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Thermal refugia underpin climate-smart management of coral reefs, but whether current thermal refugia will remain so under future warming is uncertain. We use statistical downscaling to provide the highest resolution thermal stress projections (0.01°/1 km, >230,000 reef pixels) currently available for coral reefs and identify future refugia on locally manageable scales. Here, we show that climate change will overwhelm current local-scale refugia, with declines in global thermal refugia from 84% of global coral reef pixels in the present-day climate to 0.2% at 1.5°C, and 0% at 2.0°C of global warming. Local-scale oceanographic features such as upwelling and strong ocean currents only rarely provide future thermal refugia. We confirm that warming of 1.5°C relative to pre-industrial levels will be catastrophic for coral reefs. Focusing management efforts on thermal refugia may only be effective in the short-term. Promoting adaptation to higher temperatures and facilitating migration will instead be needed to secure coral reef survival.

We study collective modes in anisotropic plasmas of quarks and gluons using a quasiparticle picture and a hard-loop approximation. We use a general class of anisotropic distribution functions, and we consider chirally asymmetric systems. We introduce a complete tensor basis to decompose the gluon polarization tensor into a set of nine scalar functions. We derive and solve the corresponding dispersion equations. Imaginary modes are particularly important because of their potential influence on plasma dynamics. We explore in detail their dependence on the chiral chemical potential and the parameters that characterize the anisotropy of the system. We show that our generalized distributions produce dispersion relations that are much richer in structure than those obtained with a simple one-parameter deformation of an isotropic distribution. In addition, the size and domain of the imaginary solutions are enhanced, relative to those obtained with a one-parameter deformation. Finally, we show that the influence of even a very small chiral chemical potential is significantly magnified when anisotropy is present.

Despite increasing college campus prevention efforts, and identification of effective strategies to reduce drinking, reducing alcohol related negative consequences (ARNC, e.g., regrets, blackouts, self- and other- injury, law enforcement exposure, sexual assault, and considering suicide) continues to be a challenge. While college students with a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are at greater risk for alcohol misuse, research regarding the association between ACE and ARNC remains limited.Data are responses of currently drinking students on the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA II) and College Student Health Survey (CSHS), administered in 2018 to students in California and Minnesota (N = 6,667).On average, students reported one ARNC (SD = 1.30) although 13 % experienced three or more different types of ARNC in the past year. Every ACE was associated with a 19 % to 41 % increase in the IRR of ARNC. Students with 1-3 ACE experienced significantly more types of ARNC events (IRR 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.44-1.67) than students with no ACE and students with ≥ 4 ACE experienced statistically significantly more types of ARNC events (IRR 2.04, 95 % CI: 1.82-2.31) than their peers with 1-3 or no ACE. The ACE-ARNC relationship did not vary by drinking frequency or binge drinking.The consistent ACE - ARNC relationship across drinking behaviors suggests alcohol consumption does not fully explain the association between ACE and ARNC and that early adversity heightens vulnerability for ARNC. Implications for future prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.

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Scratches in polymer coatings and barrier layers negatively impact optical properties (haze, light transmission, etc.), initiate routes of degradation or corrosion (moisture permeability), and nucleate delamination of the coating. Detecting scratches in coatings on advanced materials systems is an important component of structural health monitoring but can be difficult if the defects are too small to be detected by the naked eye. The primary focus of the present work is to investigate scratch damage using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and mechanical activation of a mechanophore (MP)-containing transparent epoxy coating. The approach utilizes a Berkovich tip to scratch MP-epoxy coatings under a linearly increasing normal load. The goal is to utilize the fluorescent behavior of activated MPs to enable the detection of microscale scratches and molecular scale changes in polymeric systems. Taking advantage of the amine functionality present in a polyetheramine/bisphenol A epoxy network, a modified rhodamine dye is covalently bonded into a transparent, thermoset polymer network. Following instrumented scratch application, subsequent fluorescence imaging of the scratched MP-epoxy reveals the extent of fluorescence activation induced by the mechanical deformation. In this work, the rhodamine-based mechanophore is used to identify both ductile and fracture-dominated processes during the scratch application. The fluorescence intensity increases linearly with the applied normal load and is sensitive to fracture dominated processes. Fluorescence lifetime and hyperspectral imaging of damage zones provide additional insight into the local (nanoscopic) environment and molecular structure of the MP around the fracture process zone, respectively. The mechanophore/scratch deformation approach allows a fluorescence microscope to probe local yielding and fracture events in a powerful way that enhances the optical characterization of damage zones formed by standard scratch test methods and leads to novel defect detection strategies.

