavior of the dual solution of an unsteady incompressible viscous flow with heat transfer due to a moving porous surface. The mathematical model is developed with the implementation of conservation laws which are then tackled numerically, and the simulations are performed through the Keller–Box technique. Application of the Keller–Box technique allows the non-linear differential equations to transform to a scheme of linear differential equations which are easier to illuminate. Outcomes of velocity and thermal behavior are shown graphically for certain values of the dimensionless parameters. It is obvious from the results that temperature of fluid decreases with the increasing values of dimensionless Prandtl number Pr, whereas the velocity enhances for blowing situations.

Global efforts are in rapid progress to tackle the emerging conundrum of climate change-induced heat stress in grassland ecosystems. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (n-ZnO) are known to play a crucial role in plants' abiotic stress regulation, but its response in alfalfa against heat stress has not been explored. This study aimed at assessing the effects of n-ZnO on alfalfa under heat stress by various morpho-physiological and cellular approaches. Five-week-old alfalfa seedlings were subjected to foliar application of n-ZnO as a pretreatment before the onset of heat stress (BHS) to evaluate its effect on heat tolerance, and as a post-treatment after heat stress (AHS) to evaluate recovery efficiency. In vitro studies on Zn release from n-ZnO by Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) disclosed that the particle uptake and Zn release were concentration dependent. The uptake and translocation of n-ZnO examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM) reveling showed that n-ZnO was primarily localized in the vacuoles and chloroplasts. TEM images showed that ultrastructural modifications to chloroplast, mitochondria, and cell wall were reversible by highest dose of n-ZnO applied before heat stress, and damages to these organelles were not recoverable when n-ZnO was applied after heat stress. The results further enlightened that 90 mg L

BACKGROUND: Coronary angiography is a lifesaving procedure but not immune to complication. Complication rate fall dramatically in the last decade but still mild to severe complication pop up globally. The route of angiography, operator experience, selection of patient, tool and hardware of angiography are main predictors of complication. We conducted a study at our center to evaluate the incidence and difference of complication of angiography from radial and femoral route. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the difference in safety and efficacy between radial and femoral route for angiography. METHODOLOGY: Patients who presented to our center for angiography were admitted in cardiology ward. Patients were prepared for the procedure overnight. Diabetic patient received normal saline over night at rate of 10ml /hour for 12 hours. Patient whose serum creatinine was ≥ 2 mg/dl were excluded from the list. Patient randomly divided into two groups, group1 for radial artery approach and group 2 for femoral artery approach. Those patient in whom the radial route was not accessible due to any reason, cross over to femoral angiography. Patient demographic variable, duration of fluoroscopy, length of procedure, amount of contrast used, any complication during and after procedure, time to mobilization and duration of hospital stay were noted. These variables were analyzed on SPSS version 23 for mean, mode and any statistical significance. P value of RESULTS: Total no of patients were 1111. There were 682(61.38%) male and 429(38.61%) female patients. Patient with co-morbidity were 418(37.62%), including diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Mean age of patient for femoral procedure was 55.62±10.28 vs. 54.31±1.08 for radial procedure. Diabetic in femoral route procedure were 28.2% and 27.3% in radial route. About 48.5% were hypertensive in femoral route and 45.3% in radial group. Rate of complication were less in female gender for procedure from the radial route. Fluoroscopy time, radiation duration and CKD were noted having negative association with femoral route. Hospital stay was prolonged with femoral route. Pain, artery spasm and more contrast was noted in radial approach. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in major complication between radial and femoral route. Keywords: CAD, CKD, DAP, BMI, TVD, SVD, DVD, LMS.

s Drought stress is a severe global environmental concern for the growth and development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), which is crucial for agricultural sustainability owing to its high feed value and economic prospects. Melatonin (MT) has emerged as a multifaceted biomolecule that plays a fundamental role in regulating plants' multiple environmental stresses. However, the significant effect of exogenous MT on drought stress tolerance in the alfalfa forage crops remains inexpressible. We investigated the effects of foliar-sprayed melatonin at different doses (50, 100, 200 μM) on alfalfa seedlings' growth and physiological responses under drought stress. Our results showed that drought stress reduced morphological growth attributes (by 12 to 54%), gas exchange parameters (by 37 to 88%), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, and Chl b contents by 29%, and 40%), mineral contents, and increased lipid peroxidation (by 69%) and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in alfalfa plants. In contrast, exogenous foliar application of MT significantly revived growth characteristics, boosted antioxidant enzyme activities, improved photosynthetic performance, decreased ROS-induced oxidative damage by increasing plant mineral elements, and lowered lipid peroxidation in plants under drought stress. In addition, MT also stimulated the accumulation of total soluble sugar and proline content by 48% and by 75% respectively, which were positively associated with improved leaf water status in drought-stressed plants. Meanwhile, our findings revealed that the highest efficiency was achieved at 100 μM melatonin. In conclusion, these findings bring a new perspective on melatonin-mediated drought stress tolerance and provide a foundational understanding of alfalfa's future cultivation in drought-prone regions globally.

