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Cellular networks will play an important role in realizing the newly emerging Internet-of-Everything (IoE). One of the challenging issues is to support the quality of service (QoS) during the access phase, while accommodating a massive number of machine nodes. In this paper, we show a new paradigm of multiple access priorities in random access (RA) procedure and propose a novel root-index based prioritized random access (RIPRA) scheme that implicitly embeds the access priority in the root index of the RA preambles. The performance evaluation shows that the proposed RIPRA scheme can successfully support differentiated performance for different access priority levels, even though there exist a massive number of machine nodes.

Today are a lot of devices or machines that communicates between each other without human interaction,this technology is actually known as “Machine to machine communications. Many of these devicesare common objects like TVs, cell phones and even home objects likes lamps, cooks, air-conditioned andothers. This technology is suffering a huge growth and a vertiginous development, having a count theuse of this one into a lot of areas like: smart home, smart grid, environmental monitory, and others thatare directed for green technology and the care of the environment. The management of these services,applications and devices are a primitive for the development of this technology and its performance, however,the high cost of the management is a restriction for its development because almost all the solutionsnow a days are proprietary. The selection and analysis of a newest standardized management protocolfor this communication, so like, it’s possible use into a typical scenario of this technology (smart grid), isthe main contribution of this paper.

The paper discusses Home Area Networks (HAN) communication technologies for smart home and domestic application integration. The work is initiated by identifying the application areas that can benefit from this integration. A broad and inclusive home communication interface is analysed utilizing as a key piece a Gateway based on machine-to-machine (M2M) communications that interacts with the surrounding environment. Then, the main wireless networks are thoroughly assessed, and later, their suitability to the requirements of HAN considering the application area is analysed. Finally, a qualitative analysis is portrayed.

The next generation of communication systems, which is commonly referred to as 5G, is expected to support, besides the traditional voice and data services, new communication paradigms, such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) services, which involve communication between Machine-Type Devices (MTDs) in a fully automated fashion, thus, without or with minimal human intervention. Although the general requirements of 5G systems are progressively taking shape, the technological issues raised by such a vision are still partially unclear. Nonetheless, general consensus has been reached upon some specific challenges, such as the need for 5G wireless access networks to support massive access by MTDs, as a consequence of the proliferation of M2M services. In this paper, we describe the main challenges raised by the M2M vision, focusing in particular on the problems related to the support of massive MTD access in current cellular communication systems. Then we analyze the most common approaches proposed in the literature to enable the coexistence of conventional and M2M services in the current and next generation of cellular wireless systems. We finally conclude by pointing out the research challenges that require further investigation in order to provide full support to the M2M paradigm.

The new Internet of Things (IoT) applications are enabling Smart City initiatives worldwide. It provides the ability to remotely monitor, manage and control devices. The main features of a smart city include privacy of users and security of communication. The distributed architecture of IoT aims at providing location awareness and low-latency interactions to Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications. In this context, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology and its evolutions are expected to play a major role as a communication infrastructure that guarantees low deployment costs and embedded security, we show how a network deployment that exploits Device-to-Device (D2D) communications and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), currently under definition within 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and non-3GPP access network, can be employed to support efficient communication between M2M devices (nodes and smart objects) and the core network in LTE system. In this paper, we propose a secure group model include different authentication mechanisms combined between D2D and WSN technologies that allow the protection of M2M devices through strong encryption and authentication means, so that devices can benefit from high security functionalities without however having to execute computationally intensive operations with a low communication complexity. The results obtained show that our model firstly solve the initial key establishment and integrity problems in the presence of the inside adversaries in networks and offers best performance than the standard Bluetooth in D2D link. Secondly our proposed examine the area of authentication for sensor networks by make a combination between algorithms such as TinyPK and Timed Efficient Stream Loss-Tolerant Authentication (TESLA) in order to secure the link between sensors and achieve a high levels of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine to machine (M2M) communications have significant application potential in the emerging networks including home network. The advent of M2M