To identify, appraise, and synthesise current evidence on prevalence, correlates, and interventions to enhance compassion satisfaction, resilience, and passion for work among nurses and physicians working in intensive care units.A mixed methods systematic review was conducted. The comprehensive search used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, JBI, ProQuest, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library) were searched for literature published between January 2011 and June 2021. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess methodological quality. Data from included studies were analysed using a convergent mixed methods design. The protocol was prospectively registered (PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021252051).A total of 37 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported moderate levels of compassion satisfaction among intensive care health professionals, whereas levels of resilience varied. Compassion satisfaction and resilience were positively correlated, but relationships between compassion satisfaction and resilience and other correlates (personal factors, psychological factors, and work-related factors) were inconsistently reported. Only four interventions aimed to improve compassion satisfaction or resilience among intensive care health professionals. None of the included studies investigated passion for work.Compassion satisfaction, resilience, and passion for work among staff in the intensive care unit are important in the current global COVID-19 pandemic. Health professionals report a moderate level of compassion satisfaction but findings in relation to resilience are mixed. No studies examined passion for work. Further research to determine ongoing psychological wellbeing and professional quality of life and evaluate tailored interventions to support intensive care staff well-being is recommended.

Purpose: Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a novel antimitotic treatment that was first proven effective for glioblastoma multiforme, now with trials for several extracranial indications underway. Several studies focused on concurrent TTFields therapy with radiation in the same time period, but were not given simultaneously. This study evaluates the targeting accuracy of simultaneous radiation therapy while TTFields arrays are in place and powered on, ensuring that radiation does not interfere with TTFields and TTFields does not interfere with radiation. This is one of several options to enable TTFields to begin several weeks sooner, and opens potential for synergistic effects of combined therapy. Methods: TTFields arrays were attached to a warm saline water bath and salt was added until the TTFields generator reached the maximal 2000 mA peak-to-peak current. A ball cube phantom containing 2 orthogonal films surrounded by fiducials was placed in the water phantom, CT scanned, and a radiation treatment plan with 58 isocentric beams was created using a 3 cm circular collimator. Fiducial tracking was used to deliver radiation, the films were scanned, and end-to-end targeting error was measured with vendor-supplied software. In addition, radiation effects on electric fields generated by the TTFields system were assessed by examining logfiles generated from the field generator. Results: With TTFields arrays in place and powered on, the robotic radiosurgery system achieved a final targeting result of 0.47 mm, which was well within the submillimeter specification. No discernible effects on TTFields current output beyond 0.3% were observed in the logfiles when the radiation beam pulsed on and off. Conclusion: A robotic radiosurgery system was used to verify that radiation targeting was not adversely affected when the TTFields arrays were in place and the TTFields delivery device was powered on. In addition, this study verified that radiation delivered simultaneously with TTFields did not interfere with the generation of the electric fields.

