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Introduction: Motivation for promotion comes when an individual choices the criterion of excellence in his activity. Every person chooses different problem solving styles some of which are constructive and lead to individual development, yet some are unorganized and prevent a person from progressing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between progressive motivation and problem-solving styles in Dezful medical students. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 120 students of Dezful University of Medical Sciences. A simple random sampling method was used. The data gathering tools were Hermann's standard development motive (T.M.A) and PSI-style questionnaire (PSS) of Cassidy-Wolong whose validity and reliability were confirmed in various studies. Results: The participants were 120 students with an average age of 21.21 ± 1. The average students’ achievement motivation score was very high. There was a relationship between the motivation of progress and the constructive styles of problem solving (creativity, trust, and tendency). Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a relationship between the motivation for progress and the constructive styles of problem solving (creativity, trust, and tendency). The motivation for advancement and creativity to solve problems can be strengthened from an early age with the training workshops, creative ways of dealing with later issues for individuals.

Abstract Systems for CRISPR-based combinatorial perturbation of two or more genes are emerging as powerful tools for uncovering genetic interactions. However, systematic identification of these relationships is complicated by sample, reagent, and biological variability. We develop a variational Bayes approach (GEMINI) that jointly analyzes all samples and reagents to identify genetic interactions in pairwise knockout screens. The improved accuracy and scalability of GEMINI enables the systematic analysis of combinatorial CRISPR knockout screens, regardless of design and dimension. GEMINI is available as an open source R package on GitHub at https://github.com/sellerslab/gemini.

Aviecennia marina (Avicenniaceae) is an endemic plant that widely distributed in the Southern parts of Iran. This plant has been used as treatment of rheumatism arthritis among the inhabitants of Southern parts of Iran. The Avicennia marina hydroalcoholic extract was prepared and its protective efficacy was investigated using measurement of ankle diameter, total WBC and RBC count, ESR, and Pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritic rat. The increment in ESR and total WBC, reduction in RBC count and hemoglobin levels observed in the arthritic animals were also found to be significantly restored in HEA treated rats. A. marina at 400 mg/Kg significantly decreases the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as normalizes ankle diameter of CFA rats. A. marina (400 mg/Kg) significantly normalizes changes observed in arthritic rats to near normal conditions, indicates that A. marina has promising protective efficacy against arthritic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The application of pharmaceutical herbs instead of synthetic drugs is increasing in recent years because of their lower side effects and high varieties of efficient components. The study of antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Avicennia marina leaf seems to be necessary due to the existence of antinociceptive compounds types such as steroids, phytoalexins, flavonoids, carboxylic acids, triterpenes and tannins and its use in traditional medicine for pain cure. According to growing trend of using of pharmaceutical herbs, biologically active compounds in harra, the existence of rich ecosystem of mangrove and unique growing of this plant in Bushehr province, Antinociceptive effects of harra using formalin test in rats in present study have investigated. Materials and Methods: This study contained 24 Wistar male rats with the weight of 180-200 g. Rats were divided into four groups (n=6 for each group) including Sham, Control, receiving morphine at dose of 2 mg/kg body weight, and Tests groups receiving hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The injection of extracts was done 15 minutes before formalin tests intraperitoneally. 0-5 and 20-60 minutes considered as acute and chronic phase respectively. Results: Avicennia marina has no effect on early response of pain but its effect on late phase of formalin test in chronic response of pain is significant (P<0.05). This effect was the same as morphine. According to our finding Avicennia marina extract significantly reduced pain sensation in inflammatory phase of formalin test. This may be due to its essential oil which has been reported to have antinociceptive effects. Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of A. marina has antinociceptive effect in both phases which is caused by formalin, and this effect may be because of the flavonoid and tannin components in plants, which have antinociceptive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) data reveals cellular level epigenetic heterogeneity but its application in delineating distinct subpopulations is still challenging. Here, the authors develop scABC, a statistical method for unsupervised clustering of scATAC-seq data and identification of open chromatin regions specific to cell identity.

