Author: "Madec, Gurvan" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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813 results on '"Madec, Gurvan"'

201. Influence of upper ocean stratification interannual variability on tropical cyclones

Author: Vincent, Emmanuel M., Emanuel, Kerry A., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, Madec, Gurvan, Vincent, Emmanuel M., Emanuel, Kerry A., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: Climate modes, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influence Tropical Cyclones (TCs) interannual activity through their effect on large-scale atmospheric environment. These climate modes also induce interannual variations of subsurface oceanic stratification, which may also influence TCs. Changes in oceanic stratification indeed modulate the amplitude of TCs-induced cooling, and hence the negative feedback of air-sea interactions on the TC intensity. Here we use a dynamical downscaling approach that couples an axisymmetric TC model to a simple ocean model to quantify this interannual oceanic control on TC activity. We perform twin experiments with contrasted oceanic stratifications representative of interannual variability in each TC-prone region. While subsurface oceanic variations do not significantly affect the number of moderate (Category 3 or less) TCs, they do induce a 30% change of Category 5 TC-days globally, and a 70% change for TCs exceeding 85 m s−1. TCs in the western Pacific and the southwestern Indian Ocean are most sensitive to oceanic interannual variability (with a ∼10 m s−1 modulation of the intensity of strongest storms at low latitude), owing to large upper ocean variations in response to ENSO. These results imply that a representation of ocean stratification variability should benefit operational forecasts of intense TCs and the understanding of their climatic variability.
Published: 2014

202. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states

Author: Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Yeager, Steve G., Bailey, David, Behrens, Erik, Bentsen, Mats, Bi, Daohua, Biastoch, Arne, Böning, Claus W., Bozec, Alexandra, Canuto, Vittorio M., Cassou, Christophe, Chassignet, Eric, Coward, Andrew C., Danilov, Sergey, Diansky, Nikolay, Drange, Helge, Farneti, Riccardo, Fernandez, Elodie, Fogli, Pier Giuseppe, Forget, Gael, Fujii, Yosuke, Griffies, Stephen M., Gusev, Anatoly, Heimbach, Patrick, Howard, Armando, Jung, Thomas, Kelley, Maxwell, Large, William G., Leboissetier, Anthony, Lu, Jianhua, Madec, Gurvan, Marsland, Simon J., Masina, Simona, Navarra, Antonio, George Nurser, A.J., Pirani, Anna, y Mélia, David Salas, Samuels, Bonita L., Scheinert, Markus, Sidorenko, Dmitry, Treguier, Anne-Marie, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Uotila, Petteri, Valcke, Sophie, Voldoire, Aurore, Wang, Qiang, Danabasoglu, Gokhan, Yeager, Steve G., Bailey, David, Behrens, Erik, Bentsen, Mats, Bi, Daohua, Biastoch, Arne, Böning, Claus W., Bozec, Alexandra, Canuto, Vittorio M., Cassou, Christophe, Chassignet, Eric, Coward, Andrew C., Danilov, Sergey, Diansky, Nikolay, Drange, Helge, Farneti, Riccardo, Fernandez, Elodie, Fogli, Pier Giuseppe, Forget, Gael, Fujii, Yosuke, Griffies, Stephen M., Gusev, Anatoly, Heimbach, Patrick, Howard, Armando, Jung, Thomas, Kelley, Maxwell, Large, William G., Leboissetier, Anthony, Lu, Jianhua, Madec, Gurvan, Marsland, Simon J., Masina, Simona, Navarra, Antonio, George Nurser, A.J., Pirani, Anna, y Mélia, David Salas, Samuels, Bonita L., Scheinert, Markus, Sidorenko, Dmitry, Treguier, Anne-Marie, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Uotila, Petteri, Valcke, Sophie, Voldoire, Aurore, and Wang, Qiang
Abstract: Highlights: • Phase II of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II) is introduced. • Solutions from CORE-II simulations from eighteen participating models are presented. • Mean states in the North Atlantic with a focus on AMOC are examined. • The North Atlantic solutions differ substantially among the models. • Many factors, including parameterization choices, contribute to these differences. Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean–sea-ice coupled models are presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and other related fields in the North Atlantic. These experiments use inter-annually varying atmospheric forcing data sets for the 60-year period from 1948 to 2007 and are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The protocol for conducting such CORE-II experiments is summarized. Despite using the same atmospheric forcing, the solutions show significant differences. As most models also differ from available observations, biases in the Labrador Sea region in upper-ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, mixed layer depths, and sea-ice cover are identified as contributors to differences in AMOC. These differences in the solutions do not suggest an obvious grouping of the models based on their ocean model lineage, their vertical coordinate representations, or surface salinity restoring strengths. Thus, the solution differences among the models are attributed primarily to use of different subgrid scale parameterizations and parameter choices as well as to differences in vertical and horizontal grid resolutions in the ocean models. Use of a wide variety of sea-ice models with diverse snow and sea-ice albedo treatments also contributes to these differences. Based on the diagnostics considered, the majority of the models appear suitable for use in studies involving the North Atlantic, but some models require dedicated deve
Published: 2014
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203. A systematic approach to identify the sources of tropical SST errors in coupled models using the adjustment of initialised experiments

Author: Vannière, Benoît, Guilyardi, Eric, Toniazzo, Thomas, Madec, Gurvan, Woolnough, Steve, Vannière, Benoît, Guilyardi, Eric, Toniazzo, Thomas, Madec, Gurvan, and Woolnough, Steve
Abstract: Understanding the sources of systematic errors in climate models is challenging because of coupled feedbacks and errors compensation. The developing seamless approach proposes that the identification and the correction of short term climate model errors have the potential to improve the modeled climate on longer time scales. In previous studies, initialised atmospheric simulations of a few days have been used to compare fast physics processes (convection, cloud processes) among models. The present study explores how initialised seasonal to decadal hindcasts (re-forecasts) relate transient week-to-month errors of the ocean and atmospheric components to the coupled model long-term pervasive SST errors. A protocol is designed to attribute the SST biases to the source processes. It includes five steps: (1) identify and describe biases in a coupled stabilized simulation, (2) determine the time scale of the advent of the bias and its propagation, (3) find the geographical origin of the bias, (4) evaluate the degree of coupling in the development of the bias, (5) find the field responsible for the bias. This strategy has been implemented with a set of experiments based on the initial adjustment of initialised simulations and exploring various degrees of coupling. In particular, hindcasts give the time scale of biases advent, regionally restored experiments show the geographical origin and ocean-only simulations isolate the field responsible for the bias and evaluate the degree of coupling in the bias development. This strategy is applied to four prominent SST biases of the IPSLCM5A-LR coupled model in the tropical Pacific, that are largely shared by other coupled models, including the Southeast Pacific warm bias and the equatorial cold tongue bias. Using the proposed protocol, we demonstrate that the East Pacific warm bias appears in a few months and is caused by a lack of upwelling due to too weak meridional coastal winds off Peru. The cold equatorial bias, which surprisi
Published: 2014