26 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables, Can satellite data be used to address challenges currently faced by the Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) sector? What benefit can satellite observations bring to resource assessment and maintenance of ORE farms? Can satellite observations be used to assess the environmental impact of offshore renewables leading towards a more sustainable ORE sector? This review paper faces these questions presenting a holistic view of the current interactions between satellite and ORE sectors, and future needs to make this partnership grow. The aim of the work is to start the conversation between these sectors by establishing a common ground. We present offshore needs and satellite technology limitations, as well as potential opportunities and areas of growth. To better understand this, the reader is guided through the history, current developments, challenges and future of offshore wind, tidal and wave energy technologies. Then, an overview on satellite observations for ocean applications is given, covering types of instruments and how they are used to provide different metocean variables, satellite performance, and data processing and integration. Past, present and future satellite missions are also discussed. Finally, the paper focuses on innovation opportunities and the potential of synergies between the ORE and satellite sectors. Specifically, we pay attention to improvements that satellite observations could bring to standard measurement techniques: assessing uncertainty, wind, tidal and wave conditions forecast, as well as environmental monitoring from space. Satellite–enabled measurement of ocean physical processes and applications for fisheries, mammals and birds, and habitat change, are also discussed in depth, G.S. Payne's work was carried out within the framework of the WEAMEC, West Atlantic Marine Energy Community, and with funding from the Pays de la Loire Region and Europe (European Regional Development Fund) through the RC+ project. A. Angeloudis would like to acknowledge the NERC Industrial Innovation fellowship grant NE/R013209/2, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

The orthogonal superposition (OSP) technique is advantageous for measuring structural dynamics in complex fluids subjected to a primary shear flow. This technique superimposes a small-amplitude oscillation orthogonal to a primary shear flow to measure the real and imaginary components of the complex shear modulus. The commercial availability of OSP geometries and bi-axial transducers is expected to increase its adoption as a more routine rheological technique. It is important to understand calibration procedures and the influence of intrinsic inhomogeneous flow fields, residual pumping flow effects, and boundary forces at the leading edges of the geometry components on experimental error and measurement uncertainty. In this work, we perform calibration measurements of viscosity standards on a commercial shear rheometer using a double-wall concentric cylinder geometry. Newtonian calibration fluids with viscosities that range from 0.01 to 331 Pa s are used to obtain the end-effect factors in primary steady shear and orthogonal oscillatory shear directions. The corrections needed for the viscosity measured in steady shear range from 16 to 21%; whereas for the orthogonal complex viscosity, the errors range from 19 to 25%. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to understand the relationship between the end-effect corrections, OSP flow cell, and the imposed shear flow fields. We show that approximate linear shear deformation profiles are attained, in the double gap, for both primary rotational shear and orthogonal oscillatory shear deformation, with only a slight deviation for the fluid in the vicinity of the bob ends. We also present information on the velocity, pressure, and shear rate distributions for fluid within the entire flow cell. The overestimation of the orthogonal viscosity is attributed to the pressure forces exerted on the bob end surfaces (9%) and a higher shear rate in the double gap that leads to higher viscous stresses on the bob cylindrical surfaces (8%). The Newtonian fluid field information provides a benchmark for future simulations involving non-Newtonian fluids. Additionally, the operational knowledge (i.e., consistent sample filling) and measurement window (i.e., viscosity and frequency) described within are critical for proper use of the instrument and measurement accuracy.

The massive expansion of scientific literature on climate change1 poses challenges for global environmental assessments and our understanding of how these assessments work. Big data and machine learning can help us deal with large collections of scientific text, making the production of assessments more tractable, and giving us better insights about how past assessments have engaged with the literature. We use topic modelling to draw a topic map, or topography, of over 400,000 publications from the Web of Science on climate change. We update current knowledge on the IPCC, showing that compared with the baseline of the literature identified, the social sciences are in fact over-represented in recent assessment reports. Technical, solutions-relevant knowledge—especially in agriculture and engineering—is under-represented. We suggest a variety of other applications of such maps, and our findings have direct implications for addressing growing demands for more solution-oriented climate change assessments that are also more firmly rooted in the social sciences2,3. The perceived lack of social science knowledge in assessment reports does not necessarily imply an IPCC bias, but rather suggests a need for more social science research with a focus on technical topics on climate solutions. The rapid growth of climate change research presents challenges for IPCC assessments and their stated aim of being comprehensive, objective and transparent. Here the authors use topic modelling to map the climate change literature, and assess how well it is represented in IPCC reports.

