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Diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (DNLH) of the alimentary tract is regarded as a very uncommon finding in the adult population. It is characterized by the presence of numerous visible tiny polypoid masses uniformly distributed through the involved segment, representing an exaggeration of the normal gut-associated lymphoid follicle pattern. The DNLH usually occurs in the small bowel. We report an unusual case of DNLH of the colon in an adult woman who presented with constipation. The DNLH mimics a variety of polyposis syndromes and this may cause difficulties in diagnosis. Streszczenie Rozlany guzkowy przerost limfoidalny (diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia – DNLH) jest rzadką zmianą przewodu pokarmowego u doroslych. Charakteryzuje sie wystepowaniem licznych drobnych polipow rownomiernie rozproszonych w zajetym segmencie jelita, bedących pobudzonymi, powiekszonymi grudkami chlonnymi. Zwykle jest on rozpoznawany w jelicie cienkim. W pracy przedstawiono rzadko diagnozowany DNLH w jelicie grubym (obejmujący jelito od wstepnicy do zstepnicy) u kobiety cierpiącej z powodu zaparcia stolca. Moze on imitowac zespoly polipowatości jelita grubego i dlatego sprawia trudności diagnostyczne.

The bursa of Fabricius (BF) is a lymphoepithelial organ found only in birds. Differences in morphology of BF could play an important role in immune response. The objective of this study was to investigate the histological and histochemical characteristics of the bursa of Fabricius in the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus). The material for the study comprised bursa samples obtained from three long-legged buzzards with permission of the General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks (Ankara, Turkey). Briefly, interfollicular epithelium (IFE) was shown to be columnar in shape and not to contain goblet cells. Reticular fibers were located in interfollicular septae. Each lymphoid follicle in the bursa of Fabricius in the long-legged buzzard was remarkably linked to the follicle associated epithelium (FAE). Namely, FAE has been reported to stimulate antibody production by transferring antigens to the medulla and have a leading role in developing of local immune response. Among the others, the species-specific differences in bursa of Fabricius morphology of long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) also might support the continuity of this species in nature.

The pathologic and immunologic features of the formation of the germinal center have been extensively studied. The process of dissolution of the germinal center is not as well understood. Different patterns of germinal-center breakdown are commonly encountered in diagnostic lymph node biopsy specimens and frequently present difficulties in diagnosis. The current immunologic understanding of germinal-center dynamics is reviewed and correlated with the histologic and immunophenotypic features of three broad classes of germinal center dissolution, namely progressive transformation, regression, and follicle fragmentation. The author suggests that these different patterns represent alternate responses to antigenic stimulation. The relationships of progressive transformation to Hodgkin's disease and of follicular regression to Castleman's disease are discussed.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and morphologic spectrum of early adult–onset dermatomyositis (DM), an inflammatory disease that affects small vessels of the muscle and the skin. Methods: Histologic evaluation of frozen muscle samples was employed to visualize the cellular organization of ectopic lymphoid structures in muscle biopsies obtained from 2 patients diagnosed with DM. Clinical presentation and morphologic features, as well as treatment and follow-up, were assessed and documented. Electron microscopy was used to confirm the light microscopic diagnosis of DM. Clonality analysis of B-cell populations using PCR was performed. Results: Muscle biopsy of both patients fulfilled the morphologic European Neuromuscular Centre criteria of DM. Analyses of muscle biopsy samples revealed ectopic lymphoid follicle-like structures that showed a remarkable similarity to secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) with distinct T- and B-cell compartmentalization. Our 2 patients exhibited an atypical and mild clinical presentation and responded favorably to therapy. Conclusions: The clinical and histopathologic features of DM can be atypical, and the presence of SLOs is not inevitably linked to an unfavorable prognosis.

Environmental cues shape the development of immune tissues and also regulate immune responses. Kiss et al. now show that natural ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) are important for the postnatal development of specialized immune structures in the gut called intestinal lymphoid follicles and for protective responses against the enteric bacterium Citrobacter rodentium . AhR ligands in the diet regulated the size of the innate lymphocyte pools, and mice fed diets that lacked AhR ligands exhibited impaired intestinal lymphoid follicle development. E. A. Kiss, C. Vonarbourg, S. Kopfmann, E. Hobeika, D. Finke, C. Esser, A. Diefenbach, Natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands control organogenesis of intestinal lymphoid follicles. Science 334 , 1561–1565 (2011). [Abstract][Full Text]