204. The upper Bay of Bengal salinity structure in a high-resolution model

Author: Benshila, Rachid, Durand, Fabien, Masson, Sébastien, Bourdallé-Badie, Romain, de Boyer Montégut, Clement, Papa, Fabrice, Madec, Gurvan, Benshila, Rachid, Durand, Fabien, Masson, Sébastien, Bourdallé-Badie, Romain, de Boyer Montégut, Clement, Papa, Fabrice, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: Salinity in the Bay of Bengal is highly heterogeneous, with extremely fresh waters found at the surface in the Northern part of the basin, and saltier waters at subsurface as well as to the south. This paper investigates the seasonal structure of sea surface salinity of the Bay in a regional high-resolution model forced by ERA-Interim reanalysis and various precipitation products. Surface circulation is believed to drive the spreading of northern Bay of Bengal fresh waters to the rest of the Indian Ocean. We first present a series of experiments to infer the sensitivity of modeled circulation to various numerical choices. Surface circulation is found to be sensitive to the horizontal resolution of the model, with the 1/12° version appearing much more realistic than the 1/4° version. The sidewall boundary condition is also drastically influencing the characteristics of the western boundary current simulated. We then investigate the sensitivity of the salinity response to the various precipitation products. We observe that ERA-Interim excess precipitation induces a fresh bias in the surface salinity response. Spaceborne precipitation products are more satisfactory. We then identify the pathways of the northern Bay freshwater mass, based on passive tracers experiments. Our model suggests that over timescales of a few months, vertical exchanges between the upper fresh layer and the underlying saltier layer appear to be the main export pathway for the freshwater. The horizontal circulation within the mixed layer also acts to convey fresh waters out of the Bay at these timescales, but in a lesser quantity compared to the vertical export. Beyond its intrinsic interest for the understanding of Bay of Bengal physics, this study highlights the need for a careful design of any realistic numerical model, in three key aspects: the choice of the resolution of the model, the choice of the sub-grid scale parameterizations, and the choice of the forcing fluxes.
Published: 2014

205. Influence of Indian Ocean Dipole and Pacific recharge on following year’s El Niño: interdecadal robustness

Author: Izumo, Takeshi, Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, Luo, Jing-Jia, Yamagata, Toshio, Madec, Gurvan, Izumo, Takeshi, Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, Luo, Jing-Jia, Yamagata, Toshio, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) can affect the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) state of the following year, in addition to the well-known preconditioning by equatorial Pacific Warm Water Volume (WWV), as suggested by a study based on observations over the recent satellite era (1981–2009). The present paper explores the interdecadal robustness of this result over the 1872–2008 period. To this end, we develop a robust IOD index, which well exploits sparse historical observations in the tropical Indian Ocean, and an efficient proxy of WWV interannual variations based on the temporal integral of Pacific zonal wind stress (of a historical atmospheric reanalysis). A linear regression hindcast model based on these two indices in boreal fall explains 50 % of ENSO peak variance 14 months later, with significant contributions from both the IOD and WWV over most of the historical period and a similar skill for El Niño and La Niña events. Our results further reveal that, when combined with WWV, the IOD index provides a larger ENSO hindcast skill improvement than the Indian Ocean basin-wide mode, the Indian Monsoon or ENSO itself. Based on these results, we propose a revised scheme of Indo-Pacific interactions. In this scheme, the IOD–ENSO interactions favour a biennial timescale and interact with the slower recharge-discharge cycle intrinsic to the Pacific Ocean.
Published: 2014

206. On the representation of the ACC circulation around the Kerguelen Plateau in an OGCM

Author: Roquet, Fabien, Park, Young-Hyang, Madec, Gurvan, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; Due to its great meridional extent and relatively shallow depths, the Kerguelen Plateau constitutes a major barrier to the eastward flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. While most of the ACC transport is deflected north of the Kerguelen Islands, the remainder (~50 x 106 m3 s-1) must pass south of the islands, most probably through the Fawn Trough (56°S, 77°E, 2650m) and Princess Elizabeth Trough (64°S, 82°E, 3650 m). Yet, lack of observations in this area still hampers our knowledge on the exact partitioning and its temporal variability of the circumpolar flow through the abovementioned three passages. We have developed a regional configuration of the Southern Indian Ocean using the eddy-permitting (1/4°) global ocean/sea-ice model NEMO. A 20-year long simulation has been performed, using the open boundary conditions derived from the KAB001 interannual experiment. The KAB001 experiment is characterized by a slight 3D TS restoring in polar areas, which allows the continuous maintaining of adequate bottom properties around Antarctica, and thus yielding a realistic and stable ACC transport (~150 x 106 m3 s-1 at Drake Passage). The main ACC veins detected from satellite and in situ observations are consistently well represented in our regional model. In particular, the presence of a strong topographically controlled northeastward current through the Fawn Trough channelling most of the Enderby Basin water has been confirmed. The lagrangian diagnostic tool ARIANE has been used on the model velocity field to show the ACC circulation splitting into several branches. It also allows a precise diagnostic of the temporal variability of these branches as well as the transformation of water masses along their trajectories. We verified that the area just downstream of the Fawn Trough in the Australian-Antarctic Basin is an outstanding region of enhanced water mass transformation where waters of different origins collide and mix.
Published: 2009

207. Origin and mechanism of Subantarctic mode water formation and transformation in the southern Indian Ocean

Author: Atmadipoera, A., Molcard, R., Madec, Gurvan, Wijffels, S., Sprintall, J., Koch-Larrouy, Ariane, Jaya, I., and Supangat, A.
Published: 2009

208. OPA-9: French experiments on the Earth Simulator and Teraflop workbench timings

Author: Masson, Sébastien, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Madec, Gurvan, Hua, Bach Lien, Lévy, Marina, Sasaki, H., Takahashi, Keiko, Svensson, F., Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Earth Simulator Center [Yokohama], Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Resch, M., Roller, S., Lammers, P., Furui, T., Galle, M. and Bez, W., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2008

209. Mean circulations and variability between 1958 and 2004 as simulated by the DAKKAR eddy permitting 1/4° global ocean/sea ice model driven by CORE or ERA40 atmospheric forcing

Author: Barnier, Bernard, Penduff, Thierry, Molines, Jean-Marc, Tréguier, Anne-Marie, Biastoch, Arne, Madec, Gurvan, Böning, Claus W., Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2007

210. Indonesian throughflow control of the eastern equatorial Pacific biogeochemistry

Author: Gorgues, Thomas, Menkès, Christophe E., Aumont, Olivier, Dandonneau, Yves, Madec, Gurvan, Rodgers, Keith B., Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; Two model simulations were performed to address the influence of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) on the biogeochemical state of the equatorial Pacific. A simulation where the ITF is open is compared with an experiment where it is closed, and it is first shown that the impacts on the physical circulation are consistent with what has been found in previous modelling studies. In terms of biochemistry, closing the ITF results in increased iron concentration at the origin of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). But the 11Sv of water otherwise transferred to the Indian Ocean remain in the equatorial Pacific, which result in a 30 m deepening of the thermocline/ferricline in the eastern Pacific. This deepening decreases the iron concentration of the equatorial wind driven upwelled water and cancels the iron increase advected by the EUC. The iron decrease of the equatorial upwelled water leads to decrease primary production by 15% along the equator.
Published: 2007