Gout, a medical condition of acute inflammatory joint disorders, has been recognized from the antiquity. However, the name of Rhazes, a Persian historic physician who has described the etiology, signs, symptoms, epidemiology, treatment and prevention of this malady more than a thousand year ago, hasn't been taken into consideration appropriately. In this article, we studied and reported several chapters of Alhawi which is considered the most important Rhazes's medical textbook, focussing on his hypotheses because he has described this disease more manifestly. His original manuscripts are originally written in Arabic and they hadn't been translated to Persian until 1998. We intend to compare Rhazes opinions about gout with those of the literature in the area of rheumatology. According to our findings, Rhazes documented the symptoms of gout and categorized them scientifically. His insights about the treatment of gout, side effects of pharmacotherapy and management of the patients are so interesting and wonderful. Generally most of Rhazes viewpoints about gout are correct and compatible with recent findings. More investigation on Rhazes' viewpoints can guide us to propose more reliable hypothesis and schematize cost effective studies by delving into past medical records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The 32-base pair deletion on the C–C chemokine receptor 5 gene (CCR5-delta32) is known as a protective allele against immune system disorders. We have studied this variation in Iranian multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy controls. DNA samples were prepared from the whole blood of 254 patients with MS and 380 healthy controls. We amplified the fragment including the CCR5-delta32 polymorphism and visualized the products in a documentation system after agarose gel electrophoresis. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Fisher’s exact tests with SPSS-v13 and STATA-v8 software. The delta32 allele was more frequent in MS patients when compared with controls (OR = 2.3, P P  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid droplets sitting on nanowire (NW) tips constitute the starting point of the vapor–liquid–solid method of NW growth. Shape and volume of the droplet have been linked to a variety of growth phenomena ranging from the modification of growth direction, NW orientation, crystal phase, and even polarity. In this work we focus on numerical and theoretical analysis of the stability of liquid droplets on NW tips, explaining the peculiarity of this condition with respect to the wetting of planar surfaces. We highlight the role of droplet pinning at the tip in engineering the contact angle. Experimental results on the characteristics of In droplets of variable volume sitting on the tips or side facets of InAs NWs are also provided. This work contributes to the fundamental understanding of the nature of droplets contact angle at the tip of NWs and to the improvement of the engineering of such nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War stories are one of the most important genres in contemporary Persian literature. One of the motives in these stories is to refer to to some aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism. In this research, various aspects of this motive are studied. In this research, the ideological aspects of the representation of narrators of the stories about the Iran-Iraq war about Iranian nationalism (including the Pahlavi discourse) and Arab nationalism (including the Baath discourse) are investigated. For this purpose, the articulation of nationalism or challenging it in a corpus including thirty thousand pages of fictional works about the war (including works that are classified as "sacred defence stories" and works that have a different approach) is examined qualitatively in the framework of critical discourse analysis. Studying these works clarifies the link between the identity of discourse participants (producer and consumer) and their representation and interpretation methods. Analyzing these works shows that the works of the revolutionary authors challenge Iranian and Arab nationalism; constructing Islamic/Iranian opposition and supporting the Islamic side, and opposing modernism and Westernism in Iranian nationalism (and the Pahlavi discourse) are the important aspects of challenging this discourse. In some other works, where the authors have an Islamic-Iranian identity and do not make the opposition between Iranian and Islamic identity, the Pahlavi discourse, which articulates extreme Iranian nationalism, is challenged in terms of moderate and minimal nationalism. In some cases, some signs of extreme Iranian nationalism are articulated in the revolutionary works. In some other works whose authors' identities include aspects of cosmopolitanism, the extreme Iranian and Arab nationalistic values are mainly ignored, and the authors concentrate on cosmopolitan values or moderate and minimal nationalism.Keywords: Persian War Story, Iranian Nationalism, Arab Nationalism, Pahlavi, Ba’ath. IntroductionWar stories are one of the most important genres in contemporary Persian literature, but they have been studied less than other types of stories. In particular, the stories of the Iran-Iraq war, an event that the Iranian people are still connected with in different ways, have special importance. After more than three decades since the end of the war, there are deep and wide ideological conflicts in the explanation of its various aspects as well as between the various narratives of this event. Different attitudes in war stories show these conflicts explicitly or implicitly.These works show different aspects of the identity of their producers and consumers. Writers represent insiders and enemies in a special way, and this representation evokes different reactions in different groups of audiences. Audiences who have a shared identity with the authors consider their report to be true, while the author's representation and the reader's interpretation are influenced by their identity and ideological position. This ideological attitude of discourse participants is manifested in the linguistic application and analysis of these different aspects of power relations. One of the ideological aspects of Persian war stories, which is frequently observed in these works, is reproducing or challenging Iranian nationalism and challenging Arab nationalism. The ideology of nationalism has been the official ideology in Iran and Iraq for a historical period, and it has led to various conflicts between these two countries. In Iraq, Arab nationalism legitimated attacking Iran. In Iran, from the constitutional revolution to the present day, humiliating Arabs has been one of the basic aspects of nationalism. For this reason, taking a position in favor of or against nationalism in the war story shows reproducing social relations or changing them in the historical period after the war.Research Question(s)The research questions are:What is the general stance of war fiction works towards Iranian and Arab nationalism?What is the relationship between the identity of narrators and the general stance of stories towards Iranian and Arab nationalism? Literature ReviewThere are many studies that have been done about resistance literature; for example, the following can be mentioned: Mahmoudi (2012) shows that most women consider war stories as a medium to recount their problems. Hesaraki (2017) claims that the writers of the stories experienced the war themselves or heard the events of the war from the main characters and, inspired by real elements, have made changes in the process of war fiction. Salehi et al. (2018) conclude that the structure of the titles in the stories of the 1960s is very simple, and the authors choose titles that are more artistic in the following decades. Hanif (2012; 2010) investigated the evolution of war fiction, its adaptation patterns, and the influence of festivals on the audience. Soleimani (2002) has studied war literature in some sections; she pointed out the lack of artistic structure in some stories and considered it weak. Baronian (2007) has reviewed seven collections of short stories. In some parts of the book, the theoretical foundations and concepts of war are discussed, and various analyzes of the Iran-Iraq war are considered.As can be seen, there has not been detailed research on the different aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism in Persian war stories; this is despite the fact that the war story is one of the most important literary genres in contemporary literature and that nationalist ideas in various forms frequently appear in these works. This research aims to analyze the different aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism and the ideological conflicts arising from each of these stories. MethodologyThis research considers different aspects of the stance towards Iranian and Arab nationalism in Persian war stories. The population studied in this research includes about 30,000 pages of fictional and narrative war texts (specifically some narrates centered on memories of the people present in the war). These works are diverse in terms of general attitude; for example, some of them reproduce revolutionary and Islamic values, and some articulate the cosmopolitanism discourse.This research aims to analyze the different aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism and the ideological conflicts, based on Fairclough’s CDA. In some parts, it uses some aspects of Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of discourse, especially in the discussion about the discourse of nationalism and its moments articulated in different texts. The analysis of ideological language uses is based on systematic functional grammar (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014), especially his framework for analyzing experiential metafunction and lexical cohesion. In order to recognize ideological uses, this research applies Van Dijk's ideological square (Van Dijk, 1998: 267). ConclusionPersian war stories mention some aspects of extreme Iranian nationalism and Pahlavi discourse, on the one hand, and Arab nationalism and Ba’thism, on the other hand. Usually, these stories challenge these discourses. In such works, there are these aspects of Iranian nationalism:In some works, there are racial insults and prejudices against Arabs.Sometimes, Pahlavi's discourse is challenged in terms of nationalist values (in terms of moderate and minimal nationalism).There is an ideological conflict between nationalist and Islamic discourse in several works about people's names; the subjects of nationalist discourse choose ancient Iranian names, and the subjects of Islamic discourse choose Islamic names.In many works, there are reactions to modernism, Westernism, and opposition to Shar’ in the Pahlavi discourse (which is formed based on the ideology of extreme nationalism). and the Pahlavi discourse has been challenged because of those aspects.In connection with the discourse of Arab nationalism and Ba’thism, there are these aspects:Arab nationalism tries to create a link between Iranian Arabs and Arabs in Arabic countries, especially Iraq. However, writers of Persian war stories, by differentiating between Iranian Arabs and Iraqi Arabs, challenge Arab nationalism.In connection with the previous fact, Arab nationalists propose one Arab nation. The authors of Persian fiction reject this idea as a negative representation of the theorists of one Arab nation.In connection with the previous two facts, the Arab nationalists use Arabic geographical names for some regions of Khuzestan as an excuse to attack this part of Iran.

