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The history of geographical research in the U.S. has been closely intertwined with the federal government throughout the past hundred years. Since World War II, the federal government has provided substantial support for geographic research. Programs such as the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation have provided major investment into geographers’ research activities. In this paper, we trace the history of relationships between the federal government and academic geography over the past century, and we analyze patterns of federal support for research papers published in the Annals, The Professional Geographer, and Geographical Review.

The callipodidan milliped, Sinocallipus simplipodicus Zhang, 1993, previously known only from a cave in Yunnan Province, China, is redescribed based on specimens from an epigean habitat in southern Laos, some 600 mi (960 km) south of the type locality. SEM photos of the gonopods, ovipositor, gnathochilarium, midbody exoskeleton, an ozopore, and legs are presented to supplement previously published line drawings; the cannula may be the “functional” element of the gonopod that inseminates females in this species. The Callipodida occupy nine disjunct areas globally, all exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere and most in the North Temperate Zone; there are three regions each in North America, Europe (including coastal regions along the southern Black and eastern Mediterranean seas that are technically part of Asia), and Asia proper. The southeast Asian fauna comprises three families -Sinocallipodidae, one genus and species (suborder Sinocallipodidea), and Schizopetalidae, one genus and species, and Paracortinidae, one genus, three subgenera, and seven species (both suborder Schizopetalidea). An unnamed clade may exist in the Diplopoda in which the gonopods arise solely from the 8th legs (an “8th gonopod clade”); it comprises seven orders: Callipodida, Polydesmida, Chordeumatida, Stemmiulida, Siphoniulida, Spirostreptida, and Epinannolenida. Two newly recognized characters that hold phylogenetic significance are (1) development of the gonopod from the 8th coxa alone (Chordeumatida) or from the coxa plus some telopodal articles (the other six orders), and (2) the presence (Callipodida, Polydesmida, and Stemmiulida) or absence (Chordeumatida, Spirostreptida, and Epinannolenida) of a cannula. These considerations lead to the hypothesis (Chordeumatida + (Callipodida + (Polydesmida + Stemmiulida))).

The milliped Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis Chamberlin, 1918, the only representative of the family Chelodesmidae in the Bahamas and the only one in the New World occurring in part north of the Tropic of Cancer, is recorded from Eleuthera Island in addition to published localities from Andros and Cat Islands, Bahamas, and Cayo Coco, Cuba, where it is common. A redescription in English is provided along with gonopod drawings in medial and lateral views; a female cyphopod is illustrated for the first time. The populations on these three Bahamian islands probably represent isolated fragments of a once continuous population on the Pleistocene “super-island” on Great Bahama Bank, which in turn likely originated through rafting from the area of Cuba that now includes Cayo Coco. Investigations are needed to learn whether the species still survives on Andros, Eleuthera, and Cat islands, and whether additional populations occur on other islands that were once joined in the Pleistocene land mass.

In North America west of the Continental Divide, the milliped family Polydesmidae consists of six genera and 15 species, and occupies eight disjunct areas. Retrorsia, n. gen., is proposed for two new “micro-polydesmid” species (R. leonardi, the type species, and R. benedictae) in western Oregon and Washington, primarily in the lower Columbia River Valley. It is most closely related to Utadesmus Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1950, in Utah and New Mexico, and is characterized primarily by a retrorse gonopodal tibiotarsus that curves dorsad and counters the ventral curvature of the telopodal stem. New records are presented for the coastal species of Bidentogon Buckett and Gardner, 1968, occurring from Mendocino to Santa Cruz counties, California, and encompassing the area around San Francisco Bay. The oldest available name for this species is californicus (Chamberlin, 1918), whose type locality is Stanford, Santa Clara County. This name has been misapplied to the species occurring in Sacramento County, herein named B. expansus, n. sp., and B. helferorum Buckett and Gardner, 1968, is placed in synonymy under B. californicus.