211. Simulation de l'évolution récente et future du climat par les modèles du CNRM et de l'IPSL

Author: Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Salas y Mélia, David, Denvil, Sébastien, Tyteca, Sophie, Arzel, Olivier, Bony, Sandrine, Braconnot, Pascale, Brockmann, Patrick, Cadule, Patricia, Caubel, Arnaud, Chauvin, Fabrice, Déqué, Michel, Douville, Hervé, Fairhead, Laurent, Fichefet, Thierry, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Guérémy, Jean-François, Hourdin, Frédéric, Idelkadi, Abderrahmane, Lévy, Claire, Madec, Gurvan, Marquet, Pascal, Marti, Olivier, Musat, Ionela, Planton, Serge, Royer, Jean-François, Swingedouw, Didier, Voldoire, Aurore, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astronomie et de Géophysique Georges Lemaître (UCL-ASTR), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract: National audience; In support of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that should appear in early 2007, modelling groups world-wide have performed a huge coordinated exercise of climate change runs for the 20th and 21st century. In this paper we present the results of the two french climate models, from CNRM and IPSL. In particular we emphasise the progress made since the previous IPCC report and we identify which results are comparable among models and which strongly differ.; Dans le cadre de la préparation du 4e rapport du Groupe Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat (GIEC) qui doit paraître début 2007, les principales équipes de modélisation du climat de part le monde ont réalisé un important exercice coordonné de simulation de l'évolution du climat au cours du 20e et du 21e siècle. Nous présentons ici les résultats obtenus par les modèles du CNRM et de l'IPSL, en évoquant les progrès réalisés depuis le précédent rapport du GIEC. Nous replacerons également nos résultats par rapport à ceux des autres modèles, et indiquerons les résultats qui sont communs à l'ensemble des modèles et ceux qui peuvent être différents.
Published: 2006

212. Recent and futur climate change as simulated by the CNRM and IPSL models

Author: Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Salas Y Mélia, David, Denvil, Sébastien, Tyteca, Sophie, Arzel, Olivier, Bony, Sandrine, Braconnot, Pascale, Brockmann, Patrick, Cadule, Patricia, Caubel, Arnaud, Chauvin, Fabrice, Déqué, Michel, Douville, Hervé, Fairhead, Laurent, Fichefet, Thierry, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Guérémy, Jean-François, Hourdin, Frédéric, Idelkadi, Abderrahmane, Lévy, Claire, Madec, Gurvan, Marquet, Pascal, Marti, Olivier, Musat, Ionela, Planton, Serge, Royer, Jean-François, Swingedouw, Didier, Voldoire, Aurore, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astronomie et de Géophysique Georges Lemaître (UCL-ASTR), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract: National audience; In support of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that should appear in early 2007, modelling groups world-wide have performed a huge coordinated exercise of climate change runs for the 20th and 21st century. In this paper we present the results of the two french climate models, from CNRM and IPSL. In particular we emphasise the progress made since the previous IPCC report and we identify which results are comparable among models and which strongly differ.; Dans le cadre de la préparation du 4e rapport du Groupe Intergouvernemental sur l'Evolution du Climat (GIEC) qui doit paraître début 2007, les principales équipes de modélisation du climat de part le monde ont réalisé un important exercice coordonné de simulation de l'évolution du climat au cours du 20e et du 21e siècle. Nous présentons ici les résultats obtenus par les modèles du CNRM et de l'IPSL, en évoquant les progrès réalisés depuis le précédent rapport du GIEC. Nous replacerons également nos résultats par rapport à ceux des autres modèles, et indiquerons les résultats qui sont communs à l'ensemble des modèles et ceux qui peuvent être différents.
Published: 2006

213. What does vertical velocity tell about the behavior of numerical schemes

Author: Le Sommer, Julien, Penduff, Thierry, Madec, Gurvan, Theetten, Sébastien, Barnier, Bernard, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2006

214. Recent progresses in modelling the ocean general circulation at eddy permitting resolution

Author: Barnier, Bernard, Penduff, Thierry, Molines, Jean-Marc, Tréguier, Anne-Marie, Madec, Gurvan, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2006

215. Le modèle DRAKKAR de la variabilité océanique globale, 1958-2004

Author: Molines Jean-Marc, Treguier, Anne-Marie, Barnier, Bernard, Brodeau Laurent, Le Sommer Julien, Madec Gurvan, Penduff Thierry, Sébastien Theetten, Drillet Yann, Talandier Claude, Orr James, and Lachkar Zouair
Published: 2006

216. The new IPSL climate system model: IPSL-CM4

Author: Marti, Olivier, Braconnot, Pascale, Bellier, Jacques, Benshila, Rachid, Bony, Sandrine, Brockmann, Patrick, Cadule, Patricia, Caubel, Arnaud, Denvil, Sébastien, Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Fairhead, Laurent, Filiberti, Marie-Angèle, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Fichefet, Thierry, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Gosse, H., Grandpeix, Jean-Yves, Hourdin, Frédéric, Krinner, Gerhard, Lévy, Claire, Madec, Gurvan, Musat, I., de Noblet, Nathalie, Polcher, Jan, Talandier, Claude, Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), IPSL, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Aptel, Florence
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: The estimate of future climate change and of its impact on the environment requires to increase our knowledge of the complex interactions between the atmosphere, the ocean, sea-ice, land surfaces and glaciers. These components are coupled through the cycles of energy and water, but also through biogeochemical cycles such as the carbon or the ozone cycles. One of the goals of the IPSL modeling community is to study how these different couplings can modulate climate and climate variability, and to determine how feedbacks in the Earth system control the response of climate to a perturbation such as the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. For this purpose, the Earth system model of the IPSL is developed as a modular suite of model components of the Earth system that can be use either as stand alone models or coupled to each other. This note presents the new features and results of the last version of the global IPSL coupled model that will be used to run the set of simulations planned for the next IPCC assessment. In particular, chapter 2 presents the model components of the coupled system, highlighting important features for the coupling or the quality of model simulations. Chapter 3 synthesise all the coupling procedures and the coupling environment, and chapter 4 discussed the major characteristics of the model climatology.
Published: 2006

217. DRAKKAR : La circulation océanique de l'Atlantique Nord et des Mers Nordiques : variabilité, processus, et interactions avec l'océan global

Author: Penduff, Thierry, Barnier, Bernard, Tréguier, Anne-Marie, Madec, Gurvan, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2005

218. Deep circulation driven by strong vertical mixing in the Timor Basin.

Author: Cuypers, Yannis, Pous, Stephane, Sprintall, Janet, Atmadipoera, Agus, Madec, Gurvan, and Molcard, Robert
Subjects: OCEAN circulation, HEAT transfer, DIFFUSION, TIDES, PARAMETERIZATION
Abstract: The importance of deep mixing in driving the deep part of the overturning circulation has been a long debated question at the global scale. Our observations provide an illustration of this process at the Timor Basin scale of ∼1000 km. Long-term averaged moored velocity data at the Timor western sill suggest that a deep circulation is present in the Timor Basin. An inflow transport of ∼0.15 Sv is observed between 1600 m and the bottom at 1890 m. Since the basin is closed on its eastern side below 1250 m depth, a return flow must be generated above 1600 m with a ∼0.15 Sv outflow. The vertical turbulent diffusivity is inferred from a heat and transport balance at the basin scale and from Thorpe scale analysis. Basin averaged vertical diffusivity is as large as 1 × 10 m s. Observations are compared with regional low-resolution numerical simulations, and the deep observed circulation is only recovered when a strong vertical diffusivity resulting from the parameterization of internal tidal mixing is considered. Furthermore, the deep vertical mixing appears to be strongly dependent on the choice of the internal tide mixing parameterization and also on the prescribed value of the mixing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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219. Sensitivity studies in the ¼° global ocean/sea-ice DRAKKAR model

Author: Penduff, Thierry, Barnier, Bernard, Molines, Jean-Marc, Tréguier, Anne-Marie, Madec, Gurvan, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2005

220. The DRAKKAR global ¼° ocean model for MERSEA

Author: Penduff, Thierry, Barnier, Bernard, Le Sommer, Julien, Madec, Gurvan, Molines, Jean-Marc, Theetten, Sébastien, Tréguier, Anne-Marie, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2005

221. DRAKKAR: Realistic ice-ocean models to support space oceanography

Author: Penduff, Thierry, Barnier, Bernard, Tréguier, Anne-Marie, Böning, Claus W., Madec, Gurvan, Gulev, Sergei K., Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2004

