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Copyright of Archeologia Postmedievale is the property of Edizioni all'Insegna del Giglio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Confluenze. Rivista di Studi Iberoamericani is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pacha: Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global is the property of PACHA REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS DEL SUR GLOBAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Literatura y Lingüística is the property of Universidad Catolica Cardenal Raul Silva Henriquez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Razón Crítica is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Razón Crítica is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desacatos is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Divergencia is the property of Taller de Historia Politica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cultura Latinoamericana is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drimys winteri J.R.Forst. & G.Forst, a South American evergreen shrub that is used by the Mapuche people for treatment of several painful conditions, contains polygodial, a lipophilic drimane-type sesquiterpene dialdehyde with known activity at transient receptor potential channel family members including TRPA1 and TRPV1. We sought to assess the activity of polygodial at NaV1.7 and NaV1.8, two key isoforms of the voltage-gated sodium channel family involved in nociception. Polygodial was isolated from D. winteri by thin-layer chromatography and analysed structurally by 1 D and 2 D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Activity at heterologously expressed NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 was assessed using automated whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Here, we show that polygodial inhibits members of the voltage-gated sodium channel family, specifically NaV1.7 and NaV1.8, without changing the voltage-dependence of activation or inactivation. Activity of polygodial at voltage-gated sodium channels may contribute to the previously reported antinociceptive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we describe Basque solidarity for language revitalization in the context of two language-cultures indigenous to Latin America; Mapuche and (southern) Quechua. We explain Basque solidarity broadly in section 2, whereas in section 3 we contextualize this collaboration within a framework of four processes or historic trends. We draw conclusions and key questions from each trend in order to understand Basque solidarity for language revitalization of "Latin-American languages". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the photographic archive of the women's and feminist movement against the civil-military dictatorship in Chile. This corpus is composed of photographic records disseminated by independent media and in alternative publications edited by organisations of women and feminists. Starting from these records, I interrogate the analytical modalities traditionally adopted by photography criticism in Chile when approaching the relationship between "women" and photography. This reflection is oriented around the theoretical and critical work of Andrea Noble: in particular, Noble's reading of Tina Modotti, in which she interrogates and reconsiders the modes of doing photography criticism. The article proposes that the photographic archive expands in space and through time, through the reproduction and circulation of similar or repeated images in distinct media. This expansion enables other ways of seeing and enunciating "protest" in public space at the local level. The analysis emphasises the repetitive quality of the images, and highlights the occasional presence of other photographers in the frame, as aspects that allow the spectator to appreciate and considerate how the visual expansion of the women's movement operates in public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some morphosyntactic features of the variety of Spanish spoken by Mapudungun-Spanish bilinguals are presented. The basic premise adopted here is that this contact variety of Spanish presents constructions ascribable to the influence of the Mapuche substratum in diverse morphosyntactic domains. However, the conventionalization of them is conditioned by the typological distance between the codes, the saliency of specific domains and their coding, and the innovation of the linguistic repertory by the speakers. In Spanish, these functional dimensions are manifested in the contact variety through particular patterns of use and meaning adopting diverse linguistic forms. New developments in the study of the domains of agreement, evidentiality, periphrastic expression estar + gerund and negation in the Spanish spoken by bilingual Mapudungun-Spanish speakers are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work will attempt to present and develop a comparative pairing between the strategies of struggle and resistance of indigenous women, particularly Mapuche women, and Palestinian women, particularly the Bedouin of the Nagev. The main social, historical, and political conditions that delineate in each case the participation of women in resistance to colonization-occupation and in community (re) organization will be addressed. Strategies aimed at the recovery and / or visibility of Mapuche and Bedouin identities, and the struggle for the recovery of the territories and for the national liberation / self-determination of the peoples, will be particularly addressed. For these purposes, a hermeneutical analysis of bibliographic and audiovisual sources will be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indeed, leaked emails from the Chilean army recommended that the government wage a "communication battle" to legitimize the state of exception's militarization. We argue that, although there were multiple causes for the rejection of the proposed constitution, the designation of "plurinational state" laid the foundation for the hegemonic reconstitution of Chile's political and economic class. In sum, unlike what President Boric has recently claimed, the state of exception entails a subordination of civil power to military power and of military power to extractive capital - in the midst of one of the most significant democratic processes that Chile has experienced since the end of the dictatorship in 1990. [Extracted from the article]

Beginning in October 2019, the Mapuche flag became a regular fixture at the mass protests known as the I estallido social i across Chile. Although the draft constitution also recognized many universal rights of individuals, political elites frequently invoked this language of division to claim that collective Indigenous rights recognitions were privileges that came at the expense of non-Indigenous, second-class Chilean citizens. When Loncon stated publicly that militarization violated Indigenous rights and was incommensurate with the political work of reimagining the state and Indigenous-state relations via the rewriting of the constitution, the right-wing political elite countered her argument by framing it as antidemocratic. [Extracted from the article]

