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Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) are major sources of bioactive compounds. The flowers are used to treat a variety of illnesses and have both antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. However, marigolds exhibit a wide range of genetic variations. Because of this, both the bioactive compounds and biological activities of the plants differ between cultivars. In the present study, nine marigold cultivars grown in Thailand were evaluated for their bioactive compound content, as well as for their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the Sara Orange cultivar possessed the highest total carotenoid content (431.63 mg/100 g). However, Nata 001 (NT1) had the highest amount of total phenolic compounds (161.17 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (20.05 mg QE/g), and lutein (7.83 mg/g), respectively. NT1 exhibited strong activities against the DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation, and had the highest FRAP value as well. Moreover, NT1 demonstrated the most significant (p < 0.05) α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (IC50 values of 2.57 and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively). The nine marigold cultivars had reasonable correlations between lutein content and the capacity to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Hence, NT1 may be a good source of lutein; it may also be beneficial in both functional food production and medical applications.

Organics, inorganics, and biofertilizers stimulate the growth, quality, yield, nutrient uptake, efficiency, and apparent nutrient recovery in marigold. A field trial was conducted for two consecutive years 2016/17 and 2017/18 during Fall to assess the influence of nutrients applied on growth, quality, yield, soil, and plant nutrient status of marigold. Azotobacter + vermicompost + 50% RDF responded highest plant height (76.91 cm) and increased phosphorus availability in soil at harvest (42.56 kg ha−1). However, increased number of secondary branches (22.35), leaf area (62.84cm2), E-W plant spread (49.80 cm), flower duration (103.36 days), number of flowers per plant (30.50), flower yield (234.75q ha−1), seed yield (5.87q ha−1), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake in flower (80.70 kg ha−1, 13.83 kg ha−1, and 73.02 kg ha−1), potassium use efficiency of plant (347.78 kg ha−1), apparent phosphorus and potassium recovery (16.95% and 93.97%) and postharvest available phosphorus of the soil (33.60 kg ha−1) were associated with Azospirillum + Azotobacter + vermicompost + 50% RDF. Azospirillum + Azotobacter + FYM + 50% RDF had shown maximum flower diameter (60.25 mm), carotenoid content in dry petals (11.37mg100g−1). Moreover, potassium uptake in stem (5.64 kg ha−1), nitrogen uptake efficiency (0.78%), phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.26%), nitrogen use efficiency (234.77 kg ha−1), phosphorus use efficiency (440.20 kg ha−1) and apparent nitrogen recovery (51.12%) was recorded to be highest in the treatment Azospirillum + Azotobacter + 50% RD N and P + 100% RD K. The study shows the great potential of organics and biofertilizers that could be used for integrated nutrient management in marigold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marigold (Tagetes spp) which is considered to be a traditional medicinal plant, has significant therapeutic value and is used in treatment of a number of ailments. This review mainly emphasizes on the role of Tagetes as biopesticides especially as insecticide, mosquitocide, nematicide, bactericide and fungicide. The essential oils obtained from the aerial part of Tagetes mainly contain monoterpene hydrocarbons (ocimenes, limonene, terpinene etc) and acyclic monoterpene ketones (tagetones, dihydrotagetone and tagetenone) in addition to lower amount of sesquiterpene and oxygenated compounds. These components are mainly responsible for insecticidal, larvicidal and mosquitocidal property. On the other hand species of Tagetes also show strong nematicidal effect. Thus they can be used to suppress nematode species in the field by different techniques such as crop rotation or intercropping system or by exterting allelopahic effect. Tagetes can show a remarkable biochemical interaction known as allelopathy by producing a potentially bioactive component α-therthienyl that is mainly responsible for nematicidal action. This sulphur containing compound has nematicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, antiviral and cytotoxic effect. The essential oil of Tagetes also shows strong bactericidal and fungicidal effect against a number of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This review not only discusses the role of marigold as biopesticides especially as insecticides, mosquitocides, nematicides, bactericides and fungicide but also elucidates its ecofriendly potential to be used in the agricultural field as an alternative to chemical synthetic pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims at determining the variability in composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils extracted from aerial parts of Tagetes patula at different phenological stages of plant growth i.e., the vegetative, full blooming and seed setting stages. The maximum average yield of hydrodistilled essential oils was obtained as 0.083 ± 0.003% (seed setting), 0.068±0.007% (full flowering) and 0.059±0.005% (pre flowering). (Z)-β-ocimene was found to be most abundant compound of essential oil of T. patula, and α-terpinolene, piperitenone, limonene and propanedinitrile, dicyclohexyl were found as major compounds in oil extracted at different phenological stages of plant. Contribution of (Z)-β-Ocimene was highest in full flowering stage (18.27±3.14%) as compared to other two stages where its amount ranged from 12.03-17.17 %. α-Terpinolene the second major component was found highest in the pre-flowering stage (13.86±1.15%) compared to other stages. Significant variation was observed in the percent content of piperitenone during all three phenological stages The antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging) assay showed that T. patula oils have maximum activity at the pre-flowering stage. Antibacterial activities of the essential oils were observed at the pre-flowering stage against different bacteria; i.e., Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited promising values of MIC (0.125 % v/v -0.5 % v/v) and MBC (0.25 v/v to 1% v/v) against bacterial cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens is the most important pest in Chinese tea plantations. For decades its control has been executed almost exclusively through pesticide applications. A semiochemical‐based 'push–pull' strategy was tested on the leafhopper in the study. RESULTS: The odors released from Tagetes erecta and Flemingia macrophylla significantly repelled and attracted leafhoppers, respectively. These volatile compounds (46 from T. erecta and 53 F. macrophylla) were