222. Processes driving intraseasonal displacements of the eastern edge of the warm pool: the contribution of westerly wind events

Author: Drushka, Kyla, primary, Bellenger, Hugo, additional, Guilyardi, Eric, additional, Lengaigne, Matthieu, additional, Vialard, Jérôme, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2014
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223. Influence of upper ocean stratification interannual variability on tropical cyclones

Author: Vincent, Emmanuel M., primary, Emanuel, Kerry A., additional, Lengaigne, Matthieu, additional, Vialard, Jérôme, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2014
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224. The upper Bay of Bengal salinity structure in a high-resolution model

Author: Benshila, Rachid, primary, Durand, Fabien, additional, Masson, Sébastien, additional, Bourdallé-Badie, Romain, additional, de Boyer Montégut, Clement, additional, Papa, Fabrice, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2014
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225. A systematic approach to identify the sources of tropical SST errors in coupled models using the adjustment of initialised experiments

Author: Vannière, Benoît, primary, Guilyardi, Eric, additional, Toniazzo, Thomas, additional, Madec, Gurvan, additional, and Woolnough, Steve, additional
Published: 2014
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226. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states

Author: Danabasoglu, Gokhan, primary, Yeager, Steve G., additional, Bailey, David, additional, Behrens, Erik, additional, Bentsen, Mats, additional, Bi, Daohua, additional, Biastoch, Arne, additional, Böning, Claus, additional, Bozec, Alexandra, additional, Canuto, Vittorio M., additional, Cassou, Christophe, additional, Chassignet, Eric, additional, Coward, Andrew C., additional, Danilov, Sergey, additional, Diansky, Nikolay, additional, Drange, Helge, additional, Farneti, Riccardo, additional, Fernandez, Elodie, additional, Fogli, Pier Giuseppe, additional, Forget, Gael, additional, Fujii, Yosuke, additional, Griffies, Stephen M., additional, Gusev, Anatoly, additional, Heimbach, Patrick, additional, Howard, Armando, additional, Jung, Thomas, additional, Kelley, Maxwell, additional, Large, William G., additional, Leboissetier, Anthony, additional, Lu, Jianhua, additional, Madec, Gurvan, additional, Marsland, Simon J., additional, Masina, Simona, additional, Navarra, Antonio, additional, George Nurser, A.J., additional, Pirani, Anna, additional, y Mélia, David Salas, additional, Samuels, Bonita L., additional, Scheinert, Markus, additional, Sidorenko, Dmitry, additional, Treguier, Anne-Marie, additional, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, additional, Uotila, Petteri, additional, Valcke, Sophie, additional, Voldoire, Aurore, additional, and Wang, Qiang, additional
Published: 2014
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227. Temporal and Spatial Structure of the Eddy Flow in the Atlantic Ocean Between 1980 and 2000: Validation of the 1/6° CLIPPER Model Simulation Versus the WOCE Current Meter Database

Author: Barnier, Bernard, Penduff, Thierry, Le Delliou, C., Molines, Jean-Marc, Tréguier, Anne-Marie, Madec, Gurvan, Le Provost, Christian, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2003

228. Extratropical sources of equatorial Pacific upwelling in an OGCM

Author: Rodgers, Keith B., Blanke, Bruno, Madec, Gurvan, Aumont, Olivier, Ciais, Philippe, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], CIRCULATION OCEANIQUE, UPWELLING, MODELISATION, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract: International audience; [1] The extratropical sources of equatorial undercurrent (EUC) water have been identified for an ocean circulation model using Lagrangian trajectory analysis. It has been found that the EUC waters emenate from a wide range of latitudes in the Pacific basin, with its densest constituent watermass being Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) from 50°S. Further analysis of the basin-scale circulation fields has revealed significant advective diapycnal mass fluxes associated with intergyre exchange. As a result of these diapycnal mass fluxes, the EUC transport as a function of density at 151°W (an Eulerian diagnostic) looks quite different from the original subduction rate as a function of density for the same collection of water particles. This implicates diapycnal vertical mixing as an important player in determining the preferred density horizon of maximum EUC transport along the equator. In summary, these results illustrate an important interdependence between advective and diapycnal mixing processes associated with basin-scale inter-gyre and inter-basin exchange in determining the mean equatorial stratification and EUC structure.
Published: 2003

229. Skill assessment of three earth system models with common marine biogeochemistry

Author: Séférian, Roland, Bopp, Laurent, Gehlen, Marion, Orr, James C., Ethé, Christian, Cadule, Patricia, Aumont, Olivier, Salas y Mélia, David, Voldoire, Aurore, Madec, Gurvan, Séférian, Roland, Bopp, Laurent, Gehlen, Marion, Orr, James C., Ethé, Christian, Cadule, Patricia, Aumont, Olivier, Salas y Mélia, David, Voldoire, Aurore, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: We have assessed the ability of a common ocean biogeochemical model, PISCES, to match relevant modern data fields across a range of ocean circulation fields from three distinct Earth system models: IPSL-CM4-LOOP, IPSL-CM5A-LR and CNRM-CM5.1. The first of these Earth system models has contributed to the IPCC 4th assessment report, while the latter two are contributing to the ongoing IPCC 5th assessment report. These models differ with respect to their atmospheric component, ocean subgrid-scale physics and resolution. The simulated vertical distribution of biogeochemical tracers suffer from biases in ocean circulation and a poor representation of the sinking fluxes of matter. Nevertheless, differences between upper and deep ocean model skills significantly point to changes in the underlying model representations of ocean circulation. IPSL-CM5A-LR and CNRM-CM5.1 poorly represent deep-ocean circulation compared to IPSL-CM4-LOOP degrading the vertical distribution of biogeochemical tracers. However, their representations of surface wind, wind stress, mixed-layer depth and geostrophic circulations (e.g., Antarctic Circumpolar Current) have been improved compared to IPSL-CM4-LOOP. These improvements result in a better representation of large-scale structure of biogeochemical fields in the upper ocean. In particular, a deepening of 20–40 m of the summer mixed-layer depth allows to capture the 0–0.5 μgChl L−1 concentrations class of surface chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean. Further improvements in the representation of the ocean mixed-layer and deep-ocean ventilation are needed for the next generations of models development to better simulate marine biogeochemistry. In order to better constrain ocean dynamics, we suggest that biogeochemical or passive tracer modules should be used routinely for both model development and model intercomparisons.
Published: 2013

230. The elastic–viscous–plastic method revisited

Author: UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, UCL - SST/IMMC/MEMA - Applied mechanics and mathematics, Bouillon, Sylvain, Fichefet, Thierry, Madec, Gurvan, Legat, Vincent, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, UCL - SST/IMMC/MEMA - Applied mechanics and mathematics, Bouillon, Sylvain, Fichefet, Thierry, Madec, Gurvan, and Legat, Vincent
Abstract: In this paper, we show that one of the most widely used methods to solve the non-linear viscous–plastic (VP) sea ice rheology, the elastic–viscous–plastic (EVP) method, generates artificial linear bands of high deformation that may be confounded with real linear kinematic features observed in the Arctic ice pack. These numerical artefacts are easily filtered out by using a slightly different regularization of the internal stress. In addition, the EVP method is reinterpreted as an iterative solver and a clear distinction appears between the numerical and physical parameters. Two numerical parameters determine the stability and accuracy of the method and are adjusted to avoid the noisy ice deformation fields frequently observed with the EVP method in nearly rigid ice areas. This study also confirms the unsatisfactory numerical convergence of the EVP method and investigates the effects of the numerical parameters on sea ice deformation, internal stress and velocity fields obtained with unconverged solutions.
Published: 2013