This work addresses Mapuche history in one of its most dramatic chapters in its history. The reduction of the Mapuche population that survived the war of occupation of their territories (Ngülümapu) is a point of work and research that links recent history with the history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this way, the methodology and theoretical framework of this proposition, is built from the historical method, the work with primary and secondary sources, and the conceptual support from the colonial and subaltern debates, which propose analytical outputs to social processes and politicians that are studied in this work. We believe that in this way, the conceptual and epistemological foundations, which affirm this proposal, allow projecting this work and this discussion beyond the temporal and spatial margins, in which this proposal is framed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mapuche-huilliche poet Adriana Paredes Pinda calls herself "champurria" as a way to distance herself from the linguistic and cultural purity of both the hegemonic tongue and formal mapudungun. This position, plus the knowledge of the poet as a bearer of the mapuche kimün as a machi, suggest the possibility of understanding her texts as communicative morphogenesis, taking heed of the notion of "mestizaje" proposed by Gloria Anzaldúa, María Lugones and Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui. The reading of the machi-poet demands of us a deeper knowledge of the mapuche kimün to understand the worlds created in her morphogenetic trance, as she dislocates both Spanish and Mapudungun on a measureless, unpredictable, intercultural, multiple textual unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2006, the Argentinian system of education has included intercultural bilingual education, a type of education across kindergarten, primary, and secondary education that guarantees the indigenous peoples' right to receive quality and equitable education which preserves and strengthens their cultural practices, language, cosmovision, and ethnic identity in a multicultural society. In the province of Chubut, southern Argentina, the Ministry of Education launched a professional development program targeted at primary school teachers working in small town and rural areas with students ethnically associated to the Mapuche peoples and their language, Mapudungun. The aim of this paper is to examine how a group of four teachers understood and implemented CLIL in relation to ethnic equity and socially just education in a semi-rural area of Chubut. Framed as a case study, data were collected in 2021 and 2022 through group discussions, journal diaries, and arts-based methods. Data came from four primary school teachers as well as the program facilitator. By means of quality content analysis, the findings show teachers' understanding of CLIL as an inclusive and equitable approach that can help promote ethnic identity and ethnolinguistic vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of América Latina Hoy is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Mapuche comprise 80% of the indigenous population of Chile. The Araucanía has the highest concentration of Mapuche peoples and is also the poorest region of the country. The region's proximity to a large tourist sector provides opportunities for weavers to work from home and sell their products as a primary or secondary income source. The adverse health effects related to craft production and home-based work are significant and not well described in the literature. Participatory ergonomics (PE), an approach that emphasizes the input and participation of individuals directly impacted by the work being studied, is a strong fit for this population. This article describes a PE project among 33 Mapuche weavers that characterizes the hazards, risks and perceived adverse health effects associated with home-based weaving and the identification, implementation and evaluation of three ergonomic interventions. This project can inform the development of sustainable ergonomics health programs for home-based artisans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Question (1669-6581) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article investigates social motivations in trafkintu (exchange), a concept derived from the Mapuche (Indigenous people of southcentral Chile and southwestern Argentina: literally, people of the land). We propose five key motivations for trafkintu, reciprocity, solidarity, cosmological, recovery, and critique. While reciprocity and solidarity are commonly associated with exchanges, we argue that from a Mapuche perspective it is essential also to relate them to a cosmological motivation, something often neglected by the anthropocentric focus of western academics. The motivations of recovery and critique reject the idea that Indigenous economical concepts only explain the past by considering the contemporary context of trafkintu. Recovery and critique testify to the colonial economic onslaught and the difficulty of reproducing the motivations of reciprocity, solidarity, and cosmology within a market-driven economy. Recovery and critique motivate trafkintu as a heterodox economic institution with strategic similarities to other anti-hegemonic forces, making them potential allies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state's support for the Capuchin order's evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide data from two Indigenous South American groups reveal their dynamic population history. The Mapuche from Southern Chile and the Ashaninka from Amazonian Peru remained largely isolated over time. Yet, both groups interacted with other South American peoples sporadically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Verba Iuris is the property of Universidad Libre Bogota, Centre de Investigaciones Socio Juridicas de la Facultad de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What effect does discrimination have on democratic engagement? Based on a survey of 3,099 people in Chile, 1,493 of whom identified themselves as 'Mapuche'—the main ethnic group in the country—the author distinguishes between everyday discrimination (ED), and experiences of discrimination in formal or institutional contexts (FD). The author concludes, first, that ED—more so than FD—has a negative impact on both Mapuche' and non-Mapuche' trust in institutions, but that this effect is more pronounced in Mapuche, especially in the case of law enforcement institutions. Second, that increases in ED are associated with higher levels of political identification—especially in the Mapuche group—but that increases in FD have the reverse effect. Third, that increases in ED—more so than increases in FD—are associated with a greater justification of the use of force as a mechanism for resolving conflicts, especially