INTRODUCTION: The Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aerospace Medicine (AAM) is required by law to identify pilots who have driving under the influence (DUI) convictions. It is the responsibility of AAM to determine, based on the DUI, if the pilot has a drinking problem and needs follow-up treatment. Pilots with alcohol problems are at risk to themselves and the public and need to have treatment to reduce the extent of the risk. It has been suggested by some that a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.15 g · dL-1 is evidence of tolerance and the pilot should be placed in an alcohol treatment program.METHOD: The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Clinician's Guide considers a person at risk for a drinking problem when a man drinks 5 or more drinks or a woman drinks 4 or more drinks in a day and reaches a 0.08 g · dL-1 of ethanol in the blood. It is possible to estimate from a BAC or breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) the number of drinks consumed using the volume of distribution for ethanol and the weight of the individual. A spread sheet tool was developed to estimate the number of drinks consumed.RESULTS: It was determined that DUI/DWI concentrations could be used to determine the minimum number of drinks consumed. Overweight people reach binge drinking levels and higher Hingson levels at lower DUI/DWI concentrations than people with an average weight or lower.DISCUSSION: Using this tool there is a high probability (99.7%) of identifying a true binge drinker.Canfield DV, Forster EM, Cheong Z-I, Cowan JM. Breath/blood alcohol concentration as an indicator of alcohol use problems. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(5):488-491.

The thermal behavior of Tc2O7 has been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction of the solid state over a range of 80–280 K and by ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The thermal expansion coefficient of the solid was experimentally determined to be 189 × 10–6 A3 K–1 at 280 K. The simulations accurately reproduce the experimentally determined crystal structures and thermal expansion within a few percent. The experimental melting point and vapor pressure for Tc2O7 are unusually high and low, respectively, in comparison to similar molecular solids. Through investigating the structure and the motion of the solid across a range of temperatures, we provide insights into the thermal behavior of Tc2O7.

Partial atomic charge, which determines the magnitude of the Coulombic non-bonding interaction, represents a critical parameter in molecular mechanics simulations. Partial charges may also be used as a measure of physical properties of the system, ie. covalency, acidic/catalytic sites, etc. A range of methods, both empirical and ab initio, exist for calculating partial charges in a given solid, and several of them are compared here for siliceous (pure silica) zeolites. The relationships between structure and the predicted partial charge are examined. The predicted partial charges from different methods are also compared with related experimental observations, showing that a few of the methods offer some guidance towards identifying the T-sites most likely to undergo substitution or for proton localization in acidic framework forms. Finally, we show that assigning unique calculated charges to crystallographically unique framework atoms makes an appreciable difference in simulating predicting N2 and O2 adsorption with common dispersion-repulsion parameterizations.

E. M. Forster's immersion in the thriving community of european writers and artists in alexandria increased his confidence as a writer; it also mitigated the social alienation he had experienced on his arrival in Egypt in 1915 to volunteer with the Red Cross. His theatrical sketch “Pericles in Paradise” (1918), published here for the irst time, is populated by characters modeled on the Alexandrian elite that fostered his sense of belonging. In addition, it bears the mark of a privileged position Forster himself was uneasy about: that of an En glishman navigating a city under British rule and removed from the realities faced by the native Egyptian population.