identified and quantified via gas chromatography–mass spectometry (GC–MS) analysis. Y‐tube olfactometer assays indicated that thymol anisole, thymol and camphor had significant repellent effects on the leafhoppers, resulting in a ternary repellent blend at a 4:3:13 ratio. Cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, nonanal and α‐farnesene were significantly attractive to the leafhoppers, making an attractant blend at a 17:4:1:1 ratio. In the field, the push–pull strategy with the repellent dispensers placed within the tea bushes and the attractant‐baited sticky traps hung 15 cm above the tea plants showed a significant control efficacy, reaching 69% and 55% at two and 14 days post‐treatment, respectively, similar to those in the insecticide control plots. Additionally, the leafhopper density in the push–pull intercropping plot was 63.2 leafhoppers/100 tea shoots/visit, much lower than those in the pull intercropping plot and nonintercropping plot. CONCLUSION: Application of the push–pull strategy using both synthetic repellent and attractant, or intercropping T. erecta and F. macrophylla with tea plants, can effectively reduce the leafhopper population. This approach might have great potential as an environmentally safe control strategy against the leafhopper. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we reported on the efficiency of the removal of organic dyes by adsorption on activated carbons prepared from the residue of supercritical extraction of marigold. The performance of adsorbents prepared was tested towards methyl red, methylene blue, malachite green, and crystal violet at room temperature. The effects of carbonization (500 and 700 °C) and activation (700 and 800 °C) temperatures, textural parameters, and acid-base character of the adsorbent surface on the sorption properties of the activated carbons were established. Activated carbons are characterized by low developed specific surface area, from 2 to 206 m2/g, and have a basic character of the surface (pH of carbons water extracts ranging from 10.4 to 11.2). Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were investigated. The equilibrium data were analyzed in the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The adsorption capacities of activated carbons studied varied from 47.62 to 102.43 mg/g towards methyl red, 53.14 to 139.72 mg/g towards methyl red, 425.46 to 622.80 towards malachite green and 155.91 to 293.75 mg/g towards crystal violet, from their water solutions. Kinetics of the adsorption of the organic dyes studied were found to be described by the pseudo-second-order model. It was proven that through the physical activation of the residue of supercritical extraction of marigold, it is possible to obtain carbonaceous materials of very high adsorption capacity towards organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, synthetic antioxidants that are widely used in foods have been shown to cause detrimental health effects, and there has been growing interest in antioxidants realised from natural plant extracts. In this study, we investigate the potential effects of natural antioxidant components extracted from the forage plant marigold on the oxidative stability of soybean oil. First, HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was used with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to screen and identify potential antioxidant components in marigold. Four main antioxidant components were identified, including quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1), quercetagetin (2), quercetin (3) and patuletin (4). Among them, quercetagetin (QG) exhibited the highest content and the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and effectively inhibited the production of oxidation products in soybean oil during accelerated oxidation, as indicated by reductions in the peroxide value (PV) and acid value (AV). Then, the fatty acids and volatile compounds of soybean oil were determined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). A total of 108 volatile components, including 16 alcohols, 23 aldehydes, 25 ketones, 4 acids, 15 esters, 18 hydrocarbons, and 7 other compounds, were identified. QG significantly reduced the content and number of aldehydes and ketones, whereas the formation of acids and hydrocarbons was completely prevented. In addition, the fatty acid analysis demonstrated that QG significantly inhibited oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Consequently, QG was identified as a potential, new natural antioxidant that is believed to be safe, effective and economical, and it may have potential for use in plant extracts feed additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tagetes parryi is a plant empirically used to treat gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases, its essential oil (EOTP) was obtained from the aerial parts, and the composition was elucidated by GC-MS. The in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities and the antinociceptive activity of EOTP and (1S)-(-)-verbenone (VERB) were assessed. The major compounds identified for EOTP were verbenone (33.39%), dihydrotagetone (26.88%), and tagetone (20.8%). EOTP and VERB diminished the ear oedema induced with TPA by 93.77 % and 81.13 %, respectively. EOTP and VERB decreased inflammation in a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) chronic model with ED50 = 54.95 mg/kg and 45.24 mg/kg, respectively. EOTP (15 µg/mL) inhibited the in vitro production of the pro-inflammatory mediators NO (67.02%), TNF-α (69.21%), and IL-6 (58.44%) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In the acetic induced writhing test, EOTP and VERB showed antinociceptive effects with ED50 = 84.93 mg/kg and ED50 = 45.24 mg/kg, respectively. In phase 1 of the formalin test, EOTP and VERB showed no antinociceptive effects, whereas in phase 2, EOTP (ED50 = 35.45 mg/kg) and VERB (ED50 = 24.84 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive effects. The antinociceptive actions of ETOP and VERB were blocked with the co-administration of L-NAME. This study suggests that EOTP and VERB might be used in the treatment of pain and inflammatory problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of marigolds in Thailand. It causes severe damage to flower quantity and quality. The most common control method is synthetic insecticides, although this method struggles to control hidden larvae inside flowers or buds and underground pupae. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used as biocontrol agents against many foliage and cryptic insects. The virulence of two commercial EPNs strains, Steinernema siamkayai (Stock, Somsook and Reid) and S. carpocapsae (Weiser), isolated in Thailand, were assessed against different developmental stages of S. litura. The younger larvae of first and third instar were more susceptible to S. siamkayai with the LD50 of 15.84 and 40.34 dauer juveniles (DJs) per host, whereas S. carpocapsae caused higher mortality in older larvae. Against the fifth instar larvae and pupae, the LD50 ranged between 54.37 and 607.97 DJs/host. Field experiments compared the effect of EPNs with farmer's practice (insecticides). EPNs treatments with S. siamkayai and S. carpocapsae significantly reduced the percentage of damaged flowers to 2.53 ± 1.2% and 2.97 ± 1.5%, respectively, compared with insecticide treatment at 4.21 ± 2.1% in the first trial. In trial 2, the insecticide treatment had the highest percentage of damaged flowers of 5.02 ± 5.7%. The benefit–cost ratio (BCR) of EPNs treatments ranged from 2.42 to 2.53 in the first trial and 1.24–1.50 in the second trial and was superior to insecticide treatments with 2.21 and 1.16 in the two trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation reports antioxidant and osmotic components of Marigold at different developmental stages and also presents influence of its leachates on germination and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Leaves of younger plants exhibit more phenols, tannins and flavonoids as compared to root and stem. Leaves and flowers of CV. PBG exhibited greater contents of total phenols and flavonoids in comparison to CV. PNG. Leaves and flowers had greater free amino acids and free proline as compared to stem and root. Sodium was more in roots than in stem and leaves, whereas potassium and nitrogen are greater in leaves and stem of younger plants. Leaves of CV. PBG accumulated greater contents of potassium, nitrogen and calcium in comparison to those of PNG. Activity of PAL, SOD and CAT was greater in older plants and in flowers as compared to leaves. Non-enzymatic antioxidant components like ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione also exhibited the same trend. Nevertheless, APX, GPX and GR activity was less in the older plants and more in flowers than leaves. APX and GR activity was higher in CV. PBG than CV. PNG, whereas the activity of GPX and GST was more in PNG in comparison to PBG. The two cultivars (PNG and PBG) of Tagetes erecta L., their different parts and developmental stages showed considerable variation in their antioxidant and osmotic constituents. Accumulation of various antioxidant and osmotic components reported above may probably help Tagetes erecta L. adapt to varying environments. Higher concentration of leachates of leaves and flowers of marigold reduced germination percentage and seedling growth of wheat, whereas treatments of leachates of lower concentration somewhat stimulated the growth of wheat seedlings. Flower leachates showed more pronounced effects than leaf leachates. Further experimentation may lead to identification of allelochemicals in these leachates which may pave way for exploring the possibility of their use along with synthetic herbicides/weedicides in order to minimize the toxicity of soil caused by the use of synthetic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aged refuse, also named mineralized refuse, refers to garbage that has been buried in landfills for many years, has basically stabilized and can be mined and utilized. In this study, we examined the effects of different mass ratios of aged refuse on Tagetes patula and rhizosphere microbes. Compared to growth in ordinary soil, growth in aged refuse or mixed soil with aged refuse significantly increased chlorophyll content, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, while it decreased malondialdehyde levels and protein carbonyl content in leaf tissue of Tagetes patula. Aged refuse was found to be enriched in a variety of rhizosphere microbes that contribute to pollutant degradation, although microbial diversity was found to be relatively low. Bacterial genera such as Ferruginibacter, Hymenobacter, unclassified_Gemmataceae, Longimicrobium, Tychonema CCAP 1459‐11B, Gemmatirosa, and Rubellimicrobium were depleted in soil: aged refuse groups compared with ordinary soil. Correspondingly, bacterial genera such as Emticicia, Caedibacter, Anaerosalibacter, Tumebacillus, Patulibacter, Oceanotoga, Dyadobacter, Chloroflexus, and Acidobacteria bacterium SCN 69–37, Polycyclovorans, were enriched in soil: aged refuse groups compared with ordinary soil. Furthermore, rhizosphere microbe functions changed markedly following the addition of aged refuse. These findings indicate that aged refuse may represent a source of environmental stress for plants and modifies the dominant bacterial composition of rhizosphere microbes. There were underlying close associations among pollutants, plant physiological stress responses, and rhizosphere microbial community composition. With respect to identifying potential approaches to recycling aged refuse, it will be necessary to focus on selecting optimal mass ratios of aged refuse and ordinary soil to control contaminant exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Ln-MOF with microrods shape were successfully combined with ZnIn 2 S 4 (ZIS) microsphere and used for photocatalytic hydrogen generation under UV–Vis and visible light. The Ln-MOFs/ZIS system comprises lanthanide-carboxylate coordination networks (Tm and Gd as metal ions, and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC) as the organic linker) deposited on ZnIn 2 S 4 microspheres. Effect of the amount of ((Tm,Gd)-BTC) (1, 5, 10 wt%) on the optical properties and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance was investigated. ZIS microsphere shows the marigold flower-like morphology and hexagonal polytopic crystal form. Our results proved that the combination of ZIS microsphere, Ln-MOF and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) caused significant enhancement in hydrogen generation. Amount of formed hydrogen was raised from 196.3 to 7782.1 μmol g−1 for pristine ZIS and ZIS decorated with 1% (Tm, Gd)-BTC/Pt under UV–Vis light, respectively. [Display omitted] • Novel composite of (Tm,Gd)-BTC with ZnIn 2 S 4 microsphere. • Highly efficient photocatalytic performance compared to ZnIn 2 S 4. • Amount of H 2 formed over ZIS/1%Ln-MOF/Pt was 11,866,57 μmol g−1 under UV–Vis. • 40 times greater photocatalytic H 2 evolution for ZIS/1%Ln-MOF/Pt than for ZIS/Pt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study entitled "Effect of consortium biofertilizer on growth and flowering of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) var. Punjab Gainda No 1" was conducted at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2020. The experiment was laid out with six treatments viz. 50% RDF + FYM 20 tonnes/ha, 75% RDF + FYM 20 tonnes/ha, 100% RDF + FYM 20 tonnes/ha, 50% RDF + FYM 20 tonnes/ha + Consortium biofertilizer 500g/ha, 75% RDF + FYM 20 tonnes/ha + Consortium biofertilizer 500g/ha, 100% RDF + FYM 20 tonnes/ha + Consortium biofertilizer 500g/ha. The consortium biofertilizer was applied to the roots of seedlings for half an hour before transplanting in RBD design as a root dip treatment replicated four times. The maximum plant height (67.89 cm), plant spread (58.72 cm), number of branches per plant (17), flower duration (45 days), number of flower per plant (38.19), average