Background and Objectives: Joint disease, particularly rheumatoid arthritis is a debilitating problem of current communities. Because of probable anti-inflammatory characteristics of mangrove and its use in traditional medicine, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of mangrove leaf extract on the treatment of Wistar arthritic rats. Materials and Methods: Herbal extract (400 mg/kg body weight) and ibuprofen (53 mg/kg body weight) daily orally (gavage) in rat different groups were given for 21 days. Arthritis was induced with subcutaneous injection of 0.01 cc Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into the sub plantar area of right hind paw of rats. ESR, ankle joint diameter, and arthritis index parameters were evaluated in both groups. Data was analyzed by statistical methods. Results: ESR increased significantly (p<0.05) in arthritic group compared with normal group, but there were not any significant difference between mangrove extract and ibuprofen groups. In ankle diameter was increased significantly (p<0.05) after injury and because of the effect of extract and drug, paw swelling decreased from day 8 to 21. Conclusion: It seems that because of its different compounds, the mangrove leaf probably has been profound anti-inflammatory properties on the arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Increased industrial activities leads to prolonged human exposure to industrial pollutant such as cadmium (Cd). ‍Chronic exposure to Cd in Mammals and also human being, can cause damages to various organs and particularly kidneys and liver. The goal of this study was to investigate the prophylactic effects of combined selenium (Se) and ascorbic acid supplement in rat cadmium toxicity. Methods: Sixty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 10 groups: one control, one sham, and two clusters of 4 intervention groups which were fed with 1 or 5 mg Cd /kg water, for 28 days. The ascorbic acid supplement was added to the drinking water of four groups (10 mg/l). Four groups received intraperitoneal Se (1 mg/kg) at day 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25. Finally, Cd concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in liver and kidney sections. Furthermore, pathological changes were investigated in these sections. Results: The results showed weight gain in Cd groups which received ascorbic acid and Se, in contrast to weight loss in parallel groups without vitamin C and Se. The stronger necrosis and inflammation have been observed in group received 5 mg/kg Cd compared to group with 1 mg/kg Cd (p