We report a second locality from coastal Jalisco, the third from Mexico, and four newly collected individuals of the rarely encountered centipede, Ecto no cryp toides quadrimeropus Shelley and Mercurio, 2005, and the subfamily Ecto no cryptopinae. Three of the individuals were found on the substrate be neath a rock and one in humus. They were taken by the first author on 30 June and 5 and 8 July 2009 at two sites in a suburb of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico (Site 1: three specimens in the gardens of the University of Guadalajara campus northeast of Puerto Vallarta, about 1 km from Ixtapa, 20o 42' N, 5o 13' W, 10 m elev. Site 2: one specimen in humus of tropical semideciduous forest northeast of Puerto Vallarta, around 1 km from Las Palmas, 20o 49' N, 105o 4' W, 160 m elev.). Two of the centipedes were sent to Department of Organismic and Evo lu tionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam bridge, Massachusetts, USA, for a comparative anatomical study and mole cu lar phylogenetic analyses (Koch et al., 2010; Vahtera et al., 2012), one was deposited in the Coleccion Entomologica del Centro de Estudios en Zoologia de la Universidad de Guadalajara (CZUG), and the last one in the Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virgina, USA. The type locality, where two syntypes were taken –Biological Station Chamela, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico– is on the southern coast of Jalisco ca. 157 km south of Puerto Vallarta (Shelley and Mercurio, 2005), and Shelley (2009) reported a specimen from Tehuacan, Puebla, in central Mexico. These seven Ectonocryptopinae are augmented by a purported new species in Belize, Ectonocryptoides sandrops Schileyko, 2009 (Schileyko 2009), and the holotype of Ectonocryptops kraepelini Crabill 1977, from Colima (Crabill, 1977; Shelley and Mercurio, 2005; 2008) to make nine total specimens of the subfamily. Anatomically the Puerto Vallarta centipedes agree closely with the original description of Ectonocryptoides quadrimeropus and display the yellowish color reported for preserved individu378 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Myrmecodesmus mundus (Chamberlin, 1943), a minute pygrodesmid milliped from Veracruz, Mexico, is redescribed with high magnification drawings of the gonopods of the type specimens. Significant differences appear to exist between the gonopods of the holotype and paratypes, and the latter may warrant recognition as a separate species. The basic gonopodal pattern is similar to that of an undescribed, small-bodied congener occurring some 800 mi (1,280 km) to the north in Texas, USA, and the species appear to be related. The general features of a species group of Myrmecodesmus may be beginning to emerge small-bodied forms with curvilinear telopodites, with or without elaborations, and divided prefemoral processes in which the caudal or anterior branch may be lost. The name Eirenyma Chamberlin, 1943, is available for such an entity.

Male and female specimens of a chordeumatid milliped, Branneria bonoculus, were collected in March 2003 from leaf litter in deciduous and pine forest from Lake O' the Pines, Marion Co., Texas. The species was described originally from an unknown site in Nevada County, Arkansas, which is ca. 145 km northeast of the new locale. As such, this represents only the second time B. bonoculus has been reported in the literature, and more importantly, we document the discovery of a family of millipeds that is new for Texas.

An individual of the centipede Ectonocryptoides quadrirmeropus Shelley and Mercurio, 2005, is reported from Puebla State, Mexico. It constitutes the third sample and fourth individual of the Ectonocryptopinae, and the first that is geographically removed from the Pacific Coast.

The milliped genus Scytonotus C. L. Koch, 1847, occupies four areas of North America, one east of the Central Plains and three west of the Continental Divide (one coastal and two in the interior) (Shelley 1993, Hoffman 1999, Shelley et al., 2005). The western coastal area extends along the Pacific from Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to Marin and San Joaquin counties, California, including all intervening offshore islands except the Queen Charlottes, British Columbia (BC). One interior area encompasses the Wasatch and Teton mountains, and associated ranges, in western Wyoming, eastern Idaho, and northern Utah, and the other centers on the Columbia River Valley and the Rocky and Selkirk Mountains from Revelstoke and Yoho National Parks, BC, to southeastern Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana (Kevan 1983; Shelley 1990, 1993, 2002). Three species inhabit the last area, but only S. columbianus Chamberlin, 1920, occurs in BC, where it extends northward to the vicinity of Takkakaw Falls in Yoho. While recently perusing samples in the Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH), Martinsville, I discovered one with three unidentifiable females of Scytonotus from “Sta. 2,” 4,000', Jasper National Park, Alberta, the first record of the genus from this Canadian province. The specimens were collected on 2-4 October 1964 by the late D. R. Whitehead, an experienced arthropod field collector, so there is no reason to suspect a labeling error; Jasper is also where he routinely collected beetles in the course of doctoral program at the University of Alberta. The precise location of “Sta. 2” is unknown, but Dr. Whitehead sampled extensively in the vicinity of Mt. Edith Cavell, some 144 km (90 mi) NNW of the site in Yoho. “Sta. 2” may not have been here, but the southern boundary of Jasper Park is ca. 88 km (55 mi) NNW of the Yoho locality, and the northward generic range extension is probably between these distances because the part of the Park north of Jasper village and highway 16 is largely roadless and inaccessible. Males are necessary for a specific determination, but considering the magnitude of this extension and the fact that the locality lies east of the Divide, a formidable distribution barrier that runs along the border between BC & Alberta, the species seems more likely to be undescribed than S. columbianus. Canadian biologists should be aware of the possibility of an undescribed milliped species in Jasper, and if true, it will be the second that is known only from the Park, the other being Austrotyla borealis Shear, 1971 (Chordeumatida: Conotylidae), whose holotype and only known specimen was collected by Dr. Whitehead in 1967 at “Sta. 5,” precise location also unknown (Shear 1971; Shelley 1990, 2002; Hoffman 1999). Volume 118, Number 3, May and June 2007 319