flower weight (5.09 g), flower diameter (5.86 cm), flower yield/m2 (1.21 kg) were observed with 100% RDF + FYM 20 tonnes/ha + consortium biofertilizer 500g/ha. Whereas, minimum number of days taken for flower bud appearance (48.11 days) and number of days taken to 50% flowering (74 days) were recorded with same treatment. N, P, K contents of leaves and partitioning coefficient were also significantly improved in plants treated with consortium biofertilizer. From this study it is evident that addition of consortium biofertilizer @ 500 g/ha as seedling root dip treatment improves floral and vegetative parameters in marigold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides B 1 b , B 3 b , and B 6 b - B 11 b was performed in HCl solution (2%) on a boiling-water bath for 2 h. Flowers of I Tagetes patula i L. (Asteraceae) (French marigold) are a promising source of flavonoids and contain ~4-9% of them according to various literature data [[1], [3]]. The isolated compounds were identified using UV, SP 1 sp H NMR, and SP 13 sp C NMR spectroscopy. Enzymatic hydrolysis of flavonoids B 1 b , B 3 b , and B 11 b used an aqueous solution of I i -glucosidase (Sigma). [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to investigate a novel method for the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using marigold extract (Calendula officinalis L), kraft pulping black liquor, and nanocellulose. Then, the efficacy of FeNPs as a direct nanofertilizer on the growth parameters of marigold was investigated. Characterization techniques including FESEM, EDX, VSM, and FTIR were used to confirm the successful synthesis of FeNPs. The characterization results confirmed the formation and presence of FeNPs in the 20–100 nm range. FeNPs synthesized with nanocellulose notably enhanced marigold growth parameters compared to other materials. However, all nanoparticle variants, including those from marigold extract and black liquor, improved germination, plant height, root length, and plant dry weight compared to the control. Moreover, treatments exhibited higher available iron and total plant iron levels than the control. Thus, employing 10 mg FeNPs (prepared with 5.0 % nanocellulose) appears optimal for enhancing marigold growth and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a facile route to synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles assembled into marigold shaped clusters utilizing the Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract. Synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters were examined as catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of non-degradable organic dyes under the natural sunlight. The structural properties of as-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters were demonstrated by powder-X-ray diffraction confirming the high crystallinity with hexagonal phase. Moreover, detailed structural and crystallographic analyses for as-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters were analyzed through Rietveld refinement using FULLPROF software which further confirmed the wurtzite-type structure with P63mc space group. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was utilized to investigate the morphology of the synthesized ZnO, which revealed that nanoparticles assembled in clusters and eventually transformed into marigold shaped structures. Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that as-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters consist of spherical and hexagonal nanoparticles with average crystallite size of 6 ± 2 nm. The role of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract for the formation of ZnO clusters was discussed in detail by the plausible reaction mechanism. As-synthesized ZnO marigold shaped clusters exhibited the excellent photocatalytic behavior by observing almost 98 % photocatalytic performance towards organic dyes under open air sunlight condition. The aim of such investigation of the synthesized ZnO clusters has potential as solar based photocatalytic application towards efficient degradation of organic dyes. [Display omitted] • A sustainable approach to synthesis of ZnO marigold shaped clusters. • Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract utilized for the facile synthesis. • Demonstration to the catalytic properties of the ZnO marigold shaped clusters under the open air sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of being a "marigold" in literacy instruction, drawing parallels between the supportive nature of marigold plants in gardens and the spirit among educators, encouraging teachers to share their talents and create enriching environments for student success.

Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) are multifunctional flowering plants belonging to the Asteraceae family, well-known and widespread for their ornamental value and many other uses. In this study, morphological differences and genetic relationships among 21 cultivars of three species of marigold (Tagetes patula, T. erecta and T. tenuifolia) were analysed. Results have revealed obvious differences among genotypes, starting from the morphological characteristics of the seeds and their capacity to germinate to adult plant morphological characteristics, both between cultivars and species. The genotypic differences were manifested in considerable variation in the development of phenological stages and the main morphological traits of plants and flowers. PCA and hierarchical clustering analyses of morphological traits revealed a homogeneous grouping of cultivars within each species, except for Orion, belonging to T. patula, which was closer to T. erecta cultivars. A subset of 13 cultivars from the three species was subjected to SSR analysis, revealing considerable genetic diversity and good separation between T. patula on the one side and T. erecta and T. tenuifolia on the other. The observed heterozygosity was much lower than the expected heterozygosity, revealing a high degree of fixation. The results reveal that the three species evaluated have considerable morphological and genetic diversity, which has important implications for assessing genetic diversity, conserving germplasm and selecting parents for new breeding works in marigolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study addresses the potential of marigold cultivation in terms of income and employment effects in the subtropical region of Jammu. Within the field research, we have surveyed 100 marigold farmers from Jammu and Kathua districts of Jammu Region. The region is of special interest in terms of economic development due to disproportional unemployment rate and high level of poverty. The study finds that marigold cultivation exhibits strong employment and income linkages. Marigold cultivation generates employment opportunities of 124.84 man-days (MD) in a season in comparison to 85.37 MD of rice and 49.58 MDs of wheat. Hence, marigold farming could create more and better-paid rural employment possibilities for peasants and lead