Determining boron requirement through sorption isotherms is considered more accurate than conventional soil testing. Boron requirements of chickpea leaves and seeds were assessed from yield response curves based on the model applied by boron fertilizer under field conditions. Boron sorption isotherms were constructed by using Talagang (Fluventic Camborthid) and Balkassar (Typic Haplustalf) soil series at Murat and Tatral, Punjab Province, Pakistan, varying in their calcium carbonate and clay contents. Adsorption isotherms were constructed by equilibrating 3g soil with 30ml of 0.01M calcium chloride solution containing varying amounts of boron (0 to 1.6mgkg���1 soil). Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to assess the boron sorption parameters. Langmuir showed a good fit of the sorption data (r2 = 0.99). Six soil solution boron levels (0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12mg l���1) were developed using sorption data and recommended N, P, and K rates were applied as basal dose. Boron application significantly increased grain yield and boron uptake by all the chickpea cultivars over native soil boron. Soil solution boron requirement of chickpea cultivars for near-maximum relative seed yield at both soils was approximately the same (0.02mg l���1). Internal boron requirement in leaves varied from 20-24mgkg���1 and in seed from 11-15mgkg���1. The study indicates that exploitation of the genetic variation in chickpea can help to avoid B deficiency or reduce B fertilizer requirements without affecting crop productivity., {"references":["Ahlawat IPS, Gangaiah B, Zadid MA. 2007. Nutrient management in chickpea. In: Yadav SS, Redden R, Chen W, Sharma B, Eds. Chickpea breeding and management. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom p. 213-232.","Arora S, Chahal DS. 2007. Comparison of kinetic models for boron adsorption in alluvium-derived soils of Punjab, India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 38, 523-532.","Bell RW, Dell B. 2008. Micronutrients for sustainable food, feed, fiber and bioenergy production. International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, France 175 p.","Bellaloui N, Brown PH, Dandekar AM. 1999. Manipulation of in vivo sorbitol production alters boron uptake and transport in tobacco. Plant Physiology 119, 735-741.","Ceyhan E, Onder M, Harmankaya M, Hamurcu M, Gezgin S. 2007. Response of chickpea cultivars to application of boron in boron-deficient calcareous soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 38, 2381-2399.","Communar G, Keren R. 2005. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport of boron in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, 311-317.","Couch EL, Grim RE. 1968. Boron fixation by illites. Clay Minerology 16, 249-256.","Cox FR, Nicholaides JJ, Reid PH, Hallock DC, Martins DC. 1976. 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Micronutrient (iron, zinc and boron) deficiencies are a basic and prominent factor affecting grape quality and yield in the Pothwar region. To overcome these deficiencies, different levels of micronutrients were applied foliarly on grapevines at five different berry developmental stages during two consecutive growing seasons (2018 and 2019). The data suggested that foliar treatment of micronutrients significantly increased the yield, number of bunches per vine, bunch weight, yield per vines, bunch length, berry number per cluster, berry diameter, berry weight and cluster compactness. The biochemical quality attributes of berries, including sugars (reducing, non-reducing as well as total sugars), ascorbic acid content, pH and TSS values, were at their highest levels in grapevines supplemented with Fe, Zn and B treatment at 200 ppm, respectively, i.e., the highest concentrations used. Biochemical leaf values, including chlorophyll a and b and leaf micronutrient content (Fe, Zn and B), were also highest in grapevines that were sprayed with Fe, Zn and B at 200 ppm. Overall, the results revealed that the performance of grapevine cv. ‘Flame Seedless’ growing in agroclimatic conditions of the Pothwar region was improved as a result of the foliar application of Fe, Zn and B at 200 ppm. The results also suggested that a further increase in the concentration of each nutrient might be helpful to obtain berries of improved quantity and quality.