231. Large-scale interactions between sea ice and polar marine biogeochemistry: emerging views on the relevant processes and their modelling

Author: Vancopennolle, Martin, Meiners , Klaus M., Michel, Christine, Bopp, Laurent, Brabant, Frederic, Carnat, Gauthier, Delille, Bruno, Lannuzel, Delphine, Madec, Gurvan, Moreau, Sébastien, Tison, Jean-Louis, van der Merwe, Pier, Vancopennolle, Martin, Meiners , Klaus M., Michel, Christine, Bopp, Laurent, Brabant, Frederic, Carnat, Gauthier, Delille, Bruno, Lannuzel, Delphine, Madec, Gurvan, Moreau, Sébastien, Tison, Jean-Louis, and van der Merwe, Pier
Abstract: Observations made over the last decade suggest an important role ofsea ice in the global biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the sea ice;(ii) a permeable sea ice cover, allowing fluid and gas exchanges at the sea ice interface; and (iii) tight physical, biological and chemical interactions between the sea ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. Micro-organisms thrive in sea ice, extending the production season, providing a winter and early spring food source, and significantly contributing to organiccarbon export at depth. Ice retreat can be preceded by pelagic under-ice blooms and followed by so-called ice edge phytoplankton blooms, triggered by increased upper ocean stratification due to freshening and potentially by the release of light limitation, as well as by the release of material from the melting sea ice. Due to brine rejection and relatively small brine volume fractions, nutrients in bulk sea ice are usually not abundant, but their high concentration in brine inclusions and replenishment mechanisms usually maintain quite viable levels of nutrients. Iron, a key micronutrient – limiting phytoplankton growth in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll areas, such as the North Pacific and Southern Oceans – is peculiar: sea ice can carry large loads of iron, which, when released in the water column by melting ice, can relieve iron limitation of phytoplankton growth. Inorganic carbon transport by brines sinking below the sea ice, calcium carbonate precipitation in sea ice, as well as active ice-atmosphere CO2 fluxes, most likely play a central but poorly understood role in the polar ocean CO2cycle. Additionally, sea ice is a potential major contributor to the sulphur cycle in the Polar oceans through the large production by ice algae of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of sulfate aerosols, which as cloud condensation nuclei have a potential cooling effect on the planet.The sea ice zone is also suspected to be a
Published: 2013

232. Observation-Based Estimates of Surface Cooling Inhibition by Heavy Rainfall under Tropical Cyclones

Author: Jourdain, Nicolas C., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérome, Madec, Gurvan, Menkes, Christophe E., Vincent, Emmanuel M., Jullien, Swen, Barnier, Bernard, Jourdain, Nicolas C., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérome, Madec, Gurvan, Menkes, Christophe E., Vincent, Emmanuel M., Jullien, Swen, and Barnier, Bernard
Abstract: Tropical cyclones drive intense ocean vertical mixing that explains most of the surface cooling observed in their wake (the “cold wake”). In this paper, the authors investigate the influence of cyclonic rainfall on the cold wake at a global scale over the 2002–09 period. For each cyclone, the cold wake intensity and accumulated rainfall are obtained from satellite data and precyclone oceanic stratification from the Global Eddy-Permitting Ocean Reanalysis (GLORYS2). The impact of precipitation on the cold wake is estimated by assuming that cooling is entirely due to vertical mixing and that an extra amount of energy (corresponding to the energy used to mix the rain layer into the ocean) would be available for mixing the ocean column in the hypothetical case with no rain. The positive buoyancy flux of rainfall reduces the mixed layer depth after the cyclone passage, hence reducing cold water entrainment. The resulting reduction in cold wake amplitude is generally small (median of 0.07 K for a median 1 K cold wake) but not negligible (>19% for 10% of the cases). Despite similar cyclonic rainfall, the effect of rain on the cold wake is strongest in the Arabian Sea and weak in the Bay of Bengal. An analytical approach with a linearly stratified ocean allows attributing this difference to the presence of barrier layers in the Bay of Bengal. The authors also show that the cold wake is generally a “salty wake” because entrainment of subsurface saltier water overwhelms the dilution effect of rainfall. Finally, rainfall temperature has a negligible influence on the cold wake.
Published: 2013

233. Influence of tropical cyclones on sea surface temperature seasonal cycle and ocean heat transporT

Author: Vincent, Emmanuel M., Madec, Gurvan, Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, Koch-Larrouy, Ariane, Vincent, Emmanuel M., Madec, Gurvan, Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, and Koch-Larrouy, Ariane
Abstract: Recent studies suggested that tropical cyclones (TCs) contribute significantly to the meridional oceanic heat transport by injecting heat into the subsurface through mixing. Here, we estimate the long-term oceanic impact of TCs by inserting realistic wind vortices along observed TCs tracks in a 1/2° resolution ocean general circulation model over the 1978–2007 period. Warming of TCs’ cold wakes results in a positive heat flux into the ocean (oceanic heat uptake; OHU) of ~480 TW, consistent with most recent estimates. However, ~2/5 of this OHU only compensates the heat extraction by the TCs winds during their passage. Another ~2/5 of this OHU is injected in the seasonal thermocline and hence released back to the atmosphere during the following winter. Because of zonal compensations and equatorward transport, only one-tenth of the OHU is actually exported poleward (46 TW), resulting in a marginal maximum contribution of TCs to the poleward ocean heat transport. Other usually neglected TC-related processes however impact the ocean mean state. The residual Ekman pumping associated with TCs results in a sea-level drop (rise) in the core (northern and southern flanks) of TC-basins that expand westward into the whole basin as a result of planetary wave propagation. More importantly, TC-induced mixing and air-sea fluxes cool the surface in TC-basins during summer, while the re-emergence of subsurface warm anomalies warms it during winter. This leads to a ~10 % reduction of the sea surface temperature seasonal cycle within TCs basins, which may impact the climate system.
Published: 2013

234. Using seasonal hindcasts to understand the origin of the equatorial cold tongue bias in CGCMs and its impact on ENSO

Author: Vannière, Benoît, Guilyardi, Eric, Madec, Gurvan, Doblas-Reyes, Francisco J., Woolnough, Steve, Vannière, Benoît, Guilyardi, Eric, Madec, Gurvan, Doblas-Reyes, Francisco J., and Woolnough, Steve
Abstract: The cold equatorial SST bias in the tropical Pacific that is persistent in many coupled OAGCMs severely impacts the fidelity of the simulated climate and variability in this key region, such as the ENSO phenomenon. The classical bias analysis in these models usually concentrates on multi-decadal to centennial time series needed to obtain statistically robust features. Yet, this strategy cannot fully explain how the models errors were generated in the first place. Here, we use seasonal re-forecasts (hindcasts) to track back the origin of this cold bias. As such hindcasts are initialized close to observations, the transient drift leading to the cold bias can be analyzed to distinguish pre-existing errors from errors responding to initial ones. A time sequence of processes involved in the advent of the final mean state errors can then be proposed. We apply this strategy to the ENSEMBLES-FP6 project multi-model hindcasts of the last decades. Four of the five AOGCMs develop a persistent equatorial cold tongue bias within a few months. The associated systematic errors are first assessed separately for the warm and cold ENSO phases. We find that the models are able to reproduce either El Niño or La Niña close to observations, but not both. ENSO composites then show that the spurious equatorial cooling is maximum for El Niño years for the February and August start dates. For these events and at this time of the year, zonal wind errors in the equatorial Pacific are present from the beginning of the simulation and are hypothesized to be at the origin of the equatorial cold bias, generating too strong upwelling conditions. The systematic underestimation of the mixed layer depth in several models can also amplify the growth of the SST bias. The seminal role of these zonal wind errors is further demonstrated by carrying out ocean-only experiments forced by the AOCGCMs daily 10-meter wind. In a case study, we show that for several models, this forcing is sufficient to reproduce t
Published: 2013

