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One hundred growing-finishing Hereford steers were used to determine the feasibility as well as the disease transmitting potential of recycling acetic-propionic acid treated hen excreta through cattle. Cage layer excreta collected twice weekly was treated with .5% (w/w) acid mixture, stockpiled and incorporated daily into corn silage just prior to feeding. Hen excreta was compared with soybean meal and urea as protein supplements to corn silage.Dry matter intake was higher (P<.05) for the excreta-diet, but live weight gain, efficiency of feed utilization, carcass and empty body gains were similar (P>.05) across treatments. Protein source had no effect on the composition of gain, organoleptic qualities of meat and carcass merit. Steers fed excreta dressed higher (P<.05) than steers fed control diets.Excreta fed steers were as healthy as the controls, and while Salmonella typhimuriumwas isolated from untreated hen excreta, it was not recovered in the treated excreta samples, subsequent diets, feces or organs.

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial procedure was used to formulate eight different diets such that each diet received a different combination of 0 or 5% animal fat, soybean meal or urea and zero or added amino acids (MHA and L-Lysine HC1). Ground shelled corn was the principal constituent of these diets, which were balanced to maintain a constant gross energy: crude protein ratio (0.30 to 0.31 Mcal/kg GE/% CP) between each. The diets were fed ad libitumto 40 steers during the finishing period. Inclusion of animal fat in either urea or soybean meal supplemented diets did not significantly (P<.05) affect average daily gain or feed gain ratios. An animal fat × nitrogen source interaction (P<.05) on feed intake was caused by fat increasing intake of soybean meal diets by 10% but depressing intake of urea diets by 5%. There was an interaction between all main effects for average daily gain (P<.05) since an improvement through feeding soybean meal compared to urea was greater for diets in which the fat and amino acid supplements were provided separately rather than in combination or omitted. Diets supplemented with animal fat caused greater carcass backfat and liver fat concentration (P<.05) than unsupplemented diets. The diets were fed to 16 lambs at isocaloric intakes in a digestion and balance study (replicated three times). All digestion coefficients except acid detergent fiber were greater (P<.05) for diets containing urea rather than soybean meal. An interaction (P<.05) between the animal fat and amino acid supplements on all digestion coefficients was due to higher values obtained when the supplements were fed separately rather than in combination or when both were omitted.

Young’s moduli (E) in bending and extension were measured for selected contour feather shafts from the chicken (Gallus domesticus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and herring gull (Larusargentalas). These were treated mechanically as tapering beams. In extension, E ranged from 45 to 181 MN m−2 and from 210 to 682 MN m−2 for the proximal and distal regions, respectively. Values obtained for the same regions in bending were from 5 to 24 MN m−2 and 457 to 1850 MN m−2. These results suggested that the cortex of the proximal region generally has a lower Young’s modulus than the medulla, while for the distal region this is reversed. This was confirmed by further measurements on treated shafts. The observed systematic differences in the mechanical properties of the proximal and distal parts of contour feather shafts are consistent with their probable mechanical functions.

Safety valve chatter, which is characterized by violent oscillation of the disk or closure member, is a dynamical phenomenon representable by differential rather than algebraic equations. It is shown that the conditions necessary for avoiding chatter may be determined from the behavior of the differential equations in the region of certain critical points. The paper demonstrates how to determine these points and establish conditions necessary for avoiding chatter. The method is illustrated using a simple, but representative, gas-filled system. The results and their implications for safety valve design and selection are discussed, and a numerical example is given.

Extensive air showers have been observed at sea level, using a maximum counter tray separation of 1200 m, by a method allowing a direct determination of the angular distribution of the shower axes to be made; it is found to be proportional to (cos θ)6.5±0.5. Comparison of the decoherence rates of the showers with nucleon cascade theory predictions, shows that the angular dependence of the nucleon collision cross section which determines the lateral spread of the shower, is very sharply peaked in the forward direction. The shower rates are compatible with the known rates of electron-photon cascades at sea level, if each of these is considered to be associated with a penetrating cascade of much larger spread and lower particle density. The penetrating cascade carries about 1/5-th of the total shower energy, and contains about 1/10-th of the total number of particles in the shower at sea level. Si sono osservati al livello del mare gli sciami estesi dell’aria per mezzo di una separazione massima dei telescopi di contatori di 1200 m con un metodo che permette la determinazione diretta della distribuzione angolare degli assi degli sciami, che si trova essere proporzionale a (cos θ)6,5±0.5. Il confronte delle deviazioni degli sciami dalle predizioni della teoria della cascata nucleonica, mostra che la dipendenza angolare della sezione d’urto per collisione nucleare che determina l’allargamento laterale dello sciame ha un pronunciato picco in avanti. Le proporzioni degli sciami sono compatibili con le proporzioni note delle cascate elettroni-fotoniche al livello del mare se ognuna di queste si considera associata con una cascata penetrante di molto maggior dispersione laterale e minor densità di particelle. La cascata penetrante trasporta circa 1/5 dell’energia totale dello sciame e contiene circa 1/10 del numero totale di particelle presenti nello sciame al livello del mare.