Background Gliomas are often diagnosed due to epileptic seizures as well as neurocognitive deficits. First treatment choice for patients with gliomas in speech-related areas is awake surgery, which aims at maximizing tumor resection while preserving or improving patient’s neurological status. The present study aimed at evaluating neurocognitive functioning and occurrence of epileptic seizures in patients suffering from gliomas located in language-related areas before and after awake surgery as well as during their follow up course of disease. Material and Methods In this prospective study we included patients who underwent awake surgery for glioma in the inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, or anterior temporal lobe. Preoperatively, as well as in the short-term (median 4.1 months, IQR 2.1-6.0) and long-term (median 18.3 months, IQR 12.3-36.6) postoperative course, neurocognitive functioning, neurologic status, the occurrence of epileptic seizures and number of antiepileptic drugs were recorded. Results Between 09/2012 and 09/2019, a total of 27 glioma patients, aged 36.1 ± 11.8 years, were included. Tumor resection was complete in 15, subtotal in 6 and partial in 6 patients, respectively. While preoperatively impairment in at least one neurocognitive domain was found in 37.0% of patients, postoperatively, in the short-term, 36.4% of patients presented a significant deterioration in word fluency (p=0.009) and 34.8% of patients in executive functions (p=0.049). Over the long-term, scores improved to preoperative baseline levels. The number of patients with mood disturbances significantly declined from 66.7% to 34.8% after surgery (p=0.03). Regarding seizures, these were present in 18 (66.7%) patients prior to surgery. Postoperatively, 22 (81.5%) patients were treated with antiepileptic drugs with all patients presenting seizure-freedom. Conclusion In patients suffering from gliomas in eloquent areas, the combination of awake surgery, regular neurocognitive assessment - considering individual patients′ functional outcome and rehabilitation needs - and the individual adjustment of antiepileptic therapy results in excellent patient outcome in the long-term course.

This study assesses the effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) and transient climate response (TCR) derived from global energy budget constraints within historical simulations of 8 CMIP6 global clim...

How emissions of black carbon (BC) aerosols affect the climate is still uncertain, due to incomplete knowledge of its sources, optical properties and atmospheric processes such as transport, removal and impact on clouds. Here we constrain simulations from four climate models with observations of atmospheric BC concentrations and absorption efficiency, and the most recent emission inventories, to show that the current global mean surface temperature change from anthropogenic BC emissions is likely to be weak at +0.03 ±0.02K. Atmospheric rapid adjustment processes are found to reduce the top of atmosphere radiative imbalance relative to instantaneous radiative forcing (direct aerosol effect) by almost 50% as a multi-model mean. Furthermore, constraining the models to reproduce observational estimates of the atmospheric vertical profile reduces BC effective radiative forcing to 0.08 W m-2, a value more than 50% lower than in unconstrained simulations. Our results imply a need to revisit commonly used climate metrics such as the global warming potential of BC. This value (for a 100-year time horizon) reduces from 680 when neglecting rapid adjustments and using an unconstrained BC profile to our best estimate of 160 ±120.