to a substantial reduction of the poverty headcount ratios. Furthermore, the Cobb–Douglas production function-based econometric specification shows that farmyard manure (FYM), fertilizers, plant protection, and machine hours have a statistically significant positive effect on marigold yield. The second source of the growth of marigold cultivation is the replacement of subsistence farming with a focus on wheat and rice by marigold farming. We find that this kind of growth does not endanger food security in Jammu and Kathua districts. On the contrary, the growing level of income of the rural population could enhance market demand and a greater willingness to pay for the local agri-food sector and assure a greater level of food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild marigold has a growing demand for its essential oil in the flavor and fragrance industries. It can be grown over a broad range of climates, but the changing climatic conditions lead to abiotic stresses, thus restricting its productivity. Abiotic stresses at elevated levels result in the reduction of germination, growth, and essential oil quality of wild marigold leading to heterogeneous and inferior grades of " Tagetes oil." Drought, salinity, and heavy metal stress at elevated levels have common effects in terms of ROS formation, which are the major cause of growth deterioration in wild marigold. Temperatures above 35°C inhibit seed germination. Irradiance stress reduces the biomass and essential oil yield. Waterlogging adversely affects the survival of wild marigold in high rainfall regions. The application of plant nutrients (fertilizers) modulates the biomass and essential oil yield. Wild marigold employs multiple tolerance mechanisms to cope up with the adverse effects of abiotic stresses such as the increased activity of antioxidants to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, enhanced lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane to maintain cell wall architecture, production of secondary metabolites, and accumulation of osmolytes. In this review, we tried to understand how abiotic stresses affect wild marigold. Understanding the physiological changes and biochemical characteristics of stress tolerance will contribute to the development of stress-tolerant lines of wild marigold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking American No.5,the main variety of pigment marigold in Shache County as the control group,the seedling emergence and seedling growth of four ornamental varieties and four new varieties of pigment were compared in the field,thus to provide reference for the variety renewal and new germplasm screening of the two types of Tagetes erecta.The results showed that there were significant differences in the seedling emergence potential and seedling emergence index among the four ornamental varieties,among which the seedling emergence potential,the seedling emergence index and the transplanting survival rate of Inka Ⅱ and Antigua were significantly higher than those of QijiⅡand Taishan,but the seedling emergence rate was extremely significantly lower than those of the latter two,which were 75.0%and 67.5%,respectively.When transplanting,the root length of each ornamental variety was the longest in Taishan,reaching 5.98cm.The crown width and plant height of QijiⅡ were significantly higher than those of other varieties,and the leaf area was also larger.The crown width,plant height and relative chlorophyll content of Antigua were significantly lower than those of other varieties.The first-order branch number and leaf number of InkaⅡ and Taishan were significantly higher than those of the other two varieties.Among the five varieties of pigment,the seedling emergence potential of Jiahe A1and Mengza No.1was significantly higher than that of other varieties,and the seedling emergence index of Mengza No.1was significantly higher than that of other varieties.The emergence rate of Jiahe A2was the highest,which was 82.5%.The transplanting survival rate of American No.5was the highest,which was 81.3%.When transplanting,the root length,crown width,plant height,and chlorophyll content of Chiju Shenghuo were significantly higher than those of other varieties,and the number of firstorder branches and leaves was also more,while the seedling growth of Jiahe A2was relatively weak.Compared with the two kinds of Tagetes erecta,the seedling emergence index,seedling emergence rate and transplanting survival rate of ornamental varieties were higher on the whole,with longer roots,thicker stems and more leaves.However,the crown width and plant height of pigment varieties were larger and higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Julius-Kühn-Archiv is the property of Julius Kuehn Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae Koch were recorded weekly on germplasm materials of marigold and effect of season on mite population was recorded. More number of mites/ leaf were found during summer season as compared to winter and rainy season. French marigold (Tagetes patula) was found more susceptible to mite infestation as compared to African marigold (Tagetes erecta). Significant difference in mite population was recorded on three different leaf stages of plant i.e. tender, grown up and older leaves. A significant positive correlation of mite population was observed with maximum temperature (r=0.469), sunshine hours(r=0.490) and evaporation (r=0.567). However, negative significant correlation of morning relative humidity (r= -0.824), evening relative humidity(r= -0.798) and minimum temperature (r= -0.674) was recorded with Tetranychus urticae population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tagetes erecta L. mainly contains active components such as lutein, flavonoids, essential oils andα-tribithiophene, which has many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial insecticidal.Tagetes erecta L. plays an important role in improving the immunity and production performance of the body and improving the quality of products in animal production. The paper reviews the biological activity of Tagetes erecta L. and its application in animal production, to provide reference for further development and utilization of Tagetes erecta L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports an eco-friendly synthesis method of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using two different extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) of Tagetes erecta flowers. When exposed to different biocompounds found in the plant, silver ions are reduced, thus, resulting in the green synthesis of nanoparticles. After performing the optimization of synthesis, the obtained AgNPs were characterized using various techniques. The UV–Vis spectrum of the synthesized nanoparticles showed maximum peaks at 410 and 420 nm. TEM analysis revealed that the particles were spherical with a size ranging from 10 to 15 nm, and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver metal. The average diameter value obtained through DLS analysis for the two types of AgNPs (obtained using aqueous and ethanolic extracts) was 104 and 123 nm. The Zeta potentials of the samples were −27.74 mV and −26.46 mV, respectively, which indicates the stability of the colloidal solution. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities assays showed that nanoparticles obtained using the aqueous extract presented enhanced antioxidant activity compared to the corresponding extract, with both types of AgNPs exhibiting improved antifungal properties compared to the initial extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we revisit the classic inference problem of minimum risk point estimation for an unknown normal mean when the variance also remains unknown. We propose an alternative three-stage sampling procedure with termination defined via Gini's mean difference rather than the traditional sample standard deviation. A number of asymptotic properties are investigated both theoretically and empirically. An extensive set of simulations is conducted to demonstrate the remarkable performance of the new procedure. For practical purposes, we also include illustrations using real data sets on the number of days marigold seeds need to flower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The including of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in the compound feed for the layers of the net utilization of the energy and protein has been studied. Two new indexes of net utilization have been introduced: Clarc of energy distribution (CED) – the relation between consumed metabolizable energy and accumulated gross energy in the egg mélange and Clarc of protein transformation (CPT) - the relation between consumed crude protein and accumulated crude protein in the egg mélange. The results show that 0.5% of the additive in the hens’ diet influences on the net utilization: CED (fodder – egg mélange) was 0.1891 for the experimental group against 0.1820 for the control group. CPT was 0.2562 against 0.2358 respectively. The differences (especially for CPT) may arouse the interest of the scientific community in collecting more data in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to evaluate carotenoid pigment profile and the antioxidant activity from 14 commonly grown flowers in Thailand. The result found that orange marigold showed the highest total carotenoid content at as 2,209±75.58 µg/g, followed by deep yellow chrysanthemum at 551.27±47.72 µg/g (P<0.01). The next lower total carotenoid content group was found in yellow silk cotton, yellow trumpetbush, yellow marigold and yellow golden shower with total carotenoid content of 447.42±27.56, 429.46±28.34, 409.85±34.58 and 363.88±12.74 µg/g, respectively. The highest antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radicles were found from orange marigold, which were 32.34±2.16 and 50.08±0.87%, respectively. Deep yellow chrysanthemum, yellow silk cotton, yellow trumpetbush, yellow marigold and yellow golden shower also showed significantly higher antioxidant activities than other flowers (P<0.01). Total carotenoid contents well correlated with antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals (r = 0.6924 and r = 0.8270, respectively) at P<0.01. TLC result elucidated that orange marigold, yellow silk cotton and yellow golden shower were a good source of ß-carotene, while deep yellow chrysanthemum and yellow marigold were a good source of lutein and/or zeaxanthin. The result indicated that flower petals would be useful as natural carotenoid source and provide antioxidants for food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at department of Floriculture & Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, to evaluate 20 marigold genotypes with 12 testers (10 African marigold (Tagetes erecta) and 2 French marigold (Tagetes patula) genotypes) and 8 lines for the production of F1 hybrids, during 2019-20 and 2020-21. Pooled data analysis of vegetative parameters showed the superiority of tester genotype KAU-M 21 in terms of plant height (43.77 cm), plant spread (31.97 cm), number of primary branches (7.87) and stem girth (4.12 cm), while KAU-M 1 showed the superiority in total leaf area (47.27 cm2). Among the lines, KAU-M 42 showed good performance for all the vegetative parameters. Analytical study on floral characters highlighted that the testers, KAU-M 1 and KAU-M 40, produced larger flowers (6.3 cm and 5.80 cm diameter) having significantly more individual flower weight (9.70 g and 7.85 g) and ray floret weight (5.60 g and 3.50 g) respectively. French marigold genotypes KAUM 48 and KAU-M 47 showed earliest bud initiation (17.92 and 19.37 days) and earlier flower opening (35 and 37.75 days). KAU-M 46 produced maximum number of flowers per plant (103.37), while KAU-M 2, KAU-M 1, KAU-M 19 and KAU-M 40 recorded maximum yield that ranged from 215 to 243 g/plant. Among the lines, KAU-M 6 recorded highest number of flowers and yield per plant (92.32 and 228.99 g) followed by KAU-M 5, KAU-M 16 and KAU-M 42. Among the testers, shelf life of flowers differed significantly and majority of the genotypes recorded a shelf life ranging from 2.0 to 2.67 days. The total carotenoid content was significantly higher in KAU-M 47 and KAU-M 48 (4.85 and 2.26 mg/g respectively) among the testers, and KAU-M 18 and KAU-M 42 (2.01 mg/g and 1.49 mg/g respectively) among the lines. KAU-M 1 and KAU-M 5 recorded the highest lutein content (102.3 mg/g and 62.3 mg/g) among the testers and lines, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asteraceae is one of the widespread family of Angiosperms and is well known for the presence of flavonoids, glycosides and other bioactive constituents. They are reported to have antifungal, antioxidant properties and thus have generated lots of interest in curing and preventing many diseases. In the present study, phytochemical analysis using ethanol, petroleum and chloroform extracts of Aster and Tagetes dried flower samples were analyzed. The phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides were observed in all extracts of both plant samples except tannins and anthraquinone glycoside chemical tests gave negative results in Aster plant extract. The dried flower sample of both plants were also subjected to column chromatography for separation of Lutein (a fat-soluble xanthophyll). Best results in isolation of Lutein sample were obtained using hexane: ethyl acetate (90:10) mobile phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrients are essential components required by the plants for their growth and development. The application of organic and chemical fertilizers creates different impacts on the soil fertility and on plant development. These components help in increasing the efficiency and effective recovery of the agricultural field. The components used, duration of application and the rate of release of these nutrients create the differences between the organic and inorganic fertilizers. In the present study a pot experiment was conducted for evaluating the effects of