2The cryptopine centipede genus, Paracryptops Pocock, 1891, comprises four small-bodied species in southern/southeastern Asia and one in the West Indies (Lesser Antilles) and northeastern South America, which is based on a specimen discovered during a quarantine inspection in Washington, DC, USA. Chamberlin (1914) proposed P. inexpectus for this centipede, and the nominal species is known from Guyana and Dominica (Chamberlin 1914; Attems 1930; Bucherl 1939, 1941, 1974; Chagas and Shelley 2004). As few anatomical differences exist between it and the type species, P. weberi Pocock, 1891, occurring in India, Vietnam, and Singapore, the last authors suggested that the names may be synonymous and that P. inexpectus may be the one applied to New World specimens of P. weberi. Species of Paracryptops are intimately associated with man, as they are cryptic, have twice been intercepted in quarantines, and 5 (29.4%) of the now 17 samples were encountered in urban environments where introduced species are common. Chagas and Shelley (2004) therefore suggested that Paracryptops may consist of only one or two species that have been unknowingly carried by man to other locations and then discovered and redescribed as new species. A definitive conclusion as to the origin of Paracryptops in the New World can only come from a full generic revision, in which all specimens are examined and compared, and all available names are evaulated. While visiting the Zoological Museum of the Danish Museum of Natural History, Copenhagen (ZMUC), in August 2005, I discovered a sample with two individuals of P. inexpectus from Cole’s Cave, Barbados, Lesser Antilles. This is a somewhat inaccessible cave with a resident bat colony that tourists can visit with a guide, and it is located near the village of Proutes in the center of the island, about an hour’s drive northeast of Bridgetown. The sample thus represents both the third country and locality for P. inexpectus and Paracryptops in the Western Hemisphere and the second generic record from a cave, the other being the type of P. indicus Silvestri, 1924, from Siju Cave, Meghalaya State, India (Jangi and Dass 1978, Khanna 2001, Chagas and Shelley 2004). The centipedes were encountered “in guano” well inside Cole’s Cave, the same locality and habitat where the same collector found the widespread Caribbean milliped

2The milliped, Amphelictogon subterraneus bahamiensis Chamberlin, 1918, a senior synonym of A. bidens Loomis, 1934, is common in Cayo Coco, in the Archipielago de Camaguey, Cuba, and is known from three islands in the Bahamas: Andros, Cat, and Eleuthera (Chamberlin 1918, Perez-Asso 1996, Shelley 2003). It is the only Bahamian representative of the Chelodesmidae and the polydesmidan suborder Leptodesmidea, and these occurrences are the only New World representations of the family north of the Tropic of Cancer. Shelley (2003) hypothesized that the Bahamian populations arose during the Pleistocene via rafting between the existing Cuban and “Great Bahama Bank” land masses, whereupon the milliped dispersed through the latter. The present populations therefore represent fragments of the Pleistocene population that became isolated on today’s islands as sea levels rose in the post-Pleistocene era. If true and if modern populations survive, A. s. bahamiensis would be expected on other islands that were formerly united in the “Great Bahama Bank” land mass – Long Island, the Exumas, New Providence, the Guana Cays, and possibly Bimini (see

PURPOSE: The relationship between endogenous sex hormones and blood lipids was examined in a representative sample of 438 Australian-born women 45 to 56 years of age taking part in a longitudinal study of the menopausal transition. Data from 363 women who were taking neither exogenous hormones nor lipid-altering medications, were not diabetic, and who had provided blood samples were available for analysis. METHODS: Multiple linear regression was used to examine the relationship between sex hormones and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), taking account of the effects of age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise. RESULTS: There was no significant relationship between estradiol and HDL, LDL, triglyceride, or DBP levels. Free androgen index was positively associated with LDL. However, BMI was an important predictor of all three lipid measures and DBP. HDL was positively associated with age and was highest among women with lowest BMI, high alcohol intake, and in nonsmokers. LDL increased with BMI, free androgen index, and age, but was lower amongst women who exercised more than two or three times per week. Triglyceride also increased with BMI, and was higher among smokers. DBP increased with BMI only. CONCLUSIONS: The results do not support the view that endogenous sex hormones are strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors around the time of menopause.