To elucidate the differences in the progression of liver cirrhosis of chronic hepatitis B and C, the laparoscopic appearance of the liver surface and the histological findings were carefully assessed in 65 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 58 patients with chronic hepatitis C. There was a difference noted in the distribution of periportal reddish markings between the two types of chronic hepatitis. Localized and irregular markings were found to be common in hepatitis C. While the markings were seen to be diffusely distributed over the liver surface in hepatitis B. In addition, localized and longitudinal depressions on the liver surface were observbed more frequently in the hepatitis C patients than in those with hepatitis B. Biopsy specimens obtained from the hepatitis C patients with the above-mentioned laparoscopic findings showed more advanced histological activity. These laparoscopic changes developed in accordance with the progression of histological activity in chronic hepatitis C. Lymphoid follicles or aggregates within the portal areas were observed more frequently in the patients with chronic hepatitis C than in the chronic hepatitis B patients. Although it is not yet clear how the laparoscopic and histological differences between these two types of chronic hepatitis come about, it appears that the progression of hepatocellular necrosis in chronic hepatitis C is different from that of chronic hepatitis B.

Antimicrobial proteins like human beta-defensins 1-4 (hBD1-4) protect the surface of organs against different bacteria. Little is still known about these proteins within an abscess formation. The purpose of this study was to analyse and describe the distribution of the antimicrobial proteins hBD 1-4 within the peritonsillar abscess. A total of 17 peritonsillar abscesses were analysed. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed, characteristic pictures were taken, and the mean colour intensity was measured using a specific imaging software. A statistical analysis compared the areas of interest of the specific protein staining with the one of the control staining. A total of 4,573 areas of interests were measured. A significantly stronger expression was detected for hBD1 in the surface epithelium, crypt, epithelium of the crypt, lymphocytic cap, and abscess formation in the hBD1 staining in comparison to the control samples. But there was no significance in the specific hBD1-protein expression in comparison to the control samples in the lymphoid follicle and in the germinal centre. There was a significantly stronger hBD2, hBD3, and hBD4 expression in all areas of interest for the specifics stainings in comparison to the control samples. In conclusion, we developed different scenarios which could lead to a peritonsillar abscess formation.

Comparative histopathology was studied in 25 cases of scabies versus 25 cases of nodular scabies which were selected from Dermato-Venereology out patients. Salient differences observed were that in scabies lifting of stratum corneum at places was seen in all 100% cases, spongiosis in 100%, spongiotic vesicles in 28%, burrows in 56%, mite in 40% and vasculitis in 28% whereas in nodular scabies acanthosis was seen in 100%, pseudo epitheliomatous hyperplasia in 8%, burrows in 48%, mite in 24% and vasculitis in 84%. In nodular scabies, dermal infiltrate in 32% cases was arranged as lymphoid follicles with admixture of plasma cells and eosinophils.

High-resolution white-light endoscopy showed nodular gastritis (NG). NG is an endoscopic indicator of Helicobacter pylori infection, particularly in young women. NG is characterized by unique small protruding lesions with a uniform distribution within the antrum. Biopsy specimens of these lesions reveal lymphoid follicles with active and chronic inflammation. As NG may be associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer, detailed observation at the time or future screening endoscopy should be considered when NG is encountered on endoscopy. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.

The assembly of inflammatory lesions in rheumatoid arthritis is highly regulated and typically leads to the formation of lymphoid follicles with germinal center (GC) reactions. We used microdissection of such extranodal follicles to analyze the colonizing T cells. Although the repertoire of follicular T cells was diverse, a subset of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences was detected in multiple independent follicles and not in interfollicular zones, suggesting recognition of a common antigen. Unexpectedly, the majority of shared TCR sequences were from CD8 T cells that were highly enriched in the synovium and present in low numbers in the periphery. To examine their role in extranodal GC reactions, CD8 T cells were depleted in human synovium-SCID mouse chimeras. Depletion of synovial CD8 T cells caused disintegration of the GC-containing follicles. In the absence of CD8 T cells, follicular dendritic cells disappeared, production of lymphotoxin-alpha1beta2 markedly decreased, and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion ceased. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that these CD8 T cells accumulated at the edge of the mantle zone. Besides their unique localization, they were characterized by the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, lack of the pore-forming enzyme perforin, and expression of CD40 ligand. Perifollicular IFN-gamma+ CD8 T cells were rare in secondary lymphoid tissues but accounted for the majority of IFN-gamma+ cells in synovial infiltrates. We propose that CD8+ T cells regulate the structural integrity and functional activity of GCs in ectopic lymphoid follicles.