communication brings numerous security issues as well, while existing efforts have not fully solved those issues. In this article, we propose a secure lightweight anonymous authentication and key agreement protocol for M2M home network service, which can guarantee to resist various security issues like, forgery attacks, insider attacks, masquerade attacks, resilience to key exposure, etc. Furthermore, the proposed protocol generates reasonable additional computational and communication overhead, which is also verified by performance analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ultra narrow band (UNB) is a widely used technology for machine‐to‐machine and low‐power wide‐area communications. Its properties, long range with small RF power, make it naturally attractive for satellite communications but also draw new challenges compared with terrestrial systems where this technology is already deployed. Indeed, the main advantage of UNB signals, their small bandwidth, makes them more sensitive to frequency drifts that are particularly present in the case of LEO satellite systems. It also implies the use of a random access method in which the carrier frequency is a parameter unknown by the receiver. In this paper, we propose a general semianalytical model to evaluate the performance of a terrestrial or satellite system using UNB technology, taking into account the multiuser interference and the frequency drift. This model is then used to assess the performance (packet loss ratio and throughput) on the return link medium access control (MAC) of a representative LEO satellite system. With our model, we analyze the effect of frequency drift on the system performance. This paper also proposes to investigate more deeply the multiuser interference modeling in order to estimate accurately the performances of a UNB system in terms of bit error rate (BER). We propose a semianalytical approach to study the interference in presence of arbitrary power imbalance that includes the effect of frequency offset and frequency drift and applicable for any linear modulation and any pulse‐shaping filter. The expression of the multiuser interference is established in the general case. We then propose a methodology to compare this exact model to the Gaussian interference approximation (mainly used through the central limit theorem) in order to assess its accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large coverage and global connectivity makes cellular networks as preferred choice for internet of things (IoT). Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications deal with communication and networking aspects of IoT. Since, cellular networks are optimized to support human-to-human (H2H) communication (e.g., Voice calls, Internet), incorporating M2M communication may affect the QoS of the former. Also, the large number of M2M devices incur significant signaling overhead on both core network (CN) and radio access network (RAN). In LTE-A networks, EPS bearer establishment procedure to connect a device to the PDN gateway involves several signaling messages exchange between the device and the network. M2M devices mostly generate traffic of low volume and less frequent, in nature. So, it is very uneconomical to have rigorous signaling messages exchange to send few bytes of data. In this paper, we first studied class based dynamic priority (CBDP) algorithm Giluka et al. (in: Proceedings of IEEE WF-IoT, 2014), which is a delay aware radio resource scheduling algorithm to support uplink M2M traffic with minimal effect on QoS of uplink H2H traffic. Further, we modeled the optimal behavior of the CBDP algorithm and compared with its behavior in practical scenarios. Apart from this, we propose a lightweight EPS bearer establishment procedure to be followed by M2M devices sending small data, in which M2M small data is piggybacked with control message. Further, in the same procedure, redundant signaling messages for small data transmission (SDT) are carefully removed preserving the security aspects of the system. To ensure security for the small data transmitted, a new insightful technique of replacing authentication with confidentiality is conceived. With this, we propose an enhanced version of CBDP algorithm, named as Non-SDT-CBDP algorithm or NSDT-CBDP algorithm, which schedules resources only to H2H and NSDT-M2M flows while SDT-M2M flows are piggybacked with Message 3 (MSG-3) of lightweight EPS bearer establishment procedure. The simulation results show performance gain of NSDT-CBDP over CBDP, specially for class-3 M2M and class-4 H2H. The NSDT-CBDP algorithm show percentage reduction in packet loss ratio by 25% for class-3 M2M, percentage reduction in end-to-end delay by 11 and 19% for class-4 H2H and class-3 M2M, percentage gain in throughput by 27 and 19% for class-4 H2H and class-3 M2M. Apart from this, NSDT-CBDP algorithm is able to allocate 12% more RBs to H2H devices in comparison to CBDP algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine to Machine (M2M) communication is a technology for machines communicating with each other without human intervention. Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) cellular networks technologies provide the resources required for M2M communication. However, LTE is required to meet M2M communication requirements, such as power management and support for a large number of devices while maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for these devices. Resource allocation or scheduling is one of the key challenges facing M2M communications over Long-Term Evolution networks. M2M traffic has unique characteristics; it usually consists of a large number of small data packets, with specific delays, generated by a potentially large number of devices competing on scarce radio resources. In this article, we will present the scheduling techniques on the Packet Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) in a M2M scenario based on the priority and differentiation between heterogeneous traffic (real time and non-real time) to achieve high spectral efficiency in cellular systems and provide quality of service guarantees for system users. The results obtained show that the FLS downlink scheduler is the optimal solution based on our proposed method which offers more priority to the real time service (video and voip) than the non real time service (best effort). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word internet is changed the way we live, the way we take decisions, the way we think and the way we act etc. Its playing most important in day to day life of humans we can confidently say that Internet is the 4th requirement which is added to our basic survival things like Food, Cloths, Shelter and the Internet In short period of time, the Internet has had an amazing impact on almost everyone's life. With the power of it we are able to get updated information on time; we are able to post new ideas, share information with others, technologies, innovations around the world minute by minute. It evolved a lot from Arpanet to till date and showing impact on many things like business transactions, logistics management, health, industry automobiles, farming, transportation and many more. The most important thing we need to observe here is minute to minute and day to day more number of devices are getting connected to the internet with the help of advanced technologies like Internet of Things (IoT).Internet Of Everything (IoE), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Web of Things(WoT). The year 1969 we have only four devices with internet, in the year 2012 its increased to 8.7 billion connected devices, 2017 the number is increased to 29 billion connected devices by 2020 according to Cisco this number will be increased to 50 billion devices. These numbers are the just examples how much impact its showing in our day to day life. So the more usage of internet is creating platform for developing new technologies like Internet of Everything. In this paper am giving the overview about what is Internet of Everything (IoE), how its different from IoT, Architecture and its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We analyze a multiserver queuing system, in which customers require a server and a certain amount of limited resources for the duration of their service. For the case of discrete resources, we develop a recurrence algorithm to evaluate the model's stationary probability distribution and its various stationary characteristics, such as the blocking probability and the average amount of occupied resources. The algorithm is applied to analysis of M2M traffic characteristics in a LTE network cell. We derive the cumulative distribution function of radio resource requirements of M2M devices and propose a sampling approach in order to apply the recurrence algorithm to the case of continuous resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main requirements of machine to machine (M2M) communication in 5G include support of a massive number of low-data-rate devices and very-low-latency data transfer. Addressing these requirements in 5G requires new methods and in this paper we focus on one of the paramount issues, i.e., secure and seamless IP communications for group-oriented M2M communications. We consider a heterogeneous network architecture based on 3GPP standard, in which the handover occurs between E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP access network. We first propose an improved Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol, and further implement the improved PMIPv6 associated with the group-based lightweight authentication scheme to achieve secure and seamless IP communications, named SEIP, which improves handover latency, packet loss, and signaling overhead. Particularly, SEIP performs access authentication process before IP layer (L3) and link layer (L2) handover to reduce handover delay. In addition, it uses packet buffering and forwarding mechanisms to reduce packet loss during the handover period. SEIP can not only fulfill security requirements in previous protocols, but also can successfully resist some sophisticated attacks, such as redirection, DoS attacks, etc. The results of performance analysis illustrate that SEIP achieves better performance in terms of signaling cost on wireless link, handover latency and packet loss compared to several other schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications are envisaged to present several interesting applications in the coming years. However, they have major setbacks hurdling their massive deployment. A major challenge is ensuring the network and wireless medium robustly accommodate the millions of devices which will be part of this communication paradigm while gracefully accommodating their diverse quality of service requirements. In this regard, medium access control schemes play a vital role. Traditional contention-based protocols are constrained in their performance under high loads while scheduling-based schemes may be faced with limited scalability and poor delay guarantees. Similarly, tree-based contention resolution schemes have some finite delay associated with them. Recently, hybrids of the aforementioned schemes have been studied in literature to solve the problems associated with traditional medium access schemes. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art hybrid schemes for M2M presenting a classification of recent protocols. Furthermore, we give a summary of major areas of interest such as problem solved, approach used and trade-offs. Salient differences in the protocols are identified with insights into opportunities for improvement. Our findings reveal general design guidelines and interesting future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an integrated lighting enabler system (ILES) based on standard machine-to-machine (M2M) platforms. This system provides common services of end-to-and M2M communication for smart lighting system. It is divided into two sub-systems, namely end-device system and server system. On the server side, the M2M platform OpenMTC is used to receive data from the sensors and send response for activating actuators. At the end-device system, a programmable smart lighting device is connected to the actuators and sensors for communicating their data to the server. Some experiments have been done to prove the system concept. The experiment results show that the proposed integrated lighting enabler system is effective to reduce the power consumption by 25.22% (in average). The proving of significance effect in reducing power consumption is measured by the Wilcoxon method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the critical requirement in managing security of any computing system is access control, which includes protection and access management to the available resources. This requirement becomes more strict especially in a distributed computing environment that consists of constrained devices such as Machine-to-Machine (M2M). New challenges in access control are identified in a system comprises a group of distributed multiple M2M gateways forming a so called M2M local cloud platform (Vallati et al. in Wirel Trans Commun 87(3):1071-1091, 2016). Scalability is obviously a necessity which is lacking in some existing access control system. In addition, flexibility in managing access from users or entity belonging to other authorization domains as well as delegating access right are not provided as an integrated features. Lately, the capability-based access control has been suggested as method to manage access for M2M as the key enabler of Internet of Things. In this paper, a capability based access control equipped with Elliptic Curve Cryptography based key management is proposed for the M2M local cloud platform. The feasibility of the proposed capability based access control and key management are tested by implementing them within the security manager that is part of the overall component of the platform architecture, and evaluating their performances by a series of experimentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main challenges when designing a new self-powered Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology is the vast operational dependence on its scarce energy resources. Therefore, a thorough identification and characterisation of the main energy consumption processes may lay the foundation for developing novel mechanisms aimed to make a more efficient use of devices’ batteries, as well as for planning future network deployments. This paper provides an analytical energy consumption model for IEEE 802.11ah WLANs, which are expected to become one of the technology drivers in the future development of the Internet of Things (IoT). Given the network characteristics, the presented analytical model is able to provide an estimation of the average energy consumed by a station in the network, predicting its battery lifetime, based on a set of closed-form equations. In addition, this model can be used as a tool to understand the effects of the main network parameters on the network energy consumption, and to find the most suitable network configuration for a given application scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Review paper sheds light on the very approach of Internet of Things. The whole conception of having all the gadgets to be interconnected is a landmark of our technological advancements. The wonders that IoT has provided us have redefined what communication and efficiency means to us. Accessibility has become a more refined privilege, all because of IoT. However it seems all that glitter isn't gold, IoT being a technological wonder it still attaches some limitations to it, foremost of it being the issue of security where data privacy is a very crucial issue that goes in various spheres of social and technological systems, it is something that IoT has to be developed to overcome. Also, the second aspect is the number of devices connected. This research paper also discusses the design aspects of the IoT architecture, its components and various security issues of IoT which can be developed to achieve better efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) consists of sensors, networks, and services to connect and control production systems. Its benefits include supply chain monitoring and machine failure detection. However, it has many vulnerabilities, such as industrial espionage and sabotage. Furthermore, many IIoT devices are resource-constrained, which impedes the use of traditional security services for them. Authentication allows devices to be confident of each other’s identity, preventing some security attacks. Many authentication protocols have been proposed for IIoT; however, they have high computing requirements not viable to resource-constrained devices, or they have been found insecure. In this paper, an authentication protocol for resource-constrained IIoT devices is proposed. It is based on the lightweight operations xor, addition, and subtraction, and a hash function. Also, only four messages are exchanged between the principals to authenticate. It has a low execution-time and communication-cost. Its security was successfully assessed with the formal methods Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool and Burrows−Abadi−Needham (BAN) logic, together with an informal analysis of its resistance to known attacks. Its performance and security were compared with state-of-the-art protocols, resulting in a good performance for resource-constrained IIoT devices, and higher security similar to computational expensive schemes.