We determined whether basic fibroblast growth factor is elevated in the urine of patients who have undergone clam ileocystoplasty.An immunoassay technique was used to measure urinary basic fibroblast growth factor in 50 patients equally divided between those with and without neuropathy who had undergone clam enterocystoplasty. The results were compared with urinary basic fibroblast growth factor concentrations from 25 healthy age and sex matched volunteers.There is a highly significant elevation of urinary basic fibroblast growth factor in clam enterocystoplasty patients compared to controls, which is not related to the presence or absence of infection. There is no difference between those with and without neuropathy.Elevated levels of basic fibroblast growth factor are an important consideration in the malignant potential of the clam procedure.

With the continuing rapid growth in communications networks for use in a wide range of commercial and consumer applications, the siting of antennas on the external surfaces of buildings is becoming an ever increasing problem. Apart from aesthetic concerns, permission to place antennas on suitable surfaces is often difficult to obtain, particularly for users of rented office space, and the cost of the installation can be prohibitive. The ability to locate antennas inside a building with minimal performance degradation is therefore of great interest. This paper describes a technique to cancel reflections from building structures which can substantially improve the propagation through them. As an example, reducing the impact of a double glazed window on a 35 GHz fixed link antenna using a single inductive matching grid is presented.

In a study of the endocrinology of the perimenopausal years, levels of serum FSH, estradiol (E2), immunoreactive inhibin (INH), testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in a population-based sample of 380 women (mean age, 49.4 yr; range, 45.6-56.9 yr). Subjects were divided into women who reported continuing regular menstrual cycles (27%; group I), a change in menstrual flow without a change in frequency (23%; group II), a change in frequency but no change in flow (9%; group III), changes in both frequency and flow (28%; group IV), and at least 3 months since their last menstrual period (13%; group V). After adjusting for age and body mass index, the geometric mean FSH increased across menstrual groups and, compared with group I, was 53% higher in group IV (P < 0.0005) and 253% higher in group V (P < 0.0001). Age- and body mass index-adjusted geometric means for E2 and INH in group V were 54% and 53% of those in group 1, respectively (P < 0.005, P < 0.0001). Women in group V who did not have a menstrual period in the next year had higher FSH and lower E2 and INH levels than those who subsequently went on to have at least one more menstrual period (P < 0.05). FSH was negatively correlated with E2 (r = -0.30) and INH (r = -0.39), whereas INH was positively correlated with E2 (r = 0.45). We conclude that an increase in serum FSH and decreases in E2 and INH are the major endocrine changes associated cross-sectionally with the menopausal transition.

To assess the adequacy of management of Sydney women with Papanicolaou (Pap) smears showing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades two and three.A prospective descriptive study of patient management.All 206 general practitioners (GPs) who sent Pap smears which were reported as CIN 2 or CIN 3 to three Sydney laboratories between January and June 1990 were included in the sample. The GPs were contacted and management details for the women collected. The adequacy of management was evaluated by comparing it with management guidelines constructed for the study. Management steps were: notification of results, referral for colposcopy, biopsy, treatment and follow-up. The number of women reaching each step, expressed as a proportion of those women who should have reached that step according to the management guidelines, was calculated. The points where management was inadequate were established and the reasons explored.All GPs provided management information about their patients. Ninety-nine per cent of women (95% confidence intervals [CI], 98%-100%) were informed of their Pap smear result and 94% (CI, 90%-97%) of the total sample subsequently underwent colposcopy. Ninety-three per cent (CI, 88%-97%) of the 160 women definitely requiring histological diagnosis had this and 98% (CI, 94%-100%) of the 140 women definitely needing treatment were treated. Following treatment (or equivalent if not indicated) 80% of women (CI, 74%-86%) were known to have had a follow-up Pap smear but only 31% (CI, 24-38%) of women needing follow-up colposcopy were known to have had it. At the time of the study (on average, 17 months after the index Pap smear) only 60% (CI, 54%-67%) of women were still being followed up.Virtually all women with the more severe cytological abnormalities are being referred by their GPs for further investigation and treatment. However, follow-up after treatment is often inadequate. The responsibility for this follow-up needs to be clarified, as well as communication about it between women, their GPs and gynaecologists. A cytology registry could increase the proportion of Sydney women known to be receiving follow-up.