235. Initialisation and predictability of the AMOC over the last 50 years in a climate model

Author: Swingedouw, Didier, Mignot, Juliette, Labetoulle, Sonia, Guilyardi, Eric, Madec, Gurvan, Swingedouw, Didier, Mignot, Juliette, Labetoulle, Sonia, Guilyardi, Eric, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: The mechanisms involved in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) decadal variability and predictability over the last 50 years are analysed in the IPSL–CM5A–LR model using historical and initialised simulations. The initialisation procedure only uses nudging towards sea surface temperature anomalies with a physically based restoring coefficient. When compared to two independent AMOC reconstructions, both the historical and nudged ensemble simulations exhibit skill at reproducing AMOC variations from 1977 onwards, and in particular two maxima occurring respectively around 1978 and 1997. We argue that one source of skill is related to the large Mount Agung volcanic eruption starting in 1963, which reset an internal 20-year variability cycle in the North Atlantic in the model. This cycle involves the East Greenland Current intensity, and advection of active tracers along the subpolar gyre, which leads to an AMOC maximum around 15 years after the Mount Agung eruption. The 1997 maximum occurs approximately 20 years after the former one. The nudged simulations better reproduce this second maximum than the historical simulations. This is due to the initialisation of a cooling of the convection sites in the 1980s under the effect of a persistent North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) positive phase, a feature not captured in the historical simulations. Hence we argue that the 20-year cycle excited by the 1963 Mount Agung eruption together with the NAO forcing both contributed to the 1990s AMOC maximum. These results support the existence of a 20-year cycle in the North Atlantic in the observations. Hindcasts following the CMIP5 protocol are launched from a nudged simulation every 5 years for the 1960–2005 period. They exhibit significant correlation skill score as compared to an independent reconstruction of the AMOC from 4-year lead-time average. This encouraging result is accompanied by increased correlation skills in reproducing the observed 2-m air temperature in
Published: 2013

236. Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges

Author: Vancoppenolle, Martin, Meiners, Klaus M., Michel, Christine, Bopp, Laurent, Brabant, Frédéric, Carnat, Gauthier, Delille, Bruno, Lannuzel, Delphine, Madec, Gurvan, Moreau, Sébastien, Tison, Jean-Louis, van der Merwe, Pier, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Meiners, Klaus M., Michel, Christine, Bopp, Laurent, Brabant, Frédéric, Carnat, Gauthier, Delille, Bruno, Lannuzel, Delphine, Madec, Gurvan, Moreau, Sébastien, Tison, Jean-Louis, and van der Merwe, Pier
Abstract: Observations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the sea ice; (ii) fluid and gas exchanges at the sea ice interface through an often permeable sea ice cover; and (iii) tight physical, biological and chemical interactions between the sea ice, the ocean and the atmosphere. Photosynthetic micro-organisms in sea ice thrive in liquid brine inclusions encased in a pure ice matrix, where they find suitable light and nutrient levels. They extend the production season, provide a winter and early spring food source, and contribute to organic carbon export to depth. Under-ice and ice edge phytoplankton blooms occur when ice retreats, favoured by increasing light, stratification, and by the release of material into the water column. In particular, the release of iron – highly concentrated in sea ice – could have large effects in the iron-limited Southern Ocean. The export of inorganic carbon transport by brine sinking below the mixed layer, calcium carbonate precipitation in sea ice, as well as active ice-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, could play a central role in the marine carbon cycle. Sea ice processes could also significantly contribute to the sulphur cycle through the large production by ice algae of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of sulphate aerosols, which as cloud condensation nuclei have a potential cooling effect on the planet. Finally, the sea ice zone supports significant ocean–atmosphere methane (CH4) fluxes, while saline ice surfaces activate springtime atmospheric bromine chemistry, setting ground for tropospheric ozone depletion events observed near both poles. All these mechanisms are generally known, but neither precisely understood nor quantified at large scales. As polar regions are rapidly changing, understanding the large-scale polar marine biogeochemical processes and their future evolution is of high prior
Published: 2013

237. The elastic–viscous–plastic method revisited

Author: Bouillon, Sylvain, Fichefet, Thierry, Legat, Vincent, Madec, Gurvan, Bouillon, Sylvain, Fichefet, Thierry, Legat, Vincent, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: In this paper, we show that one of the most widely used methods to solve the non-linear viscous–plastic (VP) sea ice rheology, the elastic–viscous–plastic (EVP) method, generates artificial linear bands of high deformation that may be confounded with real linear kinematic features observed in the Arctic ice pack. These numerical artefacts are easily filtered out by using a slightly different regularization of the internal stress. In addition, the EVP method is reinterpreted as an iterative solver and a clear distinction appears between the numerical and physical parameters. Two numerical parameters determine the stability and accuracy of the method and are adjusted to avoid the noisy ice deformation fields frequently observed with the EVP method in nearly rigid ice areas. This study also confirms the unsatisfactory numerical convergence of the EVP method and investigates the effects of the numerical parameters on sea ice deformation, internal stress and velocity fields obtained with unconverged solutions.
Published: 2013

238. Vertical Eddy Fluxes in the Southern Ocean

Author: Zika, Jan D., Le Sommer, Julien, Dufour, Carolina O., Molines, Jean-Marc, Barnier, Bernard, Brasseur, Pierre, Dussin, Raphaël, Penduff, Thierry, Iudicone, Daniele, Lenton, Andrew, Madec, Gurvan, Mathiot, Pierre, Orr, James, Shuckburgh, Emily, Vivier, Frederic, Zika, Jan D., Le Sommer, Julien, Dufour, Carolina O., Molines, Jean-Marc, Barnier, Bernard, Brasseur, Pierre, Dussin, Raphaël, Penduff, Thierry, Iudicone, Daniele, Lenton, Andrew, Madec, Gurvan, Mathiot, Pierre, Orr, James, Shuckburgh, Emily, and Vivier, Frederic
Abstract: The overturning circulation of the Southern Ocean has been investigated using eddying coupled ocean–sea ice models. The circulation is diagnosed in both density–latitude coordinates and in depth–density coordinates. Depth–density coordinates follow streamlines where the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is equivalent barotropic, capture the descent of Antarctic Bottom Water, follow density outcrops at the surface, and can be interpreted energetically. In density–latitude coordinates, wind-driven northward transport of light water and southward transport of dense water are compensated by standing meanders and to a lesser degree by transient eddies, consistent with previous results. In depth–density coordinates, however, wind-driven upwelling of dense water and downwelling of light water are compensated more strongly by transient eddy fluxes than fluxes because of standing meanders. Model realizations are discussed where the wind pattern of the southern annular mode is amplified. In density–latitude coordinates, meridional fluxes because of transient eddies can increase to counter changes in Ekman transport and decrease in response to changes in the standing meanders. In depth–density coordinates, vertical fluxes because of transient eddies directly counter changes in Ekman pumping.
Published: 2013

239. Erratum to: Initialisation and predictability of the AMOC over the last 50 years in a climate model

Author: Swingedouw, Didier, primary, Mignot, Juliette, additional, Labetoulle, Sonia, additional, Guilyardi, Eric, additional, and Madec, Gurvan, additional
Published: 2013
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240. The modelling component of ocean forecasting