In this paper we present an analysis intended to reveal possible impacts of core network features on latency for modelled M2M and Online Gaming traffic. Simulations were performed in a live 3G/HSPA network. Test traffic simulating multiplayer real-time games and M2M applications was generated on 10 mobile phones in parallel, sending data to a remote server. APNs with different combinations of hardware and features (proxy server, different GGSNs and firewalls, usage of Service Awareness feature) were chosen. The traffic was recorded on the Gn interface in the mobile core. The goal of experiments was to evaluate any eventually significant variation of average recorded RTTs in the core part of mobile network that would clearly indicate either the impact of used APN on delay for a specific traffic pattern, or selectivity of the APN towards different traffic patterns.

Pervasive healthcare services have undergone a great evolution in recent years. The technological development of communication networks, including the Internet, sensor networks, and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) have given rise to new architectures, applications, and standards related to addressing almost all current e-health challenges. Among the standards, the importance of OpenEHR has been recognized, since it enables the separation of medical semantics from data representation of electronic health records. However, it does not meet the requirements related to interoperability of e-health devices in M2M networks, or in the Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. Moreover, the lack of interoperability hampers the application of new data-processing techniques, such as data mining and online analytical processing, due to the heterogeneity of the data and the sources. This article proposes an Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) platform for pervasive healthcare that ensures interoperability, quality of the detection process, and scalability in an M2M-based architecture, and provides functionalities for the processing of high volumes of data, knowledge extraction, and common healthcare services. The platform uses the semantics described in OpenEHR for both data quality evaluation and standardization of healthcare data stored by the association of IoMT devices and observations defined in OpenEHR. Moreover, it enables the application of big data techniques and online analytic processing (OLAP) through Hadoop Map/Reduce and content-sharing through fast healthcare interoperability resource (FHIR) application programming interfaces (APIs).

Satellite networks are inevitable for the ubiquitous connectivity of M2M (machine to machine) and IoT (internet of things) devices. Advances in the miniaturization of satellite technology make networks in LEO (Low Earth Orbit) predestined to serve as a backhaul for narrow-band M2M communication. To reduce latency and increase network responsivity, intersatellite link capability among nodes is a key component in satellite design. The miniaturization of nodes to enable the economical deployment of large networks is also crucial. Thus, this article addresses these key issues and presents a design methodology and implementation of an adaptive network architecture considering highly limited resources, as is the case in a nanosatellite (≈10 kg) network. Potentially applicable multiple access techniques are evaluated. The results show that a time division duplex scheme with session-oriented P2P (point to point) protocols in the data link layer is more suitable for limited resources. Furthermore, an applicable layer model is defined and a protocol implementation is outlined. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of a nanosatellite-based communication network, the S-NET (S band network with nanosatellites) mission has been developed, which consists of four nanosatellites, to demonstrate multi-point crosslink with 100 kbps data rates over distances up to 400 km and optimized communication protocols, pushing the technological boundaries of nanosatellites. The flight results of S-NET prove the feasibility of these nanosatellites as a space-based M2M backhaul.

The emergence of low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) as a new agent in the Internet of Things (IoT) will result in the incorporation into the digital world of low-automated processes from a wide variety of sectors. The single-hop conception of typical LPWAN deployments, though simple and robust, overlooks the self-organization capabilities of network devices, suffers from lack of scalability in crowded scenarios, and pays little attention to energy consumption. Aimed to take the most out of devices' capabilities, the HARE protocol stack is proposed in this paper as a new LPWAN technology flexible enough to adopt uplink multi-hop communications when proving energetically more efficient. In this way, results from a real testbed show energy savings of up to 15% when using a multi-hop approach while keeping the same network reliability. System's self-organizing capability and resilience have been also validated after performing numerous iterations of the association mechanism and deliberately switching off network devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]