An electrocardiogram (ECG) leads physicians to diagnose many potentially life-threatening cardiac, metabolic, electrolyte, and toxicological conditions. This study was designed to evaluate the competency of emergency medicine residents (EMRs) in comparison with cardiologists in the interpretation of ECG when an interpretation checklist is used. This clinical trial was done in the emergency wards of the first grand general hospital of Iran. Patients were categorized in three classes of disorder severity based on ECG abnormalities. The two stages of the study included the survey phase (Stage I), training phase and intervention phase (Stage II). Accuracy of ECG interpretation by EMRs and cardiologists was compared before and after using a Daily ECG Check List (DECKList). One hundred and fifty ECGs were evaluated in Stage I, before DECKList usage, and 150 ECGs were evaluated in stage II, after DECKList usage by EMRs. Mean age of participants was 60.13 years in Stage I and 61.66 years in Stage II. Stage I and II were similar to each other in terms of disorder severity (P=0.22). Mean the ECG interpretation score was significantly different between Stages I and II (P

Gout, a medical condition of acute inflammatory joint disorders, has been recognized from the antiquity. However, the name of Rhazes, a Persian historic physician who has described the etiology, signs, symptoms, epidemiology, treatment and prevention of this malady more than a thousand year ago, hasn't been taken into consideration appropriately. In this article, we studied and reported several chapters of Alhawi which is considered the most important Rhazes's medical textbook, focussing on his hypotheses because he has described this disease more manifestly. His original manuscripts are originally written in Arabic and they hadn't been translated to Persian until 1998. We intend to compare Rhazes opinions about gout with those of the literature in the area of rheumatology. According to our findings, Rhazes documented the symptoms of gout and categorized them scientifically. His insights about the treatment of gout, side effects of pharmacotherapy and management of the patients are so interesting and wonderful. Generally most of Rhazes viewpoints about gout are correct and compatible with recent findings. More investigation on Rhazes' viewpoints can guide us to propose more reliable hypothesis and schematize cost effective studies by delving into past medical records.

Carotid body tumors (CBTs) are rare, slow-growing tumors that should be considered in evaluating every lateral neck mass. This single center study was performed to define demographic features, clinical characteristics and remedies of Iranian patients with CBT. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was done on 45 patients with 50 CBTs who have been referred to Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran, during a 10-year period, were investigated in this study. The demographic characteristics, clinical and pathologic features, imagings, preoperative treatments, surgical approach and complications were analyzed. The study group predominantly consisted of females (82%). Age of diagnosis was 18 to 75 years old. Five patients had bilateral CBT. Family history of CBT was positive in seven patients. Most of CBTs were ≤ 3cm in size. All of the patients presented with a neck mass, mostly without pain (84%). Other symptoms included vertigo 4%, dysphasia 4% and tinnitus 2%. There was no patient with cranial nerve involvement at presentation. The most common imaging helping the diagnosis was color Doppler sonography. Three patients had preoperative embolization. All patients underwent surgery and seven patients had post-operative cranial nerve injury. Nine cases underwent external carotid artery ligation and four ones had external carotid repair. Post operative mortality rate was one patient. This study provides epidemiological data on patients with CBT in Iran, which could be useful for health care workers in prompt diagnosis and appropriate work ups for patient's families in bilateral CBTs.