Although the widespread use of nanoparticles has been reported in various fields, the toxic mechanisms of molecular regulation involved in the alfalfa treated by nanomaterials is still in the preliminary research stage. In this study, Bara 310 SC (Bara, tolerant genotype) and Gold Empress (Gold, susceptible genotype) were used to investigate how the leaves of alfalfa interpret the physiological responses to graphene stress based on metabolome and transcriptome characterizations. Herein, graphene at different concentrations (0, 1% and 2%, w/w) were selected as the analytes. Physiological results showed antioxidant defence system and photosynthesis was significantly disturbed under high environmental concentration of graphene. With Ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 406 metabolites were detected and 62/13 and 110/58 metabolites significantly changed in the leaves of Gold/Bara under the 1% and 2%-graphene treatments (w/w), respectively. The most important metabolites which were accumulated under graphene stress includes amino acids, flavonoids, organic acids and sugars. Transcriptomic analysis reveals 1125 of core graphene-responsive genes in alfalfa that was robustly differently expressed in both genotypes. And differential expression genes (DEGs) potentially related to photosynthetic enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, amino acids metabolism, and sucrose and starch metabolic which finding was supported by the metabolome study. Gold was more disturbed by graphene stress at both transcriptional and metabolic levels, since more stress-responsive genes/metabolites were identified in Gold. A comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data highlights the important role of amino acid metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways for graphene tolerance in alfalfa. Our study provide necessary information for better understanding the phytotoxicity molecular mechanism underlying nanomaterials tolerance of plant.

Peanut, the only cash crop of rainfed areas of Pakistan, is facing immense challenges due to global warming. Climatic factors particularly the temperature fluctuations and rain pattern shift significantly impact the production and yield of peanut and unavailability of resilient varieties exacerbate this impact. To deal with the cropping pattern change and yield losses, due to climate vagaries, a study was conducted to develop early maturing hybrids using line into tester mating design. The F

Objectives: To date, no optimal way of organizing and delivering care to hypertensive patients at the primary care level has been identified, due to which a significant number of patients fail to meet the treatment goals. The current study aimed to observe hypertension educational intervention's effect on general physicians (GPs) to indirectly improve blood pressure control and patient outcomes. Methodology: In this randomized control trial, GPs were divided into 2 groups, and both groups were asked to fill hypertension awareness questionnaire at baseline and after randomization. GPs of the group I received (1 day) face-to-face education with structured educational material on hypertension management strategies. GPs of group II received the print version of educational material (structured educational material) on strategies for structured hypertension management. Both GPs recruited 10 (5 newly diagnosed + 5 already diagnosed patients) from the study site. The patient was asked to fill hypertension awareness questionnaire at baseline and share a 12-hour blood pressure measurement. GPs and patients were reassessed after 3 months of intervention. Results: The Primary endpoint was achieved successfully, i.e., significant change between Pre & Post change blood pressure control. Both the Secondary endpoints were met with a notable change in practice specific to hypertension management as well as knowledge enhancement among GPs and patients regarding hypertension management. Conclusion: The overall effect of hypertension educational intervention for general physicians has indirectly improved blood pressure control and patient outcomes. The results of this study provide a foundation for developing a hypertension educational program targeted at general physicians.

Node failures are inevitable in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because sensor nodes in WSNs are miniature and equipped with small and often irreplaceable batteries. Due to battery drainage, sensor nodes can fail at any instance. Moreover, WSNs operate in hostile environments and environmental factors may also contribute to nodes failure. Failure of nodes leads to disruption of inter-node connectivity and might also lead to network partitioning. Failure to communicate with each other and with the base station can compromise the basic operation of the sensor network. For restoration of connectivity, a robust recovery mechanism is required. The existing connectivity restoration mechanisms suffer from shortcomings because they do not focus on energy-efficient operation and coverage-aware mechanisms while performing connectivity restoration. As a result, most of these mechanisms lead to the excessive mobility of nodes, which itself causes the utilization of excessive battery. In this work, we propose a novel technique called smart node relocation (SNR). SNR is capable of detecting and restoring the connectivity caused by either single or multiple node failures. For achieving energy efficiency, SNR relies on transmitting a lesser number of control packets. For achieving the goal of being coverage-aware, it tries to relocate only essential nodes while trying to restore connectivity. By performing extensive simulations, we prove that SNR outperforms the existing approaches concerning multiple performance metrics including but not limited to the total number of packets transmitted, total distance moved for connectivity restoration, the percentage reduction in field coverage.