To track progress towards keeping warming well below 2 °C, as agreed upon in the Paris Agreement, comprehensive and reliable information on anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is required. Here we provide a dataset on anthropogenic GHG emissions 1970–2019 with a broad country and sector coverage. We build the dataset from recent releases of the “Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research” (EDGAR) for CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industry (FFI), CH4 emissions, N2O emissions, and fluorinated gases, and use a well-established fast-track method to extend this dataset from 2018 to 2019. We complement this with data on net CO2 emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) from three bookkeeping models. We provide an assessment of the uncertainties in each greenhouse gas at the 90 % confidence interval (5th–95th percentile) by combining statistical analysis and comparisons of global emissions inventories with an expert judgement informed by the relevant scientific literature. We identify important data gaps: CH4 and N2O emissions could be respectively 10–20 % higher than reported in EDGAR once all emissions are accounted. F-gas emissions estimates for individual species in EDGARv5 do not align well with atmospheric measurements and the F-gas total exceeds measured concentrations by about 30 %. However, EDGAR and official national emission reports under the UNFCCC do not comprehensively cover all relevant F-gas species. Excluded F-gas species such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are larger than the sum of the reported species. GHG emissions in 2019 amounted to 59 ± 6.6 GtCO2eq: CO2 emissions from FFI were 38 ± 3.0 Gt, CO2 from LULUCF 6.6 ± 4.6 Gt, CH4 11 ± 3.3 GtCO2eq, N2O 2.4 ±1.5 GtCO2eq and F-gases 1.6 ± 0.49 GtCO2eq. Our analysis of global, anthropogenic GHG emission trends over the past five decades (1970–2019) highlights a pattern of varied, but sustained emissions growth. There is high confidence that global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased every decade. Emission growth has been persistent across different (groups of) gases. While CO2 has accounted for almost 75 % of the emission growth since 1970 in terms of CO2eq as reported here, the combined F-gases have grown at a faster rate than other GHGs, albeit starting from low levels in 1970. Today, F-gases make a non-negligible contribution to global warming – even though CFCs and HCFCs, regulated under the Montreal Protocol and not included in our estimates, have contributed more. There is further high confidence that global anthropogenic GHG emission levels were higher in 2010-2019 than in any previous decade and GHG emission levels have grown across the most recent decade. While average annual greenhouse gas emissions growth slowed between 2010–2019 compared to 2000–2009, the absolute increase in average decadal GHG emissions from the 2000s to the 2010s has been the largest since the 1970s – and within all human history as suggested by available long-term data. We note considerably higher rates of change in GHG emissions between 2018 and 2019 than for the entire decade 2010–2019, which is numerically comparable with the period of high GHG emissions growth during the 2000s, but we place low confidence in this finding as the majority of the growth is driven by highly uncertain increases in CO2-LULUCF emissions as well as the use of preliminary data and extrapolation methodologies for these most recent years. While there is a growing number of countries today on a sustained emission reduction trajectory, our analysis further reveals that there are no global sectors that show sustained reductions in GHG emissions. We conclude by highlighting that tracking progress in climate policy requires substantial investments in independent GHG emission accounting and monitoring as well as the available national and international statistical infrastructures. The data associated with this article (Minx et al. 2021) can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5053056.

In this session on economy-wide impacts of green recovery, speakers will present their modelling research followed by discussion on the importance of this current pivotal point in the global economy.

An observationally-constrained time series of historical aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) from 1750 to 2019 is developed in this paper. We find that the time history of aerosol ERFs diagnosed in CMIP6 models exhibits considerable variation and explore how the time history of aerosol forcing influences the probability distributions of present-day aerosol forcing and emergent metrics such as climate sensitivity. Using a simple energy balance model, trained on CMIP6 climate models and constrained by observed near-surface warming and ocean heat uptake, we derive estimates for the historical aerosol forcing. We find 2005-2014 mean aerosol ERF to be -1.1 (-1.8 to -0.5) W m-2 relative to 1750. Assuming recently published historical emissions from fossil fuel and industrial sectors and biomass burning emissions from SSP2-4.5, aerosol ERF in 2019 is -0.9 (-1.5 to -0.4) W m-2. There is a modest recovery in aerosol forcing (+0.025 W m-2 decade-1) between 1980 and 2014. This analysis also gives a 5-95% range of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of 1.8-5.1°C (best estimate 3.1°C) with a transient climate response (TCR) of 1.2-2.6°C (best estimate 1.8°C).

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We report the synthesis and structure of the second allotrope of technetium, $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Tc}$. Transformative pathways are accessed at extreme conditions using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell and confirmed with in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Tc}$ is fully recoverable to ambient conditions, although counter to our DFT calculations predicting a face-centered-cubic lattice, we observe a tetragonal structure $(I4/mmm)$ that exhibits further tetragonal distortion with pressure. $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Tc}$ has an expanded volume relative to the hcp ground state phase, that when doped with nitrogen has an unexpected volume lowering. Such anomalous behavior is possibly indicative of a rare electronic phase transition in a $4d$ element.