Background Patients with difficult-to-treat asthma often have dyspnoea which limits their physical activity. This may lead to progressive deconditioning which may further hamper exercise capacity. We aimed to assess current levels of activity, perceptions of current fitness and interest in a structured exercise programme in patients attending the Glenfield Hospital Difficult Asthma Clinic. Method Patients completed the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire which provides a simple Physical Activity Index (PAI) and answered structured questions about their satisfaction with current fitness and their interest in participating in an exercise programme. They were also asked to rate their current fitness compared to peers of the same age on a 100 mm visual analogue score. Responses were compared to demographic details and markers of asthma severity and control. Results Sixty patients participated (37 female, mean (SD) age 53(13)). Only 15/60 (25%) was classified as ‘active’ by the PAI. There were no significant differences in age, gender, body mass index or Juniper asthma control scores between those patients who were active compared to the remaining group but active patients had less severe airflow obstruction (post-bronchodilator FEV 1 83.7(16.5)% predicted vs 68.7(21.8), p=0.04) and better self-reported fitness scores (55.3(27.4) vs 36.7(23.0), p=0.013). There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between fitness scores and Juniper asthma control scores (r = −0.5, p 1 . 65% of patients reported that they had stopped exercising due to their asthma symptoms and 86.7% of patients wanted to be fitter. 71.7% were interested in participating in an exercise programme. Of these 13 (30%) preferred a hospital setting with the remainder preferring a community scheme or an independent programme with support from healthcare professionals. Conclusion Many patients with difficult asthma reported concerns about their current fitness and most were not exercising at the recommended level. There appears to be a demand for the development of a community-based structured exercise programme and further work is needed to determine whether this would improve asthma related outcomes for this group of patients.

Background Thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP) is a cytokine implicated in the pathophysiology of asthma through two pathways: a TSLP-OX40L-T cell axis and a TSLP-mast cell axis. Whether these pathways operate in human asthma is unknown. Aims To investigate whether mucosal TSLP protein expression relates to asthma severity, and distinct immunological pathways. Methods GMA-embedded bronchial biopsies from healthy subjects (n=12) and patients with mild (BTS step 1, n=8), moderate (BTS steps 2 and 3, n=12) and severe (BTS steps 4 and 5, n=16) asthma were immunostained for TSLP, OX40, OX40L, CD83, IL-13, and inflammatory cell markers. Extent of immunostaining was correlated with clinical data. Results Specific TSLP immunoreactivity was evident in both the airway epithelium and lamina propria of both healthy and asthmatic subjects. TSLP immunoreactivity was not present in airway smooth muscle. TSLP epithelial expression was significantly elevated in asthma as a whole compared to healthy controls (p=0.0005), particularly in mild and severe disease. The number of TSLP+ cells in the lamina propria was elevated in patients with severe asthma relative to other groups (p=0.0058). Co-localisation studies in 6 severe asthmatic subjects showed that 5% of TSLP+ cells in the lamina propria were CD68+ macrophages and 20% were tryptase+ mast cells. There were significant inverse correlations between TSLP counts in both the asthmatic bronchial lamina propria and epithelium with the FEV 1 /FVC ratio (r s =−0.53, p=0.002 and r s =−0.40, p=0.037). Immunostaining for OX40, OX40L and CD83 in the airways was sparse, with no difference between asthmatic patients and normal control subjects. IL-13 staining was increased in non-epithelial cells within the airway epithelium in severe asthma (p=0.033). Conclusions TSLP expression is elevated in severe asthma despite high dose corticosteroid therapy. Although we did not detect activity of the TSLP-OX40L-T cell pathway within asthmatic bronchial mucosa, it is possible that this pathway operates in secondary lymphoid organs such as draining lymph nodes. The close approximation of airway stroma and mast cells suggests that the TSLP-mast cell axis, in which TSLP and IL-13 operate in a positive regulatory loop, is active in asthmatic bronchial mucosa and may be important in maintaining chronic airway inflammation.