Peaches are well-liked amongst the stone fruits in Pakistan. The peach industry faces significant losses, from harvesting to marketing. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of foliar sprays of salicylic acid (SA) on the fruit quality of peaches (cv. ‘Flordaking’) at the harvest and postharvest life or stages. Different concentrations of SA (control, 1, 2 and 3 mM) were sprayed on the plants at three growth stages of fruit, i.e., the cell division, cell enlargement and pit-hardening stages. In general, all the SA treatments improved the fruit quality at harvest and maintained higher levels of flesh firmness, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid during storage. However, fruit weight loss, soluble solid contents, membrane leakage, chilling injury, color development, disease and decay incidence and the climacteric peak of ethylene were lowered by SA treatment after six weeks of low-temperature storage. SA at a 3-mM concentration was proven to be the most effective in maintaining the quality for a longer period of time during low-temperature storage. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the application of SA at fruit development stages can improve the harvest quality and storability of ‘Flordaking’ peaches.

This research proposes a generic smart cloud-based system in order to accommodate multiple scenarios where agriculture farms using Internet of Things (IoTs) need to be monitored remotely. The real-time and stored data are analyzed by specialists and farmers. The cloud acts as a central digital data store where information is collected from diverse sources in huge volumes and variety, such as audio, video, image, text, and digital maps. Artificial Intelligence (AI) based machine learning models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), which is one of many classification types, are used to accurately classify the data. The classified data are assigned to the virtual machines where these data are processed and finally available to the end-users via underlying datacenters. This processed form of digital information is then used by the farmers to improve their farming skills and to update them as pre-disaster recovery for smart agri-food. Furthermore, it will provide general and specific information about international markets relating to their crops. This proposed system discovers the feasibility of the developed digital agri-farm using IoT-based cloud and provides solutions to problems. Overall, the approach works well and achieved performance efficiency in terms of execution time by 14%, throughput time by 5%, overhead time by 9%, and energy efficiency by 13.2% in the presence of competing smart farming baselines.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in most applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) for efficiently sensing the harsh environments, collecting important data, and sending them to the base station for further analysis. Therefore, the research community worldwide is actively participating in addressing and solving the challenges associated with WSNs. The common issue that is being studied and well-thought-out are how to increase the network's life span by resolving node failure problem and efficient energy utilization. This paper introduces a Cluster-based Node Recovery (CNR) connectivity restoration mechanism based on the concept of clustering. The proposed technique utilizes a distributed cluster-based approach to identify the failed nodes, while Cluster Heads (CHs) play a significant role in the restoration of connectivity. The simulation results show that the proposed technique efficiently addresses node failure and restores the connectivity by moving fewer nodes than other existing connectivity restoration mechanisms.

Achievement tests are used to characterize the proficiency of higher-education students. Item response theory (IRT) models are applied to these tests to estimate the ability of students (as latent ...

Encapsulated probiotic administration can be a nutritional strategy to improve the growth performance and immune status of fish. Here commercial application of encapsulated G. candidum was evaluated as a feed supplement to fingerlings of L. rohita reared in earthen ponds under semi-intensive culture conditions. Fingerlings with an average body weight of 20 ± 2.34 g were distributed randomly in three groups and experiment was conducted in triplicate. The control group (P0) was fed 35% protein basal diet while the two treated groups, P1 and P2 were fed basal diet supplemented with 109 CFU g−1 un-encapsulated (free) and encapsulated G. candidum, respectively, for eleven weeks. Results indicated significantly (P

Arsenic (As) concentrations in fine (2) and coarse (3) rice varieties belonging to Hafizabad, Gujranwala and Sheikhupura districts was assessed initially by means of field survey, followed by pot experiments. Bulk soil samples collected from same rice districts (Hafizabad and Gujtanwala) were spiked with As (0, 10, 20 mg kg−1) and each was amended with iron sulphate (0, 25, 50 g kg−1) to investigate their effect on plant growth and uptake under anaerobic conditions. Survey results revealed that mainly fine long grain (Super Basmati and KSK 515) and coarse long grain (Basmati 386 and Kainat) rice varieties were grown in the area. Overall, 16% rice grain samples were above the recommended permissible limit (RPL) of 300 mg kg−1. Among varieties, 24% grain samples of coarse and 12% of fine varieties had As concentration above the RPL. Results of pot experiments showed a significant decrease in straw and grain yield and increase in As concentration with increasing rates of As spiking. Paddy yield increased significantly when As spiked soils were amended with iron sulfate; and opposite was true for As concentration.

Composts especially spent mushroom composts (SMC) have been used for their ability to degrade toxic organic pollutants. Due to extreme toxicity, endosulfan (C9H6Cl6O3S) is categorized as a ...