A TOTAL of 28 crossbred wethers were used in two experiments to determine the digestibilty of hydrogenated tallow-, saturated fatty acids- and soybean oil-supplemented diets. Digestibility values for individual fats were determined by subtracting from total dietary lipid and fecal output the dietary and fecal lipids measured with basal diets. In the first experiment addition of 3% flaked, hydrogenated tallow to a basal diet resulted in lower digestibility (34%) for the tallow compared with soybean oil (98%).In the second experiment, hydrogenated tallow was added to a basal diet at approximately the 4.8% level either in dry flaked form or melted and mixed (blended) into the concentrate portion of the basal diet. A further treatment comparison involved addition of saturated free fatty acids at approximately the 4.8% level to the basal diet. Ten-day digestion trials were conducted starting at 10 and again at 35 days of this experiment to measure adaptation of sheep to fat-supplemented diets. Melting and mixing the tallow into the diet resulted in significant (P<.01) improvement in digestibility over flaked tallow (40% vs. 30%). Saturated fatty acids were significantly (P<.01) better digested (73%) than either form of tallow. Blood plasma lipid fatty acid levels of sheep reflected these differences in digestibility after 33 days on feed.It is suggested that the hydrogenation process results in tallow with physical form which resists dispersion and hydrolysis in the rumen and solubilization in the small intestine.Additions of soybean oil, saturated fatty acids and hydrogenated tallow tended to lower digestibilities of crude fiber and acid detergent fiber. The decreases were significant (P<.05) only in the cases of soybean oil and saturated fatty acids on crude fiber digestibility.Fat digestibilities were similar between trials of the second experiment. It was concluded that provided diets are palatable, a 10-day preliminary period is sufficient.

The experiment involved 48 pairs of male Holstein fraternal twin calves. Two methods of raising calves were contrasted: (A) High fat (20%) and protein (20%) vealer ration fed from 3 days of age to a market weight of 128 kilograms. (B) The same vealer was fed up to a live weight of 56.7 kg, followed by pelleted grain mixture fed ad libitumand hay offered to a maximum of 0.9 kg per day. Twin pairs were fed either uniformly on ration (A) or (B) or split; one twin being fed on each ration. The design provided to test the hypotheses on rations, pairs and ration by pair interaction effects. No evidence was found for significant ration × pair interaction for growth traits. Calves fed the two rations gained similarly in weight and height, however vealer fed calves had significantly (P<.05) higher weekly changes in heart girth. The vealer fed calves consumed significantly (P<.01) less dry matter, estimated TDN and estimated TDN per kilogram of gain.

An investigation of the elastic scattering of 120 MeV positive pions by protons is described. The experiment was done by exposing a liquid propane chamber to the CERN 600 MeV synchro-cyclotron. The results refer to 5405 selected events in which the contamination from scattering on carbon nuclei is shown to be negligible. The values obtained for the phase-shifts are: α31= − 2.600±0.690, α3= − 11.050±1.320, α33= 31.670± 1.010. The value of α3differs significantly from that expected if the linear dependence of α3on the momentum, which has been proposed by some authors, is assumed. The present result is discussed, particularly in connection with some recent theoretical developments. Si descrive una ricerca sull’urto elastico di pioni positivi di 120 MeV su protoni. L’esperimento è stato fatto esponendo una camera a bolle a propano al sincrociclotrone da 600 MeV del CERN. I risultati si riferiscono a 5 405 eventi opportunamente scelti, per i quali si dimostra che la contaminazione da urti su nuclei di carbonio è trascurabile. I valori ottenuti per le fasi sono α31= − 2.600±0.690, α3= − 11.050± 1.320, α3= 31.670± 1.010. Il valore della fase α3differisce notevolmente da quello che ci si attenderebbe assumendo che essa dipenda linearmente dal momento, come è stato proposto da alcuni autori: questo risultato viene discusso, particolarmente in relazione ad alcuni recenti sviluppi teorici.