manures and fertilizers on growth of the plant Tagetes erecta L. (African marigold) plant. Four potting media were prepared, namely organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, cow dung cake and vermicompost. One set was kept as control. The study was conducted for the time period of 21 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pot-culture experiments were conducted to investigate the single effect of Cd, PCBs, and the combined effect of Cd-PCBs with Tagetes patula L. The study highlights that the minimum concentration of PCBs (100 µg kg−1) could enable the growth of the plant with an increase in biomass by 27.76% when compared with the control. In all the experiments performed, the Cd concentrations over the surface parts were found to be above 100 mg kg−1. Significant positive correlations were observed between the Cd and PCBs concentrations accumulated in tissues of the soil and plants (p < 0.05). T. patula exhibited high tolerance to Cd and PCBs, and the plant promoted the removal rate of PCBs. The removal rates of PCB18 and PCB28 were up to 42.72 and 42.29%, respectively. The study highlights the potential and suitability of T. patula for phytoremediation of Cd and PCBs in contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marigold flower leachate, an effluent from the marigold processing industry, was used in irrigation as a one-time amendment to nearby arable land. It has found to be a source of essential nutrients and no harmful effects for plants. Hence, the present study was taken up to evaluate the combined effect of untreated marigold flower leachate (UMFE) and plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) as a supplement along with other combinations, on growth and yield of potato. The treatments T6 (RDF + UMFE + PGPM) and T7 (RDF + 50: 50 (Water: UMFE) + PGPM) reported higher plant height, number of shoots per plant, number of leaves per plant and chlorophyll content and were superior when compared to other treatments. Higher yields were obtained in the treatment received with PGPM, demonstrating that PGPM is effective in stimulating plant vegetative growth and enhancing crop productivity. The yield in T7 treatment was higher (19.68 t ha-1 of tubers), when compared to the control (5.90 t ha-1). The study found that applying UMFE in a 50:50 ratio (UFME: bore well water) to the agricultural land and PGPM, could be a feasible option for recycling the industrial wastewater without losing the essential nutrients. According to the study, UMFE, rich in nutrients improves the soil by adding organic matter, and beneficial bacteria aid in the solubilization and mobilization of nutrients in the soil to the plant system, resulting in a better supplement for improved growth and yield in potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A 60 days experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of marigold (Tagetes erecta) leaf meal as natural carotenoid for koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings. Fishes with an average weight of 2.0 g were fed one of the six diets prepared for this study as follows: Diet 1 (T0) without marigold, Diet 2 (T1) – Basal diet + 11%, Diet 3 (T2) – Basal diet + 13%, Diet 4 (T3) – Basal diet + 15%, Diet 5 (T4) – Basal diet + 17%, Diet 6 (T5) – Basal diet + 19% marigold flower leaf meal, respectively. The experimental koi carp were fed at the rate of 3% body weight. Significantly difference at (p<0.05). In growth parameters highest in as weight gain (3.600 ± 0.057 g) in T3, percent weight gain (35.465± 0.468) in T3, specific growth rate (0.506 ± 0.005) in T3, gross conversion efficiency (0.158 ± 0.001) T3, length gain (0.78 cm) in T3 and the lowest value of feed conversion ratio was reported (6.308 ± 0.061) in T3 as maximum feed utilization. At the end of research period the maximum coloration was recorded in T4 with L, A & B value {(17.470± 0.060), (1.820± 0.081), (5.010 ± 0.121)} respectively and lowest L, A & B value. The findings of current research indicate that dietary use of graded marigold flower meal at the rate of 15gm/ 100gm diet has a beneficial impact on growth performance and 17g/100g of diet can enhance the coloration of koi carp fingerling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the economic value of phytoremediation, three flower plants i.e. Tagetes patula, Cosmos bipinnata and Centaurea cyanus were chosen in this study to investigate their remediation and reutilization potentials. The pilot-scale experiments were carried out in Cd, As and Pb contaminated farmland near the mining area in Guangxi. The metal amounts, bioconcentration factor(BCF)and biotranslocation factor(BTF)of three flower plants towards Cd, As and Pb were analyzed and calculated. In order to develop a novel reutilization method of the harvested plants, the essential oil was extracted from the aboveground biomasses. The inhibitory effects of plant essential oil on the growth of pathogenic bacteria were studied, and the antibacterial effects of the oil as well as in the sanitizer were also investigated. The results were as follows:(1)The studied area was heavily polluted. Cd and As contents in the soil were above risk intervention values, whereas Pb content was above risk screening value. It indicated that the area was at high-level of soil contamination risk by Cd, As and Pb.(2)The studied three flower plants had good resistance to high-level contamination of Cd, As and Pb in the soil. Tagetes patula and Cosmos bipinnata extracted higher contents of Cd and Pb from the soil, whilst Cosmos bipinnata showed the lowest metal enrichment amounts. These flower plants possessed high level of BCFs and BTFs towards Cd, moderate level for Pb, but the lowest level for As. In general, the metal extraction ability of three flower plants in descending order was Tagetes patula > Cosmos bipinnata > Centaurea cyanus, and the metal enrichment preference was Cd>Pb>As.(3)The Tagetes patula oil was found to have a good inhibition effect(<10 CFU·mL-1)towards Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Given the high metal accumulation in Tagetes patula, no significant amounts of metals were detected in the extracted oil. It also prolongated the antibacterial effect of the sanitizer as long as 480 min. Therefore, Tagetes patula is not only preferred in the phytoremediation of metal-contaminated farmland, but also the essential oil extracted from the harvested biomasses can be developed as an antibacterial agent. This study provides the theoretical basis for the novel reutilization of metal-concentrated plants harvested from the phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress is major concerns to agriculture globally. Salt stress interferes enzymatic activities and several physiological processes that lead to reduction in crop yield and quality. The current investigation was performed at Horticulture Garden where two marigold cultivars (V1 = African orange and V2= Dwarf double mix) were subjected to salinity stress condition (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1). The