Adsorption and desorption reactions at the solid phase–solution interface, play a significant role in controlling metal concentrations in soil solution and metal translocation to plants. Five predominant benchmarks soils of Pakistan were characterized for their lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) adsorption parameters by constructing equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The adsorption parameters (maximum adsorption capacity and affinity coefficient) were calculated by fitting measured adsorption data to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson adsorption models. Thermodynamic properties (Gibbs free energy—ΔG°, enthalpy—ΔH°, and entropy—ΔS°) were measured by equilibrating soils with Pb, Cd, and Ni solution at 25 ± 2 and 45 ± 2°C. The results revealed that the Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson adsorption models described metal adsorption data equally good. Langmuir’s predicted Pb, Cd, and Ni adsorption demonstrated better correlation with measured adsorption than Freundlich’s model. According to the maximum Pb, Cd, and Ni adsorption calculated by Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson models and Freundlich sorbate affinity to sorbent, the studied soils were formed the following sequence: Kotli > Miranpur > Gujranwala > Shahdara > Rasulpur. The magnitude of metal adsorption (b and qmon) and affinity (Kf) was highly correlated with the clay, soil organic matter, and iron and aluminum contents and cation exchange capacity. The measured metal adsorption in different soils followed the order: Pb > Cd > Ni. The magnitude of maximum Pb sorption (calculated by Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson models) was approximately two and four times higher than that for Cd and Ni, respectively. Similarly, the Freundlich’s sorbate affinity was also higher for Pb than for Cd and Ni. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the Pb, Cd, and Ni adsorption reactions were spontaneous and exothermic in nature, and the process was dominated by physical adsorption.

The solution of nonlinear mathematical models has much importance and in soliton theory its worth has increased. In the present article, we have investigated the Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon and Pochhammer-Chree equations, to discuss the physics of these equations and to attain soliton solutions. The exp(−ϕ(ζ ))-expansion technique is used to construct solitary wave solutions. A wave transformation is applied to convert the problem into the form of an ordinary differential equation. The drawn-out novel type outcomes play an essential role in the transportation of energy. It is noted that in the study, the approach is extremely reliable and it may be extended to further mathematical models signified mostly in nonlinear differential equations.

In this work, our main goal is to study a new wave behavior of the nonlinear system associated with ionic wave equations under the influence of the ponderomotive force caused by a nonlinear force experienced by a charged particle in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field due to high-frequency field. Another variation in the modified exp-function method has been developed to find progressive wave solutions for the system of sound waveform equations under the pressure of Langmuir wave. The algorithm presented in this work offers new solutions for the complex redundant functions of the nonlinear system in relation to the considered model. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of proposed algorithm.

This paper proposes a novel technique using fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in circulating mode to improve the performance of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) poloidal field (PF) converter systems. The accurate mathematical modeling of the complex system is challenging using conventional proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller. The novel approach using FLC overcomes the complexity of the modeling by human expert’s knowledge and experience. The FLC is considered for ITER PF converter system and compared with a conventional PI controller. The dynamic behavior and transient response of the PF converter system in the circulating mode are verified by analysis and simulation. The analysis results determine that the FLC can achieve better operation performance.

Swarm robotics is an emerging field of robotics and is envisioned to play a vital role in surveillance and search/rescue operations. Most of the existing works on swarm networked robotics address the problem of formation movement or the communication aspects within a swarm. However, none of the existing works consider multiple swarms. Even for the case of single swarms, researchers use unrealistic assumptions with respect to communication, leading to unrealistic results. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of multiple swarms considering realistic assumptions with respect to communication. To the best of our knowledge, it will be the first time where the performance is evaluated for the case of multiple swarms while considering realistic assumptions with respect to communication. Our simulation results shed light on the roles of three different types of communication associated with multiple swarms with respect to multiple performance metrics.

This paper presents a novel technique using a shunt active power filter (SAPF) control strategy to reduce the harmonics generated by the power converter. A three-phase SAPF using the Takagi...

Heavy metals phytoextraction potential of swollen duckweed (Lemna gibba Linn.) and lesser duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.) was determined under greenhouse conditions by exposing to untreated i...

The solution of nonlinear mathematical models has much importance and in soliton theory its worth has increased. In present article, a research has been conducted of Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon and Pochhammer-Chree (PC) equations, to discuss physics of these equations and to attain soliton solutions. -expansion technique is used to construct solitary wave solutions. Wave transformation is applied to convert problem in the form of ordinary differential equation. The drawn-out novel type outcomes play an essential role in the transportation of energy. It is noticed that under the study, the approach is extremely dependable and it may be prolonged to further mathematical models signified mostly in nonlinear differential equations.