Introduction Severe asthma affects airway calibre and can be monitored using IOS. Sample entropy (SampEn) is a measure of complexity and is defined as the probability that sequences of patterns (template size) in time series which are initially closely related, that is, within a fraction of the standard deviation (tolerance level) of the time-series remain so within subsequent time frames. Fractal scaling is a measure of self similarity and scale invariance measured in a time-series and quantifies the memory found within as a consequence. We hypothesised that fractal scaling and SampEn will be useful in characterising severe asthma. Methods 66 GINAstage 4–5 severe asthmatics (Mean(Sem) age; 54.1(1.4), Sex M:F; 31:35, post-bronchodilator FEV 1 % predicted; 81.02 (2.7)%) and 27 Controls (Mean(Sem) age; 48.4(2.2), Sex M:F;9:18, post-bronchodilator FEV 1 % predicted; 108.2 (2.8)%) were recruited. Impulse oscillometry was performed at 5–35 Hz, with impulses triggered every 0.2 s for 150 s, at baseline and 15 min after 400 mcg inhaled salbutamol. Detrended fluctuation analysis was used to derive the fractal scaling exponent α 1 . SampEn was derived using a custom program. SampEn and α 1 were both obtained from airway resistance at 10 Hz over the 150 s time-series. Triplicate measurements of 150 s were repeated in 18 randomly selected asthmatics from our cohort after 6 months. Results SampEn was significantly increased compared to controls (Abstract P122 Table 1) and correlated significantly with exacerbation frequency from the previous 12 months (Asthma Baseline- p=0.007, rs=0.3; Post-Bronchodilator- p=0.009, rs=0.3). Fractal scaling was also found to be present in airway resistance in severe asthma (α 1 =0.94 (0.03)) and showed an inverse relationship with SampEn (p=0.0352, r=−0.4). Increased SampEn was associated with worse ACQ scores (p=0.027, rs=0.3) and lower AQLQ scores (p=0.023, rs=−0.2). SampEn measurements were repeatable (an Intra-class correlation of 0.74) in the triplicate series. In keeping with other studies, airway resistance was significantly increased in severe asthma. Conclusions SampEn a measure of complexity is (1) increased in severe asthma (2) a repeatable measure (3) associated with a lower quality of life and exacerbation frequency. The ability of this technique to monitor asthma stability and to predict future exacerbations by stochastic modelling needs to be explored.

Strongyloides stercoralis infections frequently present with eosinophilia and abdominal pain. Since the gastrointestinal symptoms are non-specific, only 15 percent of these patients are correctly considered to have an infectious enteritis or intestinal parasite. In fact, the initial diagnosis is peptic ulcer disease in most patients. The clinical course may be indolent, or patients may develop a sudden catastrophic illness, particularly following the administration of corticosteroids.

An isotopic dilution study of DMF-h7 in DMF-d7 was undertaken in an attempt to get a clearer understanding of the interactions between DMF molecules in the pure liquid, and to try to explain the unexpected behaviour of DMF on dilution in CCI4, which had previously been investigated. These experimental studies are compared with theoretical models and the lack of agreement is discussed.

A case is presented in which an anatomical feature, canalis sinuosus, manifested as a periapical radiolucency on an upper canine. This may have been interpreted as an inflammatory lesion and led to the patient receiving inappropriate treatment had a further radiograph not been taken. The incisive foramen and mental foramen are well known anatomical features which may mimic periapical inflammatory lesions but it is less common for a neurovascular canal to manifest as a periapical radiolucency on an upper canine.

In 1977, R. E. Crabill, Jr., erected Ectonocryptops for a new Mexican centipede from Colima that he named, E. kraepelini. He placed it in the Cryptopidae, but with 23 pairs of legs and pedal segments, it properly belongs in the Scolopocryptopidae, subfamily Ectonocryptopinae, according to today's taxonomy (Shelley & Mercurio 2005). Crabill did not provide illustrations, and the holotype and only specimen, supposedly at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (AMNH), was subsequently lost. Consequently, the identity of this centipede was uncertain until we (Shelley & Mercurio 2005) proposed Ectonocryptoides quadrimeropus, n. gen., n. sp., for an anatomically similar form from neighboring Jalisco. Discovery of the latter allowed us to interpret characterizations in Crabill's verbal account of Ectonocryptops kraepelini, and separate generic status seemed warranted because of different numbers of podomeres on the caudal legs, four in Ectonocryptoides quadrimeropus and five in Ectonocryptops kraepelini (Crabill 1977). Repeated and extensive searches in the type and general collections at the AMNH failed to reveal the missing holotype as did ones at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, where Crabill was a curator when he described Ectonocryptops kraepelini. The holotype was discovered in the AMNH by the second author in 2005; the cephalic plate & antennae, coxosternum & segments 1–7, and segments 19–23 plus the caudal legs had been dissected, cleared, and mounted on a slide, whereas segments 8–18 were in a vial of alcohol. The slide mount was in extremely poor condition with darkened and cracked medium that was filled with air bubbles and meniscuses such that critical parts could not be clearly viewed. We removed the mounted parts from the slide, placed them in alcohol with the rest of the specimen, and redescribe Ectonocryptops kraepelini and provide, for the first time, illustrations of anatomical features. We also provide new accounts of the subfamily, Ectonocryptoides, and Ectonocryptoides quadrimeropus, so that all subfamilial components are treated in a single publication. Asterisks (*) in the account of Ectonocryptops kraepelini denote items taken from Crabill's (1977) description that we could not confirm.

Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was consistently increased in dogs with canine X-linked muscular dystrophy (CXMD), a primary myopathy characterized by profound and on-going skeletal muscle necrosis. In order to determine whether the ALT was of liver origin, serum activity of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT, and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) obtained from dystrophic dogs was compared with enzyme activity present in clinically normal dogs. In dystrophic dogs at all ages tested, serum activity of CK, AST, and ALT was increased, and significant increases were present in dogs four weeks or older. In contrast, SDH activity in dystrophic dogs was not statistically different from values in clinically normal dogs. Ultrastructural examination of liver tissue revealed no evidence of hepatic degeneration in dystrophic dogs. It was concluded that increased serum activity of ALT in the dog may be associated with severe skeletal muscle degeneration, without concurrent hepatocellular necrosis.

Background and Objective In obese subjects, the effects of mindfulness, a type of meditation and life attitude, on weight loss and biologic markers of inflammation and metabolism have not been previously assessed. Current pharmacologic treatment has not proven to be effective in sustaining weight loss. We thus sought to investigate a method of behavioral change that might demonstrate a permanent solution to both achieving and maintaining weight loss. The goal of this pilot study was to identify potential relationships between a mindfulness-based eating curriculum entitled Mindful Eating and Living (MEAL) and anthropometric and biologic measures. Methods Ten obese subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of 36.9 ± 6.2 kg/m2 underwent a 6-week mindfulness training course via a mindfulness curriculum adapted to address eating. Anthropometric and laboratory evaluation at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks were obtained. Results Ten subjects completed the 6-week training course. An analysis including all subjects, with the last observation carried forward for one who did not complete the final BMI and laboratory evaluation, demonstrated a decrease in body weight at 6 weeks (mean [± SD], −3.0 ± 1.9 kg; p = .0009) and 12 weeks (mean [± SD], −3.3 ± 1.8 kg; p = .0004) and a decrease in BMI at 6 weeks (−1.1 ± 0.7 kg/m2; p = .0008) and 12 weeks (−1.2 ± 0.6 kg/m2; p = .0003). Also seen was a decrease in hsCRP at 12 weeks (−0.08 ± 0.08 mg/dL; p = .04) and a decrease in PAI-1 at 6 weeks (−19.4 ± 13.3 IU/mL; p = .01). No statistically significant changes were seen in fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, adiponectin, or waist-hip ratio. Conclusions A brief mindfulness-based training course specifically addressing eating resulted in statistically significant decreases in body weight, hsCRP, and PAI-1. Study limitations include the small number of subjects, the absence of a control group, and a short follow-up period. A controlled study including 40 subjects, more rigorous physiologic and biologic measures, and a longer follow-up period is currently under way.

4643 Background: AD before primary therapy, either prostatectomy (P) or radiotherapy (RT) is increasingly used in routine practice. Clinical trials of surgical series have shown an improvement in pathological variables but with limited survival data. A few RT studies have shown a clinical benefit. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the true impact of NA treatment. Methods: Data from published clinical trials of patients with non-metastatic PC were extracted for quality, and included design, participants and comparisons and meta-analysis was performed for comparable data. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and secondary endpoints included disease-specific, disease-free survival (DFS) and disease recurrence rates. Analysis was performed using Revman 4.2.8. For dichotomous data the odds ratio was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI) and the results were tested for homogeneity at a significance level of p < 0.1. A fixed effects model was used if there was no evidence of heterogeneity between studies. Results: AD before P led to a significant reduction in disease recurrence (number (n) of patients 973 in 3 trials-overall odds ratio OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.55–1.0; p = 0.05). In addition there was a significant reduction of positive surgical margins (n 1802 in 8 trials-OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.27–0.42; p < 0.00001).There were no comparable data for pooled analysis of DFS or OS. The use of AD before RT resulted in a significant improvement in disease-specific survival (n 1082 in 3 trials-OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.06–1.77; p =0.02) and DFS (n 991 in 2 trials-OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.93–2.40; p < 0.00001). The data for biochemical DFS was heterogenous due to differences in definition of PSA recurrence but the overall effect was highly significant in favour of AD (n 1097 in 3 trials-OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.45–2.56 p < 0.00001). There was a trend to improvement of OS at 1, 2 and 5 years, not statistically significant. Conclusions: Despite a significant improvement in pathological variables with AD before surgery, available evidence is limited regarding a survival benefit which requires prolonged follow-up of patients. In selected patients undergoing RT, the addition of AD results in improved disease specific survival and DFS, likely improvement of biochemical DFS and trend to improvement in OS. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Leonardesmus injucundus, the first small-bodied, "micro-nearctodesmid," from north of the southwestern states, is proposed for a litter and soil-dwelling milliped in Washington state that emits an unusually strong, pungent defensive secretion; the aroma is often detected before the milliped is actually seen. Harpogonopus Loomis, 1960, occurring along the coast of southern California and Baja California Norté, is confirmed for the Nearctodesmidae, and three southwestern "micro-nearctodesmid" genera—Tidesmus Chamberlin, 1943, and Phreatodesmus and Oodedesmus, both by Loomis, 1960—are placed here tentatively. The Nearctodesmidae is formally recorded from the area of Harpogonopus and scattered sites in the deserts and inselbergs of southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. SEM photos of somatic and gonopodal features are provided in addition to line drawings of the latter; the photos reveal details that are invisible under light microscopy, but they mask a translucent surface lamina that is revealed by the latter. The two techniques therefore complement each other, and diplopodologists are cautioned against exclusive reliance on SEM. Thin, closely appressed laminae exist in many diplopod families, and SEM may erroneously show them as a single structure.