cells with a naive phenotype decreased from baseline to Month 1 (36.7% to 2.3%), whereas the percentage of CD4 memory cells increased (62.5% to 97.4%). The percentages of both cell types then gradually returned toward baseline levels, but did not reach baseline levels by Month 12. The proportion of CD4 T cells with a regulatory phenotype increased from baseline to Month 1 (3.8% to 12.5%), and remained elevated at Month 12. A similar pattern was observed for CD8 T-cell subsets. The proportion of B cells with a mature naive phenotype decreased from 56.4% to 5.4% from baseline to Month 1, whereas the immature cell fraction increased from 4.7% to 36.8%; relative proportions then approached baseline levels by Month 6. Conclusions:Alemtuzumab-induced lymphocytedepletionwasselective andresulted inanincreasedproportionofmemoryandregulatoryTcells. A distinctive pattern of lymphocyte repopulation was observed within weeks. These effects may explain alemtuzumab's sustained benefit despite infrequent (yearly) administration. Study Supported by: Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, and Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals.

Antigens provoke immune responses. The group of immunocompetent cells related directly to this response includes T and B cells, macrophages (MO) and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs acting as antigen-presenting cells have been recently recognized to be important in initiating the immune response. B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), the major immunocompetent cells in the B-cell dependent area, play an important role in humoral immunity, while T cells and interdigitating cells (IDCs), which are the major immunocompetent cells in the T-cell dependent (TD)-area, play an important role in cellular immunity. The B cell-IDC interaction in the TD-area is also essential for the B-cell response against TD-antigen. Consequently, the lymphocyte-DC interaction is essential in the response to antigenic stimulation and in inducing the potent effector cells. B cell-DC, T cell-DC and DC-B cell-T cell interactions are regulated in predetermined sites by complex and varied mechanisms. Much recent evidence demonstrates that DCs modulate lymphocyte biology in its broadest aspects, including generation, differen-tiation, proliferation, and activation. In this review, we outline recent studies on the generation, structure, and function of lymphatic tissues, propose the concept of the "Lymphocyte-Dendritic Cell System (LDS)", and finally describe the significance and functions of this system in health and disease.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of transrectal ultrasonographic (TRUS) staging of rectal villous tumors when used to select a surgical procedure. Design: Case series. Setting: College hospital, Hyogo, Japan. Patients: From 1988 to 1995, 24 patients were treated for villous tumors after diagnosis by TRUS, and were followed up for 0.5 to 7.5 years. Main Outcome Measures: Ultrasonographic tumor stage (u-T), pathologic tumor stage (p-T), biopsy findings, and surgical procedures were studied. Results: Overall, 71% of the tumors were accurately staged by TRUS. However, 4 u-T1 and 3 u-T2 tumors were overstaged, with pathological examination showing 2 adenomas and 5 p-Tis tumors. Three of these 7 patients were overtreated surgically. The results of a biopsy predicted adenoma in 2 of the u-T1 tumors and 2 of the u-T2 tumors that were overstaged by TRUS. Pathological examination revealed that an enlarged lymphoid follicle in the mucosa had deformed the thin muscle layer of the rectal wall and abolished its continuity on TRUS imaging. The weakness of TRUS would seem to be in the accuracy of p-Tis staging. Conclusions: Transrectal ultrasonography has the advantage of predicting malignant infiltration in rectal villous tumors. The surgeon should know the limitations of TRUS diagnosis to select the most appropriate operation for each patient. Arch Surg. 1996;131:714-717

Recently, some studies revealed that gastric cancer and precancer, were more frequent in individuals with H. pylori antibodies. Histological studies, found that the relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric cancer were in wide range (19% - 80%). In our department, from 1999 Jan 1st to 1999 Dec 31th No biopsy, showed severe atrophic/dysplasia, or lymphoid follicle. Age, ethnic and location were also studied, correlated to malignant and premalignant lesions.

肝組織内にリンパ〓胞様浸潤を伴ったCAH 12例, LC 2例,AH 2例,PBC 3例について,肝凍結切片を作製し単クローン抗体を用いて,peroxidase-antiperoxidase間接ブリッジ法により〓胞様浸潤リンパ球サブセットを解析した.その結果,〓胞様浸潤リンパ球は主にT細胞系であり,特にT-4 (helper/inducer T)細胞が多数認められ,〓胞様浸潤全単核球の44.3%～62.9%を占めた.さらにCAH群で,〓胞様浸潤リンパ球サブセットと,同一組織における非〓胞域や,〓胞様浸潤を伴わない例での門脈域におけるリンパ球サブセットとを比較したところ,〓胞様浸潤内T-4陽性細胞率は他の部位と比較して有意に高値を示した.しかし,〓胞様浸潤内T-4陽性細胞率と血清免疫グロブリン,γ-glob., TTT, K-ICG値等との相関はみられなかった.