Author: Chassignet, Eric P., Bell, Michael J., Brasseur, Pierre, Evensen, Geir, Griffies, Stephen M., Hurlburt, Harley E., Le Provost, Christian, Madec, Gurvan, Mcclean, Julie, Verron, Jacques, Wallcraft, Alan J., Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph]
Published: 2002

241. Ocean response to the March 1997 Westerly Wind Event

Author: Lengaigne, Matthieu, Boulanger, Jean-Philippe, Menkès, Christophe E., Masson, Sébastien, Madec, Gurvan, Delécluse, Pascale, Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Published: 2002

242. Correction to 'A global diagnostic of interior ocean ventilation'

Author: Blanke, Bruno, Speich, Sabrina, Madec, Gurvan, Maugé, Rudy, Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Published: 2002

243. Variability and Remote Controls of the Warm‐Water Halo and Taylor Cap at Maud Rise

Author: Gülk, Birte, Roquet, Fabien, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Narayanan, Aditya, Rousset, Clément, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: The region of Maud Rise, a seamount in the Weddell Sea, is known for the occurrence of irregular polynya openings during the winter months. Hydrographic observations have shown the presence of a warmer water mass below the mixed layer along the seamount's flanks, commonly termed the warm‐water Halo, surrounding a colder region above the rise, the Taylor Cap. Here we use two observational data sets, an eddy‐permitting reanalysis product and regional high‐resolution simulations, to investigate the interannual variability of the Halo and Taylor Cap for the period 2007–2022. Observations include novel hydrographic profiles obtained in the Maud Rise area in January 2022, during the first SO‐CHIC cruise. It is demonstrated that the temperature of deep waters around Maud Rise exhibits strong interannual variability within the Halo and Taylor Cap, occasionally to such an extent that the two features become indistinguishable. A warming of deep waters by as much as 0.8°C is observed in the Taylor Cap during the years preceding the opening of a polynya in 2016 and 2017, starting in 2011. By analyzing regional simulations, we show that most of the observed variability in the Halo is forced remotely by advection of deep waters from the Weddell Gyre into the region surrounding Maud Rise. Our highest‐resolution simulation indicates that mesoscale eddies subsequently transfer the properties of the Halo's deep waters onto the Taylor Cap. The eddies responsible for such transfer originate in an abrupt retroflection along the inner flank of the Halo. A polynya is an opening within the sea ice cover during winter. In the Weddell Sea, polynyas occur irregularly and often emerge close to a seamount, Maud Rise. This topographic obstacle disturbs the local circulation of the Weddell Gyre and leads to the formation of two local permanent features: a Taylor Cap on top of the seamount, which is mainly an isolated water mass; and surrounding this, a warm‐water Halo, located along the flanks of Maud Rise. In this study, we use observational and model analyses to show the changes in the temperature of regional water masses on a timescale of years, and to identify the drivers of these changes. The properties of the warm‐water Halo are controlled by the advection of deep waters along the south‐eastern rim of the Weddell Gyre. These waters are partly mixed into the Taylor Cap by eddies, thereby preconditioning the water column for deep convection. In the years preceding the opening of a polynya in 2016–2017, we document a warming trend in the Taylor Cap, starting in 2011. Interannual variability of the subsurface temperature maximum at Maud Rise is documented with observationsAdvection of anomalously cold and fresh deep waters from the Weddell Gyre into the Halo leads to a near‐vanishing of the Taylor Cap in 2014Observed warming of the subsurface layer in the Taylor Cap due to eddy transport preceded the polynya opening in 2016–2017 Interannual variability of the subsurface temperature maximum at Maud Rise is documented with observations Advection of anomalously cold and fresh deep waters from the Weddell Gyre into the Halo leads to a near‐vanishing of the Taylor Cap in 2014 Observed warming of the subsurface layer in the Taylor Cap due to eddy transport preceded the polynya opening in 2016–2017
Published: 2023
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244. The role of the intra-daily SST variability in the Indian monsoon variability and monsoon-ENSO–IOD relationships in a global coupled model

Author: Terray, Pascal, Kamala, Kakitha, Masson, Sébastien, Madec, Gurvan, Sahai, A. K., Luo, Jing-Jia, Yamagata, Toshio, Terray, Pascal, Kamala, Kakitha, Masson, Sébastien, Madec, Gurvan, Sahai, A. K., Luo, Jing-Jia, and Yamagata, Toshio
Abstract: The impact of diurnal SST coupling and vertical oceanic resolution on the simulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and its relationships with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events are studied through the analysis of four integrations of a high resolution Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM), but with different configurations. The only differences between the four integrations are the frequency of coupling between the ocean and atmosphere for the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) parameter (2 vs. 24 h coupling) and/or the vertical oceanic resolution (31 vs. 301 levels) in the CGCM. Although the summer mean tropical climate is reasonably well captured with all the configurations of the CGCM and is not significantly modified by changing the frequency of SST coupling from once to twelve per day, the ISM–ENSO teleconnections are rather poorly simulated in the two simulations in which SST is exchanged only once per day, independently of the vertical oceanic resolution used in the CGCM. Surprisingly, when 2 h SST coupling is implemented in the CGCM, the ISM–ENSO teleconnection is better simulated, particularly, the complex lead-lag relationships between the two phenomena, in which a weak ISM occurs during the developing phase of an El Niño event in the Pacific, are closely resembling the observed ones. Evidence is presented to show that these improvements are related to changes in the characteristics of the model’s El Niño which has a more realistic evolution in its developing and decaying phases, a stronger amplitude and a shift to lower frequencies when a 2-hourly SST coupling strategy is implemented without any significant changes in the basic state of the CGCM. As a consequence of these improvements in ENSO variability, the lead relationships between Indo-Pacific SSTs and ISM rainfall resemble the observed patterns more closely, the ISM–ENSO teleconnection is strengthened during boreal summer and ISM rainfall power spectrum is in
Published: 2012

245. Model of the Regional Coupled Earth system (MORCE): Application to process and climate studies in vulnerable regions

Author: Drobinski, Philippe, Anav, Alesandro, Lebeaupin Brossier, Cindy, Samson, Guillaume, Stéfanon, Marc, Bastin, Sophie, Baklouti, Mélika, Béranger, Karine, Beuvier, Jonathan, Bourdallé-Badie, Romain, Coquart, Laure, D'Andrea, Fabio, de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie, Diaz, Frédéric, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Ethe, Christian, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Khvorostyanov, Dmitry, Madec, Gurvan, Mancip, Martial, Masson, Sébastien, Menut, Laurent, Palmieri, Julien, Polcher, Jan, Turquety, Solène, Valcke, Sophie, Viovy, Nicolas, Drobinski, Philippe, Anav, Alesandro, Lebeaupin Brossier, Cindy, Samson, Guillaume, Stéfanon, Marc, Bastin, Sophie, Baklouti, Mélika, Béranger, Karine, Beuvier, Jonathan, Bourdallé-Badie, Romain, Coquart, Laure, D'Andrea, Fabio, de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie, Diaz, Frédéric, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Ethe, Christian, Foujols, Marie-Alice, Khvorostyanov, Dmitry, Madec, Gurvan, Mancip, Martial, Masson, Sébastien, Menut, Laurent, Palmieri, Julien, Polcher, Jan, Turquety, Solène, Valcke, Sophie, and Viovy, Nicolas
Abstract: The vulnerability of human populations and natural systems and their ability to adapt to extreme events and climate change vary with geographic regions and populations. Regional climate models (RCM), composed by an atmospheric component coupled to a land surface scheme and driven over ocean areas by prescribed sea surface temperature, have been developed to produce fine scale regional climate change information useful for impact assessment and adaptation studies. Although RCM can be sufficient for many applications, the Earth system is composed of the physical, chemical, biological, and social components, processes, and interactions that together determine the state and dynamics of Earth, including its biota and human occupants. Developing regional Earth system models has thus two primary motivations: (1) with respect to climate science, to improve modeling capabilities and better understand coupled processes at regional scales and (2) to support stakeholders who aim to use climate information for regionally-specific impact assessment and adaptation planning. IPSL in collaboration with ENSTA-ParisTech, LOPB, and CERFACS developed the MORCE (Model of the Regional Coupled Earth system) platform for process and climate studies of the regional Earth system. The original aspects of the MORCE platform are (1) the integration of a large number of coupled compartments and processes (physical and biogeochemical processes in the ocean, atmosphere and continent), (2) the transferability of the numerical platform to different locations in the world, (3) the use of a non-hydrostatic model for the atmospheric module which allows an accurate representation of kilometric scale processes. The present article describes the MORCE platform, detailing its various modules and their coupling and illustrating its potential with results obtained in the Mediterranean region and over the Indian Ocean.
Published: 2012