results exhibited that salt stress revealed adverse effect on all the parameters of both of the varieties of marigold. The plants irrigated with canal water (control) having EC of 0.7 dSm-1 showed better results for both seed and flowering related traits. The plants treated with canal water showed better seed germination (82.56 %), seed germination index (2.04), plant height (21.31 cm), branches/plant (45.61), leaves/plant (201.67), flowers/plant (8.56), diameter of flower (7.95 cm), fresh root biomass (0.821 g) and dry root biomass (2.28 mg). The plants treated with 2 dSm-1 showed seed germination (65.35 %), seed germination index (1.53), plant height (16.61cm), branches/plant (40.38), leaves/plant (195.33), flowers/plant (6.83), diameter of flower (6.75 cm), fresh root biomass (0.718 g) and dry root biomass (2.04 mg). It was further noted that as the salt stress increases the plant performance for all investigated traits decreased significantly. The varieties showed highly different responses for both seed and flowering related attributes. The variety dwarf double mix had a better seed germination and flowering growth and production in comparison with African orange. The double mix showed better seed germination (64.64 %), seed germination index (1.53), plant height (14.94 cm), branches/plant (36.71), leaves/plant (190.73), flowers/plant (5.64), diameter of flower (6.32 cm), fresh root biomass (0.660 g) and dry root biomass (2.12 mg). It is concluded that salt stress up to 0.7 dSm-1 did not reveal any adverse effects on germination and flowering response of marigold. The salinity at 2, 6 and 8 dSm-1 caused simultaneous adverse effects on all the studied parameters [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roots of Tagetes lucida Cav. (Asteraceae) have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to examine the hepatoprotective effects of T. lucida roots ethanol extract (TLRE) using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The active ingredients of TLRE were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography, infra-red spectrum, and mass spectrometric procedures. Ninety rats were distributed into four main groups: positive, therapeutic, protective, and negative group. The therapeutic group was implemented using CCl4 (a single dose of 2 mL/kg) before TLRE or silymarin administration. Meanwhile, the protective group was implemented by administering CCl4 (a single dose of 2 mL/kg) after force-feeding TLRE or silymarin. Each therapeutic and protective group was divided into three subgroups: force-fed with saline, TLRE (500 mg/kg), and silymarin (25 mg/kg). The positive group was split into two subgroups that were force-fed TLRE and silymarin. Positive, therapeutic, and protective groups were compared to the negative group (untreated rats). CCl4, TLRE, and silymarin were orally administrated using a gastric tube. In the therapeutic and protective groups, TLRE significantly reduced liver enzymes, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase (12.47 and 6.29%), alanine aminotransferase (30.48 and 11.39%), alkaline phosphatase (17.28 and 15.90%), and cytochrome P450-2E1 (39.04 and 48.24%), and tumour necrosis factor-α (53.72 and 53.72%) in comparison with CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity controls. TLRE has a potent hepatoprotective effect with a good safety margin. After a repeated study on another type of small experimental animal, their offspring, and an experiment with a large animal, this study may lead to clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out to see response of different biofertilizers and NPK levels on growth and flowering of marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda at Agriculture Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India during 2019-20. The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. The treatments were made by the making the combination of Azotobactor, Pseudomonas, NPK and RDFYM. The obtained results show that different biofertilizers along with the different levels of NPK have released significant effect on growth and flowering of marigold. Growth parameters like maximum number of number of primary branches/plant, length of primary branches and plant spreading were resulted when plants treated with T10 nevertheless, treatment T9 resulted in maximum number of secondary branches and highest plant height. In concern with flowering parameters, the results revealed that the minimum days to bud initiation was recorded under the T9 notwithstanding, lesser days to flowering, maximum bud diameter, bud length and diameter of flower were measured with T10. The results revealed that the overall performance of marigold plant was greatly enhanced under treatment T10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vegetative performance of chrysanthemum var. Marigold with respect to phenophase based irrigation and fertigation schedule was evaluated. In the vegetative phase, the maximum plant height (62.44 cm), number of secondary branches per plant (42.65), number of primary branches per plant (10.85), leaf area (3793.81 cm2) was recorded in the treatment combination. Whereas, the maximum average plant spread (47.98 cm) was in I1F4, number of leaves per plant (217.76) was in I3F1. Scheduling irrigation regime I3-(0.8 ER each at vegetative, bud and flowering phases) in combination with weekly application of (F4) 75:112.5:75 kg NPK/ha in three splits 40:20:20 % NPK (vegetative phase), 30:40:40 % NPK (bud phase) 30:40:40% NPK (flowering phase) through fertigation recorded maximum loose flower yield (26.27 t/ha) and this can be correlated with increased values for most of the vegetative parameters that directly influence the yield of the crop. Hence the above was observed best treatment over other treatment combinations with respect to vegetative parameters of chrysanthemum var. Marigold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken on the ovicidal and larval repellent activity of Tagetes erecta leaf and flower extracts on Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806), an important tick species in the world from an economic and medical point of view. Ethanol and methanol extracted plant products tested against the eggs and larvae of R. sanguineus indicated that the ethanol extract of flower had maximum ovicidal activity (86.1%), followed by the ethanol extract of leaf (75%) at 25 mg ml-1 concentration. In all analyses, the homogeneity of variance was significant. The probit analysis clearly indicated that the ethanol extract of the flower has a higher ability to kill the eggs. In the case of larval repellency tested, both extracts of leaf showed the highest repellency (83%) at 2.5 mg ml-1. Significant tick repellency (> 90%) was found in both methanol and ethanol extracts of flower at 2.5 mg ml-1. GC-MS analysis of extracts revealed the presence of bioactive insecticidal compounds such as yangambin, cyclohexane and neophytadine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]