A prospective study of arthritis was performed in 47 patients with Behçet's disease followed up over a 47-month period (mean 19.25 months, SD 14.09). These patients had a total of 80 episodes of arthritis, which were analysed for joint distribution and symmetry, in 56 of which the duration could also be determined. Attacks were oligoarticular, affecting up to 4 joints per patient, 54 (68%) being monoarticular. Knees, ankles, and wrists were the most commonly involved joints. Involvement of spinal, shoulder, hip, and sacroiliac joints was rare. The arthritis was usually not deforming and subacute; 82% (46/56) of the attacks lasted for 2 months or less and 18% (10/56) for between 3 months and 4 years. The ESR was moderately elevated during the attacks. In 32 specimens the synovial fluid was inflammatory (cell count 14.7 +/- 10.1 x 10(9)/l), but in 19 (59%) a good mucin clot formed. Synovial biopsy in 12 patients revealed superficial ulceration, paucity of plasma cells, and in 5 instances lymphoid follicle formation.

A method for examining the microvasculature of the dog spleen by angiography is described and the findings are related to morphological studies. The marginal sinus of the lymphoid follicle has been shown to be an important part of the vascular pathway in the spleen. It allows intimate mixing of blood elements and spleen cells and it is suggested that this plays an important immunological role. The control of blood flow to the lymphoid follicle is discussed but requires further elucidation.

Administration of androgens produces damage in lymphoid tissue and in the bursa of Fabricius. After IM administration of 5 mg of testosterone propionate (TP) beginning at hatching and continued during the following 4 days, a significant reduction in the bursal weights is observed. Histologically, an increase in the connective tissue is observed and cystic formations are also found. In all cysts examined, there is continuity of the cystic lumen with the free surface. The follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells are on the bottom of the pseudocysts and form a separation between the pseudocystic cavity and the lymphoid tissue which is still further inwards. These cells do not lose their esterase activity, even though they are often flattened. Furthermore, they disappear in the pseudocysts deprived of lymphoid tissue. A new hypothesis is advanced that the FAE cells originate from the mesenchyme with differentiation in the histiocytic line.

Context: The vermiform appendix is an abdominal organ performing the immunological function. Histological characteristics of this organ show its specialized immunological function. Vermiform appendix is involved in different disease processes such as appendicitis, carcinoma and diverticulitis. Appendicitis is the most important clinical condition. An appropriate anatomical knowledge about vermiform appendix is important for surgeons, pathologists and other physicians for proper diagnosis and management of appendicitis and carcinoma. Study design: Descriptive type of study. Place and period of the study : Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from January 2006 to June 2007. Materials: Sixty (60) human postmortem vermiform appendix, age ranging from 0 to 65 years. Samples were collected from unclaimed dead bodies within 24 hours of death from the morgue of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Method: The samples were divided into five (5) different age groups. Result: Diameter of lymphoid follicles reduced with the advancing age and showed negative correlation with age which was highly significant (P

In studying the transplantable hemocytoblastic leukemia in mice changes in the lungs were traced from the 1st to the 12th day of the development of this affection. As a rule, no leukemic infiltrates occurred in the lungs in leukemia of affected mice. Leukemic infiltrates from hemocytoblasts are formed only in cases when there is a marked hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles of the bronchial tree in the presence of inflammatory process in the lungs. Leukemic infiltrates are nestlike in nature, are located in the usual sites of lymphoidal accumulations and with a partial atelectasis of the lungs may acquire a pseudodiffuse appearance. There was no conformity between the development of leukemic changes in the transplantation focus and in the pulmonary tissue.

The present paper contains data on the morphological modifications present in chicks which, after treatment with testosterone lasting 10 days (from the seventh to the seventeenth days after hatching), were killed on the 30th, 35th, 40th, 50th and 70th day of life; this interval of time might theoretically have allowed a gradual re-establishment of the bursal architecture. Examination of the bursae of Fabricus of the animals treated showed greatly varying pictures. The 2 main types of behaviour were the following: the histological pattern of certain bursae had been completely restored to normal. Others did not act in the same way but wide areas of their plicae proved to be devoid of lymphoid tissue and well-formed lymphoid follicles were observed only in certain places. These 2 kinds of behaviour, and particularly what we observed in the second case, might suggest that, since the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelial cells are the last to disappear after treatment with testosterone propionate and the follicles are restored only where these cells remain, the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelial cells may be considered to be responsible for the re-establishment of the bursal follicle.