The new species, Stenozonium leonardi, the northernmost representative of the Polyzoniidae in western North America and the only one north of the Columbia River, is described from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington; it is isolated by some 180 mi (288 km) from S. benedictae Shelley, 1998, in coastal Oregon. Stenozonium alone among the four polyzoniidan genera in western North America consists of entirely allopatric and widely separated species, with one apiece in California, Oregon, and Washington-evidence that it diversified earlier than its ordinal counterparts.

Paracryptops inexpectus Chamberlin, 1914, known only from the holotype that was discovered in a potted plant from Guyana during quarantine inspection in Washington, DC, USA, is redescribed and illustrated based in part on two newly discovered specimens from Dominica, Lesser Antilles. A generic account is also presented along with a brief literature review. The species is the only generic representative in the Western Hemisphere; the other four species occur in southern/southeast Asia and the East Indies, as depicted in a distribution map. This pattern suggests that the New World occurrences of P. inexpectus result from human introductions, and that it is really an Asian species. As representatives of Paracryptops Pocock, 1891, have twice been intercepted in quarantines, another was discovered under flower pots in a plant nursery, and five others were taken in urban environments where allochthonous species typically predominate, these centipedes seem particularly amenable to transport and introduction through human agency. With few anatomical distinctions between them, P. inexpectus may be a junior synonym of P. weberi Pocock, 1891.

In Mexico, the newportiine scolopocryptopid genus Newportia Gervais, 1847, comprises 10 species: N. mexicana (Saussure, 1858); N. azteca Humbert & Saussure, 1869; N. stolli (Pocock, 1896); N. spinipes Pocock, 1896; N. oreina Chamberlin, 1915; N. sabina and pelaezi, both by Chamberlin, 1942; N. atoyaca and morela, both by Chamberlin, 1943, and N. troglobia, n. sp. The last occurs in caves in Tamaulipas and appears to be an obligate troglobite; N. sabina, known only from caves in San Luis Potosi, is redescribed and illustrated. Newportia azteca is revived and returned to its rightful position as the third oldest name in the genus; despite having priority by 27 years, it had been considered to be “the same” as N. spinipes and dropped from nomenclature. Although Newportia and the Newportiinae are not known from the continental United States, they do inhabit the country’s territories in the Caribbean; N. heteropoda Chamberlin, 1918, is reported from Puerto Rico, and N. longitarsis virginiensis Lewis, 1989, is recorded from St. Thomas and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, and Tortola and Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands. The northernmost Mexican record, of N. pelaezi in Nuevo Leon, is only 96 mi (154 km) south of the US border, suggesting that the taxa may potentially be discovered in the southern periphery of Texas; likewise, rafting from Cuba, where 4–5 species occur, could bring them to the Florida Keys. New localities from Mexico are presented for N. stolli, N. spinipes, N. oreina, N. atoyaca, and N. morela, and ranges are depicted on a distribution map.

Abacion wilhelminae, the fifth species in the genus and the first discovered in 60 years, is described from two males collected on Rich Mountain, Polk County, Arkansas. Diagnostic features include a spiniform branch "A" of the postfemur that diverges from branch "B," a broad lobe near midlength of the tibiotarsus, and a distally reflexed tibiotarsus that narrows but does not taper and is apically broad. The setal migration pattern on the first six pleurotergites, which is shared by the east-Nearctic Abacionidae and the southwestern and south coastal Texas subfamily Tynommatinae (Schizopetalidae), is detailed.

We regret that in the original publication of this article (British Dental Journal, Vol 186 No. 8, April 24 1999) Fig. 1 was cropped incorrectly. The BDJ regrets any inconvenience.