246. Impact of intra-daily SST variability on ENSO characteristics in a coupled model

Author: Masson, Sébastien, Terray, Pascal, Madec, Gurvan, Luo, Jing-Jia, Yamagata, Toshio, Takahashi, Keiko, Masson, Sébastien, Terray, Pascal, Madec, Gurvan, Luo, Jing-Jia, Yamagata, Toshio, and Takahashi, Keiko
Published: 2012

247. Influence of upper-ocean stratification on tropical cyclone-induced surface cooling in the Bay of Bengal

Author: Neetu, S., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vincent, Emmanuel M., Vialard, Jérôme, Madec, Gurvan, Samson, Guillaume, Ramesh Kumar, M. R., Durand, Fabien, Neetu, S., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vincent, Emmanuel M., Vialard, Jérôme, Madec, Gurvan, Samson, Guillaume, Ramesh Kumar, M. R., and Durand, Fabien
Abstract: Surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) is about three times larger during premonsoon than during postmonsoon season in the Bay of Bengal. We investigate processes responsible for this seasonal contrast using an ocean general circulation model. The model is forced by TC winds prescribed from an analytic vortex using observed TC tracks and intensities during 1978–2007. The simulation accurately captures the seasonal cycle of salinity, temperature, and barrier layer in this region, with fresher waters, deeper upper-ocean stratification, and thicker barrier layers during postmonsoon season. It also reproduces the three times larger TC-induced cooling during premonsoon than during postmonsoon season. This difference is essentially related to seasonal changes in oceanic stratification rather than to differences in TC wind energy input. During the postmonsoon season, a deeper thermal stratification combined with a considerable upper-ocean freshening strongly inhibits surface cooling induced by vertical mixing underneath TCs. On average, thermal stratification accounts for ∼60% of this cooling reduction during postmonsoon season, while haline stratification accounts for the remaining 40%. Their respective contributions however strongly vary within the Bay: haline stratification explains a large part of the TC-induced cooling inhibition offshore of northern rim of the Bay (Bangladesh-Myanmar-east coast of India), where salinity seasonal changes are the strongest, while thermal stratification explains all the cooling inhibition in the southwestern Bay. This study hence advocates for an improved representation of upper-ocean salinity and temperature effects in statistical and dynamical TCs forecasts that could lead to significant improvements of TC intensity prediction skill.
Published: 2012

248. Assessing the oceanic control on the amplitude of sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones

Author: Vincent, Emmanuel M., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, Madec, Gurvan, Jourdain, Nicolas C., Masson, Sébastien, Vincent, Emmanuel M., Lengaigne, Matthieu, Vialard, Jérôme, Madec, Gurvan, Jourdain, Nicolas C., and Masson, Sébastien
Abstract: Tropical cyclones (TCs) induce sea surface cooling that feeds back negatively on their intensity. Previous studies indicate that the cooling magnitude depends on oceanic conditions as well as TC characteristics, but this oceanic control has been poorly documented. We investigate the oceanic influence on TC-induced cooling using a global ocean model experiment that realistically samples the ocean response to more than 3,000 TCs over the last 30 years. We derive a physically grounded oceanic parameter, the Cooling Inhibition index (CI), which measures the potential energy input required to cool the ocean surface through vertical mixing, and hence accounts for the pre-storm upper-ocean stratification resistance to TC-induced cooling. The atmospheric control is described using the wind power index (WPi), a proxy of the kinetic energy transferred to the ocean by a TC, which accounts for both the effects of maximum winds and translation speed. The cooling amplitude increases almost linearly with WPi. For a given WPi, the cooling amplitude can however vary by an order of magnitude: a strong wind energy input can either result in a 0.5°C or 5°C cooling, depending on oceanic background state. Using an oceanic parameter such as CI in addition to wind energy input improves statistical hindcasts of the cold wake amplitude by ∼40%. Deriving an oceanic parameter based on the potential energy required to cool the ocean surface through vertical mixing is thus a promising way to better account for ocean characteristics in TCs studies.
Published: 2012

249. Water Mass Analysis of Effect of Climate Change on Air–Sea CO2Fluxes: The Southern Ocean

Author: Séférian, Roland, Iudicone, Daniele, Bopp, Laurent, Roy, Tilla, Madec, Gurvan, Séférian, Roland, Iudicone, Daniele, Bopp, Laurent, Roy, Tilla, and Madec, Gurvan
Abstract: Impacts of climate change on air–sea CO2 exchange are strongly region dependent, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Yet, in the Southern Ocean the role of water masses in the uptake of anthropogenic carbon is still debated. Here, a methodology is applied that tracks the carbon flux of each Southern Ocean water mass in response to climate change. A global marine biogeochemical model was coupled to a climate model, making 140-yr Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5)-type simulations, where atmospheric CO2 increased by 1% yr−1 to 4 times the preindustrial concentration (4 × CO2). Impacts of atmospheric CO2 (carbon-induced sensitivity) and climate change (climate-induced sensitivity) on the water mass carbon fluxes have been isolated performing two sensitivity simulations. In the first simulation, the atmospheric CO2 influences solely the marine carbon cycle, while in the second simulation, it influences both the marine carbon cycle and earth’s climate. At 4 × CO2, the cumulative carbon uptake by the Southern Ocean reaches 278 PgC, 53% of which is taken up by modal and intermediate water masses. The carbon-induced and climate-induced sensitivities vary significantly between the water masses. The carbon-induced sensitivities enhance the carbon uptake of the water masses, particularly for the denser classes. But, enhancement strongly depends on the water mass structure. The climate-induced sensitivities either strengthen or weaken the carbon uptake and are influenced by local processes through changes in CO2 solubility and stratification, and by large-scale changes in outcrop surface (OS) areas. Changes in OS areas account for 45% of the climate-induced reduction in the Southern Ocean carbon uptake and are a key factor in understanding the future carbon uptake of the Southern Ocean.
Published: 2012

250. Large near-inertial oscillations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

Author: Blaker, Adam T., Hirschi, Joël J-M., Sinha, Bablu, de Cuevas, Beverly, Alderson, Steven, Coward, Andrew, Madec, Gurvan, Blaker, Adam T., Hirschi, Joël J-M., Sinha, Bablu, de Cuevas, Beverly, Alderson, Steven, Coward, Andrew, and Madec, Gurvan
Published: 2012

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