Two cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis are discussed. The first patient was a known hypertensive and diabetic and had been on Aldomet and Daonil for a long time. The second patient was a tuberculotic and is improving on antitubercular therapy. Retroperitoneal fibrosis due to the above-mentioned drugs and tuberculosis are relatively unknown.

The lymphoid-follicle associated epithelial (FAE) cells of the bursa Fabricii of chickens show enzymatic and micropinocytotic activities; they can perform functions reminiscent of those of macrophages. To test this relationship, we checked whether FAE cells are sensitive to carrageenan, a substance widely known to be toxic for macrophages. This substance was gently introduced into the bursal lumen and was left there for a period of 72 to 120 h. The bursae of Fabricius were then examined histologically and histochemically. The result was that the FAE areas had been reduced in number and that their structural pattern had been modified. This effect suggests that FAE cells may be sensitive to carrageenan. The immunological response to SRBC was studied in one group of animals that had received carrageenan. The antibody seemed to elicit an increase in the agglutinins and in the number of direct PFC/spleen against SRBC in comparison with control chickens. On the basis of the morphological and immunological results obtained, the origin and the role of the FAE cells of the bursa of Fabricius are discussed.

Thc need for an immunophenotypical referential framework relative to lymphoid follicle has led us to apply a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodics, by means of a sensitive immunostaining method. Lymphoid follicle is an immunophenotypically complex structure made up of three lymphoid populations (B, being its bulk, and a few T and NK cells). dcndritic reticulum cells (DRCs) and Flemming's macrophagcs. Follicular B population is To 15 +. B1 + , OKB 7 +, HLA-DR + and C3bR +. In secondary follicles therc are differential characteristic reactivities for cach topographic compartment: Mantle zone is positive for OKB 2 and surface IgM (sIgM) and IgD (sIgD): germinal center (GC) clear zone (with centrocytic predominance) for OKT 9, sIgM and weakly for OKB 2: and GC dark zone (with centroblastic predoiniiiance) only for OKT 9. In sections, OKT 10 allows one to see immunoblasts and plasma cells, the latter being with lymphoplasmacytoid cells the only intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin holders. 10% of GC lympliocytcs are T cells, almost exclusively T-helper (Leu 3a +). Another 10% to 15% of lymphoid cells are Leu 7 (HNK- 1) +. In histological sections, DRCs are spccifically marked with R4123 and Flemming's inacrophages with anti-alpha,-antitrypsin and antialpha,- antichymotrypsin antibodies, both populations bcing negative to OKM 1 and OKM 5.

Basic reactions of the avian respiratory system to injury include catarrhal inflammation, deciliation, necrosis, metaplasia, hyperplasia, congestion, edema, fibrin, exudation, cellular infiltrations, and lymphoid follicle formation. Specific diseases provide examples for illustration of these responses. The effects of such changes on basic defense mechanisms of the respiratory system are discussed.

Peyer's patches of conventional adult mice are studied with light and electron microscopy. Based on cellular types and distribution, each lymphoid follicle of Peyer's patch is divisible into four zones: the germinal center, the small lymphocytic, the interfollicular and the subepithelial zones. Three distinct cell types are present in the germinal center, i.e., dendritic reticular cells; tingible body macrophages; and lymphocytes which are classifiable into large, medium and small size. The medium size lymphocytes are the great majority in this zone. The small lymphocytic zones are characterized by a predominance of small lymphocytes with a few reticular cells. The subepithelial zone has a remarkable accumulation of macrophages and plasma cells. In the interfollicular zones there are predominantly small lymphocytes with considerable round macrophages and plasma cells, and this zone is permeated with several post-capillary venules. The distinctive characteristics of small capillaries of the patches are also described.

A review of inflammatory subcutaneous disease revealed that lymphoid follicles are observed frequently in lupus panniculitis. They are found rarely in other lymphocytic inflammatory diseases involving the panniculus, such as morphea, erythema nodosum, and erythema induratum. The lymphoid follicle may be an indication of immunoreactive and connective tissue disease, and cases should be evaluated with this in mind. ( Arch Dermatol 115:442-443, 1979)