in the Mapuche group. These findings concur only partially with theories on discrimination and political behaviour applied to European countries and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces MACEDA, a micro-level dataset on the self-determination (SD) conflict between the Chilean state and the indigenous Mapuche. Although SD disputes are one of the most common conflicts in the world, and indigenous movements represent about 40% of all SD movements, this is the first micro-dataset focused on an indigenous SD conflict. MACEDA covers the period 1990–2016, including more than 2,600 events collected from local media. As indigenous conflicts are much less violent in terms of casualties, we take a flexible definition of conflict, based on its constituent events, and we discuss the comparability and generalization of our approach. To illustrate the usefulness of these micro-data in the analysis of conflict-related theories, we present a descriptive empirical analysis on the strategies of indigenous resistance, and we discuss how the data can be used in the causal analysis of conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Quest for Europe With attention to the multiple identitarian and cultural foci in Claudio Magris's oeuvre, the seven essays included in this Special Issue explore the complexities of the European idea in and through Magris's works and poetics. - Claudio Magris, "Identità ovvero incertezza" (2005) As one of the foremost European writers and intellectuals of our time, Claudio Magris has consistently kept Europe at the center of his vision. Notes 1 For an analysis of transitionality and contingency as agents of mobility and change in Magris's oeuvre, see Pireddu, I Works of Claudio Magris. i 2 With these two adjectives, "real and improbable", Magris qualifies the lives of the three peculiar characters in I Croce del sud i , as in the subtitle, I Tre vite vere e improbabili i . 3 All translations from the Italian are the author's unless indicated otherwise. She illustrates how various ideas underlying Magris's own formulation of Europe were already part of a discourse on national and cultural identity starting with the establishment of the newspaper I La Favilla i , and continued in the works of that great generation of Triestine writers, as Magris defined them, which included, among others, Scipio Slataper and Giani Stuparich. [Extracted from the article]

Comparative policy analysis is at the heart of research that attempts to understand how policies travel. Most of the literature on policy transfer had been developed using the empirical background of policies migrating within the Global North or from there to developing countries. Studying policies that migrate within the Global South is relevant from a theoretical perspective, insofar as it allows us to identify new dynamics, agents and mechanisms involved in policy transfers. This article analyzes two Brazilian policies that have been diffused around the globe: The Family Allowance Program and the Food Purchase Program. This research explores how these policies have been internationalized and what conditions have facilitated this process. To explain this movement, we combine the study of individuals, domestic and international organizations, political structures and change. We argue that individuals have been fundamental to internationalizing Brazilian policies. They have benefitted from both national and international structures and organizations that have facilitated the diffusion of policies that they have promoted abroad. This study relies on field work carried out in Brazil, Chile and Italy. We use a process-tracing strategy to reconstruct the pathways of diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the multiple worlds generated around waterscapes in the diverse Mapuche territory, Wallmapu. We contrast the responses of three Mapuche communities to external interventions and water availability in the Chimehuin and Lepá rivers in Argentina, and the Huenehue River in Chile. The comparison reveals the nature of Mapuche waterscapes, the tensions provoked by the global economy, and its impacts on water management. Mapuche communities establish an intersubjective relationship with water, securing and protecting their water supply. Waterscapes are constituted as living entities where human and nonhuman stories converge and on which biocultural memory is periodically enriched in its response to a changing environment. We conclude that coexistence between Mapuche and non-Mapuche worlds, however diverse the communities might be, is sustained through equivocal relations and partial connections. Established views of water management in Wallmapu could be greatly enriched by the Mapuche's views and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classic approach to research on toponymy is limited to a linguistic focus. This reductionism has had a negative impact on the study of the toponymy of intercultural and indigenous territories, as in the case of the northern Patagonia. Based on a two-year ethnographic study in northern Patagonia, this article analyzes the socio-spatial dimension of Mapuche toponymy, through a mixed methodology involving both data collection and analysis, and an ethnographic approach. The article analyzes how these toponyms emerge from a variety of socio-spatial practices and meanings that are not only intertwined, but also involve several social, environmental, and political dimensions. We argue that the study of indigenous toponymy as a space-time compression entails an ontological opening of toponymy based on the process of inhabiting place. In this regard, the paper discusses the importance of understanding indigenous toponymy as a historically situated process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment assigned by school textbooks of History, Geography and Social Sciences to women who participated in the Chilean independence process (1810-1823) is analyzed. Critical literacy was used to analyze the texts and images of three 6th grade manuals published by Zig-Zag, Santillana and SM publishers. The results show that the textbooks represent the women of independence from a discourse configured from the patriotic and androcentric principles that govern the Chilean nation, since they use various discursive conventions, such as suppression, partial exclusion, the passive role and the generalized representation, to make the role of women in history invisible or elevate her figure to the category of heroine, as long as she has contributed to the patriotic cause. It is concluded that it is essential to reflect on the history of the country from a gender perspective, in order to resignify those women who, due to their own merit and value, have contributed to the emancipation and apogee of republican Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saúde e Sociedade is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Saude Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Toldo de Astier is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)